· pdf filea research organisation with the university of karlsruhe in the form of a european...

EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY RESEARCH

27/03/2012

ANNIVERSARY

OF EIFER

10th

2007 10/10/2009 12/2009

Fuel cell and electrolysis Laboratories begin operation at Fraunhofer-ICT

Creation of KIT through the merger of Universität Karlsruhe (founded in 1825) and Forschungszent-rum Karlsruhe GmbH (founded in 1956)

Printemps de la Recherche EDF R&D organized by EIFER, at EnBW premises

01/09/2010

Jean Copreaux becomes Director of EIFER

04/2011

EIFER at the EDF booth, Hannover Fair, Germany

12/2011

Creation of the 1st EIFER-Betriebsrat

01/2012

EIFER – Seminar “Cities and Climate Change” in Akademiehotel Karlsruhe

19/01/2001 28/09/2001 31/01/2003 21-22/05/2003 10/2003 01/08/2005

Agreement between EDF and the Land of Baden Württemberg on the sales of the Land's share in EnBW to EDF and the creation of a research institute in the University of Karlsruhe

Creation of EIFERwith F. Roussely (EDF President) and Prof. Wittig (Rector of the University of Karlsruhe)

Official inauguration with Yves Bamberger (Director EDF R&D), Prof. Dr. Horst Hippler (Rektor Universität Karlsruhe), Dr. G. Spilok (Ministerialrat, Leiter des Referats Ökologie, Forschung, Klimaschutz at the Ministry for Environ-ment and Transport, Land BW), Jean-Claude Van Duysen (Director EIFER)

Printemps de la recherche EDF R&D in Germany, organised in Germany (visit to a fuel cell operated by EnBW)

Inauguration of the FCTestLab ( joint laboratory with KIT–IWE, Prof Ivers-Tiffee) in the presence of Prof Reimert (KIT ) and Pierre-Louis Viollet (EDF R&D) respectively President and Vice-President of EIFER’s Board of Directors

Frédéric Baron becomes EIFER’s Director

Jean-Claude Van Duysen becomes EIFER’s Director

EIFER THROUGHOUT THE YEARS

02 03

CONTENTS1st EditionMarch 2012 on the Occasion of EIFER’s 10th Anniversary

EIFER European Institute for Energy Research EDF-KIT Dr. Jean Copreaux (Director) Emmy-Noether-Str. 11 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany Phone: +49 721 6105-1330 E-mail: [email protected]

Concept and DesignConcept: Ludmila Gautier and Corinna Lochmann, EIFERDesign: raumkontakt _werbeagentur, KarlsruheImpression: Burger Druck

Photo Credits:Ph. Stroppa/TOMA-EIFER reportageF. Zvardon: « Au fil du Rhin »

Proof-Reading: Caroline McKoen

With special thanks to all our contributors - EIFER’s Partners and Staff, both current and former.

FOREWORD INTRODUCTION EIFER - AREAS OF COMPETENCE SELECTION OF PROJECTS

by Jean Copreaux, Director of EIFER

06Bernard Salha, EDF

20Dr. Peter Fritz, KIT

26Gonzague Dejouany, EDF Deutschland

58Margret Mergen, Stadt Karlsruhe

08“Orange Area”

12“Purple Area”

16“Blue Area”

21Laboratories

29 - 34Projects “Orange Area”

35 - 43Projects “Purple Area”

44 - 47Projects “Blue Area”

48 - 57Interdisciplinary Projects

60Publications

67Patents

PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS

06 07 27 5905

04 05

FOREWORD

Cities and the territories around them are an ecosystem, open, complex and dynamic where energy, as well as other natural resources, is transformed and used. They are also the main places for energy consumption and demand, buildings and transport being the primary components. Expanding dramatically all over the world, in size and population, cities put an increased burden on the environ-ment and could significantly affect our quality of life.

At the same time, cities represent a real opportunity in terms of > use of local resources, > optimization of the energy mix> development of innovative solutions, and cities potential for adapting to change.

In short, cities and territories represent one of the biggest global challenges but, at the same time, they offer a real opportunity for the development of the energy system of the future.

Anchored in the German context, in close connection with the network of KIT institutes, EIFER is one of the key players in this field. Its activities, mission and vision are based on its founders’ creed to create an institute promoting solutions for “major energy and sustainability issues of the 21st century”.

Holding various competencies, fostering innovation in a multicultural environment, connecting with many renowned research institutes and industrial partners, EIFER contributes to the development of a diversified energy mix through focusing on low carbon technologies, enabling new products, services and markets, and developing strategies for the smart management and control of energy systems in a growing context of decentralised decision-making.

Contributing to « Sustainable City Engineering » through developing tools and integrated approaches, proposing regional energy solutions through technological development, simulating and optimizing regional energy systems, EIFER helps to pave the way for the future of energy, our future.

Jean CopreauxDirector of EIFER

Jean Copreaux has been Director of EIFER since 2010. He holds a PhD in Material Physics and began his career in R&D with the steel company Usinor Sacilor. He has since directed access to essential urban services projects throughout the developing world for international organizations. Then from 2008-2010 he was Director of Social and Environmental Programs for the Nam Theum 2 Power Company in charge of a large water dam project in Laos.

Ten years ago EDF and the University of Karlsruhe (now Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT) decided to establish a joint research institute in Karlsruhe devoted to energy and the environment, called EIFER the European Institute for Energy Research.

The first EDF R&D centre created outside France and complementing the significant assets of EDF Research & Development, EIFER's mission is to develop strong connections with German academic institutions and to build a high level network of German and European

ENERGYRESOURCES

AND DECENTRALISED

PRODUCTION

ENERGY,CITIES

AND TERRITORIES

ECONOMICSOF ENERGY SYSTEMSAND ENVIRONMENT

BIOENERGY

DG TECHNOLOGIES

FUEL CELLS /HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS

GEOTECHNOLOGIESENERGY SYSTEMANALYSIS ANDCLIMATE CHANGE

EXTERNALITIES

URBAN SYSTEMS

TOOL DEVELOPMENTFOR TERRITORIES

ENERGY PLANNINGFOR TERRITORIES

partners. EIFER benefits from the combined resources of EDF's research staff of 2000 as well as KIT's 8000 researchers and 18,000 students.

EIFER is a widely recognized research institute, with more than 110 employees from 14 different nationalities, developing a multidisciplinary expertise around the topics of “Sustainable Cities” and “Distributed Energy”, together with high level scientific and industrial partners, and contributing to several national and European public funded projects.

06 07EIFER – AREAS OF COMPETENCE

The research institute EIFER was created in 2002, as part of the EnBW purchase negotiations between EDF and the Land of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Over and above these negotiations, EDF sought to experiment with a new and original way of doing research outside France, through the co-management of a research organisation with the University of Karlsruhe in the form of a European Economic Interest Grouping. For EIFER, the mission is twofold. First, the goal is to develop scientific expertise in the fields of energy efficiency, sustainable development of cities and territories and innovative technological solutions for distributed generation. These competences are dedicated to the needs of the national industrial strategy and, more generally, are beneficial for the entire EDF Group. Second, the aim was to establish a long-term relationship with the local leading university (now the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), by sharing our scientific road map, and to set up a solid network of partners in Germany and Europe. This is all about enhancing the scientific and technological reputation of both partners while contributing to interdisciplinary research in Germany through publicly funded projects.

From the beginning, EIFER has grown with an entrepreneurial spirit, from an initial team of 10 staff from EDF R&D laboratories to today’s 110 researchers, mainly from German and French backgrounds, with a 12 M€ annual budget. From the beginning, EIFER’s multidisciplinary and multicultural team has created an extraordinary human experience.

Today, EIFER is recognised as the centre of competence in the field of Sustainable Cities and Distributed Generation for the EDF Group. EIFER is currently supporting local authorities and regional utilities in urban development planning. In the years ahead, we see this mission being reinforced in Germany with local partners and in ambitious projects for the EDF Group worldwide. EIFER was the first in a series of international research centres created by EDF R&D: in the UK and in Poland in 2010, respectively with EDF Energy and EDF Polska, with local universities, and more recently in China, in June 2011. A team of researchers has also been working in the United States for many years, in partnership with the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Energy is a worldwide issue and consequently the goal of this network is to promote knowledge beyond the frontiers for the benefit of the EDF Group and its stakeholders.

Bernard SalhaSenior Vice President,Head of EDF Research and Development

08 09ORANGE AREA

10 11EIFER combines energy system models, Agent Based Modelling approaches and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the analysis of local and regional data sets. These models are used to generate simulations of the potential of renewable energy sources, the localisation of infrastructure, (e.g. for electrical vehicles), and mapping of demand patterns to support strategies for sustainable development.

The rapid development of computational power, information technologies and data availability has had a significant effect on the quality, quantity and source of energy relevant information at all scales. New tools and approaches for energy research are necessary to address the new challenges related to the environment. EIFER’s research helps to understand, analyse and simulate the complexity of local energy systems and deliver guidance to local decision makers.

Tools to support urban decision makersEnergy planning in cities and territories

Through the growth of environmental and climate change awareness over the last two decades, the role of local energy planning has gained in importance. Energy planning enables the efficient use of energy along with an increased share of renewable resources to reduce the effect of energy on the environment.

