resilient livelihoods – disaster risk reduction for food and nutrition security framework...

8/22/2019 Resilient Livelihoods Disaster Risk Reduction for Food and Nutrition Security Framework Programme (FAO 2013)

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2013 EDITION


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Food and agriculture organization oF the united nationsr, a 2013

2013 edition


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Updated new editionFirst edition 2011

Recommended citationFAO. 2013. Resilient Livelihoods Disaster Risk Reduction for Food and Nutrition Security Framework Programme.

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Foreword

acknowledgments

executive summary

1 introduction

17 scope of the framework

29 the four thematic pillars

31 pillar 1 - enAble the envirOnment

39 pillar 2 - wAtch tO sAFeguArd

49 pillar 3 - Apply preventiOn And mitigAtiOn meAsures

59 pillar 4 - prepAre tO respOnd

67 drr and climate change adaptation

73 harnessing global action

79 implementation arrangements

85 annexes

86 Annex i - s b drr f Fns

88 Annex ii - a

89 Annex i i i - g


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forewordDisasters and ood insecurity are directly interconnected. Floods, hurricanes, tsunamis andother hazards can spoil ood, destroy agricultural, livestock and shing and ood processinginrastructure, assets, inputs and production capacity. They interrupt market access, tradeand ood supply, reduce income, deplete savings and erode livelihoods. Drought, plant pestsand diseases such as locusts and armyworms, animal diseases like Arican swine ever, andood contamination or adulteration have a direct economic impact by reducing or eliminatingarm production, by adversely aecting prices, trade, and market access and by decreasingarm income and employment. Economic crises such as soaring ood prices reduce real income,orce the poor to sell their assets, decrease ood consumption, reduce their dietary diversityand access to sae and quality ood. Disasters create poverty traps that increase the prevalenceo ood insecurity and malnutrition.

For these reasons, resilient livelihoods are critical to the eorts o the Food and AgricultureOrganization o the United Nations (FAO) to help the worlds most vulnerable people achieveood security and the reedom rom hunger one o the most basic human rights. At FAO,disaster risk reduction is about protecting peoples livelihoods rom shocks, and strengthening theircapacity to absorb the impact o, and recover rom, disruptive events. Disaster risk reduction isa necessary ingredient or ood and nutrition security, and or the achievement o the MillenniumDevelopment Goal 1.

FAO responded to the recommendations made by its governing bodies by developing aDisaster Risk Reduction or Food and Nutrition Security Framework Programme. It expressesFAOs corporate commitment to reducing risks and building livelihood resilience thus protectingdevelopment gains. It aims to scale-up and accelerate actions or disaster risk reduction at local,country, regional and global levels, building on FAOs existing technical capacities as well ason disaster risk reduction initiatives and good practices worldwide.

The FAO Disaster Risk Reduction or Food and Nutrition Security Framework Programme aims toprovide strategic direction to the implementation o disaster risk reduction measures in membercountries across the agricultural-related sectors in line with the Hyogo Framework or Action andits ve priority areas. In addition, it promotes an inter-disciplinary and programmatic approachto disaster risk reduction or ood and nutrition security, by integrating the agriculture, livestock,sheries, orestry and natural resource management sectors, to respond more eectively to thediverse livelihoods o small-scale armers and to the complex set o actors which contribute to

disaster risks.

Our intent is that this Framework Programme will help generate greater understanding, interestand action in disaster risk reduction or ood and nutrition security.

Aa m la toa

Assistant Director-General Assistant Director-GeneralNatural Resources Management Technical Cooperation Departmentand Environment Department


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acknowledgementsThis da r ro o Foo a no s Fao poa o the Foodand Agriculture Organization o the United Nations (FAO) is the result o a joint eort led bythe FAO Natural Resources Management and Environment Department and the FAO TechnicalCooperation Department. In addition, it has been made possible by the inter-disciplinary eortand cross departmental collaboration o the Economic and Social Development Department,Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, ForestryDepartment, Oce o Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO decentralized ocesand FAO Emergency and Rehabilitation Coordination Units.

FAOs Interdepartmental Technical Team on disaster risk reduction, established under FAOsStrategic Objective or disaster and crises management in 2009, played an instrumentalrole in, and provided strategic guidance and technical contributions to, the development othis Framework Programme. In particular, we wish to thank Shukri Ahmed, Cristina Amaral,Philippe Ankers, Stephan Baas, David Brown, Mona Chaya, Peter Kenmore, Thomas Muenzel,Lucia Palombi, Christian Pantenius, Florence Poulain, Pieter VanLierop and Sylvie Wabbes-Candotti or their direct contributions and extensive participation in technical discussions.

Additional support and constructive eedback was also received rom many FAO colleagues,including Mario Acunzo, Federica Battista, Marta Bruno, Elizabeth Christy, Eve Crowley,

Florence Egal, Theodor Friedrich, Thomas Hoer, Peter Holmgren, Patrick Jacqueson,Jose Kienzle, Laura Meza, Jennier Nyberg, Emmanuella Olesambu, Thomas Osborn,Selvaraju Ramasamy and Jan VanWambeke.

The development o the Disaster Risk Reduction or Food and Nutrition Security FrameworkProgramme was made possible with the overall guidance, coordination and process acilitationprovided by Cristina Amaral, Stephan Baas and Sylvie Wabbes-Candotti, and Monica Trujilloas coordinating lead author.


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executive summary

The multiple threats to ood and nutrition security, their negative and cumulativeimpact, and the clear link between shocks and hunger reveal the ragility o currentood production systems and their vulnerability to disasters.

Through its disaster risk reduction (DRR) activities, the Food and AgricultureOrganization o the United Nations (FAO) seeks to protect livelihoods rom shocks, tomake ood production systems more resilient and more capable o absorbing theimpact o, and recovering rom, disruptive events.

Disaster risk reduction protects development investments in the agriculture, livestock,isheries/aquaculture and orestr y sectors, helping the worlds most vulnerable peoplebecome ood secure. Disaster risk reduction is vital or ensuring one o the most basichuman rights the right to ood and reedom rom hunger. Furthermore, disaster riskreduction creates a multiplier eect that accelerates the achievement o the MillenniumDevelopment Goal 1: the eradication o extreme poverty and hunger.

A FAO, a o a aa a ooa o . It is expressedin FAOs Strategic Framework 2010-19, and urther elaborated through Strategic

Objective 5 Increase the resilience o livelihoods to threats and crises.

The FAO Disaster Risk Reduction or Food and Nutrition Security FrameworkProgramme (DRR or FNS) serves to support and provide strategic direction, to FAOmember countries and partners, or the implementation o Disaster Risk Reductionor Food and Nutrition Security programmes.

The FAO Disaster Risk Reduction or Food and Nutrition Security FrameworkProgramme relects the Hyogo Framework or Action and strives to assist member

countries implement the ive Priorities or Action in the Hyogo Framework or Actionin the agricultural sectors. It also responds to recommendations made on disasterrisk reduction in 2010 by the Committee on Agriculture, the Programme and FinanceCommittee, the Committee on World Food Security and the Committee on Fisheries.It contributes to meeting the needs o member countries, as expressed in the RegionalAreas o Priority Act ion and identiied by FAO Regional Conerences held in 2010.

The goal o the FAO Disaster Risk Reduction or Food and Nutrition SecurityFramework Programme is to enhance the resilience o livelihoods against threats

and emergencies to ensure the FNS o vulnerable armers, ishers, herders, orestersand other at risk groups.


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While the Framework Programme supports national government partners, the direct

beneiciaries are smallholders in developing countries, including small-scale armers,

ishers, pastoralists, oresters and the urban poor particularly women whose lives

and livelihoods are threatened. Small-scale armers represent 90 percent o the rural

poor and make up the majority o the worlds hungry population.

A o o da r r o o Foo a n o s Fao

poa a o a a a:

pillar 1 enable the environmentInstitutional strengthening and good governance or DRR in agricultural sectors.

