respiratory disease main cause of death in spinal cord injury
TRANSCRIPT
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Respiratory disease main cause of deathin Spinal Cord Injury
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• A & P Refresher
• Acute phase– Respiratory
• Physio Techniques
• Weaning
– Cardiovascular– Tracheostomies– Prognosis
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68 patients>C5 88% needed intubatingC5-C8 60% needed intubating
Velmahos gc et al American surgeon 2003
Harop et al Journal of neurosurgery spine 2004
156 Patients
Injuries C2-C8
107 required tracheostomies
Respiratory compromise Level of injuryAgePremorbid resp. disease
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MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein), Omgp (oligodendrocytemyelin glycoprotein), KDI (synthetic: Lysine–Asparagine–Isoleucine ‘g-1 of Laminin Kainat Domain’),Nogo (Neurite outgrowth inhibitor), NgR (Nogo protein Receptor), the Rho signaling pathway(superfamily of ‘Rho-dopsin gene including neurotransmitter receptors‘), EphA4 (Ephrine), GFAP(Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein), different subtypes of serotonergic and glutamatergic receptors, antigens,antibodies, immune modulators, adhesion molecules, scavengers, neurotrophic factors, enzymes,hormones, collagen scar inhibitors, remyelinating agents and neurogenetic/plasticity inducers
Trauma↓
Haemorrhage/Inflammatory mediators↓
Oedema↓
Ischaemia↓
Oedema↓
Ischaemia
↓Oedema
↓Ischaemia
↓
Pathophysiology
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Level of Injury vs Incidence
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cervical Thoracic Thoracolumbar Lumbosacral
%
Age vs Incidence
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 >60
%
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Cardiorespiratoryphysiology
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Respiratory Afferents
Intrapulmonary receptors VagusStretch/proprioreceptors ribs/intercostals T1-T12Clavicles Low Cervical
Chemoreceptors Carotid bodyChemoreceptors Brainstem
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Acute changes
Damaged cord becomes unresponsive Flaccid, areflexic
Lasts for 6 days to 6 weeks
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Respiratory
• Can’t breath
• Can’t cough
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Lumbar Unable to cough 100-70%
Low thoracic chest wall compliance Vital capacity
High thoracic chest wall compliance 30-50% Vital capacitypoor expansion. Basal collapse
C5/C6 Diaphragms, Scalenes, 20%
C3/C4/C5 Sternomastoid and partial diaphragm
Above C3 Sternomastoid only 5-10%
Acute VC 1 Year VC
100-70%
40-50%
60-70%
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FVC
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
day
Litr
es
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Acute changes respiratory autonomic
Bronchial hypersecretionBronchial hyper-responsiveness
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Not forgetting…
Head injuriesChest wall traumaPulmonary contusionHaemopneumothoraxPE / Fat embolus
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Acute Respiratory monitoring
Lung function FVC, PEFR, Speech, RR, Resp Pattern
FVC> 1LFVC < 1LFVC= Tidal volume
Pulse oximeter
Blood gases
Watch closely in an appropriate environment for several days
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Acute Respiratory Treatment
Oxygen
A good physiotherapist !
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Early Respiratory System Complications
Atelectasis
Hypersecretion
Bronchospasm
Pulmonary Oedema
Pneumonia
Chest Trauma
Respiratory Failure
Pulmonary Thromboembolism
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Respiratory assessment
• FVC
• Observations - mode of ventilation, FiO2, SaO2, RR
• ABGs, CVS• CXR• Auscultation• Cough?
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Observation of breathing pattern
Paradoxical breathingUnilateral breathingAbdominal breathingRespiratory rateCough
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Importance of FVC
• Around or less than 1L
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Non Invasive Management?
• Regular FVC
• Chest physiotherapy
• Cough assist + manual techniques
• IPPB with the nurses
• Spinal stability?
• Nutrition?
• Don’t wait to intubate if it is inevitable…
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Less than 500ml…
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Intubation?
• The Neurological level of Injury and completeness of injury are the most important predictors of requirement for tracheostomy
• Early semi-elective intubation during the day by senior experienced staff is preferable to emergency intubation
• Care should be taken when considering extubation of high cervical cord injured patients following stabilisation surgery
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Ventilation?
• Some evidence that higher inspiratory pressures reduce the effects of atelectasis
• Rather than a high PEEP
• PEEP aim for 5 cmH2O
• ETv around 500ml or 15-20ml/kg
• NICE Guideline 6-8ml/kg LPV
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Secretion Management
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Secretion management• Carbocysteine• N acetylcysteine nebs• Saline nebs ?• Bronchodilator nebs• Hyoscine?• Azithromycin / colistin nebs for colonisation
• Supraglottic suction tubes
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Positioning: Supine vs Sitting
• FVC must test in supine
• In head tilt down increases by 6%
• Sat upright decreases by 14%
• Use of a binder helps in sitting
• Roll your patients…
• Combine therapy with nursing requirements
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Aggressive Management of Atelectasis
• Expansion / loosening of secretions to reduce mucus plugging
• Use of ‘sighs’ within Mechanical Ventilation
• Four hourly bronchodilation, heated humidification & Mucolytics
• The Vest?
• Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation?