Energy planning starts at a local level, in the neighbourhood, municipality, city or region. The use of integrated and multidis-ciplinary assessment methods to identify an optimised com-bination of measures will be crucial to increasing the overall efficiency of the energy chain. EIFER has developed methods and tools to support decision makers in order to:

> assess the local energy balance as well as GHG emissions for different sectors;> evaluate future energy scenarios for cities and territories;> localise energy demand and identify potential renewable energy sources in the urban and regional context.

Activities in the context of Urban Development

ENERGY, CITIES AND TERRITORIES

Cities and regions offer both a challenge and an opportunity for climate change policies. In Europe cities are responsible for about 70% of the overall primary energy use; and this share is expected to increase to 75% by 2030.

As hubs of economic activity, cities drive the vast majority of the world’s energy use and are major contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nowadays, roughly half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and this share is increasing; it is projected to reach 60% by 2030. How a city grows and operates has an impact on its energy demand and thus GHG emissions. Urban density and spatial organization are key factors that influence energy use, especially in the transport and building sectors.

Cities and regional governments – both small and large - are well positioned to tackle new energy challenges, particularly in the sphere of spatial development, the built environment, transport, natural resource management, building and urban utilities. They are responsible for creating policies to address adaptation and climate change mitigation.

Urban Development

Cities have an enormous opportunity to successfully develop a harmonized and combined approach to energy. To achieve this, they must alter and adapt their current governance and their existing infrastructure, as well as develop new functionalities and energy services.

Energy will play a key role in any future decisions about time and space in urban development and land use. In order to understand urban change, to build up innovative strategies and to implement them, EIFER is engaged in the following tasks:

> analysis of policies and their effect on reducing energy use and improving energy efficiency; > understanding urban governance and its interaction with energy planning, efficiency and climate change policies;> assessment of innovative urban mobility concepts;> research on lifestyles and their interrelation with behavioural aspects of energy use;> integration of smart grids into the smart city for immediate response and to optimize our 21st Century demand for electricity in a sustainable way.

Urban Systems

12 13PURPLE AREA

14 15

EIFER’s multidisciplinary teams are working to improve the whole biomass value chain, from biomass production to conversion technologies (heat, power and biogas). Our key research areas in biomass feedstock are: biomass potential analysis, based on techno-economic constraints at different geographical scales; optimisation of biomass logistics, in terms of costs and environmental impacts; and assessment of pre-treatment technologies (pelletisation, carbonisation). Our key goals in the field of conversion technologies (combustion and anaerobic digestion) are to reduce environmental impacts and improve availability of these technologies. These activities aim to contribute sustainable innovations to the field of bio-energies.

Bioenergy“Sustainable biomass resources and conversion technologies”

EIFER’s analysis of the market potential of DG solutions is informed through tracking technological developments and the evolution of regulatory contexts. Design of new integration solutions, intelligent control strategies and innovative combinations of systems are worked out through simulation and checked through laboratory and field-testing. This process is applied to micro Combined Heat and Power units based on engine technologies or fuel cell systems for residential applications as well as higher power CHP systems in the tertiary and industrial sectors. Enhanced thermodynamic processes, based on innovative cycles and system improvements or smart hydraulic integration, are also under investigation as well as bio-mass heating devices from wood stoves to pellet boilers. More dedicated research is targeting the optimization of energy efficiency at the component level and the reduction of particle emissions.

DG Technologies“Fuel Based DG Technologies: high efficiency solutions for the residential and tertiary sectors”

Geotechnologies“Heat and electricity from the depth of the Earth”

Fuel Cells / High Temperature Electrolysis “Fuel Cells and High Temperature Electrolysis: a step further”

Geotechnologies are important issues for the future of energy for heat and power generation, as well as for CO2, hydrogen, or compressed air storage. We are working on a broad range of activities from the assessment of geological resources and underground storage technologies, to innovative conversion technologies. Our key research focuses on improving factors for lifetime operation. Amongst other things, we analyse the behaviour of geological reservoirs and investigate the corrosive behaviour of construction materials in geothermal plants. Through the development and implementation of innovative solutions and methods, we are moving towards an enhanced use of the natural resources provided by the Earth.

Our research activities aim at tackling bottlenecks in critical technological issues (which prevent fuel cells from meeting market specifications) and at promoting the integration of high-performance components or new concepts in the final system. Cell, stack and system testing, combined with electro-chemical modeling, allows us to better understand degradation mechanisms and to define the best mitigation strategies or diagnostic controls. The knowledge gained from high tempera-ture fuel cell technologies was successfully derived in order to verify the feasibility of steam electrolysis reactions at cell and stack levels, thus leading to the production of cost-competitive, CO2-free hydrogen. The next challenge is validating the High Temperature Electrolysis process at the system level. This process is an alternative, efficient solution for intermittent energy storage. EIFER is working with German and European partners in publicly-funded projects on both fuel cells and High Temperature Electrolysis.

“Four strong competences to develop optimised local energy systems“

ENERGY RESOURCES AND DECENTRALISED PRODUCTION

The importance of sustainable energy development for cities and regions is driving local authorities to promote the deployment of local energy solutions. The goal here is to use highly efficient technologies to provide an optimized, integrated energy supply mix by using locally available and other resources.

Decentralised electricity already provides more than 30% of the electrici-ty generated in Europe, and continues to increase its share. This growth challenges the traditional structure of energy markets. Solutions to improve the energy balance between local offer and demand need to be further developed.

Many renewable energy resources are variable or intermittent. They can be balanced by energy systems that can be operated flexibly such as biomass and geothermal plants, Combined Heat and Power systems, fuel cells and electrolysis systems. These plans and systems can also be operated in base load mode.

As the share of these new technologies in the energy mix of the future increases, EIFER will continue to further its work in research and innovation on energy resources and decentralised production. Roadmaps and scena-rios for the future based on economic and environmental assessments, as well as social acceptance factors, complement research and innovation.

16 17BLUE AREA

18 19

The European Union has ambitious targets for CO2 emission reduction, renewable energy penetration and energy efficiency. Member States must design their energy systems in a way that ensures a continuous energy supply to meet these environ-mental targets in the most cost-efficient way.

Decision making in the energy sector requires a systemic view of the future of energy demand and supply structures. EIFER develops models for scenario analyses of electricity and heat markets, taking environmental targets and policy constraints into account. On the one hand, the optimisation tool, TIMES, gives insights into the least-cost dispatching and investment planning of power units in an energy system. On the other hand, a simulation model based on the System Dynamics methodology has been developed as a user-friendly tool for decision makers.

Moreover, energy markets are characterised by a rapidly evol-ving regulatory framework, which aims to foster increasingly decentralised energy production. Mechanisms such as feed-in tariffs or green certificates were put into place in almost all European countries, sometimes causing heated debates among stakeholders. EIFER analyses the efficiency and the macro-economic effects of these policies, considers their impact on the development of clean technologies and their cost to consumers.

Climate change has become an important issue for energy suppliers and cities. Both are main sources for CO2 emissions and are also affected by changing climatic parameters and extreme hydro-meteorological events induced by greenhouse gas emissions.

EIFER works with its partners to qualify and quantify infrastruc-ture and societal vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events. Our main topics of research cover these effects on electricity production and distribution (cooling systems, renewable energies) and other critical infrastructure, as well as the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions and the effects of a changing environment in an urban and regional context.Currently, more and more cities are establishing mitigation concepts based on CO2 and energy balances. These can be complemented by a GIS based adaptation concept, which could include the mapping of the city‘s or the county‘s vulne-rability and resilience. For both concepts EIFER has established expertise in the field of energy supply and demand.

Energy systems and energy policy analysis Climate change mitigation and adaptation

Economics of Energy Systems and Environment

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

Sustainable development may be defined as development that seeks to improve the quality of human life, while living within the carrying capacity of the given eco-system. In this context, tools and analyses are needed to support decision-making that includes environmental constraints. EIFER provides this support with a focus on the energy sector; research areas include:

1) evaluation of the impacts of power supply on the environment; and 2) evaluation of the impacts of environmental factors on power supply.

Decision support for enhancing sustainable development

The effect of energy supply on the environment and society are often not reflected in the price of goods and services. These effects are called external costs; when avoided, they are coun-ted as social benefits. In the EU and at national and local levels, policies aim to reduce these external costs (e.g. “getting the prices right” as recently reaffirmed by the European Commis-sion in the Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe). In some environmental policies, such as the Water Framework Directive and the Industrial Emission Directive, external costs are already being integrated into planning procedures.

Quantifying impacts on and benefits from the environment

EIFER focuses on the methods used for monetizing environ-mental impacts. Case studies like a valuation of the improve-ment of fish populations and the impact of air pollution on health, for example, provide insight into the strengths and weaknesses of these instruments and they are improved in conjunction with international partners. The results can then be used in Cost-Benefit Analyses.

Industrial sites, like power plants, both benefit from and effect ecosystems and there is an increasing awareness of these interactions. Methods like the ESR (Ecosystem Services Review) help managers to integrate information on priority ecosystem services into corporate strategies. EIFER implemented an ESR on a power plant as a pilot project. Compulsory measures, like compensating for effects on the natural environment in the frame of the Environmental Liability Directive, have become more stringent for industry. EIFER tests different methods for successfully implementing compensation measures.EIFER works on the characterization of centralized electricity production techniques, domestic heating systems or fuel-cell based heat and power systems through Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) and so-called “Footprint” calculations. These activities aim to provide decision support for improved environmental management.