Pillar 1 seeks to support the enabling environment o member countries, withappropriate legislation, policies and institutional rameworks or disaster risk reduction

or ood and nutrition security in agriculture, livestock, isheries/aquaculture, orestry

and natural resource management, and to strengthen the institutional capacities

to implement these.

pillar 2 watch to safeguardInormation and early warning systems on ood and nutrition security and transboundary

threats.

Pillar 2 seeks to strengthen and harmonize ood and nutrition security inormation

and early warning systems to better monitor the multiple threats and inorm decision-

making in preparedness, response, policy, advocacy and programming.

pillar 3 apply prevention and mitigation measuresPromotion and diversiication o livelihoods with risk reducing technologies, approaches

and practices across all agricultural sectors.

Pillar 3 seeks to address the underlying risks to ood and nut rition security and to apply

prevention and impact mitigation measures through the application o technologies,

good practices and approaches in arming, isheries/aquaculture, orestr y and natural

resource management.

pillar 4 prepare to respondPreparedness or eective response and recovery across all agricultural sectors.

Pillar 4 seeks to strengthen capacities at all levels in preparedness to improve responseto, and recovery rom, uture threats to ood and nutrition security, and to reduce theirpotential negative impact on livelihoods.


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Together, the our pillars address core themes or disaster risk reduct ion or ood andnutrition security or the agricultural sectors. Each pillar directly contributes to one othe Priorities or Action in the Hyogo Framework or Action. The pillars include optionsor capacity development that indicate, by way o example, a range o technical

services, technologies, good practices that FAO can provide, and rom which membercountries can select based on their needs and priorities.

The our pillars address DRR or agriculture and ood and nutrition security as awhole. They are inter-dependent and mutually reinorcing. DRR or FNS promotes theintegrated implementation o the our pillars or a more holistic approach, strivingto maximize the synergies and complementarities between the pillars and hence thecritical links between good governance, early warning, preparedness, mitigation andprevention or FNS risk reduction.

The our DRR or FNS o- o are in line with the core unctions inFAOs Strategic Framework. They include:

1) aa o o o

2) o aa a oao

3) a a

4) q

The Framework Programme gives strategic direction and guides the implementation o

DRR measures or FNS in member countr ies. FAO has been implementing DRR related

activities within the context o FAOs Strategic Framework and Programme o Work

and Budget, including the development o regional programmes on DRR and disaster

risk management. Building on FAOs existing DRR interventions, the DRR or FNS

Framework Programme consolidates FAOs cross-sectoral exper tise on DRR under one

umbrella. It is a coherent corporate commitment or scaling-up DRR actions or FNS at

local, country, regional and global levels.

t Fao poa oo a a o oa a

a -a a oaa aoa that integrates the agriculture,

livestock, isheries/aquaculture, orestry and natural resource management sectors.

It thereby responds to the diverse livelihoods o poor and vulnerable households and

to the complex set o actors that contribute to disaster risk. It adopts a sustainable

livelihoods and ecosystem perspective that includes the integrated management o

land, water and living resources, promotes the conservation and sustainable use

o natural resources in an equitable way, and ensures sustainable livelihood

outcomes. It oers a common rationale to bridge humanitarian assistance and long-

term sustainable development.


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DRR or FNS programmes is implemented in countries that express an interest in,and need or, DRR or FNS. These countries receive enhanced support in programmeormulation and implementation. The implementation will expand across a greaternumber o countries incrementally over time while building on lessons learned and good

practices. Countries considered include hunger and/or natural disaster hotspots, aswell as areas most vulnerable to climate change. The speciic content and priorit ies oDRR or FNS country programmes are designed on a modular and demand-responsivebasis, tailored to national and local needs, capacities and gaps. DRR or FNS countryprogrammes is context and location speciic. Implementation takes into accountFAOs Country Programme Framework, the United Nations Development AssistanceFramework, the National Platorm on Disaster Risk Reduction, and other key nationalstrategies related to FNS and natural resources management.

DRR or FNS is implemented through FAOs existing structures at national, regional and

global levels. Outputs and actions are delivered through FAOs Strategic Frameworkwith the appropriate FAO technical leadership o FAO units at headquarters and indecentralized oices. FAO decentralized oices and FAO Emergency and RehabilitationCoordination Units provide coordination, operational and implementation support.

At the global level, priority is given to advocacy and partnership promoting greaterinterest and commitment on the part o the international community to increaseinancial resources or DRR or FNS in avour o member countries, and parti cularly orvulnerable small-scale armers. Knowledge management and communication is alsopromoted, with products and services which, when embedded across the agricultural

sectors, can substantially increase awareness and knowledge, understanding andvisibility o the impor tance o DRR or FNS in the ight against hunger. FAO continuesto advocate or the development o global standards speciic to FNS within the globalagenda or DRR, in close collaboration with strategic partners.


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introduction


12/932 RESILIENT LIVELIHOODS

externAl shOcks, FOOd insecurity And glObAl hunger

The alleviation o hunger and poverty is strongly correlated with disaster risk reduction(DRR). The Millennium Development Goal 1 and the World Food Summit strive to

eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, and aim to halve by 2015 the proportion opeople who suer rom hunger1. Worldwide, there are 925 million undernourishedpeople, and hungry people account or 16 percent o developing countries populations2.Most o the poor and hungry live in rural areas and depend on agriculture, isheries,orests and livestock or their livelihoods. These sectors belong to the most aectedby extreme weather events, making resource-poor armers/ishers/herders evenmore vulnerable to disasters and impacts o climate change. In most Least DevelopedCountries, a and related sectors are the main economic drivers and accountor almost one-third o the GDP3. The livelihoods o 2.5 billion smallholders dependon agriculture. Worldwide, over 500 million people depend, directly or indirectly,

on a aqa. Fish provides essential nutrition to three billion people,including at least 50 percent o the animal protein and essential mineral intake o400 million people in the poorest countries. Similar importance applies to o,which in many regions is central to the livelihoods o the poor and oten orms anintegral part o mixed arming systems; livestock provides sources o employment,income, quality ood, uel, draught power and ertilizer. Furthermore, close to1.6 billion people more than 25 percent o the worlds population rely on orestresources or their livelihoods and to generate ood and cash. Moreover, manycountries in the developing world draw on uel wood to meet as much as 90 percent otheir energy requirements. The targets o the Millennium Development Goal 1 and theWorld Food Summit are compromised by the impacts o natural disasters, protractedcrises and armed conlicts on these sectors which reverse development and poverty-reduction gains, destroy livelihoods, reduce ood production and increase hunger.

t o oo , which are caused by severe adverse weather conditions,natural hazards, economic shocks, conlicts, or a combination o these actors,has been rising since the early 1980s. There have been between 50 and 65 oodemergencies every year since 2000, up rom 25 to 45 during the 1990s4.

Foo, a, a a o aa destroy agricultural inrastructureand assets, crops, inputs and production capacity. do alone has caused moredeaths during the last century than any other physical hazard. Asia and Arica rankirst among continents in the number o people directly aected, while Arica has ahigh concentration o deaths associated with drought5. These natural hazards have adirect impact on agriculture, ood saety and quality and ood and nutrition security.They interrupt market access, trade and ood supply to the cities. They reduce income,deplete savings, and erode livelihoods. They also have a negative consequence or

1 Millennium Development Goal, target 1C2 The State o Food Insecurity in the World. 2010. FAO, WFP.

3 The State o Food insecurity in the World. 2012.FAO.4 The State o Food Insecurity in the World. 2008. FAO.5 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. 2011. UNISDR.


