Respiratory Anatomy

Anatomical PlanesSuperior

Inferior

Anterior

PosteriorLateral

Transverse

CoronalSagittal

Anatomical Planes

Transverse

Superior

Inferior

Sagittal

Anterior

Posterior

Coronal

MedialLateral

Respiratory System

• Respiration: exchange of gas between an organism & its environment.

• Inspiration: Inhalation; drawing air into the lungs

• Expiration: The expulsion of air from the lungs

• Alveoli: Minute air sacs within the lung tissue

Nasal Cavity

Oral Cavity

Larynx

Lungs

Diaphragm

Airway

Respiratory System

• Which is true of the lung when stretched out?– Size of your fist.– Size of a tennis court– Size of a kitchen table

• Does blood circulate in the lung?– Why or Why not?

• How does the rate of ventilation change with-– Exercising?– Quiet breathing?– Speech?

Respiratory System• What does the respiratory system do?

– sustain life

– speech secondary• source of all pressures and flows

• What is included in the respiratory system used for speech?

– Rib cage

– Diaphragm

– Abdomen

– Contents of RC & AB

Axial Skeleton

-Trunk & head

AppendicularSkeleton

-Upper &Lower Extremities

Support of Respiration

Anterior Skeleton

Support of Respiration

• Bony Thorax– Vertebrae & Vertebral Column– Pectoral Girdle– Ribs & Attachments to Vertebral Column

• scapula & clavicle

– Sternum– Pelvic Girdle

• ischium

• pubic bone

• sacrum

• ilium

Vertebral Column

CervicalVertebrae

ThoracicVertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

C1-C7

T1-T12

L1-L5

Vertebral Column

• 33 segments of bone

• Many fossa & protuberances

• Form depending on location,

attachments & pathway

Anterior Posterior Lateral

Vertebral Column

Pelvic GirdleIlliac Crest

Ilium

Ischium

PubicSymphysis

Pubic Bone

Coccyx

Sacrum

1. Part of pelvic girdle2. Anatomical Landmarks near pelvic girdle

Pelvic Girdle

• Vertebral column attaches

• Lower extremity attachment

• Provides distribution of force

• Made up of: ilium, sacrum, pubic bone,

ischium

– ilium-large, wing-like

– sacrum- five fused vertebrae

Pectoral Girdle

Clavicle

Sternum

Scapula

* Pectoral girdle includesonly the scapula & clavicle

Pectoral Girdle

• Shoulder girdle- – Support upper extremities

– clavicle (collarbone): superior sternum to scapula

– scapula: wing-like; attachment only at clavicle

– Equal distribution of force

– A-Frame support

Ribs & Ribcage

True Ribs(1-7)

False Ribs(8,9,10)

Floating Ribs (11,12)

Thorax

Sternum

Costal Cartilage

Ribs & Rib Cage

• Thorax: 12 pair of ribs

• Rib Components: – Head (articulating surface)

– Neck

– Angle (curve)

– Shaft (largest; anterior)

• Rib Cage:– provides attachments (muscles)

• muscles provide: Strength, rigidity, continuity, & mobility

Ribs

• Three general classes:– True ribs- upper ribs (1-7), attach to sternum,

cartilaginous attachment

– False ribs- (8,9,10), attach to sternum via cartilage running superior

– Floating ribs- (11,12), articulate with vertebral column only.

• Characteristics:– cartilage (chondral) attachment can be torqued

• strength and movement

Thoracic Expansion

Vertical

Transverse

Anteroposterior

Lateral/ Anteroposterior Thoracic Expansion

Diaphragm

Aponeurosis

Relaxed Expanded

Muscle

Diaphragm/ Abdominal Movement

Diaphragm

Abdominal Wall

Pelvis Pelvis

Inhalation Exhalation

Respiratory System: Components

Rib Cage

Abdominal Wall

Chest Wall

Viscera

Diaphragm

Mediastinum

Left Bronchus

Trachea

Right Bronchus

AlveolarAir Sacs

Pulmonary System

Relative Sizes of:

A. Rib CageWithout Lungs

attached

B. Rib Cage withLungs Attached

Partial Vacuum

C. Lungs WithoutRib cage Attached

Pulmonary System• Trachea:

– Flexible tube

– 11 cm in length, 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings

– Rings are 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter (smooth muscle)

– Divides at Carina Trachea & becomes mainstream bronchi (bronchial tubes)• Serve right and left lung

Pulmonary System (cont.)• Bronchi:

– Divisions: main stem , secondary (lobar), tertiary (segmental)

– 28 generations of bronchial tree (first 9-”Dead Space”)

• trachea-mainstream bronchi-lobar bronchi-branchings to terminal respiratory bronchioles

– 1 (trachea), 2 (mainstem bronchi), 5 (lobar); 19 (segmental); 38 (subsegmental)...

– Final 7 divisions: respiratory zones- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli

Bronchi Structure

Trachea

MainstemBronchi

Alveoli

Carina

Pulmonary System (cont.)

• Alveoli:

– End of terminal bronchiole

– small-1/4 mm in diameter (5 alveoli in 1 mm)

– 300 million in adult lung

– lined with single layer of epithelial cells

– each covered with over 2,000 capillaries (6 trillion in all)

– Lining= Type 1 cells (pneumocytes); Type 2 (Cuboidal)

Alveoli/ Capillary Bed

TerminalBronchiole

AlveoliTo Heart

From Heart

Capillary Bed

AlveolarDuct

Alveolus

Readings

• Seikel: Ch. 3 (pgs. 35-76)

• Dickson: Ch. 3 (pgs. 59-84)