20 21LABORATORIESBIO LAB / GEO LAB / FC LAB

It was hardly foreseeable and probably not foreseen that what had been discussed and agreed upon by EDF and Universität Karlsruhe in the year 2001 would last so long that the EIFER institute now can celebrate its tenth anniversary. After it started work in 2002, the institute grew continuously. It began with a small number of secondees from EDF’s R&D centre, who brought in their ideas and cooperated with specifically selected institutes of Universität Karlsruhe. Now, EIFER is employing about one hundred scientific, administrative, and technical staff members, making it belong to the group of larger German scientific institutes.

This development is the result of the high commitment of the staff as well as of the prudent administration of the three directors, Prof. Jean-Claude Van Duysen, Dr. Frederic Baron, and Dr. Jean Copreaux. Of course, constant support by the two members EDF and Universität Karlsruhe/KIT and their willingness to help EIFER grow were of crucial importance to this successful development.

With the large spectrum of topics covered, EIFER certainly assists its members in decision-making and complements their own research activities. This is particularly true for the work related to changes in the gross energy landscape as well as for the investigations of energy supply of human settlements from small towns to mega-cities.

I wish that EIFER will keep on the track developed so far and that it will extend its cooperation with KIT institutes and other German institutes to be selected on a project basis. Further increase in public funds applied for and acquired will be a good basis for some more decades of research in Karlsruhe.

Good luck EIFER!

Dr Peter FritzKIT Vice President for Research and Innovation

22 23

GEO LABBIO LAB

To support our growing expertise in biomass valorisation, EIFER analyses biotechnologies for energy production. Through lab experiments, we investigate the whole bioenergy chain, from biomass pretreatment to conversion technologies (combustion, gasification, fermentation) for improving energy efficiency.

EIFER has set up laboratories in collaboration with:

> the KIT at the Forschungszentrum Umwelt - biomass characterisation and combustion labs;

> the Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT) - gasification and fermentation labs;

> the Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum (LTZ) - pretreatment and pelletisation labs.

EIFER, in collaboration with the KIT – Institute für Angewandte Geowissenschaften (AGW), has set up dedicated Geosciences laboratories.

By using test-benches and measurement devices, we are able to characterise and analyse fluids and underground rock formations, as well as the effect of geothermal waters on power plant materials and components. We also investigate CO2 /fluid /rock interactions and their effects on rock properties for CO2 geological storage.

CO2 geological storage / Geothermal energy

FLOW-THROUGHEXPERIMENTS

BATCH EXPERIMENTS MATERIAL CHARACTERISATION

ROCK CHARACTERISATION

FLUIDCHARACTERISATION

Reactive percolation test-bench Autoclave lab

Corrosion ratesType of corrosionMaterial evaluationMaterial selection

PorosityPermeabilityChemical and mineral-ogical compositionsTexture, structureThermal conductivitySedimentology ...

Chemical composition(cations, anions)pHRedox potentialElectrochemistry

GEOTECHNOLOGIES

Biomass laboratories Geosciences laboratories

FERTILISATION(or Heat Production)

PRE-TREATMENTDewatering and drying

PELLETISATIONShredding, milling, drying,

mixing, pelletising

BIOMASS CHARACTERISATION

Calorific value, ash andmoisture content

24 25

This laboratory is shared with the Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (KIT). It is mostly used to test the real performance and integration capabilities of individual heat or power generation devices supplied by natural and bio-gas fuels.

Integration and performances of complete mCHP systems like internal combustion engines, Stirling engines, or fuel cells are tested in two test benches with a maximum power of 5 kWe.

Two other test benches are used for the analysis of degradation mechanisms either at stack level for low temperature fuel cells (PEM) or at system level.

Button cell test bench (25 mm diameter)

Cell test bench(80 mm diameter)

Short-stack test bench (5 -10 cells of 100 cm2)

Cell and short-stack test bench

ComponentPerformance and

Lifetime

SystemPerformance and

Lifetime

SystemIntegration

This EIFER laboratory is located at the Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie in Pfinztal, Karlsruhe. It is dedicated to high temperature materials development and component testing, in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) mode used and in high temperature electrolysis (HTE) mode.

Core materials of cells, electrodes and electrolytes, are hand-made in a chemical laboratory.

Materials are then tested under operating conditions as either fuel cells or electrolysis components:from the cell to system levels in specific test benches.

Most of the benches were built in the frame of publicly funded projects (BMWI, BMWF, JTI, FP7, ANR) dedicated to fuel cell or electrolysis application.

High Temperature Materials Laboratory for Fuel Cells and Electrolysis Applications

Laboratory for individual heat and /or power systems supplied by fuels

FC & HTE LAB FC TEST LAB

From powder synthesis to cells manufacture (here electrode layer deposition by screen printing)

Different system applications but similar materials

Materials Applications

Process System

Component

26 27SELECTION OF PROJECTS

For more than 10 years, the EDF Group has been a partner in the European Institute for Energy Research together with the University of Karlsruhe, now the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Our 10th anniversary, back in the Fall of 2011, highlights the success and the necessity of public-private partnerships in the field of research.

In September 2001, with the creation of EIFER, EDF had already identified a need to enlarge the spectrum of research in the field of energy. Today, EDF is funding about a hundred researchers working on the energies of tomorrow.

2011, the 10th anniversary of EIFER, was also a theatre of major decisions in Germany in energy policy: the “energy transition” implies essential challenges for the next decades. The expertise of the EIFER teams will be highly valuable in tackling the technical issues and transformations of future energy systems towards the “renewable energy era”.

EIFER’s three research domains are well aligned with this future energy vision. “Energy, cities and territories”, three terms which will be hardly separable in the future, even more than in the past; “Energy resources and decentralised production”, which will become even more complex in a energy generation model in development, requiring new tools such as smart grids; at last, this transition implies a sustainable technological development. The EDF Group is promoting an integrated R&D policy. Its own targets in terms of renewable energy development (25% renewables in the electricity production mix in 2020) are key drivers for research in the optimal integration of renewable energy in the future smart grids.

In the context of the German energy transition, scientific research in the energy field is playing a crucial role in EDF’s repositioning in Germany. The expertise of the EDF Group and the wide spectrum of EIFER research activities will allow EDF Deutschland to align its strategic vision with the most recent evolution in the German energy market.

Gonzague DejouanyCEO of EDF Deutschland GmbH

28 29

COMPETENCES / ACTIVITY

CLIENT

ADDED VALUE FOR CLIENT

PARTNERS

In order to identify the consumption areas with the greatest effect we first performed a carbon footprint analysis over four consumption sectors: (1) domestic consumption (2) transportation (3) nutrition and (4) goods and services. We first created one or two profiles per Milieu, accentuating specific characteristics. Then, seven “interventions strategies” were developed, each one targeting one distinct segmentation group with its specific characteristics. The measures covered the fields of communication, regulation, financial (dis)incentives, the promotion of collective action (e.g. community initiatives) and changes to “choice architectures” (e.g. attractive public transport).

According to Eric Vidalenc (ADEME), ”the project identified potential areas for action that are specific to the consumption patterns of distinct social groups. This is particularly true for the transport and building sectors. In contrast, in the fields of nutrition, goods and services, the differences between different social groups appear to be less pronounced. However, it is necessary to improve the quality of data from those areas. ” For the design of intervention strategies, EIFER researchers combined ideas for improving energy efficiency with suggestions for increasing the “sufficiency” of today‘s consumption patterns. Examples were: directing white certificate investments to low-income households (targeted Milieu: Vulnerable Elderly), space sharing as a means to counteract the trend of growing average living spaces per person (Ecoelite), and introducing personal carbon accounting for transportation (Modern Performers). Innovative and targeted policies, and in parti-cular those oriented towards sufficiency, are extremely important and challenging research topics.

Today, "the consumer" is often considered as a one dimensional concept and diversity of lifestyle is not always accounted for in developing policies for reducing the environmental effects of consumption patterns. In “Milieux Urbains Durables” EIFER explored the SinusMilieux® segmentation, a French typology of consumer groups, to analyse the impact of different consumption patterns and to develop targeted policy intervention strategies.