13/933DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY

animal production by reducing range productivity and rangeland yields, leading toood insecurity, overgrazing and degradation o ecosystems.

taoa a a a, such as locusts, armyworms and wheat

rust, and aoa aa a such as Arican swine ever, oot-and-mouthdisease and Rit Valley ever, have a direct economic impact by reducing or eliminatingagricultural and livestock production. Furthermore, pests and diseases may adverselyaect prices and trade, negatively aecting arm income. Reduced productivity ocrops or animals can have a long-lasting eect as well. Pest inestations can impairertilization rates or seed recovery. Diseases can have lasting eects on livestockoutput by delaying reproduction, leading to a reduced population and extended oodand nutrition insecurity. The same applies to the isher y sector. Diseases threaten ishand contribute to ood and nutrition insecurity among rural populations dependenton ish arming. For example, in 2009, ish stock in the Zambezi River Valley was

inected by Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome, th reatening to spread the disease to sevencountries surrounding the river basin and potentially aecting the ood security andlivelihoods o 32 million people.

Foo a a impact global ood security, with reduced saeood availability or national consumption and ood losses, and public health, with3 million people dying yearly rom ood-borne diseases around the world. The useo unsae ood, with many million additional people becoming sick, aects localand global market access and thereore employment, revenues, as well as wholeeconomies, implying a high cost to address the impacts o the threats.

w in orests and other ecosystems also aect livelihoods. An estimated150 to 250 million hectares o tropical orests are aected by wildires annually;more than two million people worldwide were aected in the past 10 years.The Centre or Research on the Epidemiology o Disasters estimated the damagecaused by wildires at around US$ 24 billion in the last decade6.

eoo constitute yet another threat that impacts on poverty and hunger.The past two years have witnessed a rapid increase in the number o hungry, largelyinluenced by the global ood and uel crisis. A similar pattern was observed between2003 and 2005 and in 20072008, with high ood prices ollowed by a rapidincrease in chronic hunger. In 2008, 75 million people were added to the totalnumber o undernourished relative to 20032005 7. World ood prices surged to anew historic peak in February 2011 and these high prices are expected to persistin the uture. These crises create poverty traps and increase the prevalence o oodinsecurity, malnutrition and consumption o unsae ood by reducing real income andorcing the poor to sell their valuable assets, decrease their ood consumption, reducetheir dietary diversity and increase exposure to ood-borne diseases. The impact isstrongly elt in low-income, ood-deicit countries that may ace problems in inancing

6 News Archive July 2011. UNISDR.7 The State o Food Insecurity in the World. 2008. FAO



ood imports, and or poor households that spend a large share o their income onood. The urban poor are particularly aected by soaring ood prices. They do notproduce ood but rather invest the bulk o their income on ood expenditures and haveno alternative access to ood other than local markets.

Countries in oa situations, which are characterized by recurrent naturaldisasters and/or conlict, longevity o ood crises, breakdown o livelihoods andinsuicient institutional capacity to react to the crises, show high levels o oodinsecurity. On average, the proportion o people who are undernourished is almostthree times as high in countries in protracted crisis as in other developing countries 8.

8 Ibid.



the nAturAl resOurce envirOnmentAl FActOr

As highlighted by the United Nations International Strategy or Disaster Reduction(UNISDR), the environment and disasters are inherently linked because o the

strong dependency and interconnectedness o natural resources with the environment.Deorestation, degradation o catchments/watersheds, degradation o land anddesertiication, depletion o rees and coastal ecosystems especially o corals andmangroves, among other actors, reduce natures deense capacity against hazardsand aggravate the impact o disasters such as loods, landslides, storm surges,hurricanes and drought. Disasters in turn contribute to ecosystem degradation and loss,including increased soil erosion, declining rangeland quality, salinization o soils, andbiodiversity loss. Increasing environmental degradation reduces the availability ogoods and services to local communities, shrinks economic opportunities and livelihoodoptions, and ultimately contributes to greater ood insecurity and hunger. It urther

drives increasing numbers o people to marginal lands and ragile environments9.

wa a , projected to increase worldwide even without climate change, is alsointricately linked to disaster risks and ood insecurity. In addition, water scarcityis compounded by poor water quality, which exposes communities to major water-and ood-borne threats aecting public health and livelihoods. The exploitation osubterranean water reserves, or example, is contributing to desertiication in manyparts o the world; as subterranean water levels recede, the soil near the suracedries out and plants wither and die. With continued deorestation and exploitationo subterranean water reserves it is likely that many more parts o the world will acesevere water shortages and decreased water quality. Agriculture accounts or morethan 70 percent o the worlds total water use. Irrigation is a direct source o livelihoodor hundreds o millions o the rural poor in developing countr ies. As armers ace thechallenge o accessing an increasingly scarce resource, groundwater levels continuealling each year, causing more rivers to dry up. In arid and semi-arid regions waterscarcity is almost endemic, placing greater pressure on both sur ace and groundwaterresources to meet domestic and irrigation demands. Drought is another major causeo water shortage with devastating impacts, especially in countries with reducedcapacity to absorb the shocks. Prolonged or requent drought episodes can lead to theirreversible stage o desertiication unless adequate measures are taken to increasethe resilience o countries prone to such phenomena. DRR eorts need to supportenhanced management and conservation o water resources and preserve the waterquality. This includes improved capture and utilization o rainall, such as rainwaterharvesting, and the adoption o water conservation technologies and practices thatuse less water, and reduce water loss, such as using drip and urrow irrigation toincrease water product ivity.

9 Living with Risk: a Global Review o Disaster Reduction Initiatives. United Nations International Strategy or Disaster Reduction. 2004



iaqa a- a a contributes to increasing the vulnerability ocommunities exposed to hazards. Land zoning and land-use management, includingregional and territorial planning, need to consider the spatial parameters o physicalvulnerability based on hazard and risk mapping. Better land access and secure

tenure enable ood production and provide an incentive or landholders to invest inimproving their land with soil protection measures, tree planting, improved pastures,water conservation technologies or sustainable crop production.

To reduce risks, it is vital to build the resilience o the natural resource base, and topromote sound environmental and natural resource management practices and thesustainable use o ecosystems. Healthy and diverse ecosystems are more resilientto hazards. Forests are estimated to save between USD 23.5 billion per yearequivalent in disaster damage restoration o key orest ecosystems 10. They can beused as shelterbelts and windbreaks, and also play an important role in protecting

against landslides, loods and avalanches. Trees stabilize riverbanks and mitigate soilerosion, while woodlo ts provide uel wood, timber and odder. Wetlands serve to storewater, provide storm protection, lood mitigation, shoreline stabilization and erosioncontrol. Barrier rees, barrier islands and mangroves can help mitigate hurricane risk,storms and tidal surges. Getting the right energy source and technology can play asigniicant role in managing the environment in support o risk reduction, such asin the productive use o land (e.g. liquid ertilizer rom biogas) and/or by reducingdeorestation through the use o improved or non wood-dependent cook stoves.

The eective management o land, water systems, orests, wetlands, soils, and otherresources is necessary or redressing the root causes and environmental drivers ovulnerability and risks.

10 Environmental Guidance Note or Disaster Risk Reduction: Healthy Ecosystems or Human Security. IUCN, United Nations International Strategy orDisaster Reduction. 2009



climAte chAnge And disAster risks

Climate change will have proound and ar-reaching eects on the environment,ecosystems, natural resources, economy and human lie. In relation speciically to

disaster risks, climate change is expected to result in more requent and intensiveclimate-related hazards. It will magniy existing patterns o disaster risk and presentscenarios that surpass the existing capacity o the humanitarian and developmentcommunities.

The Fourth Assessment Report and the Special Repor t on Managing the Risks o ExtremeEvents and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation o the In tergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change indicate that climate change is likely to alter risk patternsin several ways11:

Increase the requency and intensity, reduce the predictability and change thespatial distribution o extreme climatic hazards, such as temperature extremes,loods and droughts, heat waves, wild-land ires and storms, with a range oeects in dierent regions. Some impacts will occur in regions with no historyo a given hazard.

Increase the risk and vulnerability o particular social groups and economic sectorsas existing vulnerabilities are compounded by climate change-related processes,such as sea level rise, glacier melt and ecosystem stress and degradation o natu ralresources. The increase in vulnerability will vary by region: regions dependent on

subsistence agriculture may be aected by ood and water shortages; small islanddeveloping states and coastal zones will experience a rise in sea level; regionsdepending on water rom glacier melt or agriculture and human consumptioncould experience water shortages.

daa 1: ca ca a da r

11 Disaster Risk Reduction: Global Review 2007. United Nations International Strategy or Disaster Reduction; Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange, 2011: Special Report on Managing the Risks o Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX).



