resilience, water and sanitation - loughborough university · 2011-07-12 · resilience, water and...
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Resilience, water and sanitation
Lee Bosher and Bob Reed Water, Engineering and Development Centre
5th July 2011
IntroductionResilience – what is it?
.. as a component of sustainability and DRR
Structural and non-structural approaches
Challenges
Seven guiding principles
Group exercise
What are the hazards/threats?Natural hazards
Geo-Hazards
EarthquakesVolcanic eruptionsTsunamisLandslides
Hydro-meteorological
Hazards
FloodCoastal erosion & floodingWindstormsExtreme temperatureStorm surgesDroughtfires
Human induced threats
MaliciousWar
Terrorism
Arson/petty crime
Non-malicious
Poor planning
Poor construction
Rapid urbanisation
Hazard: primarily a ‘natural’ source of potential dangerThreat: primarily a ‘human induced’ source of potential danger
Disaster Risk Reduction
DRR is defined by the United Nations (2004) as:
“The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development.”
What do we mean by ‘resilience’?
Is sufficient?
Iain Dowie,
Former football manager
‘Bouncebackability’
Resilience: A definition
“A resilient built environment should be designed, located, built, operated and maintained in a way that maximises the ability of built assets, associated support systems (physical and institutional) and the people that reside or work within the built assets, to withstand, recover from, and mitigate for, the impacts of extreme natural and human-induced hazards.”
(Bosher ed. 2008:13)
Components of resilience!
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Resilience and sustainability
Resilience-building Long-term sustainable development
Increasing societal resilience Cohesive society with strong coping capabilities
Institutional capacity building Strong, agile and prepared institutions
Physical reconstruction Robust physical infrastructure and critical lifelines
Increasing environmental resilience Environmental protection and adaptation strategies
Range of approachesStructural
Earthquake engineering, flood defences, hurricane shelters, retrofitting, sustainable urban drainage systems, resilient materials
Non-structural
Hazard mapping/zoning, urban planning, warning systems, evacuation drills, awareness raising, emergency planning, professional training, continuity planning
Therefore…Resilience is an outcome of effective DRR and is a critical component of sustainable development
Resilience needs to be ‘culturally’ embedded:By various stakeholders
At all levels of developmental activities
By integrating structural and non-structural approaches
Some challengesInfrastructure related
Bespoke project based approachFocused upon the ‘bottom line’Professional fragmentationThe spectre of corruption
GenericPerception of additional capital costs Technological over social issuesStrong political will requiredIncapacity to enforce regulations/agree standardsFailure to apply knowledgeGap between humanitarian relief and development
Seven guiding principles1) Adopt a holistic perspective;2) Develop and appropriately apply resilient technologies;3) Engage a wide range of stakeholders (including local
communities) in resilience efforts;4) Utilise existing guidance and frameworks when
appropriate;5) Exploit opportunities to build-in resiliency measures
post-disaster;6) Integrate built environment and emergency
management professionals into the DRM process, and;7) Mainstream resilience into the built environment
curricula.(after Bosher & Dainty 2011)
1) Adopt a holistic perspectiveView the components of resilience (physical, social, environmental, institutional) and response as interrelatedSystematically utilise the skills and expertise of a wide range of stakeholdersBuild capacity at the local level as well as at regional and national levels Be proactive by integrating DRR into long-term development
1) Adopt a holistic perspective
Source: Bosher in, Lizarralde et al. (2010)
2) Develop and apply resilient technologies
Source: Dhaka Ahsania Mission & Concern Universal
Reconcile traditional with modern
3) Engage a wide range of stakeholders
Identify the stakeholders (all of them!)Understand the stakeholders’ perspectivesDevise methods to ensure that THE key stakeholders are involved in decision-makingRaise awareness of DRR at a local level
School childrenIn the workplaceCommunity groups…
3) Engage a wide range of stakeholders - communities
Image courtesy of NSET, Nepal
The ‘Yellow Pages’ (New Zealand)
UN/ISDR ‘Stop Disasters’ game
http://www.stopdisastersgame.org/en/home.html
4) Use existing guidance and frameworks when appropriate
The challenge of disaster risk reduction is largely a matter of how to apply existing knowledge (investment and adaptation and of reducing the 'implementation shortfall’) rather than generating new knowledge per se. The research challenge, therefore, is grounded in the process of technology transfer and diffusion.
5) Exploit opportunities to built-in resiliency measures post-disaster
Trend in post-disaster reconstruction –Shift from ‘donor driven’ approaches to ‘owner driven’ approachesTherefore rather than agencies and their contractors needing to incorporate resilient technologies and designs it has become important to ensure that people who are given grants to reconstruct are also given support to incorporate resilient features……
‘Owner driven’ approaches
Specific supportFinancialAwareness raisingTechnical/skills training
Construction, repair and maintenance
• Deeper rooted but generic supportImproved basic needs
Water, education, healthcare…Land rightsAffordable insurance
6) Integrate built environment and EM professionals into DRM
Achieving built-in resilience demands that traditional demarcations in roles and responsibilities are reconstituted in order to propagate the free-flow of knowledge between the stakeholders of the built environment.
6) Integrate built environment and EM professionals into DRMBreak down the silo mentalityEncourage proactivityRaise awareness of how professionals can influence DRMRaise awareness of the long-term financial benefits Gain a competitive edge, nationally and internationally ??
7) Mainstream resilience into the built environment curricula
Bhatia 2008 (ADPC)
7) Mainstream resilience into the built environment curricula
Formal and non-formal (artisan) educationClassroom based and ‘on the job’ trainingRealisation that there is no panaceaMainstream DRR education or encourage people to specialiseReconcile modern and traditional solutions
….BUT a political will is required
Summary - Water technologies
Summary - Sanitation technologies
SummaryResilience conceptualised as a component of
sustainability and DRR
Challenges to the attainment of resilient WATSAN
Seven guiding principles
These principles offer a point of departure … but,
challenges lay ahead in developing the specific approaches
necessary to account for individual contexts and situations.
Group work session
Just a bit of fun really
Brief group task1. Split up into small groups and read the
‘SITREP’ about the Haiti (2010) earthquake disaster
2. A 15 minute group discussion – draw up examples of how the 7 principles could be applied to Water and Sanitation interventions in the aftermath of the Haitian earthquake
3. Select one person from each group to present an outline of your examples (3 minutes maximum each)
4. Discussion and feedback
Structure of your feedbackResiliency principle What you could do?1. Adopt a holistic perspective
2. Develop and appropriately apply resilient technologies
3. Engage a wide range of stakeholders in resilience efforts
4. Utilise existing guidance and frameworks when appropriate
5. Exploit opportunities to build-in resiliency measures post-disaster
6. Integrate built environment (and WATSAN) professionals into DRM
7. Mainstream resilience into the built environment curricula
THANK YOU
For more information please contact Lee Bosher or Bob Reed:
E-mail: [email protected]: 44(0)1509 222397
E-mail: [email protected]: 44(0)1509 222628