resilient and renewable microgrids · o 7 mw max, 4 mw avg, 2.5 mw min o 4.5 mw of existing...
TRANSCRIPT
Rhode Island Convention Center • Providence, Rhode Island
Resilient and Renewable Microgrids
Session: Planning Large and Small Scale Microgrids and Smart Grids
Sam Booth National Renewable Energy Laboratory
August 10th, 2016
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
This presentation reviews several key aspects of microgrid planning and design along with examples projects including:
– Requirements determination and load analysis
– Generation analysis with an emphasis on renewable energy
– Microgrid modeling
– Operating requirements
– Lessons learned
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Summary
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Overview
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Supports DoD’s complementary missions related to energy use.
Dedicated to Advancing Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Energy Systems Integration. • Owned by the Department of Energy • Leading clean-energy innovation for 34
years • ~2500 employees with world-class facilities • More than 350 active partnerships • Campus is a living model of sustainable
energy
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
• What kind of microgrid, building, campus, or utility ?
• What type and duration of outage do you need to survive?
• What other things do want your microgrid to priortize e.g. economic savings ?
• Start by identifying and classifying loads o Sheddable, essential
critical?
• Initially need to determine o Min, average, and max
loads o Load profile o Types of loads
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Microgrid Requirement and Load Analysis
NREL CORE Microgrid Design Process
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Miramar Example: Requirements Determination
• Power critical loads on Flight-Line and supporting facilities in the event of a grid outage with potential for future expansion
o 7 MW max, 4 MW avg, 2.5 MW min
o 4.5 MW of existing renewable energy
• Requirement to operate for at least two weeks in islanded mode and use redundant/on-site fuel sources to enhance resiliency
• Project Goals:
o Energy Resilience
o Maximize renewable energy and use of existing assets
o Revenue from grid tied operations and grid support
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
• Existing generations sources • New generation options • Match between generation and load • For renewable energy analyze resource,
incentives, technologies, permitting, etc. • Benefits of renewables
o Extend duration of outage o Potentially limitless power supply for
continued operation of selected loads o Improve economics by providing grid
connected value
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Microgrid Generation Analysis
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20%
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60%
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100%
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Pro
bab
ility
of
Surv
ivin
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Length of Outage [Days]
Base Case +2.0 MW PV,500 kWhBatt
Base Case +625 kW PV,175 kWhBatt
Dispatch Strategy
Grid Outage
Battery Charging
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Renewable Generation Technologies
Biomass Heat/Power
Concentrating Solar Power
Wind Power Landfill Gas Photovoltaics
Geothermal
Hydro Fuel Cells
Others:
- Biofuels (e.g. biodiesel) for generators
- Waste to energy
- Marine hydrokinetic
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 8
Renewable Energy and Storage Cost Reduction Trends
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Rule of Thumb for RE in Hybrid Systems
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Example Project: MCAS Miramar ESTCP
• Smaller Microgrid demonstration project at Miramar’s Public Works building; successfully islanded December 2015
• Raytheon controller, 200 kW PV, 250 kWh Primus Power flow battery, building loads
• Battery supported the islanded grid with high PV penetration (80%); automated inverter curtailment function used; significant clouding events
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Energy Storage & Inverters
Energy storage coupled with bi-directional inverters permit:
Smoothing of PV generation
Dispatchable power
Peak load reduction/shifting
Voltage support
Frequency support
More responsive than conventional generation
Can provide excellent power quality
Inverter technology has advanced significantly in recent years
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Fre
qu
en
cy(H
z)
60.14
60.06
59.98
59.9
59.82
59.74
59.66
3m:47s
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Utility-Friendly Features of Modern Inverters
• VAR Support for Grid o Can adjust load power factor (leading or lagging)
• Low & High Voltage/Frequency Ride Through Capabilities o Can stay on-line during grid voltage & frequency disturbances
• Communication Capabilities o Requires infrastructure (fiber optic, copper, radio, etc.)