Projected scenarios include an increase in: areas aected by drought, such as theSahel, southern Arica and parts o southern Asia; the requency o heavy precipitationevents over most areas; the incidence o extreme high sea levels; and intense tropicalcyclone activity in the North Atlantic. Some projected scenarios are provided in

Table 1.

ta 1: poj sao o s t o haa12

doDrought-aected areas will likely become more widely distributed, leading tomore widespread water stress, increased risk o water and ood shortages and,thereore, malnutrition. Southern Arica, parts o South America, Mexico, theMediterranean basin and northern China are highly likely to experience harshdrought conditions in the uture. In Arica, the areas suitable or agriculture,as well as the length o growing seasons and yield potential, are expected to

decrease, particularly along the margins o semi-arid and arid areas. By 2020yields rom rain -ed agricu lture could be reduced by up to 50 percent in someArican countries, severely compromising agricultural production and access toood.

FooIt is very likely that heavy precipitation events will become more requent asa result o climate change. Coastal areas, especially heavily populated mega-delta regions in South, East and South-East Asia, will be at the greatest risk dueto increased looding rom the sea and, in some mega-deltas, looding rom therivers.

toa oHigher sea temperatures are likely to lead to more intense tropical and extra-tropical cyclones. This will directly increase hazard exposure in existing cyclonehotspots, particularly i combined with an increase in the concentration opopulation and economic activities in these areas. At the same time, higher seatemperatures may also alter cyclone tracks, creating new hotspots exposed totropical storms that historically have not suered cyclones.

ga The melting o the glaciers will produce water shortages, which are expectedto be especially severe in parts o South America and Central Asia.The disappearance o glaciers in the Andes is expected to accelerate, a loss which

would threaten nearly 30 million people dependent on the supply o glacial wateror agriculture, human water consumption, electricity and livestock production.It is likely that increased glacier melt in the Himalayas will lead to the ormationo larger glacier lakes, which are likely to result in increased looding in manyriver systems in South Asia. This looding could cause potentially catastrophicglacial lake outburst loods, rock avalanches rom destabilized slopes, overlowloods and natural dam rupture.

12 Disaster Risk Reduction: Global Review 2007. United Nations International Strategy or Disaster Reduction; Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007; Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction: Briefng Note 1. United Nations InternationalStrategy or Disaster Reduction. 2008; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2011: Special Report on Managing the Risks o Extreme Eventsand Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX).



sa Over 600 million people live in coastal areas that are less than 10 meters abovesea level, and two-thirds o the worlds cities with populations over ive million are

located in these at-risk areas. Sea level rise is likely to produce coastal erosion,wetland and coastal plain looding, salinization o aquiers and soils, and aloss o habitats or wildlie and plants. Low-lying coastal regions in developingcountries such as Bangladesh, China, India and Viet Nam have especially largepopulations living in at risk coastal areas such as deltas. Another danger orsome island nations is the possible loss o resh-water supplies as sea levels riseand saltwater intrusion pollutes aquiers. Small island states are especially atrisk, as sea level rise is expected to exacerbate inundation, storm surge, erosionand other coastal hazards, thus threatening vital inrastructure and settlementsthat support the livelihood o island communities.

The most severe consequences o climate change will likely be on the ood security andlivelihoods o agriculture-dependent populations in vulnerable countries. Most estimatesindicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, productionstability and incomes in areas that already experience high levels o ood insecurity.Long-term changes in the patterns o temperature and precipitation will shit productionseasons, increase the supply variability and risks in agriculture livestock, orest ry andisheries, and contribute to the emergence o new animal and plant diseases, as well asemerging ood saety threats including new geographical distribution o existing ood

saety hazards and ood- and water-borne disease pathogens or introduce diseasesin places where they ormerly did not exist. In addition, changes in temperature andrainall can avour outbreaks o insect inestations on orests and timber plantations.Drought, hurricanes, warmer temperatures and shiting winds resulting rom climatechange will increase the risk and requency o wildires.

The additional challenges posed by climate change require urgent investments inDRR or FNS above and beyond present levels. More details on the links with climatechange adaptation and DRR are given urther below and in Annex I, with someexamples o the synergies between DRR and climate change adaptation or agriculture

and FNS.



disAster risk reductiOn FOr FOOd And nutritiOn security

The multiple threats to FNS and the clear link between shocks and hunger reveal theragility o current ood production systems and their vulnerability to disruptions.

In order to break this cycle, it is necessary to protect livelihoods rom shocks, and tomake ood production systems more resilient and more capable o absorbing the impacto, and recovering rom, disruptive events and to secure sustainable developmentgains.

daa 2: da r ro a maa

da r maais the systematic process o using administrative directives,organizations and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policiesand improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts o hazards andthe possibility o disasters13. It comprises the whole range o interventions beore,during and ater a shock in the humanitarian-development continuum. The need orintegrating DRR, response and rehabilitation/transition and linking it to development

is the DRM approach or agriculture and FNS sectors.13 United Nations International Strategy or Disaster Reduction.



drr reers to the concept and elements considered with the possibilities to minimizevulnerabilities and disaster risks, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation andpreparedness) the adverse impacts o hazards, within the broad context o sustainabledevelopment. DRR actions aim at strengthening the capacities and resilience o

households, communities and institutions to protect lives and livelihoods, throughmeasures to avoid (prevention) or limit (mit igation and preparedness) the adverse eectso hazards and to provide timely and reliable hazard orecasts. During emergencyresponse, communities and relie agenc ies ocus on saving lives and proper ty. In post-disaster situations, the ocus is on recovery and rehabilitation, including, however,the concept o building back better. This implies carrying-out DRR activities alsoduring response, recovery and rehabilitation interventions. The paradigm shit toconceptualize DRR as a continuum relects the reality that the transition between pre-, during and post- disaster is luid, in particularly in countries, which are regularlyexposed to hazards. The elements o DRR/M, elaborated in Diagram 2, include

both structural (physical and technical) and non-structural (diagnostic, policy andinstitutional) measures14.

t o a a oIn 2005, 168 national governments endorsed the Hyogo Framework or Action andits ive global Priorities or Action, a clear indication o the level o commitmento member countries to reducing risks and promoting sustainable development.Yet governments also need support rom the international community to scale-up theirnational DRR/M system. For FNS, this means developing the capacity o line ministriesand technical departments or an enabling environment that is conducive to protecting

and building resilience in agriculture, isheries/aquaculture, livestock and orestry.

t a o o a aImproved monitoring or new emerging and existing threats to FNS such as extremeclimate events, economic crises (such as price volatility) and the emergence onew pests, transboundary plant and animal diseases, and ood saety hazards isessential. The presence o multiple threats demands a more complex monitoring andanalysis o the potential simultaneous impact. Improvements are needed to bridge thegap between early warning and decision-making or better preparedness, responseand impact mitigation. Better seasonal weather and climate orecasting tailored tothe needs o agricultural producers, and improved outreach to armers and smallood business operators will urther enhance planning capacities or risk reduction inagriculture and ood.