Changing lifestyles for a low-carbon city

Context and objectives

„MILIEUX DURABLES URBAINS“

Method

Results and Outlook

French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME); French Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing (MEDDTL)

Improved Understanding of the variety of lifestyles and related carbon footprints

Policy suggestions that address distinct socio-cultural sub-segments of French society

Sociovision S.A [F]

Energy, Cities, Territories

Energy Resources and decentralised Production


PROJECT

Milieux Durables Urbains

Energy Signature

Diagnostic Tools for Cities

PCET Grand Lyon

MARS-Electric Vehicles

EVITA

Biomass Resources

Domestic Biomass Heating Systems

DE-ICE PIPE

Soultz-sous-Forêts

Triangle Process

Micro CHP

Diagnostic Tools

High Temperature Electrolysis

H2 for Energy Storage

Energy System Analysis

Extreme Weather Events

"Costs of Pollution"

Ecosystem Services

Cross Border Project

Bioenergy for Regions

Flexibility of CHP Systems

Smart Grids

Sustainable Cities

Andreas Huber, Pierre Le Marre, Yoann Thomas, Sébastien Girard

Andreas Koch

Yoann Thomas, Marie Sevenet, Benjamin Mousseau, Pierre Le Marre

Markus Peter, Jean-Marie Bahu

Anne-Sophie Fulda, Benjamin Mousseau

Susanne Linder, Johannes Wirges

Az-Eddine Khalfi, David Eyler, Léa Dieckhoff, Guillaume Bardeau, Marc Nadjarian, Mathieu Brulé, Jörg Strittmatter

Fouzi Tabet, Christian Schraube, Vincent Fichet, Guillaume Bardeau, Thomas Jung

Roman Zorn, Anja Köhler

Petra Huttenloch, Roman Zorn

Michael Löffler, Michael Steffen

Yannick Mermond, David Colomar, Elisabeth Obé, Daniel Fehrenbach, Christian Schraube, Christian Vornberger, Volker Schlabach

Philippe Mocoteguy, Nadia Steiner, Angelo Esposito, Bastian Ludwig

Annabelle Brisse, Josef Schefold

David Colomar, Floriane Petipas, Annabelle Brisse

Ute Karl, Daniel Fehrenbach, Bastian Hoffmann, Tobias Jäger, Susanne Schmidt, Lucile Marteel

Jeannette Sieber, Sebastian Häfele

Till Bachmann, Camille Payre, Jonathan van der Kamp

Laetitia Verdier, Marie-Eve Stoeckel

David Eyler, Guillaume Bardeau, Anja Grunert, Yoann Thomas, Sébastien Girard, Jörg Strittmatter, Beata Sliz-Szkliniarz, Atom Mirakyan, Ines Mayer, Sylvaine Herold

Jörg Strittmatter, Rainer Bolduan, Joanna Skok, Anja Grunert

David Eyler, David Colomar, Yannick Mermond, Daniel Fehrenbach

Carolina Tranchita, Maxime Cassat, Enrique Kremmers, Pierre Imbert, Aurélie Veynandt, Till Bachmann, Jonathan van der Kamp

Christoph Rat-Fischer, Florian Rapp, Yoann Thomas, David Eyler, Norbert Lewald, Philipp Meidl, Pascal Girault, Benjamin Mousseau

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48-49

50-51

52-53

54-55

56-57

HEAD OF THE PROJECT / STAFF MEMBERS AFFILIATION PAGE

PROJEC

TS

ADDED VALUE FOR CLIENTADDED VALUE FOR CLIENT

30 31


CLIENT

PARTNERS




City of Sevran

Testimonial: “EIFER, specialized in its field, put forward proposals based on pragmatic observations. Our relationship of genuine partnership is established through the understanding of our city”The Mayor of Sevran City, Stéphane Gatignon

EDF- Direction Collectivités Territoirales Ile de France

The following studies were implemented in order to conduct a territory diagnosis for Sevran: > Carbon balancing: to identify Sevran’s energy needs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in order to meet the Factor 4 Challenge. Carbon balancing identifies the best ways to reduce GHG emissions.> Accessibility analysis: to identify access to local points of interest (e.g., schools, bakeries) and to determine the share of the population with access to different services (by mode of transport), to pinpoint lack of accessibility and to understand its cause.> Energy poverty analysis: to quantify the number of households suffering from energy poverty and to determine their socio-economic profiles.> Stakeholder analysis: (from citizens to political decision makers) to understand their motivation and involvement as well as to quantify their understanding of the climate plan.

Based on the territory diagnosis, EIFER has made some recommendations to Sevran, mainly focused on housing, private consumption and personal transportation (especially ways to improve accessibility through slow modes and public transportation). Sevran’s GHG emissions are mostly related to population, with only a small amount due to industrial and tertiary causes. The recommendations proposed by EIFER consist of a short-list of measures, which could be implemented by Sevran to reduce its energy needs and GHG emissions. Additionally, general information about the impact, cost and ease of implementation of these measures, as well as the role of the city, are included.

One goal of the Grenelle Environment Round Table was to mandate that French cities, with a population of more than 50,000 inhabitants, must create a climate plan. Sevran, a city located in Seine-Saint-Denis (North East of Paris) is involved in this process and, as an underprivileged area, Sevran is challenged by specific issues, such as energy poverty. EIFER has supported Sevran since 2010 by developing tools and methods to address the city’s energy issues, particularly its climate plan.

Tools to assist local authorities in implementing climate plans

DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR CITIES

Diagnosis

Recommendations

A climate plan for the city of Sevran


CLIENT

PARTNERS




Assessing energy conversion systems, for supply at the scale of a neighbourhood, requires an enlarged energy system model. This should describe this intermediate scale and develop local energy management strategies. The effects of different operation patterns (simulta-neity) are considered an important influence in allowing the use of a stochastic modelling approach. While the overall system boundary is defined as urban neighbourhood, the energy system could be implemented at a smaller scale, depending on the objective of the simulation. The data-driven approach chosen uses the outdoor temperature and its correla-tion with the heating needs as the single input variable (single-variant model). This class of models is also referred to as the energy signature. It is defined as the average power plotted against the average external temperature. To represent an hourly resolution statistic load profiles are used to distribute the mean daily energy use delivered by the energy signature model to an hourly level.

This method was used to estimate energy needs in statistical districts comprised of 5000 households. It is both easy to use and it delivered good results, when compared to the mea-sured daily and hourly heating requirements in the case study.The described thermal model is suitable for the investigation of the correlation of thermal and electric energy needs at medium and large scales. Potential benefits from the imple-mentation of intermittent energy sources (e.g. solar) on a local scale can thus be more easily assessed. Future applications will include aspects of monitoring thermal energy use in local energy systems as a key for the delivery of local energy management strategies.

This method describes the energy balance of urban neighbourhoods and builds on an integrated assess-ment of energy efficiency measures and efficient supply systems. It can be used in planning energy ef-ficient urban redevelopment projects. The energy balance is described to a level of precision that allows for the investigation of coupled energy use in mixed-use urban areas.

Models for thermal load prediction: neighbourhoods and cities

Simulation of Thermal Energy Use in Urban Neighbourhoods

ENERGY SIGNATURE

Modelling Approach

Results and Future Applications

-5

0

5

10

15

20

-50

0

50

100

150

200

1-M

ar

8-M

ar

15-M

ar

22-M

ar

29-M

ar

5-A

pr

12-A

pr

19-A

pr

26-A

pr

°C

kWh/day

outdoor temperature energy signature demand calculation

Energy Technology Institute (ETI), UK

Daily and hourly simulation of thermal energy needs

for large and medium scale urban areas

EDF Research and Development

EDF Energy UK

PROJEC

TS




32 33


CLIENT

PARTNERS




Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération

EDF R&D

EDF - DME

Local authorities and structures in charge of charging infrastructure work together in order to decide and implement policies to optimize local mobility and environmental benefit.

Univ.Prof. Dr. G.Emberger of University of Technology Vienna [A]

The study was implemented for the agglomeration of Mulhouse, a mid-sized French city (po-pulation 250,000). In this project, scenarios for urban transport policies are simulated using the Land Use Transport Interaction (LUTI) “MARS” (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator) model (TU Wien) which was adapted to new modes of electric transport and to the French context. Effects have been simulated for the next 30 years (2005-2035) for 32 city zones. The geographic localised results will soon be presented to the city of Mulhouse

The MARS simulations indicate that GHG balance will decrease in all the scenarios investi-gated. The increase in use of electric vehicles will lead to a move from fossil fuels towards electricity (around 20% more electricity will be used). There will also be gains in the energy balance, especially as EVs could comprise up to 31% of the car fleet.

High EV penetration can lead to a significant increase in driven kilometres. The introduction of EVs should be carried out within a framework of local policy initiatives in order to limit the increase in total traffic volume of private cars. The implementation of these local policies should differ between the city centre and the outskirts.

The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of electric mobility in a metropolitan area and is intended to optimise local personal mobility as well as energy consumption and local emissions. The project takes into account the complexity of urban systems by considering innovation in technology, city development and local transport policies. The methodchosen to simulate different technologies in the transport system as well as different transport policies was the LUTI theory (Land Use Transport Interaction).

Urban transport and electric vehicles

The impact of electric vehicles on energy and local transport

MARS - ELECTRIC VEHICLES

“MARS” (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator)

Successful integration of EVs must be supported by local transport policies

CLIENT

PARTNERS




The main focus of this project is to target heat energy demand, because 70% of the total energy used is heating related. The heat demand assessment aims to describe the balance between energy losses and energy gains of in urban buildings at the urban scale. It is based on a 3D city model and uses a bottom-up approach. At first, digital elevation models (DEM) are created and each building is classified according to its morphology and local data (function, age, etc.). Afterwards, construction parameters of each building are simulated according to local building typologies to calculate thermal losses. Then, solar gains on each facade and internal gains are simulated in order to calculate the heat energy demand of buildings. This model is especially useful in allocating the energy demand of buildings in an urban environment.

Heat demand modeling from 3D data on a district of Lyon

At this point, the first results of heat energy demand (kWh/sqm) at the building scale have been calculated for one district in Lyon. After validation, the method will be extended to the rest of Grand Lyon. For now, the main objectives of the project are:> to achieve an overall energy demand assessment (space heating, warm water and cooling demand); > to go further in modelling consumption and CO2-emissions assessment> to develop new applications for modelling complex urban phenomena; such as heat islands at the urban scale.

