RESOURCESRESOURCESWater, Soil, and MineralsWater, Soil, and Minerals

Presented By:Presented By:

Sandrine Nattkemper - Shary Trent - Travis Giannini Sandrine Nattkemper - Shary Trent - Travis Giannini

Aly ShimpAly Shimp - Heather Doyle - Bryan Gronemeier Heather Doyle - Bryan Gronemeier

Our Objectives Our Objectives

We will describe the processes relating to…

WaterWater

SoilSoil

MineralsMinerals

We will also consider…

Potential adverse environmental impacts due to Potential adverse environmental impacts due to the use of current and future resourcesthe use of current and future resources

What is a Resource?What is a Resource? A material source of fresh water, a mineral A material source of fresh water, a mineral

deposit, or other substances that occurs in a deposit, or other substances that occurs in a natural state and has economic value.natural state and has economic value.

The word The word resourceresource was derived from the was derived from the Latin Latin wordword:: resurgere, meaning: to rise resurgere, meaning: to rise

Conditional Resources Conditional Resources Sub-economic Resources Sub-economic Resources

Hypothetical Resources Hypothetical Resources

Speculative Resources Speculative Resources

Now let’s talk aboutNow let’s talk about WaterWater

WateWaterras a Resourceas a Resource

Why is water important?

• All animals including humans need fresh water to survive.

• At a basic level, everything we eat has some water in it.

FOOD# Gallons to createa single serving

almonds 12

chicken 408

French fries 6

hamburger 1303

lettuce 6

milk 65

rice 36

steak 2607

tomatoes 3

watermelon 100

Where do we find fresh water ?Where do we find fresh water ?

Lakes Rivers Snow Pack Icebergs

These sources are commonly known as These sources are commonly known as Surface Surface Water…Water…

Another source of fresh water is found Another source of fresh water is found underground…underground…

•Groundwater is where most of our fresh water is withdrawn. Groundwater is where most of our fresh water is withdrawn.

Sub-Surface Aquifers/Reservoirs Sub-Surface Aquifers/Reservoirs •ConfinedConfined•Unconfined – Tends to be the most polluted…Unconfined – Tends to be the most polluted…

The filling of Aquifers are influenced by The filling of Aquifers are influenced by •PorosityPorosity•PermeabilityPermeability

http://www.tol.bc.ca/files/web_images/engineering/environment/key%20topics/groundwater/gwf011.jpg

If the total supply of water on the planet war If the total supply of water on the planet war represented by a fifty-five gallon drum, then;represented by a fifty-five gallon drum, then;

-53 Gallon

-1 pint

-12 ounces

Ocean

-1 Gallon

-12 ounces

Ice Caps

1 pint

Atmosphere

Groundwater

Freshwater

Soil Moisture

All Rivers

Once the resource of Once the resource of Water is located...Water is located...

It’s uses are then It’s uses are then categorized.categorized. Consumptive UseConsumptive Use

No Re-ChargeNo Re-Charge Non-Consumptive UseNon-Consumptive Use

Artificial + Natural Artificial + Natural RechargeRecharge

Water use in the United States:Water use in the United States:

48% - Thermoelectric power48% - Thermoelectric power

34% - Irrigation34% - Irrigation (water for growing crops, golf courses, (water for growing crops, golf courses, etc.)etc.)

11% - Public Supply11% - Public Supply (water delivered to our homes (water delivered to our homes and businesses by water departments)and businesses by water departments)

5% - Industrial5% - Industrial – (Manufacturing, making of goods, – (Manufacturing, making of goods, etc.)etc.)

2.9% Commercial2.9% Commercial – (restaurants, pizza houses, ice-– (restaurants, pizza houses, ice-cream parlors, etc…cream parlors, etc…

DomesticDomestic (drinking water, bathing, preparing food, etc.)(drinking water, bathing, preparing food, etc.)

So, If we take the Water from the So, If we take the Water from the ground and do not replace it… What ground and do not replace it… What can occur?can occur?

SinkholesSinkholes

http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1112_02_sinkhole.jpg

www.ufrsd.net/StaffWWW/StefanL/Geology/ground/sinkhole.jpg

Not Good…

As the world population increases.As the world population increases. So does the demand for this resource.So does the demand for this resource.

The evidence suggests resource shortages for the The evidence suggests resource shortages for the future as well as other hazardous events like future as well as other hazardous events like sinkholes and/or subsidence.sinkholes and/or subsidence.

What can we do… ?

Practice ConservationPractice ConservationLimit water waste in the home.Limit water waste in the home.

Water lawns in the morning.Water lawns in the morning. Avoid traditional lawns and lean towards ground Avoid traditional lawns and lean towards ground

covering.covering.

Change irrigation habits.Change irrigation habits. Shifting crops where rain is abundant.Shifting crops where rain is abundant. Reduce water transfer through open ditches to limit Reduce water transfer through open ditches to limit

evaporation.evaporation.

Interbasin Transfer of Surface WaterInterbasin Transfer of Surface Water Movement of water from one region to another.Movement of water from one region to another.

Desalination Desalination - - Purification to make water usable. (5x more Purification to make water usable. (5x more costly)costly)

Filtration Filtration Distillation Distillation Now let’s talk about Soil

What is Soil ?What is Soil ?