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L3 (
A)
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• Curtailment of Inverter Power Level o Disable inverter o Discrete step increase
or decrease
• Ramp Rate Control o Reduces sudden load
changes
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Example Project: PMRF Navy Tech Demonstration
• Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) located on western shores of Kauai, Hawaii - unusual daily load profile due to mission activities
• Energy Management System project with Honeywell (2013) enabled connection of stranded PV without compromise to installation’s power quality, and prevented backfeed to utility
o Energy Storage - lithium iron magnesium phosphate batteries
o Monitoring and Control System
• Awarded FY16 ESTCP project for expansion
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
• Modeling is necessary because of unique design challenges o Self regulation for voltage and frequency o Advanced controls and protection schemes o Fossil fuel and alternative energy generation
resources
• What do you Model: o Electrical distribution system, generation equipment, loads,
and controls o Microgrid start up, feeder loss, faults, different generation
options
• Power and/or controller hardware in the loop testing is also recommended for risk reduction
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Modeling and Testing Overview
Speed Controller
(Governor)Σ Fuel Actuator
Engine
Air
System
Power
System
Turbo
Charger
Frequency
Speed
Bias
-
1
+
+
Filter
Diesel
Injection
Gas
Injection
Transient model comparing respond of diesel and natural gas engines
Hardware in the loop testing of Raytheon Microgrid Controller at NREL’s ESIF
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Example Project: Alcatraz Island Microgrid
PV/Battery/Diesel Hybrid
System
Agency: NPS
Location: Alcatraz Island, California
DOE FEMP Assistance
resource and load monitoring (14 months);
feasibility study;
financing and contracting assistance;
design charrette;
design review;
construction RFI’s;
commissioning assistance;
performance evaluation and recommendations.
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
• DHS
• Park service
• Verizon
Other Off Grid U.S. Project Examples
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
General Considerations
• Skilled staff (typically engineers or electricians) are needed to operate a microgrid
• Specifics skill are dependent on the particular project, key considerations include safety, level of automation, control characteristics, and risk.
• Microgrids are not standard in the DoD and training is required
• Need simulated training environment
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Microgrid Operations
Miramar Example
• Operated and staffed in partnership with NAVFAC (Miramar’s utility) o From new microgrid operations center
• Grid Connected Mode – Awareness, efficiency, cost savings (~99% ) o Advanced Metering and real-time
monitoring
o Analytics, trends, and reports
o Corrective action on building equipment
o Execute demand response
o Load management/peak shaving
o Monitor renewable energy systems
• Islanded Mode – emergency situation or power outage (~0-1%) o Operate Microgrid
• Several weeks of training and computer simulation trainer for operators provided
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
• Capital costs are dependent on a number of factors o Extent of critical loads & electrical system o Infrastructure modifications required o New and existing generation requirements o Energy storage/spinning reserve requirements o Utility acceptance o Communications methods o Environmental regulations
• Revenue streams from grid connected operations are essential to have savings o Self generation o Demand response o Peak shaving o Ancillary services
• Energy security valuation conducted o Methodology to value non-energy savings attributed to energy security projects o Studied impact of an outage and developed a customer damage function o Analyzed utility reliability o Value = Cost of an outage x probability of an outage
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Microgrid Business Case
Business Case Value of Energy Security + Revenue Streams > Capital and O&M Costs of Microgrid
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Miramar Installation Microgrid Summary
• Primarily flight training and operations
o Site: 14 MW peak, 5 MW min o Critical: 6 MW peak, 2.5 MW min
• 8 hour utility outage in 2011
o Flights grounded (mission halted), generators didn’t start, gate security issues, food spoiled, etc.
• CORE microgrid assessment completed in 2012
o Critical load analysis o Generation option analysis o Electrical systems modeling o Financial analysis and ECIP application
• Project awarded ~$20 M in ECIP construction funding
o New generation and microgrid operations center o Savings from from peak shaving and demand response o Challenges: RE integration, cyber security, and being first o NREL supported RFP development and reviews
• Project recently awarded and in design phase
o Will be largest, most renewable/advanced DoD microgrid o First at site wide scale with high levels of diverse
renewable energy and savings from grid connected operations
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Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Lessons Learned
Lessons Learned
• Renewable energy and sustainability don’t always mean resiliency
• Resiliency can mean different things to different people
• For DoD cyber security is a key challenge
• Success requires ongoing development support
• Motivated partners are the key differentiator
Possible NREL Microgrid Project Support
• Portfolio evaluation of microgrid business case across or at select sites
• Development of promising microgrid projects
• RFP development and bid reviews
• Joint technology development or demonstration programs
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Thank You! Sam Booth
303-275-4625 [email protected]