resources and development
DESCRIPTION
class x sstTRANSCRIPT
RESOURCESAND
DEVELOPMENT
RESOURCES
WHAT ARE RESOURCES?
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs,
provided, it is technologically accessible, economically
feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as
‘Resource’.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
These resources can be classified in the following ways –
1. On the basis of origin
2. On the basis of exhaustibility
3. On the basis of ownership
4. On the basis of status of development
RESOURCES
NATURALHUMAN
RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE
STRUCTURES & INSTITUTIONS
QUANTITY AND QUALITY
FLOW (eg – Wind) BIOLOGICAL
RECYCLABLE NON-RECYCLABLE
NATURAL VEGITATION WILDLIFE
On the Basis of Origin
Biotic ResourcesThese are obtained from biosphere
and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries,
livestock etc.
Abiotic Resources All those things which are
composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals.
ON THE BASIS OF EXHAUSTIBILITY
The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or
mechanical processes are known as renewable resources. For example, solar and wind energy,
water, forests and wildlife, etc.
Renewable Resources
Non-Renewable ResourcesThese occur over a very long geological time.
Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be
recycled and get exhausted with their use.
On the Basis of Ownership
Individual Resources These are also owned privately by individuals. In
villages there are people with land ownership. Urban people own plots, houses and other property.
Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by
individuals.
Community Owned ResourcesThere are resources which are accessible
to all the members of the community. Village commons and public parks, picnic
spots, playgrounds in urban areas are accessible to all the people living there.
National ResourcesTechnically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast resources therein belong to the nation.
International ResourcesThere are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200
nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise
these without the concurrence of international institutions.
ON THE BASIS OF THE STATUS OF
DEVELOPMENT
Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example, the
western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.
Potential Resources
Developed Resources Resources which are surveyed and their quality
and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their
feasibility. For eg :- Petroleum
StockMaterials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human
beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are included among stock. For
example, water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen,
which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technical ‘know-how’ to use them for this purpose.
Hence, it can be considered as stock.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES
It is the process of developing the resources in order to make them useful
for satisfying human wants. Some resources cannot be used directly. They
have to be processed to make them useful for satisfying our wants. Ex: Land
has to be cleared and ploughed for growing crops. Water has to be taken
to the field to irrigate.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The economic development which does not damage the environment and at the same time takes care of
the needs of the future generations is called sustainable
development
RIO DE JANEIRO EARTH SUMMIT – 1992
It was firstly celebrated in 1992 at brazil. Its motive was to address
urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic
development at the global level.
RESOURCE PLANNING
WHAT IS RESOURCE PLANNING?
It means planning of resources distribution from one place of
access resources to the place of less resources.
IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCE PLANNING
It is necessary because there are some regions which have acute
shortage of resources as compared to that which are considered self
sufficient in terms of availability of resources.
Wastage of resources can be avoided by resource planning.
Environmental pollution can be reduced by resource
planning.
Over exploitation of resources can be avoided by
resource planning.
CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES
It is a practice to protect, preserve or renew natural
resources in a manner that will ensure their highest economic
or social benefits
IDEA OF GANDHI JI ABOUT CONSERVATION
OF RESOURCES
ACCORDING TO GANDHI JI –
“THERE IS ENOUGH FOR ONE’S NEED, NOT FOR ONE’S
GREED”
LAND AS A RESOURCE
LAND IS ALSO A RESOURCE AS IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR
US. IT HAS TOO MUCH IMPORTANCE IN THE LIVES OF HUMAN BEINGS. TAKE AGRICULTURE AS AN Eg.
LAND UTILISATION
LAND RESOURCES ARE USED FOR THE
FOLLOWING PURPOSES.
FORESTS
Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land(b) Land put to non-agricultural
uses, e.g. buildings etc.
Other uncultivated land
Permanent pastures and grazing land.
Land under miscellaneo- -us tree crops groves.
Cultruable waste land
Fallow landsCurrent fallow land
Other than Current fallow land
Net sown area
LAND UNDER DIFFERENT RELIEF
FEATURES IN INDIA
MOUNTAINS 30%
PLATEAUES 27%
PLAINS 43%
LAND USE PATTERN IN
INDIA
43.41% OF THE LAND AREA IS NET SOWN AREA.
FORESTS OCCUPY 22.57% OF LAND AREA.
6.29% OF THE LAND IS WASTE LAND.
7.92% OF THE LAND IS USED FOR NON AGRICULTURAL
PURPOSES.
3.45% OF THE LAND IS PASTORAL LAND.
1.10% OF THE LAND IS TREE CROPS.