14 Structural measures reer to any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts o hazards, which include engineering measures and

construction o hazard-resistant and protective structures and inrastructure. Non-structural measures reer to policies, awareness, knowledgedevelopment, public commitment, and methods and operating practices, including participatory mechanisms and the provision o inormation, whichcan reduce risk and related impacts. United Nations International Strategy or Disaster Reduction, 2007.



t oa o ao a o

The promotion o more productive and resilient rural livelihoods requires policy

support, capacity development, transormations in agriculture, livestock and

isheries/aquaculture, ood production and processing and improvements in the

management o natural resources such as land, orests, water, soil nutrients, andgenetic resources. Greater investments are needed to prevent and/or mitigate the

impact o uture disasters. DRR must be mainstreamed across sectors into longer-

term sustainable development, protecting the built environment such as agricultural

or ood supply chain (ood storage, processing, transport) inrastructures. Investment

is needed in sustainable models o ood production that apply technologies and

practices adapted to local conditions to raise yields and reduce risks o production

ailure. For example, better management o crop species and varieties, the adoption

o crops and varieties that are more resilient to loods or drought and adapted to new

climate patterns, plant breeding to develop new adaptive and productive varieties,and development o eicient seed delivery systems or improving armers access

to adequate varieties. Other examples include: sustainable water management to

increase water use eiciency and productivity, such as rainwater harvesting, water

storage and conservation techniques and irrigation eiciency; agro-orestry systems

that make use o trees and shrubs as shelterbelts, windbreaks and live ences to

diminish the eects o extreme weather events; conservation agriculture which uses

minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and crop rotations, thereby cont ributing

to crop diversiication, high water iniltration or reduced surace runo and soil

erosion, among other beneits; and natural resource management practices to restore

degraded grasslands through grazing management, re-vegetation and supplementing

poor quality orages with odder trees, as in agro-silvo-pastoral systems and land

tenure to secure land rights.

t oa o a

Eective emergency response and recovery depends on robust preparedness measures

at all levels, particularly in view o the expected increase in the requency and intensity

o natural hazards rom changing climate patterns. Preparedness or eective response

requires strong coordination o humanitarian and development actors at all levels.

At the community level, preparedness can be improved through appropriate technologiesand practices, such as seed and grazing reserves, sae storage acilities or seeds

and harvest, livestock shelters and sae and hygienic ood preparation practices.

At the national and international levels, preparedness planning must be developed

more consistently or the agriculture and ood-related sectors. The national DRR/M

system must integrate preparedness measures addressing FNS and all vulnerabilities

to threats along the ood chain. Technical support must be given to line ministries

and departments in order to ensure that appropriate response measures are in place.

For FAO, preparedness planning requires a corporate-wide eort to strengthen its

capacity to assist its member countries in eectively responding to crisis, particularly

in view o the multiple and simultaneous emergencies that threaten to increase in

coming years.



drr a o aa oThere is growing evidence o the economic bene its o DRR. For every dol lar spenton DRR, between 2 and 4 dollars are returned in terms o avoided or reduced

disaster impacts15. DRR also saeguards development initiatives by ensuringthat investments in the agricultural, livestock, orestry and isheries/aquaculturesectors are less aected by hazards. By building resilience and saeguardinginvestments, DRR helps the worlds most vulnerable people become or remainood secure. In short, DRR or FNS is vital or ensuring one o the most basichuman rights the right to ood and reedom rom hunger. This in turn can havea multiplier eect and accelerate the achievement o Millennium DevelopmentGoal 1. In the uture, greater coherence between humanitarian, development andinvestment strategies will be crucial.

15 Reducing the Risk o Disasters - Helping to Achieve Sustainable Poverty Reduction in a Vulnerable World: A DFID Policy Paper. DFID. 2006.



FAOs cOrpOrAte cOmmitment tO disAster risk reductiOnAnd mAnAgement

In line with, and building on, the Hyogo Framework or Action, DRM and DRR are

corporate priori ties o FAO, as expressed in FAOs Strategic F ramework 20102019.FAOs speciic commitment to DRR is stated in the our Organizational Outcomesunder its Strategic Objective 5 (SO5), Increase the resilience o livelihoods to threatsand crises. The FAO DRR or FNS Framework Programme contributes to guiding theimplementation o the Strategic Objective 5, and represents one o the cornerstoneso FAOs approach to risk reduction and management, integrating humanitarianand development interventions. It supports existing initiatives while catalysingDRR activities to strengthen capacities o member countries.

Building on FAO existing DRR interventions and on good practices, the DRR or FNS

Framework Programme consolidates FAOs cross-sectoral exper tise on DRR under oneumbrella. It provides a corporate approach or scaling-up DRR actions at local, countr y,regional and global levels. It provides strategic direction and guides the implementationo DRR measures in member countries, giving emphasis to risk prevention, mitigationand preparedness as well as inormation and early warning systems or FNS.The speciicities and priorities o DRR or FNS programmes at country level aredesigned on a modular basis and in a demand-responsive way, and tailored to thenational and local context based on required needs, capacities and gaps.

The Programme Framework promotes a more integrated modus operandi to DRR or

FNS. It adopts an inter-disciplinary approach that comprises the agriculture, livestock,isheries, orestry, natural resource management and ood saety and consumerprotection sectors and osters synergies or greater coherence. It responds to the diverselivelihoods o small-scale armers and ood business operators, and to the complex seto actors that cont ribute to disaster risk in rural and urban areas. It promotes capacitydevelopment or member countries across the various agricultural sectors and acrosskey DRR priority areas o action, maximizing the potential impact and beneit romFAOs technical capacities. Finally, DRR or FNS adopts a sustainable livelihoods andecosystem perspective to include the integrated management o land, water and livingresources, thus promoting conservation and sustainable use o natural resources in an

equitable way, and ensuring sustainable livel ihood outcomes.

The FAO DRR or FNS Framework Programme responds to the recommendations madeby several Governing Bodies. The Committee on Agriculture, in its Priorities and Resultsunder the Medium-Term Plan and Programme o Work and Budget 2012-1316, gavepriority to: (i) the integration o the dierent FAO technical and normative componentswithin a DRM approach; and (ii) improving the capacity or joint DRM planning andprogramming at the global, regional and country levels17. These priorities are alsovalid or FAOs Medium Term Plan and programme Work and Budget 2014 -17.

16 Committee on Agriculture. Priorities and Results under the Medium-Term Plan and Programme o Work and Budget 2012-13.17 In addition, it highlighted the crisis in Haiti, which confrmed the importance o developing the DRM Framework as a corporate approach, adjusting

unit results accordingly.



The Committee on Agriculture also noted that the Evaluation of FAOs OperationalCapacity in Emergencies provides the basis or actions to adapt corporate culture andbusiness models to successull y deliver expected results o FAOs Strategic Objective I.This recommendation has been ollowed by incorporating several o the indings rom

the evaluation. In order to ensure that FAOs technical and operational capacities areharmonized and accessible within a corporate approach, the committee proposedan emphasis on: (i) raising extra-budgetary resources or countries to access FAOstechnical and operational support; (ii) strengthening external partnerships; and(iii) developing a DRM capacity-building and training programme or both FAO countryteams and government counterparts and partners.

The Committee on World Food Security made risk reduction one o its key policyrecommendations, with particular ocus on enabling policies and institutions, and the

application o technologies and approaches, such as crop diversiication, geneticallyenhanced crop varieties able to withstand hazards, and conservation agriculture,among others18.

Supporting par tners and countries in DRR and climate change adaptation is a priori ty.For example, the ocus o the FAO Department o Fisheries and Aquaculture or the2012-13 biennium (as agreed by the Committee on Fisheries) is on strengtheningglobal, regional and national partnerships or disaster preparedness and transitionplanning together with strengthening the emergency capacity response o the sector,including the development o best practice guidance and standards.

The FAO DRR or FNS Framework Programme incorporates the Regional Areas oPriority Action identiied by FAOs Regional Conerences in 2010 in relation to DRR19,namely the ollowing:

la Aa a caa: risk management, transboundary diseases, andinstitutional strengthening;

Aa : emergency preparedness and risk management;

Aa a pa :improving capacity to prepare and respond to ood andagricultural threats and emergencies.

In these regions, FAO has been working to develop capacities in disaster risk reductionand management, supporting member countries in line with its Strategic Objectives.In 2011-12, FAO has developed Regional Programmes on DRM in West Arica,Southern Arica, East and Central Arica, Latin America and the Caribbean. DRR orFNS supports these initiatives, and strives to strengthen and scale-up FAO actions inDRR or FNS within a corporate ramework.