“Engineers call soil anything they can move without blasting.”—Jeff

Tolhurst

What We Use Soil ForWhat We Use Soil For

AgricultureAgriculture Natural and semi-natural Natural and semi-natural

vegetationvegetation Microscopic organisms domainMicroscopic organisms domain Habitat Habitat Water control and distributionWater control and distribution Building and constructionBuilding and construction ArcheologyArcheology

ProblemsProblems ErosionErosion

The dislodgement of soil The dislodgement of soil particlesparticles

CausesCauses PrecipitationPrecipitation WindWind Poor farming practicesPoor farming practices Off-road vehiclesOff-road vehicles Strip miningStrip mining Over-active urbanizationOver-active urbanization Commercial developmentCommercial development

Problems ContinuedProblems Continued Topsoil – the rich organic top layer- is lost, which Topsoil – the rich organic top layer- is lost, which

leads to reduced ability to farmleads to reduced ability to farm Sediment deposition run off water that carries Sediment deposition run off water that carries

particles into existing bodies of water, which leads particles into existing bodies of water, which leads to loss of water qualityto loss of water quality Sediment is currently classified as a pollutantSediment is currently classified as a pollutant 750 million tons enters lakes and streams750 million tons enters lakes and streams Decreases water quality and may harm wildlife – Decreases water quality and may harm wildlife –

even worse when sediment contains toxic residue even worse when sediment contains toxic residue from agricultural developmentfrom agricultural development

Coho Salmon migration and mating processes Coho Salmon migration and mating processes impeded because sediment smothered the gravel impeded because sediment smothered the gravel beds – they’re now on endangered species listbeds – they’re now on endangered species list

Strategies for Reducing Strategies for Reducing ErosionErosion

Land Use Planning – Land Use Planning – Reducing the Reducing the velocity agent while also protecting the soil from velocity agent while also protecting the soil from its effectsits effects

Leaving stubble in the fields after a crop harvest, planting Leaving stubble in the fields after a crop harvest, planting cover crops in off-season, and in between cropscover crops in off-season, and in between crops

Wind damage can be slowed by planting hedges, rows of Wind damage can be slowed by planting hedges, rows of trees, and low fencestrees, and low fences

Sediment pollution prevention hay bales and wattles placed Sediment pollution prevention hay bales and wattles placed at bottom of hills or construction/agricultural sitesat bottom of hills or construction/agricultural sites

Off-road vehicles restricted only to prescribed trailsOff-road vehicles restricted only to prescribed trails Urban construction sites clear the land in stages, leaving Urban construction sites clear the land in stages, leaving

less time for bare soil to be exposedless time for bare soil to be exposed

Let’s move our attention to Minerals and Rock’s

Mineral and Rock Mineral and Rock ResourcesResources

Ore DepositsOre Deposits

Types of Mineral DepositsTypes of Mineral Deposits

Examples ofExamples of Mineral and Rock Resources…Mineral and Rock Resources… MetalsMetals IronIron AluminumAluminum Copper, Leads, Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt, ECT.Copper, Leads, Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt, ECT.

Nonmetallic MineralsNonmetallic Minerals SulfurSulfur Halite (rock salt)Halite (rock salt)

Rock ResourcesRock Resources 1.1billion tons sand and gravel used in 1.1billion tons sand and gravel used in

construction 2002construction 2002 1.6 billion tons crushed rock used for fill and 1.6 billion tons crushed rock used for fill and

other other 30 million tons quartz-rich sand used to make 30 million tons quartz-rich sand used to make

glassglass

•Iron is needed for the blood.

•Magnesium is also needed for a healthy body, specifically contributing to bone structure.

U.S. Minerals Supply and DemandU.S. Minerals Supply and Demand

Top Production + Consumption Totals of 2002(In Metric Tons/Year):Top Production + Consumption Totals of 2002(In Metric Tons/Year):

Metals Metals

Iron …….......50,000, Iron …….......50,000, 56,00056,000 Aluminum …..2,700, Aluminum …..2,700, 6,4006,400 Silver …………. 1,470, Silver …………. 1,470, 5,3405,340 Copper ………. 1,450, Copper ………. 1,450, 2,7002,700

Non-MetalsNon-Metals

Salt ……………..43,900, Salt ……………..43,900, 50,20050,200 Clays ………….. 40,700, Clays ………….. 40,700, 35,90035,900 Phosphate ……35,800, Phosphate ……35,800, 37,70037,700

Minerals for the Future: Some Options ConsideredMinerals for the Future: Some Options Considered It would be best to reduce consumption rates; however it is not very likely. If It would be best to reduce consumption rates; however it is not very likely. If

demand cannot be cut then we must find ways to increase our supplies, or demand cannot be cut then we must find ways to increase our supplies, or extend them…extend them…

New Methods in Mineral ExplorationNew Methods in Mineral Exploration Marine Mineral ResourcesMarine Mineral Resources Conservation of Mineral ResourcesConservation of Mineral Resources Impacts of Mining ActivitiesImpacts of Mining Activities Mineral ProcessingMineral Processing

ConclusionConclusion

Today we have discussed the Today we have discussed the recourses of water, soil, and mineralsrecourses of water, soil, and minerals

We are consuming more than we are We are consuming more than we are producingproducing

We need to conserve, find new We need to conserve, find new methods of use, and new resourcesmethods of use, and new resources