I. Formulating the research problem The formulation of a general topic into a

specific research problem constitutes the first step of scientific enquiry.

II. Objectives of the research It explains the aims that the researcher intends

to achieve through the research III. Extensive literature survey Books, articles, journals, reports etc A good library will be a great help to the

researcher

IV Developing of working hypothesis

Hypothesis provide the focal point of research.

The role of hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research.

It sharpens his thinking and focus

IV Developing of working hypothesis

How does one develop hypothesis? Discuss with colleagues and experts Examination of data and records Review similar studies Personal investigation through field interviews

Working hypothsis must be stated in precise and clear terms.

V. Preparing the research design Researcher will have to state the conceptual

structure within which research would be conducted.

There are two types of research designs: A. Exploratory research B. Conclusive research 1. Descriptive research 2.Causal research

VI. Determining sample design When we select a few items from the universe for

our study, the items selected constitute a sample. Sample design is the way of selecting the sample. Probability sampling vs. non probability sampling

One should restore to random sampling so that bias can be eliminated and sampling error can be estimated.

VII. Collecting the data There are several ways of collecting data

which differ in context of money, costs, time and other resources.

Primary data can be collected through experiments or surveys.

Survey Methods

Surveys

Observation

PITelephone interview

Questionnaire

Schedule

VIII. Execution of the project The project should be executed in a

systematic manner and on time.

IX. Analysis of data Establishment of categories, tabulating and

drawing statistical inferences. Analysis work is based on computation of

percentages, coefficients etc.

X. Hypothesis-testing The hypothesis can be tested through the use

of the following tests Chi square T-test Z- test

XI. Generalisations and interpretation Generalisation means to build a theory. When the researcher explains the findings it is

known as interpretation

XII. Preparation of the report The layout of the report is divided into three

parts:-

Preliminary pages Title and date Acknowledgements Forwards Table of content

XII. Preparation of the report

Main text Introduction Main report Conclusion

End of the report Bibliography Appendices Index (optional)

Objectivity Systematic Logical Universality Free from personal bias Control Empirical Replicable