18 Policy Roundtable Managing Vulnerability and Risk to Promote Better Food Security and Nutrition, October 2010.19 Priorities or the Technical Work o the Organization in the 2012-13 Biennium. Programme Committee. October 2010.


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the scope

of the framework



gOAl

The goal o DRR or FNS is to enhance the resilience o livelihoods against threatsand emergencies to ensure the FNS o vulnerable armers, ishers, pastoralists,oresters and other at risk groups.

primAry beneFiciAries

DRR or FNS directly supports national government partners, research institutions,universities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as community basedorganizations. At country level, the primary beneiciaries are smallholders, includingsmall-scale armers, ishers, pastoralists and oresters, ood business operators

and particularly women. Small-scale armers represent 90 percent o the rural poorand comprise the majority o the worlds hungry population. About two-thirds othe three billion rural people in the world live rom income generated by armersmanaging some 500 million small arms o less than two hectares each. Typically,small-scale armers have insuicient production capacity to assure staple ood supplyor the year, are landless or land-poor and depend on low-paid casual and inormalwork, and have to buy all or a substantial share o their staple oods rom the market.Globally, small-scale armers are the largest armer group. Thus, realizing the potentialto reduce risks to ood and nutrition security depends largely on the participation osmallholders in managing risks to productive arming and o-arm activit ies. Assisting

smallholders (estimated at 2.5 billion people) 20 is the most direct way to improveresilience and to protect against hunger.

The urban poor also constitute a beneiciary group as urban risks threaten their oodrelated livelihoods. They live on marginal land exposed to hazards, yet they producelittle or no ood and requently lack the means to buy ood. In the year 2000, nearlytwo billion people lived in cities; by 2030 this igure will more than double. As citiesexpand, and as more people migrate rom rural to urban areas, urban poverty andhunger will rise. DRR or FNS takes gender speciic needs into account and devotesparticular attention to women. The role o women is pivotal in ood and agricultural

production, and so is their inluence on the livelihood, hygiene o ood preparationand nutritional outcomes o their households.

20 FAO publication 2011 Save and Grow.



threAts tO FOOd And nutritiOn security

The primary threats to FNS, include:

natural hazards (drought, loods, tsunamis, hurricanes/typhoons, earthquakes,volcanic eruptions, landslides);

ood chain emergencies o transboundary threats (e.g. transboundary plant, orest,animal, aquatic and zoonotic pests and diseases, ood saety events, industrialpollution);

socio-economic crises (e.g. volatility in agricultural commodity markets and soaringood prices);

wild ires;

environmental conditions such as land degradation, desertiication and waterscarcity;

climate change, particularly the expected increase in the requency and intensityo weather-related hazards;

protracted emergencies (prolonged emergencies that combine two or more o theabove-mentioned crises).



cOuntries And regiOns

In line with the Rome Principles for Sustainable Global Food Security21, DRR or FNSsupports the implementation o country-owned plans. Speciic investments vary by

country and depend on their priorities. It is implemented in countr ies and regions thatexpress an interest in and need or DRR or FNS. They receive enhanced support inthe ormulation and implementation o their DRR or FNS programme. DRR or FNStargets hunger hotspots and natural disaster hotspots as well as countries and regionsmost vulnerable to climate change.

The aim is to support core capacities in DRR or FNS, applying the key principlesand approaches o the Framework Programme. FAO, with the support o the donorcommunity and partners, provides inancial and technical support to develop successulmodels that can be replicated in other countries and regions on a wider scale.

In addition, global DRR or FNS initiatives supports the implementation o nationaland regional DRR or FNS programmes.

the integrAted themAtic pillArs

In support o the Hyogo Framework or Action and in line with the FAO mandate,FAO supports member countries in areas that directly contribute to DRR or FNS in astrategic manner. These are expressed through our thematic pillars. Each DRR or FNS

pillar has a speciic objective, and makes a direct contribution to one o the Prioriti esor Action o the Hyogo Framework or Action, as indicated in Diagram 3.

The pillars present options or capacity development that indicate, by way o example,a range o technical ser vices, technologies, and good practices that FAO can support,and which member countries can select rom based on their needs and priorities.Each pillar is inter-disciplinary and integrates FAOs technical capacities.

The our pillars combined address DRR or FNS as a whole, and are inter-dependent andmutually reinorcing. The implementation o the our pillars promotes a programmatic

and holistic approach, striving to maximize the synergies and complementaritiesbetween the pillars and the critical links between good governance, early warning,preparedness, mitigation and prevention. The emphasis on the integration betweenpillars is in line with the mid-term review o the Hyogo Framework or Action, whichcautioned against compartmentalizing actions according to its ive priorities andrecommended instead holistic approaches and strategic direction22.

21 Declaration o the World Summit on Food Security. World Summit on Food Security. 2009.22 Mid-Term Review 2010-2011 o the Hyogo Framework or Action 2005-2015. United Nations International Strategy or Disaster Reduction.



daa 3: drr o Fns a a o o po o Aoo hoo Fao o Ao

*Agricultural sectors include agriculture, livestock, fisheries and forestr y.



crOss-cutting priOrities

DRR or FNS prioritizes our cross-cutting issues that underpin each o its thematicpillar and are in line with the core unctions o FAOs Strategic Framework.

They include:

1) caa do

As part o the FAO corporate strategy on capacity development23, DRR or FNSsupports capacity development to member countries with its three inter-linkedindividual, institutional and policy dimensions. Depending on needs, this may includeDRR or FNS technical expertise, technology transer, practical tools, methodologies,extension, training, policy advice, advocacy, education and awareness-raising.Each o the our thematic pillar details opt ions or capacity development or the various

FNS and agriculture sectors.

2) ko maa a coao

Products and services that improve knowledge o and the links between DRR and FNSstimulate the generation, documentation, sharing and application o inormation andknowledge. FAO is well placed to ill this gap by increasing awareness, understanding,communication, visibility and encouraging greater commitment rom the internationalcommunity.Knowledge Management and Communication directly contributes to meeting Priority

or Action #3 under the Hyogo Framework or Action: use knowledge, innovation andeducation to build a culture of safety and resilience.

3) sa pa

Through multi-stakeholder partnerships, learning networks and alliances at local,national, regional and global levels, each thematic pillar demands its key strategicpartnerships. For the our pillars all together, strategic coordination and partnershipswill be mobilized, especially among humanitarian and development actors, and indirect support o the Hyogo Framework or Action (HFA).

4) g eq

The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-11: Women in Agriculture24 demonstrates thatgender inequalities are at the core o the underperormance o the agriculture sector,and the goals or poverty reduction and ood security can only be achieved i genderis ully and adequately considered. DRR or FNS takes into account the dierencesin womens and mens vulnerability to disasters, as well as their dierentiated rolein ostering a culture o disaster resilience. Gender is a cross-cutting priority o theramework which ensures that gender concerns, needs and capacities in DRR or FNSare integrated. This includes the mainstreaming o gender in each o the our pillars.

