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Reservoir Monitoring Services1How Does Well Completion Work?Once a well has been drilled, the decision must be made: Will this well become a producer or be plugged and abandoned as a dry hole?

Well completion incorporates the steps taken to transform a drilled well into a producing one. These steps include casing, cementing, perforating, gravel packing, installing an artificial lift system and production tree.

2CasingThe first step in completing a well is to case the hole. After a well has been drilled, should the drilling fluids be removed, the well would eventually close in upon itself. Casing ensures that this will not happen while also protecting the wellstream from outside incumbents, like water or sand.

Consisting of steel pipe that is joined together to make a continuous hollow tube, casing is run into the well. The different levels of the well define what diameter of casing will be installed. Referred to as a casing program, the different levels include production casing, intermediate casing, surface casing and conductor casing

3Casing

4Cementing

The next step in well completion involves cementing the well. This includes pumping cement slurry into the well to displace the existing drilling fluids and fill in the space between the casing and the actual sides of the drilled well

Consisting of a special mixture of additives and cement, the slurry is left to harden, sealing the well from non-hydrocarbons that might try to enter the wellstream, as well as permanently positioning the casing into place.5Cementing

6Cementing

7Perforating

Cased-hole completions require casing to be run into the reservoir. In order to achieve production, the casing and cement are perforated to allow the hydrocarbons to enter the wellstream.

This process involves running a perforation gun and a reservoir locating device into the wellbore, many times via a wireline, slickline or coiled tubing. Once the reservoir level has been reached, the gun then shoots holes in the sides of the well to allow the hydrocarbons to enter the wellstream.

The perforations can either be accomplished via firing bullets into the sides of the casing or by discharging jets, or shaped charges, into the casing.

8Perforating

9Artificial Lift

Artificial lift is a process used on oil wells to increase pressure within the reservoir and encourage oil to the surface. When the natural drive energy of the reservoir is not strong enough to push the oil to the surface, artificial lift is employed to recover more production.

Some artificial methods are: (Beam pump, Electrical Submerged pump and Gas lift)10Artificial Lift

11What do SageRider offer?

Subsurface Surveillance System

External System

Internal System

12Subsurface Surveillance System

Is an innovative Permanent Monitoring system designed to provide continuous real-time Pressure/Temperature data for a variety of valuable reservoir applications.

SageWatch, combined with our fiber optic capability for providing DTS (distributed temperature sensing) and DAS (distributed acoustic sensing). Both systems provide highly accurate real-time data to surface via TEC (Tubing Encapsulated Cable).

The SageWatch system can be installed on the outside of the casing from where it can monitor reservoir activity only, internal casing activity only, or a combination of external and internal activity.

Can also be installed into an existing cased wellbore to monitor individual sections within the wellbore, isolation for this method is accomplished through the use of hydraulic or swellable packers.

13External Casing Deployed System

Standard configuration utilizes an integrated gauge carrier manufactured to be robust and threaded into the casing string.

The perforating gun and firing head are held in place with integrated Y-blocks to ensure that the entire assembly remains robust and aligned.

The firing head utilizes a rupture disc actuated via internal casing pressure to detonate.

14External Casing Deployed System

15Applications/BenefitsInitial Reservoir Layer Pressure

Offset Frac Pressure Monitoring

Stimulation and Production Monitoring

Identify frac communication between layers.

Identify communication between wells.

16Questions?

In the external SageWatch system, why the guns only have one direction? Is possible to introduced guns in all direction of the casing? It is possible 360 degree.

The gun can shoot in any direction you require. However, the purpose of the perforations is purely to make communication with the reservoir.

In the external SageWatch system how to introduced the system in the well? How to know if you are in the specific pay interval? You need Wireline system to help?

The system is installed on the outside of the casing as you are running in hole. The gauges are then installed in accordance with the casing tally.

In the SageWatch Subsurface Surveillance System why reason only use one firing head? Is possible to use a mechanical and hydraulic firing head?

We are only perforating in order to communicated with the reservoir.

17Questions?

What happened if firing head has a misfired?

If you use TCP or wireline system gun in the well and for mistake damage one sensor what happen with the system? The system are connected in parallel?

System is connected in series. If you make a mistake and shoot the line you will lose all gauges below the break in line.

How to solve this problem?

In the perforation stage, always use guns to perforating. But if you had a lot of sensor connected to each in the casing, what happened in the perforating?

Destroy fiber optic and lost connection with surface?

18Internal Tubing Deployed SystemRun on tubing inside of casing

Hydraulic set, retrievable packers isolate each set of existing perfs.

Deployed in horizontal or vertical wells

System is retrievable and can be moved to another wellbore.

19Internal Tubing Deployed System

20Applications/BenefitsRun in existing wells on tubing inside of casing

14 gauges per TEC line; maximum 28 gauges per well

Single Well Ranger Data Collection Unit at surface

Real-time data streamed to any desired offsite location

Can run off solar or hard wired power

System is retrievable and can be moved to numerous locations

Monitoring of offset well stimulation processes

21Questions?

In the internal tubing conveyed system why to use two hydraulic set packer? Can you explain me how to activated this packers?? Is better to use one hydraulic packer and one mechanical packer?

We use a hydraulic set packer above and below the gauge in order to provide isolation. Packer are actuated by applying pressure to the tubing.

In the internal tubing conveyed system how to know if you are in the specific pay interval? You need Wireline system to help? Or how to collocated in the specific pay interval?

The tubing is installed in accordance with the open hole log or casing log. The tubing string can also be installed with a radioactive tag.

If compare a TCP with a memory gauge vs. Internal tubing conveyed system what are the advantage? In relation cost and performance.

The internal SageWatch system provides real time data which the memory gauge can not. Cost and performance are comparable.

22Questions?

Is it necessary to set the internal tubing conveyed system in front of the pay interval?

Where to set the artificial lift system like ESP?

There any restrictions on the angle of deviation, and if there is a restriction which is the maximum angle allowed?

How to use the internal tubing conveyed system in MAXAR System? Is possible? Where set the system?

Is possible to use the internal tubing conveyed system in a well with 3 o 4 pay interval in the same time? How to set the system?

23Fiber Optic SystemsDistributed Fiber Sensing

24ApplicationsDistributed Acoustics

Production Monitoring inflow allocationMonitor flow regimes (slugging, bubble)Monitor induced fracturing and fluid placementChanges in proppant concentrationInjection and stimulation profiles Sand detection in boreholes and flow linesCompletion integrity problems and leaksDistributed Temperature

Zonal flow contribution Production monitoring below ESP Injection performance monitoring Stimulation profile verification Identification of gas breakthrough Gas Lift Valves & ESP monitoring Flow behind casing identification Inter-well connectivity Tubing & packer integrity

25Contact Info

Morken Services Ecuador S.A.

Contact: Ricardo Bolaos C.Mail: rbolanos@morkenecuador.comTel: (593-2) 513-8323/4/5Cell: (593) 983738136

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