Since 2010, the French government has required every local authority with more than 50.000 inhabitants to set up a Plan Climat-Énergie Territorial (PCET) in order to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The urban community of Grand Lyon started its PCET in 2007, and it has already identified the significant contribution of the tertiary-residential building sector to CO2 emissions as being more than 30% of total emissions. EDF and EIFER have been working with Grand Lyon since 2010.Today, the sustainable development and energy efficiency of buildings can be analysed through new urban analysis tools like the 3D Geographical Information System (GIS). In order to allocate energy demand of Grand Lyon’s building stock, EIFER correlated local 3D and geo-data relative to buildings with energy models, based on EIFER’s experience in geo-simulation and energy planning.

Energy demand modeling from 3D urban data

PCET of Grand Lyon and 3D geo-simulation

PCET GRAND LYON

Heat energy demand allocation

Results and perspectives

Communauté urbaine du Grand Lyon

EDF - Collectivités Rhône-Alpes Auvergne

Perspectives for urban energy demand regarding sustainable development

and climate protection strategies

Air Rhône-Alpes [F]

Coparly, Rhône-Alpes [F]

Agence d’urbanisme pour le développement de

l‘agglomération lyonnaise - Urbalyon

PROJEC

TS




34 35


CLIENT

PARTNERS

EIFER is investigating existing biomass potential assessment techniques in order to set up its own method based on Geographic Information Systems and statistical data analysis. Furthermore, tools based on life cycle approaches are developed to estimate the economic and environmental impacts of different bioenergy chains, ranging from local to international supply. The latest regulatory developments are analysed in regards to bioenergy subsidi-sation and sustainability. Lastly, laboratory and pilot tests are carried out to estimate the influence of biomass pre-treatment on biogas production and solid biomass properties, as well as the efficiency of digestate post-treatment.

The main output of these analyses is a mapping of biomass feedstock availability, supply radius, cost and environmental impacts along the entire supply chain. These competencies enable EIFER to support decision-making for bioenergy project implementation. EIFER has already cooperated with the EDF Group on feasibility studies for a wood gasification unit and biogas plants, along with due diligence for a biogas plant.

Securing biomass supply is critical for the success of bioenergy projects and EIFER carries out a broad range of activities in this area. A first step is the assessment of solid biomass and biogas potential from a local to a national scale. Analyses on the entire biomass supply chain – production, pre-treatment, transport, handling, storage, use, post-treatment – are also performed to optimize costs and minimize environmental impacts. In-depth investigations identify the most promising biomass pre-treatment and post-treatment methods, such as drying, chipping and densification, along with digestate and ash valorization.

Potential assessment and supply chain optimization for biogas and solid biomass

Securing biomass supply: a key issue for bioenergy projects

BIOMASS RESOURCES

An approach based on Geographic Information Systems and supply chain analysis

Resource mapping for project development support

EDF - SEI, DDD, DS

EDF Energies Nouvelles, Verdesis

ES, Ecotral

EnBW

Provide scientific and technical support for decision-making and biomass project implementation

EDF R&D ENSAIA [F]

Hohenheim University [D]

INRA Narbonne [F]

ONF [F]




CLIENT




EVITA is a tool implemented in ArcGIS. The methodological approach is to quantify the need for charging infrastructure in different use contexts based on spatial data: while at home, at work, shopping and using recreation facilities. This is achieved through a top-down distribution model (see Fig. 1). As a result, the tool locates charging stations on a macro scale (± 100m). The user can parameterize the model. Thus choosing, for example, whether the majority of charging stations should be placed close to shopping centers or cultural facilities. Figure 2 shows a scenario for the region of Maubeuge in the year 2020.

EVITA has been developed for German and French cities. It has been applied to, and integrated into, the local infrastructure planning processes in the cities of Nice and Maubeuge. Local stakeholders welcome the results as a decision support for the spatial planning of charging stations. In a next step, additional information, such as data on mobility flows will be integrated into the planning methodology to ensure more precise results.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas and fine dust emissions within cities. To promote the diffusion of EVs, local authorities and electric utilities all over the world are currently in-stalling infrastructure for public charging. Since a limited number of EVs are in current use, the future spatial demand for charging stations is still unknown. The aim of EVITA (Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Tool for Decision Aid) is to use geographic land-use data to identify suitable locations for charging stations based on geographic land-use data. Local governments could use these possible locations to support decisions in planning a city-wide charging infrastructure. The spatial scenarios generated by the EVITA tool will also allow power grid operators to anticipate the impact of EV charging on the local grid.

Localization of charging stations for electric vehicles

EVITA – a planning tool for decision support

EVITA

GIS based planning method

Integration into the planning process for cities

Fig. 1 Top-down distribution model Fig. 2 Scenario for Maubeuge 2020

EDF R&D

ERDF

EDF - DME

Agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre (AMVS)

Decision support for the planning of EV charging

stations in cities

Anticipating spatially heterogeneous impacts

of EV charging on the power grid

PROJEC

TS




36 37

CLIENT

PARTNERS




An intelligent de-icing and snow melting system based on the heat pipe principle is in use at a fire station in Bad Waldsee, Germany, as part of an EIFER/EnBW demonstration project. Specially designed register systems with varying diameter and distances are used to cover a 150m² area at the entrance to the fire station. A new theoretical model was developed for this project to take into account all coupled processes. With this model, it is now possible to conduct a complete heat balance of a coupled heat pipe solution. All relevant parameters (required pipe dimensions, filling rates, heat pipe designs of the surface and underground systems) as well as meteorological conditions were taken into consideration. A monitoring system consisting of fiber optic cable, PT100-sensors, a weather station and an infrared camera system was installed on site. Through the sophisticated monitoring system at Bad Waldsee, it is possible to check and validate theoretical calculations, the description of the snow-melting process, the model of pavement temperature distribution, as well as the heat and mass transfer on the pavement, the snow layer and ambient conditions.

This heat pipe system installation has already proven that cooling loads can be transported underground and that the street can be heated through geothermal resources, even under very low surface temperatures. Measured and modelled values in this project are consistent and detailed theoretical calculations based on these findings will enable planning for new de-icing and snow melting systems.

This is the first time that a self-operating, CO2 heat pipe system has been used with a direct surface heat condensing system to melt snow and ice on an asphalt street. This snow and ice melting system is completely controlled by on-site weather conditions. Evaporated “warm” CO2 rises to the top of the heat pipe because of geothermal heat sources. At the surface, the CO2 condenses through simultaneously occurring heat release and returns to the vaporization zone of the heat pipe as a “cool” liquid. This results in an automatic heat pipe cycle and heats the street surface without using any external energy.

De-icing and snow melting system with innovative heat pipe technology

How intelligent geothermal sources can be used

DE-ICE PIPE

From innovation to demonstration

Impulse for new innovative concepts

EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG

Lenna Eggeling“In cooperation with EIFER, we are running a demonstration project using only geothermal energy to melt snow and de-ice.”

A demonstration project for the sustainable use of underground heat sources

Scientifically very valuable

City of Bad Waldsee

KIT, Institute for Applied Geoscience

Wieland Werke AG [D]

Baugrund Süd AG [D]

elger Architekturbüro


CLIENT

PARTNERS

EIFER is working on analysing and optimising combustion, as well as the environmental per-formance of biomass domestic systems (both primary and secondary measures). A reduction in gaseous emission is obtained through understanding the combustion phenomena and, especially, by using modelling tools for the analysis and optimisation, of combustion and for improving combustion chamber design. The optimal integration of ultra-low dust filtering devices permits the treatment of the flue gas and avoids the emission of particulates to the environment. The assessment of the primary and secondary measures is achieved through experimental tests in the laboratory and on-site. Furthermore, the tests allow an evaluation of the lifetime and reliability of the biomass technologies.

EIFER’s expertise in biomass combustion and emissions combined with its own test facilities, opens the way to developing eco-friendly, clean and efficient biomass heating systems. In addition, EIFER’s work on the smart coupling of these heating devices with other heating sources, both renewable and non-renewable (like thermal solar or heat pumps) offers sustainable solutions for the house of tomorrow.

Innovation through modelling, laboratory and on-site tests

Towards efficient and environmental friendly heating

The use of biomass as a fuel (wood logs, ships and pellets) enables an almost CO2-free combustion. However, biomass heating systems also induce emissions like nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, organic gases and particulate matter. Some of these emissions, such as carbon monoxide or particulate matter, occur as a result of inefficient combustion. Combustion control (primary measures) and treatment of the flue gases (secondary measures) can reduce these emissions.

Next generation biomass combustion technologies with ultra-low emissions

A key to a cleaner fireplace

DOMESTIC BIOMASS HEATING SYSTEMS

EDF

European Commission

Analysis of combustion and Environmental

performances

Improving technologies

Develop industrial and scientific partnerships

EU-FP7

DBFZ [D]

ADEME [F]

EDF Group




PROJEC

TS



38 39


CLIENT

PARTNERS




EIFER’s new process is based on the flash evaporation of a high temperature and pressurised liquid fluid inside the working chamber of a reciprocating engine. After the liquid is injected into the expansion unit, evaporation takes place and the vapor moves the piston. The heat for evaporation is provided by the liquid phase, which then cools down. The main advantage of the new process is simultaneous evaporation and expansion which results in avoiding the exergy losses of an external evaporator. To prevent hydraulic shocks, the liquid is injected into a pre-chamber. The pre-chamber is modeled as a cyclone to separate the liquid from the vapor. For better understanding of the cyclone behavior and the optimization of the cyclone design computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used. EIFER and its partner ITTK (KIT) are the first to use CFD methods to simulate flow behavior inside the cyclone to optimize its geometry.