23 FAO corporate strategy on capacity development, July 201024 State o Food and Agriculture 2010-11 Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap. FAO.



building On the hyOgO FrAmewOrk FOr ActiOn

The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience ofNations and Communities to Disasters is the 10-year plan to make the world

saer rom natural hazards. It was adopted by 168 member countries othe United Nations in 2005 at the World Disaster Reduction Conerence inKobe Japan. UNISDR is the secretariat o the Hyogo Framework or Action.The FAO DRR or FNS Framework Programme builds on and supports the implementationo the Hyogo Framework or Action to reduce disaster risks in the agricultural sectorsor FNS. The our DRR or FNS thematic pillars and cross-cutting priorities contributeto the achievement o the ive Priori ties or Action o the Hyogo Framework or Action,as outlined in Diagram 4. However, the Hyogo Framework or Action ocuses only onnatural disasters, while the FAO DRR or FNS Framework Programme goes beyond toinclude threats such as animal and plant pests and diseases, ood saety threats and

the volatility o ood prices, etc.

daa 4: la hoo Fao o Ao a da rro o Foo a no s Fao poa



guiding principles And ApprOAches

The DRR or FNS Framework Programme is guided by the ollowing principles:

respond to demand and need at local and country levels;

ensure national ownership and participatory mechanisms;

ensure a gender perspective;

adopt a multi-hazard approach at the appropriate territorial level (including urbanand rural areas and their linkages);

be part o the FAO Country Programme Framework and ollow FAO results-basedbusiness model and FAO Strategic Framework;

promote and ensure a multidisciplinary, livelihoods, ecosystem programmaticapproach at all levels;

work in partnership with United Nations agencies, donors, NGOs, civil society,etc.;

reinorce synergies with disaster response, recovery, transition and development;

oster complementarities with climate change adaptation, including National

Adaptation Programmes o Action;

reinorce national plans or DRR/M and climate change adaptation; take into account and support national strategies on sustainable development,

poverty reduction, ood security;

build strategic linkages at local, national, regional and global levels;

ollow and support the sectoral delivery o the Hyogo Framework or Action;

maintain synergy with the United Nations Development Assistance Framework.

To ensure coherence and sustainabilit y, implementation o DRR or FNS integrates ourkey elements: sustainable livelihoods and ecosystem perspective; rom local to globallevels; inter-disciplinary approach; and programmatic approach.

1) saa loo a eo p

In addition to national actions, DRR or FNS ocuses on speciic areas prone to naturalhazards as well as other threats to FNS, such as an agro-ecological zone or watershed.

It ollows an ecosystem perspective that includes the integrated management o land,water and living resources to promote conservation and sustainable use o naturalresources in an equitable way.



Linked to the ecosystem perspective, DRR or FNS applies the Sustainable LivelihoodsApproach at local level to address FNS and ensure poverty alleviation and sustainablelivelihood outcomes. Livelihoods consist o the capabilities, assets both materialand social resources and activities required or a means o living. A livelihood is

sustainable when it can cope with and recover rom stresses and shocks, maintainor enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide net beneits to other livelihoodslocally and more widely, both now and in the uture, while not undermining the naturalresource base. The sustainable livelihoods approach consists o livelihood assets andactivities, vulnerability and coping strategies, policies, institut ions and processes, andlivelihood outcomes in relation to the ull ood supply system (production, processing,storage, transport and marketing).

2) Fo loa o goa l

DRR or FNS requires action and partners at local, national, regional and globallevels. Programme implementation is designed on a modular basis through a numbero need/interest-based interventions, tailor made to (i) build on existing structuresand strengths; and (ii) respond to country and/or region-speciic demands. At thelocal, it ocuses on speciic geographic locations. At the same time, it links withnational initiatives, where appropriate, such as institutional strengthening and goodgovernance in DRR or FNS. For example, technologies that strengthen the resilienceo arming systems are best applied locally, but to be most eect ive they oten requireadequate policy support to guarantee long-term sustainable agriculture.

Similarly, DRR or FNS promotes initiatives at regional levels, building on existinginitiatives and in line with regional priorities. Where opportunities exist, it ocuseson threats common to the region, such as the Mekong River Basin, the Zambezi RiverBasin and the Andes, among others. FAO regional and sub-regional oices and FAORegional Emergency and Rehabilitation Coordination Units support regional DRR orFNS actions.

At the global level, the Framework Programme supports and strengthens eorts inadvocacy, awareness-raising, knowledge management, communication, capacitydevelopment and normative guidance as well as other initiatives in avour o DRR orFNS.



daa 5: saa loo a eo p

3) i-a

Each DRR or FNS pillar ollows an inter-disciplinary approach that integrates the

agriculture, livestock, isheries/aquaculture, orestr y and natural resource managementsectors. This ensures integrated actions that respond to the diverse livelihoods o poorhouseholds, as well as to the complex set o actors that contribute to disaster risk inrural and urban areas. At the same time, the DRR or FNS Framework Programme links toother sectors where appropriate and easible, such as water, land or the environment.By adopting an inter-disciplinary approach, DRR or FNS Framework Programmeharnesses FAOs technical capacities and osters cross-sectoral collaboration.

4) poaa

The DRR or FNS Framework Programme moves away rom the project-based towardsa programmatic approach, both within each pillar and across the pillars. For instance,or a more harmonized and programmatic approach to inormation and early warningsystems or FNS, P illar 2 Watch to saeguard integrates FAOs statistical time seriesand other baseline databases (National Statistical Inormation System or Food andAgriculture [CountrySTAT], State o Food Insecurity in the World [SOFI], State o WorldFisheries and Aquaculture [SOFIA], etc.) and its early warning capacities (GlobalInormation and Early Warning System [GIEWS], Emergency Prevention Systems[EMPRES] or Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases and Food Saetyhazards, etc.).



At the same time, actions are promoted in all our pillars as an overarching programmeto ensure comprehensive DRR actions or FNS. This maximizes the potential impact oDRR or FNS programmes and ensures more sustainable interventions. For example,early warning initiatives under Pillar 2 are linked to preparedness actions under Pillar

4, or the application o technologies to build livelihoods under Pillar 3 are supportedby a national or local enabling environment under Pillar 1.


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the four

thematic pillars


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pillar 1

enablethe environmentINST I TUT IONAL S TRENGTHEN ING AND GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR DRR IN A L L

AGR ICU L TURA L SECTORS .



pillar 1

enable the environmentThe objective o Pillar 1 is to support the enabling environment o member countrieswith appropriate legislation, policies, strategies, standards and institutionalrameworks or DRR in agriculture and related sectors, and to strengthen theinstitutional capacities to implement these initiatives.

rAtiOnAle

Eective DRR depends irst and oremost on sustained political commitment andinvestment by governments. National governments have the primary responsibility orDRR and should provide leadership in DRR interventions. Yet, they also require suppor tand cooperation rom the international community to strengthen governance, as wellas the legal and policy environments that acil itate national and local strategies, plansand inancial investments in avour o risk reduction. Appropriate laws and institutionalmechanisms are needed in DRR or FNS. Capacity development support to relevantline ministries is also essential. The strategic integration o DRR or FNS into rural andagricultural development policies is vital to meeting Millennium Development Goal1. Sector-speciic national strategies and plans are required to address DRR or FNS

across agriculture, isheries/aquaculture, orestry and natural resource management.

Similar eorts are also needed at the international level. Global dialogue, knowledgeexchange and coordination among humanitarian and development actors on DRRor FNS are essential. It is important to step-up political and inancial commitments,to develop policy rameworks and institutional arrangements to better supportgovernments. With the present DRR or FNS Framework Programme, FAO supportsthe enabling environment o member countries and enhances its advocacy eorts atthe global level. At the same time, it strengthens its policy environment and practicalmechanisms needed to successully implement the DRR or FNS corporate commitment.

OptiOns FOr nAtiOnAl And regiOnAl cApAcity develOpment

Institutional strengthening and good governance on DRR or FNS in agriculture,isheries/aquaculture, livestock, orestry, ood saety and consumer protection is animportant area o work within FAO. It promotes political commitment and provides theresources required by member countries to translate these initiatives into actionableresults. Although the speciic type o suppor t provided by FAO varies across countriesand depends on national needs and priorities, Diagram 6 summarizes key examples

that enable the environment or resilient livelihoods at national and sub-national levels.More speciic examples or options or capacity development are detailed ur ther.



daa 6: ea eo o r loo

1) la a po Fao o drr o Fns

ensure national legislation on DRR or FNS addresses livelihoods and oodsecurity (agriculture, livestock, isheries and aquaculture, orestry, naturalresource management, and ood saety and consumer protection);

include FNS in national DRR/M strategy and action plans;

integrate DRR or FNS into agricultural and rural development policies;

integrate DRR into ood saety and quality policies;

integrate DRR or FNS into poverty reduction strategies linked to agriculture,isheries/aquaculture, orestry, natural resource management, and ood saetyand consumer protection;

ensure that environmental and natural resource management laws and disasterreduction strategies are mutually supportive;

integrate DRR or FNS into landscape management policies, both rural andurban;

mainstream pastoral risk management into national agricultural and developmentpolicies and strategies;

regulatory rameworks or national emergency preparedness and response toanimal/aquatic and zoonotic disease outbreaks;

national and/or regional aquatic biosecurity rameworks;



promote adoption o the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governanceo Tenure o Land, F isheries and Forests;

develop national plans or the isher ies/aquaculture sector, in line with Code oConduct or Responsible Fisheries;

support laws and regulations or the design, construction and equipment o saeboats and risk-ree agricultural inrastructure;

develop national action plans or integrated ire management based on theFire Management Voluntary Guidelines.

