respiration a dr. production. energy concepts thermodynamics & reaction rates
TRANSCRIPT
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Respiration
A Dr. Production
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Energy Concepts
• Thermodynamics & Reaction Rates
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• RESPIRATION a process where organic (food) molecules are oxidized & broken down to release E
• Glycolysis is the 1o source of e- for the citric acid and e- transport chain
• CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy
• Has both an anaerobic phase and an aerobic phase
• Associated with Mitochondria found in eukaryotic cells
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• Respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in several places in the mitochondria. So it is important that you know the anatomy of the mitochondria
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Glyco lysis, or "splitting of sugar" occurs in the cytosolGlucose is very stable, and must be converted to reactive
compound by phosphorylation Glucose (6C)
2ATP
2ADP + 2P
PGAL (3C) PGAL (3C)
NAD+ NAD+
NADH NADH
2ADP + 2P 2ADP + 2P
2ATP 2ATP
Pyruvic Acid (3C) Pyruvic Acid (3C)
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Redox Reactions
• How NAD+ Works
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Glycolysis
• net gain +2ATP, 2% total E in 1 molecule glucose, only 7% of E released
• 2ADP 2ATP
• 2NAD+ 2NADH + 2H+
• 1 Glucose 2Pyruvate
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Conversion of Pyruvate• Conversion of Pyruvate occurs in the mitochondrial
membrane
Identify the components of Acetyl CoA
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TCA/Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
• Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
• each molecule acetyl Co-A yields the following from one molecule of glucose:
3NADH+ + H +
1FADH2
1ATP
2CO2
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Or, for a more detailed look…
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The Electron Transport Chain
E- Transport Chain occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane and in the inter-membrane space
It uses O2 to transfer e- from 10NADH + H+ and 2FADH2
It separates H into e- and H+, carries e- away from H+ gradient
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Which side is more basic than the other?
More acidic?
More alkaline?
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ATPase attached to H + channels and uses kinetic E of H+ to join ADP + P this is called "chemiosmotic ATP synthesis"
each NADH+ + H + produces 3ATP = 30 ATP
each FADH2 produces 2ATP = 4 ATP
Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Kreb’s Cycle = 2 ATP
ATP Synthetase The Movie
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Electron Transporters
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Got O2?
• In the absence of O2…
• Fermentation occurs…
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Pyruvate (3C) Pyruvate (3C)
CO2
Acetaldehyde (2C)
NADH + H+ NADH + H+
NAD+ NAD+
Ethanol Lactic Acid
Liver
Glucose Glycogen in the liver is a reserve of glucose.
When blood sugar levels drop below 4 to 5 mM glycogen phosphorylase is activated
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• Fermentation generates 0ATP, so what is it’s usefulness?
• How did the first anaerobic heterotrophs make E?
• NAD+ is needed for glycolysis
• Pyruvic acid generates NADH from NAD+, fermentation regenerates NAD+
• Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic respiration? What is the evolutionary significance of this?
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Alternative Energy Sources for Muscles
• Hydrolysis of Sucrose in Intestines
• Fatty Acid Metabolism
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RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM GLYCOLOSIS GLYCOLOSIS
HAPPENS HERE!HAPPENS HERE!
MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIARESPIRATION HAPPENS IN RESPIRATION HAPPENS IN
THIS ORGANELLE!THIS ORGANELLE!
PROTEINSPROTEINS CARBO’SCARBO’S(SUGARS)(SUGARS)
AMINOAMINOACIDSACIDS
FATSFATS(LIPIDS)(LIPIDS)
GLUCOSEGLUCOSECC66HH1212OO66
ACETYL-CoAACETYL-CoA
PYRUVICPYRUVICACIDACID
GLYCOLOSISGLYCOLOSISIN CYTOPLASM IN CYTOPLASM
NO OXYGEN!NO OXYGEN!
KREBS CYCLEKREBS CYCLE AND AND
ELECTRONELECTRONTANSPORTTANSPORT
MAKESMAKES34 ATPS34 ATPS
MAKESMAKES2 ATPS2 ATPS
OO2 2 ENTERS ENTERS HEREHERE
COCO22 IS IS RELEASEDRELEASED
ATP TOTALSATP TOTALS
GLYCOLOSIS=2GLYCOLOSIS=2
RESPIRATION=34RESPIRATION=34
BOTH=36!BOTH=36!
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Gluconeogenesis• Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
sources. Glucose must be synthesized after 12-24 hours of fasting or during prolonged exercise to maintain blood glucose concentration.
• The brain prefers to use glucose as fuel, although after a long period of starvation it can derive some of its energy requirements from ketone bodies.
• RBCs have an absolute requirement for glucose since they have no mitochondria and can not utilize ketone bodies.
• Occurs in the liver (& kidney cortex after prolonged starvation), in cytosol &mitochondria.
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Glycolysis Pyruvate Intermediate
TCA Cycle E- Transport Chain
Fermen-tation
Where it occurs
Co-Enzymes used
Co-Enzymes produced
ATP Used
ATP Produced
MISC Inputs
MISC Outputs
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References• Hibernation:
• Krebs cycle Tutorial
• Citric Acid Cycle tutorial
• A&P Animations & Quizzes
• ATP & Energy Storage
• Fermentation & Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Step by Step Glycolysis
• Interactive Biochemistry Animations
• Overview of Glycolysis Heavy Chemistry
• Fundamentals of Biochemistry Animations
• Glycolysis with Redox Reactions
• Cellular Respiration Animation: Summary