A shortage of resources and a growing requirement for sustainable energy options has resulted in a huge market for low temperature and waste heat. Processes currently on the market, which use turbines as expansion units, have lower efficiencies than the Triangle Process. Furthermore, they are only available at a large scale (100kWel) whereas the Triangle Process, using a reciprocating engine, can be applied at a small scale (<1kWel). This makes the process suitable for the household and mobile markets, in addition to industrial applications. Experiments have shown that the process is feasible. Within the next few months, the second prototype will be completed and new measurements will be taken.

EIFER has developed a new thermodynamic process for the conversion of low temperature heat into mechanical or electrical power. In comparison to the commonly used processes, like the ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) or the Kalina-Process, EIFER’s new Triangle Process, can attain much higher electrical output and therefore has the potential to be economically successful. In the project, we modified a prototype expansion unit to show the potential of the new process, by optimizing the valve concept and the actuators to reach the greatest possible exergy efficiency.

Enhancement of a new thermodynamic process

Building the second prototype

TRIANGLE PROCESS

Principles of the Triangle Process

Market potential

Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) [D]

EnBW

The new thermodynamic process allows producing 30% to 50% more electricity out of low temperature heat

KIT – Institute for Thermodynamics and Refrigeration (ITTK)

KIT – Institute of Electrical Engineering (ETI)

KIT - Institute of Reciprocating Engines(IFKM)

MOT GmbH [D]


CLIENT

PARTNERS

Studies of corrosion under geothermal conditions, using original, unadulterated geothermal brine, were performed on different metals (mild steels, stainless steels, alloys and titanium.) Their corrosion performance, depending on different physical and chemical parameters, was investigated through:> electrochemical techniques (laboratory);> autoclave experiments (laboratory, exposure tests);> on-site tests (corrosion bypass, installed at the low-temperature (60-70°C) reinjection site).Through these techniques the corrosion rate, type of corrosion (homogeneous or local) and critical potentials can be determined. Also scale formation and the performance of corrosion inhibitors can be investigated.

The results can be used to predict the corrosion performance of construction materials under reinjection conditions. In general, it can be ascertained that higher alloyed metals are more resistant in a geothermal brine environment. By comparing the results from laboratory and on-site experiments, it could be observed that corrosion rates from on-site investigations are slightly lower. Nevertheless, good predictions regarding the corrosive behavior of a material can be made from laboratory experiments.Future work will be focused on corrosion processes under production conditions so a new corrosion bypass is planned. Additionally, the corrosion performance of different organic coatings will be investigated.

A major factor in the economic exploitation of deep geothermal energy is the cost-effective selection of corrosion resistant materials for construction. The scope of this project is to understand corrosion processes in CO2-bearing geothermal brines and to identify appropriate materials for geothermal applications. Different measurement techniques have been applied, including laboratory and on-site corrosion experiments, with a special focus on the transfer of laboratory results to field scale experiments.

Corrosion studies in the geothermal environment

Assessing risk for long-term operations

SOULTz-SOUS-FORêTS

Innovative methods to evaluate corrosive behavior

One major step to sustainable geothermal plants

Dr. A. Genter, scientific director of E.E.I.G.

Soultz–sous-Forets “EIFER, a major partner in

the corrosion field”

Risk of materials corrosion

New methods and guidelines for materials

screening for new geothermal plants

Fundamental research

E.E.I.G Soultz-sous-Forets, Heat Mining [F]

KIT, Institute of Applied Geosciences




PROJEC

TS


ADDED VALUE FOR CLIENT40 41


CLIENT




PARTNERSUp to now, the diagnosis tools and algorithms were developed for fuel cells (both PEMFC and SOFC) stacks and systems for different applications (stationary and automotive). EIFER‘s work has already resulted in a patent which application extends to all electrochemical devices, including fuel cells, electrolyzers and batteries. EIFER is working to transpose his results obtained on fuel cells to electrolysis processes and to batteries.

For a large market penetration, electrochemical devices (and especially fuel cells and electrolysers for hydrogen production) need extended lifetime and improved reliability. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop efficient diagnosis algorithms for fault detection and failure prevention.EIFER is working on the development of these algorithms and on their validation on real fuel cells systems, under the auspices of a variety of European (GENIUS, D-CODE, DESIGN) and French (DIAPASON 1&2) funded projects.

Application to fuel cells and electrochemical devices

Fault identification for reliability improvement and lifetime increase

DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS

From measurements to fault identification and corrective actions

From fuel cells to other electrochemical devices

EDF

French National Research Agency (ANR)

Fuel Cell Hydrogen – Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) (EU)

Reduce costs by increasing lifetime and decreasing maintenance frequency. Increase process reliability.

FC LAB [F]

CEA [F]

University of Salerno [IT ]


CLIENT

PARTNERS




Technical evaluation is based on an important work of survey on technologies, markets and stakeholders. Laboratory tests of systems (prototypes or commercial) and field tests are performed to measure the performances and to obtain real on-site behavior. Techno economic studies are based on typical heat demand curves (household, tertiary sector), systems characteristics (performances, behavior), control strategies and national context (energy costs, support mechanisms, carbon intensity). CO2 emissions and economic benefits for the customers of a m-CHP solution are compared to reference cases (condensing boiler and power supply from the grid).

Manufacturers sell high performances products which could reduce both energy bills for the customers and CO2 emissions. However, economic simulations show a high dependency to investment costs and to gas and electricity prices. Environmental benefits of m-CHP are linked to both heat and electrical needs of the dwellings, and to the national context (carbon intensity). The operation of systems in Virtual Power Plants is possible, control strategies must be now defined.

Micro cogeneration (micro Combined Heat and Power or m-CHP) is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat, both of which are used according to the heat demand of the application (mainly in individual dwellings, buildings, or small industrial factories).Compared to conventional means of heat and power generation, cogeneration offers several advantages that could help the European Union to reach its ambitious environmental objectives. First of all, m-CHP brings Primary Energy Savings through increased efficiency of energy (natural gas) conversion and use. As a result of this better use of primary energy, GHG in particular CO2 emissions are strongly reduced.The on-site generation of power makes m-CHP a component of Decentralised Generation of Electricity, avoiding transmission losses and contributing to the local reduction of peak demand.

Technical, economic and environmental evaluation of micro combined heat and power

Primary Energy Savings

MICRO-CHP

Evaluation of systems: from survey to field tests

A strong potential for distributed power generation

EDF

Fuel Cell Hydrogen - Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) [EU]

Important information on technologies operation,

markets, stakeholders and policies

On site performances measurements

Up to date economic and environmental results

EDF Group

Industrial partners: DANTHERM POWER (DK),

HEXIS (D/CH), HYTEON (CDN), HT CERAMIX/SOFCPOWER

[CH /I]

Academic partnersFZ Jülich [D], VTT [FIN],

ENEA [I], CNR [I], L2EP [F]

PROJEC

TS




42 43


CLIENT




PARTNERS

Combining high temperature electrolysis with renewable energies The ADEL project is a European funded project to identify the most energy efficient combinations of renewable heat and power sources with high temperature electrolysis (800°C). EIFER is involved in both experimentation and modelling on this project.System analysis of hydrogen chainEIFER cooperates with industrial partners on modelling studies of the hydrogen chain. These studies enable the assessment of optimal economic and technological conditions for electrolysis, and focus on energy storage.Demonstration of hydrogen driven vehiclesEIFER is involved in the Mobypost project, a European demonstration project to test a capti-ve, hydrogen driven vehicle fleet for mail delivery. In this project, hydrogen will be produced on site from PV electricity.

Hydrogen can be produced from transient renewable power, through relevant control strategies. Using heat sources at temperatures as low as 130°C, innovative system integrations enable a significant increase in the electrical efficiency of high temperature electrolytic hydrogen production. Hydrogen offers the largest potential for seasonal electricity storage in Germany. Hydrogen and fuel cells represent an efficient range extender technology for electric vehicles: they have short re-fuelling times and can contribute to photovoltaic peak shaving for grid stabilization.

Energy storage can enable an increase in the share of renewable energies fed into the electrical grid. One promising storage solution is hydrogen produced from water electrolysis. Unfortunately, conventional electrolysis technologies are not energy efficient and the round trip efficiency of energy storage is very poor if hydrogen is re-electrified. EIFER is working to optimize all of the hydrogen chain, from highly efficient electrolysis technologies to innovative hydrogen use in the transport sector.

Optimisation of the hydrogen value chain for renewable energy storage

Hydrogen for a greener energy mix

H2 FOR ENERGY STORAGE

From labs to real applications

Promising perspectives

EDF

Fuel Cell Hydrogen – Joint Undertking (FCH-JU) (EU)

Understanding technical bottlenecks of new technologies

Investigating new market opportunities

Develop industrial and scientific partnerships

Several industrial and academic partner

EDF Group

European Projects: ADEL MOBYPOST

European projects:Hi2H2 (Co)

RelHyADEL

French projects:Semi-EHTFidelHyo

German projectsHorizont

Understanding bottlenecks in new technologies

Investigating new market opportunities

Developing industrial and scientific partnerships

HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS

CLIENT

PARTNERS




EIFER is equipped with test stations adapted for high temperature electrolysis (500We up to 3 kWe). Since 2004, EIFER has been conducting extensive testing over periods of 1000 to 9000 hours with current densities between 0.4 and 1 A/cm2. Both technology lifetime and reliability are evaluated with in situ measurements of materials degradation coupled with post-test analyses. Experimental results are used in techno-economic analyses to estimate the development road map for this technology.