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The Vest
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Respiratory techniques• Suctioning
- unopposed vagal stimulation: atropine nearby
• Expiratory vibs / shakes / percussion• The Cough Assist Machine?• Assisted cough• MHI• Inspiratory Muscle Training• VFB/Weaning
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Insert expanding lung please! RIK!
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Please Do…
• ASIA charting
• Refer to MASCIP guidelines for moving & handling
• Positioning and skin care
• Pressure care mattress
• Bowel routine: More MASCIP guidelines
• Limb care
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Please Don’t…
• Sit patients up - yet
• Use a Tilt Table – yet
• Sit your patient on the edge of the bed – ever!
•
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WEANING…
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Ventilated spinal injured patients
• 15-20% Initially ventilated• 98% Weanable• 1% Nocturnal ventilation• 1% Fully ventilator dependant
• = 8-12 patients/yr• ~ 120 patients in UK
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Weaning
Based on little evidence but vast experience
PrerequisitesGood pulmonary complianceLow FiO2 requirementAwake and cooperativeSome respiratory activityCommitted team
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Any respiratory activity?
TestingVolume measurement
Beware sensitive ITU Vents
Modified brainstem death test
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Progressive ventilator free breathing
Measure Vital Capacity
VC Time off Vent
<250 mls 5 Mins-500 mls 15 Mins-750 mls 30 Mins-1000 mls 60 Mins
Measure VC Post weaning >70% pre weaning
Southport Spinal Injury Centre
Weaning
Increase duration and/ or frequency
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Weaning
Wait for spasticity
Bronchodilators
?High TV Ventilation (>20 ml/Kg)?1
Supine
1. The effect of tidal volumes on the time to wean persons with high tetraplegia from ventilators Peterson W. et al spinal cord 1999 37(4):284-288
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Weaning
Off vent requires PEEP/CPAP to reduce atalectasisBest option cuff with speaking valve.Ditch the ITU vent
Don’t reduce pressure support too farTry to stick to planAim for off all day, support at night
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Speech essentialEating optional
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How to wean
BIPAP/ PS
laryngeal function vs resp function
Cuff down on vent
VFB speaking valve
VFB Cuff up
VFB Cuff down speaking valve
Downsized uncuffed tube
Decannulate
Fast weanersSlow weaners
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How successful ?
Southport spinal injuries unit
• 246 patients over 20 years
• 63% weaned• 33% Ventilator dependant• 4% Died
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Post weaning Maintenance
‘ Maintain Range of Movements’Manual hyperinflationIPPBCough Assist/ Clearway
Improve muscle strengthInspiratory muscle training
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Cardiovascular
• Can’t squeeze
• Can’t speed up
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SympatheticParasympathetic Parasympathetic
VasodilationVasoconstriction T6 Balance point
Hypotension, bradycardia, tendency to asystole
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Acute changes cardiac
Be careful…..
Neurogenic pulmonary oedema
Postural hypotension
Vagal stimulation (tracheal suction)
Pressure sores
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Aim to maintain adequate perfusion
Vale et al, Journal of neurosurgery aug 1997Combined medical and surgical treatment after acute spinal cord injury: results of a prospective studyTo assess the merits of aggressive medical resuscitation and blood pressure management
Hypotension
Bradycardia
(Pacemakers)
How high?How long?
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Other common problems…
• Nutrition and GI tract
• Renal function
• Temperature control
• Psycological
• DVT– 30% incidence
• Documentation
• Pain
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Chronic Changes Respiratory
VC Improves Cough improvesSecretions lessen
Long term ?
Sleep disordered breathing
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Chronic Changes Cardiac
Postural hypotension stays
Vagal hypersensitivity fades
Bradycardia remains
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Chronic Changes Cardiac
Autonomic dysreflexiaAutonomic hyperreflexia
Sympathetic discharge due to autonomic stimulus
Peripheral and central vasoconstriction below injury levelCompensatory vasodilatation above injury level
Severe hypertension, headache, Bradycardia
T6 and above
Sweating above injury level
Asystole, myocardial infarction, cerebral haemmorhage
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Chronic Changes Cardiac
Autonomic dysrefflexia
Triggered by……….
Bladder distensionBowel distensionMinor infectionsMajor infections
Treat by………..Remove causeNifedipineGTN
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Tracheostomy
• Surgical may be better than percutaneous– Safer if unstable spine– Anatomically accurate– Easier changes long term– Worse scar– Logistically difficult
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Trachy Tubes
Use what you are used to but…
Avoid fenestrations
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Trachy Tubes
Definitely avoid
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Trachy TubesDefinitely consider supraglottic suction tubes
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Trachy TubesIf they need a tube long term
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Trachy Tubes
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Trachy TubesDon’t dismiss
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Speaking valves Are not all the same
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When to decanulate
No respiratory support required
Secretion clearance guaranteed
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Survival
0
10
20
30
40
50
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Age at Injury
Yrs
C5-C8
C1-C4
Vent dependant
National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Centre, University of Alabama
Hospitalised 1 year mortality 15%
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Prognosis – FunctionC1-3, C4
• Ventilator Assisted• Communication• Verbal Independence• Powered chair• Environmental Controls
• Full time carers
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C5
• Drink, wash groom with adaptions
• Hand control power chair, some self propel
• Full time carer