2) ioa s a cooao

ensure relevant representation o line ministries in the national and local DRR

or FNS structures; include agriculture and FNS in national platorms or DRR;

acilitate strategic coordination and partnerships among humanitarian anddevelopment actors;

ensure institutional structures support DRR or FNS;

support coordination, ensuring linkages among relevant line ministries(e.g. environment and natural resources);

promote partnerships among community-based organizations, research centres

and extension services or DRR or FNS; strengthen traditional institutions and knowledge, and promote exchange

between communities;

support linkages and communication between community traditional institutionsand ormal government structures, and enhance accountability betweengovernment and communities;

ensure compliance with international and regional conven tions and rameworks.

3) caa do o iao o r ro a aoA - a so

strengthen the capacity o line ministries to deliver national legislation, policiesand strategies on DRR or FNS through technical advice, human resources andexpertise, training, practical tools and services;

promote national, regional and international standards, norms and regulatoryinstruments to manage risks;

support decentralized DRR or FNS and strengthen capacities at sub-national level ,with local authorities, extension serv ices and community-based organizations todeliver DRR or FNS;

promote and support community-based DRR or FNS approaches and localplanning;



promote investment in knowledge management and dissemination or gender-sensitive disaster risk reduction at the global, regional, national and sub-national levels.

support sustainable natural resource management strategies and practices(wetland management, land and soil management, eicient energy use, naturalresources tenure right s security, etc.);

promote sustainable land use planning to reduce risks, including urban/territorial development;

support implementation o national strategies on aquatic/animal health orbiosecurity risks related to transboundary aquatic animal diseases.

glObAl public gOOds And services

In order to strengthen its support to member countries and the implementation o thisthematic pillar, FAO advocates urther at the global level. It develops an enablingenvironment within the Organization with appropriate policies, normative guidanceand capacity development instruments on DRR or FNS. In particular it ocuses on theollowing outcomes:

Aoa: promoting greater visibility, knowledge, commitment and inancialinvestment in DRR or FNS.

noa: promoting the development o global standards, codes o conduct,norms and instruments speciic to FNS within the global DRR agenda.

paa oo: developing tools to assess, monitor and evaluate institutionalcapacity in DRR or FNS, and to monitor delivery at country level.



strAtegic pArtnerships

In its eort to support member countries in good governance and institutionalstrengthening, FAO works in partnership with the ollowing key organizations and

bodies:

goa pa: UNISDR, International Fund or Agricultural Development (IFAD),International Federation o Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Organisationor Animal Health (OIE), United Nations Development Programme, United NationsEnvironment Programme, United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), World Bank,and United Nations Human Settlements Programme.

roa -oa o a oo o: Association oSoutheast Asian Nations, Arican Union, Inter-governmental Authority on Development

(IGAD), Southern Arican Development Community, Sistema de IntegracinCentroamericana, Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, Centro deCoordinacin para la Prevencin de los Desastres Naturales en Amrica Central,Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Economic Community o Central Arican States,Indian Ocean Commission.

F/Aqa: regional ishery bodies such as Organization o Fishing andAquaculture in Central America, Caribbean Regional Fishery Mechanism, and LatinAmerican Organization or Fisheries Development, Asia-Paciic Fishery Commission.

Fo: Wild-land Fire Advisory Group, Silva Mediterranean Working Group

on Fire Management, Near East Fire Management Network, South American FireManagement Network, Fire Management Actions Alliance, and United NationsEconomic Commission or Europe, FAO Team o Forest F ire Specialists.


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pillar 2

watchto safeguardINFORMATION AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS ON FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY

AND TRANSBOUNDARY THREATS



pillar 2

watch to safeguardThe objective o Pillar 2 is to strengthen and harmonize FNS inormation and earlywarning systems to better monitor the multiple threats and inorm decision-makingin preparedness and response, policy, advocacy and programming.

rAtiOnAle

The unacceptably high levels o global hunger and the complexity o multiple threats

to FNS make inormation and early warning systems a critical component o DRR.

FAOs early warning capacity strives to keep abreast o a continuously changing global

ood security situation and to monitor the many risks that make people vulnerable to

a sudden deterioration in their livelihoods. Yet, emerging threats such as soaring ood

prices represent new challenges, as does climate change. The capacity to monitor

these threats needs to be strengthened and expanded to serve more countries.

The Joint Thematic Evaluation25 re-airmed that early warning is critical or all ood

security stakeholders and that FAOs global initiatives in ood and nutrition inormationsystems, such as GIEWS, are relevant and needed among all key stakeholder groups

(governments in ood insecure countries, United Nations agencies, NGOs and

donors). However, it also noted that support to early warning unctions has been

steadily decreasing over the last decade, mainly as a resul t o FAOs discontinuation

o a number o regional and country support programmes. This has been a result o

reduced unding, leading to closure o many sub-regional and national programmes

and projects, which in turn has had a severe negative impact on the early warning

capacities in many countries.

The quality o key data is essential or analysis, early warning and orecasting.

Gaps need to be illed in the quality and eiciency o inormation systems and early

warning. For example, many countries still lack a ormal mechanism or assessing

and reporting local outbreaks o plant and animal diseases, or or reporting ood

prices. Better seasonal weather and climate orecasting tailored to the needs o

agricultural producers, and improved outreach to armers, is needed to enhance

planning capacities or risk reduction in ood and agriculture. Capacity development

is needed to enable timely inormation o potential threats to support decision-making

and ensure a timely response.25 Ibid.



daa 7: saa Fns FAO moo a ea wa

The Joint Thematic Evaluation emphasized that although there is a certain improvementwith regard to more integrated early warning systems, existing early warning unctionsstill tend to ocus on agricultural production. There is a need or holistic monitoringapproaches and integrated analysis o key agricultural sub-sectors and livelihoodsystems, such as livestock and isheries, and new threats such as ood prices. Such anapproach would enable the monitoring o multiple threats or a more comprehensiveunderstanding o, and response to, ood and nutrition insecurity. The multiplicity othreats aects rural and urban populations and includes both old and new threats:

natural hazards such as drought, loods, hurricanes and earthquakes;

plant pests (e.g. locusts, wheat rust);

animal diseases (e.g. highly pathogenic avian inluenza);

aquatic animal (ish) diseases;

ood saety emergencies;

wildires;

environmental conditions such as land degradation, desertiication and waterscarcity;

climate change, which increases variability and uncertainty in ood production;

volatility in agricultural commodity markets and soaring ood prices.



A recent FAO evaluation also recommended improved inormation systems or oodsecurity that respond to identiied needs and promote long-lasting capacity developmentand national multi-stakeholder partnerships. It also emphasized the strong demandor improved communication, presentation and timing o inormation, with greater

attention to short, targeted policy bries to inorm decision-makers26.

Pillar 2 is in line with and supports the implementation o FAOs ive-year CorporateStrategy on Inormation Systems or Food and Nutrition Security, which aims toprovide a clear statement o intent on how FAO supports member countries and theglobal community o ood security stakeholders and practitioners in strengthening thecollection, management, analysis, dissemination and use o data and inormation onFNS to achieve a sustainable reduction in poverty, hunger and malnutrition.

resilient livelihoods – disaster risk reduction for food and nutrition security framework...

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