These tests are an important step towards the practical implementation of this technology. Cell assembly shows additional constraints, which have to be resolved before prototyping the technology. EIFER is supporting the development of high temperature electrolysis by working in partnership with developers.

High temperature electrolysis (operating temperature ~800°C) is the most efficient process to convert electricity into chemical energy for storage, with about 90% electrical efficiency. Hydrogen production from high temperature electrolysis (~800°C) is cheaper than conventional electrolytic processes, which operate below 100°C. Moreover hydrogen produced by high temperature electrolysis is expected to become competitive with hydrogen produced by natural gas reforming (3€/kg in 2030).This hydrogen could be used for industrial applications, for example in the production of fuel from oil (petroleum refining) or could be applied to new technologies from biomass (gasification) and CO2 (hydrogenation). It may be also used as a pure fuel or mixed with natural gas.

Electrolysis, a way to convert electricity into chemical energy, easier to store

Numerous tests of single cells and stacks operating in high temperature electrolysis mode

Long-term operation of cells indicates an extrapolated lifetime of 2 years

EDF


Fuel Cell Hydrogen – Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) [EU]

German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology

(BMWi)

PROJEC

TS





44 45

CLIENT

PARTNERS

In cities, the electricity infrastructure and also buildings, traffic and transportation, water supply and disposal as well as the health infrastructure can be affected by extreme weather events. EIFER’s research on the “Impacts of Extreme Hydro-Meteorological Events on Electricity Generation and Possible Adaptation Measures” established a comprehensive data collection of extreme hydro-meteorological events such as “temperature”, “wind”, “precipi-tation” and “combined events”. The work also includes a mapping of the identified impacts within a GIS, a display of risks and a subsequent risk assessment. Cities currently develop their mitigation concepts based on CO2 and energy balances. These can be complemented by a GIS based adaptation concept including mapping the city‘s (or county‘s) vulnerability and resilience.

In our changing climate, extreme events are expected to occur more often. These extreme events, as well as shifting mean temperatures, precipitation and wind speeds have effects on cities and their critical infrastructure. In the context of EIFER‘s research, those impacts were analysed for German and for international electricity infrastructures (such as thermal power plants and renewable energies). These results and methods can now be extended to city and county needs at the local and regional levels.

Impacts on cities and infrastructures and climate change adaptation

Identifying effects and preparing adaptation-mitigation processes

EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS

Cities in a changing environment

Following the display of former events, projections for climate change and changing impacts are integrated into city planning. Additionally, CO2 reduction measures identified in county climate change mitigation concepts, can help cities and counties to combat climate change. Besides infrastructure, the population can also be affected by extreme weather events, par-ticularly by the limited supply and disposal of food, water and waste. A GIS based display of city infrastructure and extreme events will help decision-makers and planners to adapt the critical infrastructure to climate and other environmental changes.

Combining tools for decision-making support

Electric Utilities

Identification of environmental impacts

Calculations of CO2 emissions

Database and GIS-based decision-making support

University of Wuerzburg, Institute for Geography and Geology Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M)

Several chairs at the KIT




CLIENT

PARTNERS

EIFER developed zERTSIM, a dynamic simulation model, for impact studies of environmental policy instruments on the German electricity market. The model uses differential equations to create a feedback structure for representing short, medium and long term effects. It con-siders interactions between feed-in tariffs, cogeneration bonuses, a CO2 tax and investment subsidies as well as electricity market prices, demand, installed capacity, generation and CO2 emissions. The model’s time horizon is 2050 and simulations run on a daily time resolution.TIMES-Heat, an energy system optimisation model, was developed by EIFER in cooperation between EIFER and with KIT-IIP (Prof. Fichtner). It analyses the German residential sector’s heat and electricity supply, focusing on the economic potential of micro-cogeneration and heat pumps. This Linear Programming model minimises discounted system expenses for the supply of heat and power to a 2050 time horizon with a detailed time resolution within each year. CLIMES combines the two aforementioned modelling approaches to analyse climate change effects on thermal power plants. The System Dynamics based model part simulates thermal power plant cooling systems. Using hydro-meteorological, technical and regulative input parameters, climate change driven output reductions on a unit level can be deter-mined. These results are then used to parameterise an optimisation model that provides insights on the effects of climate change on energy systems at a national level. The model’s time horizon is 2040.

EIFER uses different approaches to provide quantitative and rational instruments for decision support. The aim is not to predict the future, but rather to understand the technical and economic mechanisms, drivers, obstacles and opportunities in energy systems.

Energy system analysis systematically provides valuable insights for energy policy decision makers on the technologies and infrastructure for provision and transformation of energy. At EIFER different methods are applied to analyse current and future challenges for the energy system.

Perspectives on future energy supply in Germany

Methods for decision support

ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Dynamic system behavior and optimal solutions

Improved understanding of drivers and obstacles

EDF

KIC InnoEnergy

Quantitative and rational insights for decision

making in energy policy, and the planning of future

technologies and infrastructure

KIT - IIP/ DFIU

Fraunhofer Gesellschaft ISI

KTH Stockholm [S]

AGH Krakow [PL]

PROJEC

TS







46 47


CLIENT

PARTNERS




EIFER implemented the Corporate Ecosystem Services Review (ESR), an approach launched in 2008, which has been used by more than 300 companies. ESR is the most mature tool for understanding the interaction of business and biodiversity and for helping companies to design the best responses to environmental changes (atmospheric, aquatic, terrestrial).

ESR is comprised of 5 steps:1. Select the scope; 2. Identify priority ecosystem services; 3. Analyze state and trends in priority ES;4. Identify business risks and opportunities;5. Develop strategies for addressing risks and opportunities.

Ecosystem Services (ES) are benefits people obtain from ecosystems, for example, water provisioning, climate regulation, flood control or recreational services. Biodiversity underpins ecosystem services. Com-panies are motivated to better understand their dependence and impact on ecosystems for 3 reasons: (1) the growing regulatory framework addressing ES, (2) increasing awareness of the “Business-Ecosystem” relationship and (3) increasing evidence that ecosystem degradation has a material impact on companies. EIFER applied an ES-based tool to a power plant site to ensure the sustainability of electricity generation on a site surrounded by protected areas and identified the added value of the approach.

A new Integrated Approach for Biodiversity management

What are ecosystem services?

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Testing an international approach

ESR implementation enables the adoption of a new perspective on environmental issues and natural resource management. It offers an opportunity to focus on topics that have traditionally been only partly considered in Environmental Management Systems. One interesting outcome would be to adapt this integrated biodiversity approach to the urban context. EIFER has already proposed a method based on ESR and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, TEEB Manual for Cities. Case studies will demonstrate how the proposed method might lead to a better integration of biodiversity and ES in urban planning.

Extending the approach to cities

EDF: DPIT and DDD

A new approach for power plant to manage their relationship with the environment

Inspire Institute [F]

CLIENT

PARTNERS




When calculating external costs of industrial activities, the physical impact is first quantified and then valued in monetary terms. EIFER contributed to two EU-funded research projects that determined new monetary values for the impact of air quality on human health. In NEEDS (‘04-‘09), the monetary value of the most important health impact, the risk of premature adult death, was reassessed in nine European countries. In HEIMTSA (‘07-‘11), respiratory diseases caused by ambient air pollution were evaluated. In both projects, EIFER conducted surveys in France and Germany and helped to improve the accuracy of the assessments. Survey design was also shown to be important in a study on the monetary value of improving the fish population in the Upper Rhine. In studies for the German UBA and the French ADEME, EIFER worked on improving external cost calculations related to biodiversity and waste incineration, respectively.

The impact of industrial activities on the environment and society are often not reflected in the price of goods and services. These effects are called externalities or external costs. Economic analyses are increasingly relied upon by policy decision makers to reduce external costs. EIFER’s research focuses on the way that environmental legislation makes use of these analyses, contributes to methodological progress, and quantifies the external costs of energy supply. EIFER’s objective is to plan for future environmental constraints and to enhance environmental management.

Assessing external costs to support decision making

External costs to better plan for environmental constraints

“COSTS OF POLLUTION”

Improving methods for monetary valuation

External costs are mainly applied in the regulatory process to achieve an efficient level of environmental protection, so that benefits (including avoided external costs) exceed private costs. These Cost-Benefit Analyses are carried out by EIFER to evaluate measures to reduce air pollution from power plants. Increasingly, economic approaches are also taken to improve the preservation of biodiversity and to find a better balance between healthy ecosystems and economic activities. Environmental economic analyses now include upcoming energy supply structures or system changes such as smart grids, increasing renewable shares, electro-mobility and distributed energy supply.