4.41% OF THE LAND IS CULTIVABLE WASTE.
3.82% OF THE LAND IS FALLOW OTHER THAN CURRENT FALLOW.
7.03% OF THE LAND IS CURRENT FALLOW.
LAND DEGRADATION
Land degradation is a process in which the value of
the biophysical environment is affected by one or more
combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.
Large scale soil erosion caused by running water and wind.
Dumping of waste materials from mining centers and industrial units.
Over irrigation leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
Over grazing by animals and deforestation by man.
Waste water from the industrial units pollute the lands.
Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soap stone for ceramic
industry creates a lot of dust. This dust is deposited in the neighbouring land.
LAND CONSERVATION
MEASURE
Soil erosion can be prevented by ending deforestation, controlling grazing, encouraging afforestation and practicing terrace farming in
hilly areas.
Preparation of shelter belts of plants and stabilizing of sand dunes by growing
thorny bushes will help to prevent land degradation in deserts.
Mining activities should be controlled. New technology which reduces
wastage can be adopted .
Industrial waste should be chemically treated to remove the
harmful substances.
Urban waste should be used for the production of bio- gas
and bio-manure.
Over irrigation should be stopped and new method of irrigation
should be followed.
SOIL
The upper most layer of the earth’s crust which is loose , broken and useful
for plants is called soil .
Soil consists of mineral matt er such as sand and clay and Organic matt er such as humus, bacteria and earth worms.
FORMATION OF SOIL
Soil is formed mainly due to the process of weathering. As a result of weathering a layer of loose rock materials is formed on the land
surface. If this layer remains undisturbed for a long period of time, chemical, physical and
organic changes take place in it. These changes lead to the formation of soil.
TYPES OF SOIL
THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF SOIL :- 1.ALLUVIAL SOIL2.BLACK SOIL3.RED AND YELLOW SOIL4.ARID SOIL5.LATERITE SOIL6.FOREST SOIL
ALLUVIAL SOIL
Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide spread soil found in India. It is formed due
to the deposition of fine silt called alluvium by the rivers. It consists of sand, silt and clay. It is divided into khadar and
Bangar. It contains soil nutrients .
OCCURRENCEIt is found in the northern
plains, Gujarat plains and the coastal plains.
CROPS
SUGERCANE RICE(PADDY)
WHEAT PULSES
BLACK SOIL
The soil is called black cotton soils because they are black in colour and are
very good for cotton cultivation. It has the capacity to hold moisture for a long time. This soil is sticky. It is formed due to the
weathering of volcanic rocks. It is very rich in potash, calcium carbonate, magnesium
and lime.
OCCURRENCEIt is found in the Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh.
CROPS
SUGERCANE COTTON
TOBACCO CEREALS
RED AND YELLOW
SOIL
The soil develop reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in
crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in
hydrated form.
OCCURRENCEIt is found in the Tamil nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
CROPS
TOBACCO GROUND NUT
RICE(PADDY)POTATOES
LATERITE SOIL
The word laterite is derived from Latin word later which means
brick. It contain humus in very low quantity. It is high temperature and
high rainfall receiving.
OCCURRENCEIt is found in the Kerala,
Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.
CROPS
PADDY
TEA COFFE
COCONUT
ARID SOIL
It range from red to brown colour. It is sandy in texture and saline in
nature. It receives high temperature and has dry climate.
It consist of kankar layer.
OCCURRENCEIt is found in the dry area
like Rajasthan and Gujarat.
CROPS
CACTUS DATE PALM
FOREST SOIL
Forest soils are found in hilly and mountainous regions. They are loamy and
silty in valleys and coarse in the upper slopes. In Himalayas they suffer
denudation and are acidic with low humus content. The soils found in the lower
slopes of the valley are fertile.
OCCURRENCEIt is found in the Himalayas,
Southern hills and peninsular region.
HIMALYAS
CROPS
TEA COFFE
SPICES TROPICAL FRUITS
SOIL EROSION
Removal of top soil from one place to another by natural agencies is called soil
erosion. It is caused by running water and wind. Deforestation, over grazing
and unscientific agricultural practices are responsible for large scale soil erosion.
SOIL CONSERVATION
MEASURES
Contour ploughing reduces the fl ow of water and prevent
soil erosion.
In hilly areas terraced farming should be followed.
Strip farming helps to reduces the force of winds.
Shelter belts of plants around the fields reduce soil erosion.
Afforestation should be practiced on a large scale and deforestation
should be stopped.
Over grazing by animals should be avoided.
ANKUR AMBA
X-CR.NO.- 23