Preparing the future of sustainable energy supply

EDF GroupEDF R&D

European CommissionGerman Federal

Environment Agency (UBA)French Environment and

Energy Management Agency (ADEME)

Anticipating future regulatory constraints on

environmental and health protection

Improving the environmental

management of power plants

EDF R&DEDF – Délégation Santé

Groupe, SEM Department of Economics,

University of Bath [UK] Charles University Environ-

ment Center, Prague [CZ]IER, University of Stuttgart

RDC Intertek [B]

PROJEC

TS


48 49

The same methodology for the development of each energy concept was applied to all the villages:1. Assessment of locally available biomass resources: > Humid and solid biomass.2. Assessment of local energy demand: > space heating, domestic hot water, electricity for appliances.3. Sociological study: > Focus groups (about 10 persons per village); > Interviews (about 50 households per village).4. Development of the energy concept: > Technical dimensioning of energy production plants; > Economic evaluation of the concept (investment, O&M, electricity / heat sales...); > Environmental impact evaluation (CO2, SO2 and particulate emissions).

For each theme, specific methodologies were developed both for the French and the German case studies. The results of the German case studies were compared to BMLEV «Bioenergiedorf» criteria.

Development of local energy concepts

A specific energy concept was developed for each village, according to local constrains (energy demand, resources...).

Some of the technologies considered for the case studies were:> Biogas production plants (CHP systems);> Woodchip boilers (heat production);> Wood gasifiers (CHP systems);> District heating systems.

Concerning the sociological study the main drivers and drawbacks have been identified for each village. These elements are summarized in the following table.

Main Results

In 2009, EIFER, EnBW, EDF and ES initiated a review on common projects in the Rhine Valley and decided to fund a cross border project dedicated to local energy solutions based on biomass.The objective of this project was to develop, through case studies, local biomass energy concepts adapted to local constrains (resource availability, energy demand, etc.)

For this project, six Rhine valley villages were studied:> 3 villages in France (La Petite Pierre, Saales and Manspach);> 3 villages in Germany (Eichelberg, Oberrotweil, Häg-Ehrsberg).

Development of local energy concepts based on biomass

Context and Objectives

CROSS BORDER PROJECTCOMPETENCES / ACTIVITY

CLIENT

EDF

Electricité de Strasbourg

EnBW

Erdgas Südwest

Energiedienst

Development of innovative methodologies

for the development of local energy solutions

PROJEC

TS






50 51

In some districts of southeast of Baden-Württemberg, the agricultural potential for sustaina-ble biogas production is already fully exploited. In these regions, it is clear that optimising existing biogas plants should have priority over the introduction of new plants because biogas plants often waste the heat they generate while creating electricity. Additionally, an intensified use of grassland and manure in a mixture with energy crops is recommended for biogas production. The project indicates opportunities to develop alternative cropping systems. Furthermore, biogas could make an important contribution to local heat demand in rural areas. This will require heat sinks to be identified in a geographical context. The supply of heat from biogas plants to consumers was investigated and two network options were identified (heat pipe and micro gas pipe supply) the advantages of both lie in the distance between source and demand.

Conclusion

Fig.2: Status Quo analysis –Location and capacity of biogas plants and their substrate usage

To estimate heat demand, existing building stock data, statistic data for the regional economy and energy consumption by sector were analysed. For residential buildings, the estimation of the average heat demand was based on German building typology and geo-referenced building information (house type, age class, number of families). In addition to the residential sector, heat demand from the tertiary/industrial sector was also estimated. Using GIS, a raster of 100m was chosen to provide an overview of local heat demand in MWh/a. The local repartition of heat sinks is presented in Figure 1. Very high values correspond to industrial sites, for which a tremendous heat demand is concentrated within a small area. Industries are therefore priority targets for bioenergy-driven heat networks.

Biogas plants are generally located in rural areas, which means that operators are faced with the problem of matching high thermal energy production with a low heat demand. Therefore, good planning is essential for running a profitable biogas plant. Plant operators have several options available for using biogas for energy. To compare district heating with micro gas networks (autonomous biogas grid from the biogas plant to the heat demand site), a techno-economic calculation model has been created. The model shows that district heating solutions are more profitable over short distances. In contrast, the ad-vantages of the micro gas network increase with the distance to the consumers. On one hand, network-independent investment costs of micro gas networks, such as gas treatment and gas compression, are higher than the net-independent investment costs for district heating. On the other hand, heat transport becomes inefficient with increasing distance because of heat losses.

Assessment of heat sinks

District heating versus micro gas network

Geographic Information System (GIS) tools are used to collect data on current land use practices related to energy crops. Estimated biomass potential is based on remote sensing data and official statistics from Baden-Württemberg. The calculation of biogas and metha-ne yields is based on empirical values of on-farm biogas plants. In addition to the classical energy crops (maize, grass, and whole crop silage), the use of manure was also considered. The results are used for dimensioning a combined heat and power plant (biogas-CHP). The model was calibrated using the public database of renewable electricity production from existing biogas plants. The use of agricultural land for biogas production is also described in terms of percentage of agricultural area (Figure 2).

The demands of future renewable energy supply will make necessary an expansion of capacity and an increase in the overall efficiency of biogas production. Rural areas are of special importance in energy supply because they offer both an existing biogas infrastructure and the biomass for biogas production. EIFER’s research has focused on developing sustainable bioenergy concepts based on identifying alterna-tive cropping systems and especially alternatives to maize (the most efficient and commonly used energy crop for biogas production). EIFER has also been evaluating regional heat demand in some districts of southeast of Baden-Württemberg with regard to the optimization of local heat supply.

Biogas production and heat demand

Alternative cropping systems and local heat supply

BIOENERGY FOR REGIONS

CLIENT

PARTNERS

EnBW

Erdgas Südwest

Location planning for Biogas plants

Economy of cropping systems

Recommendations for heat distribution

University of Hohenheim [D]

Estimating agricultural biomass potential

Fig.1: Total heat demand of the building stock in a 100 m raster for the commune level

Sustainability is mainly emphasized on the basis of its environmental influence on cropping systems (biodiversity, soil erosion, ground and surface water pollution). Biogas yield data at the laboratory scale are used to evaluate the economy of alternative cropping systems with regard to energy production, as compared to the reference (maize monoculture) in the who-le chain ranging from field cultivation to energy use. Practical feasibility and environmental effects are reviewed in comprehensive and multi-field tests and field trials. The challenge will be optimising agriculture and the fermentation process under viable conditions.

Alternative to maize monocultures

PROJEC

TS






52 53

Another part of EIFER’s activities on the flexible use of cogeneration systems is focused on mini-cogeneration systems (100 kWe - few MWe capacity). This power range is typically used in big residential buildings, the tertiary sector (hotels, hospitals…) and Small and Medium Industries. These systems usually run under the Cogeneration Feed in Tariff, which fixes how and when different systems should be operated.

EIFER’s research on the subject is focused on the analysis of other operational strategies to bring added value to the client and to the electricity grid.

One of the many possibilities could be to trade produced electricity on the different electri-city markets (SPOT, adjustment, capacity…) and run the CHP system only when the electrici-ty price is high enough to compensate for the O&M costs of the system. This strategy would have several advantages for different stakeholders:> The client could optimise system operations, thus the cost of heat production;> The electricity grid could access additional production capacity during peak consumption periods. This would avoid the constructions of new peak production systems; > The French compensation mechanism (CSPE) could be positively impacted by the sale of this electricity on the open market.

Bringing industrial cogeneration on the electricity market

Through those activities, EIFER has developed a set of competencies about cogeneration systems, and their integration into buildings, their control strategies and operation.

Due to this expertise, EIFER can offer its clients specialist knowledge about the potential and future development of cogeneration throughout Europe, as well as the different mechanisms, which are used to support micro-cogeneration. New systems coming on to the market can be tested both in the EIFER Lab and in the field in order to assess their actual performance.

All this information and knowledge can be implanted in mathematical models to evaluate new business models for energy providers.

Expertise and analysis for energy providers

Due to their small size, their wide-ranging implementation and their (potentially) large number, micro-CHP systems can be interconnected and operated like a virtual power plant. This could contribute to enhancing the local electrical offer/demand balance.

EIFER research activities on micro-cogeneration are focused on the technical and economic evaluation of commercial systems and their integration into buildings as well as their interconnection and control strategy: > On the one hand, the knowledge developed through lab experiments and field tests gives us a clear view of the actual performance and capabilities of the systems. > On the other hand, EIFER models different control strategies that could be used to optimise the operation of micro-cogeneration systems, taking the needs of both the client and the electricity grids into consideration. To this end, the few existing commercial micro-CHP based peak electricity production systems (like Lichtblick or Enversum in Germany) have been analysed and their suitability for the French market has been evaluated. > EIFER also contributes to the development and the field-testing of intelligent communication systems for EnBW within the framework of the German project, “Callux”.

Cogeneration systems are energy systems able to simultaneously produce electricity and heat (also called Combined Heat and Power systems – CHP). A number of different systems are available, ranging from a few kWe, adapted for the residential sector to several MWe for industry. Systems are usually dimensioned and operated according to local heat demand and the cogenerated electricity is injected into the grid.EIFER works on innovative concepts to use CHP units to provide support to the electricity network.

Use of cogeneration systems for electricity grid support

FLEXIBILITY OF CHP SYSTEMS

CLIENT

PARTNERS

Micro-cogeneration: from smart control to virtual power plants




EDF

EnBW

European Commission

Better understanding of cogeneration systems

(all technologies)

Analysis of new business models

EDF R&D

PROJEC

TS


54 55The future of SGs is being determined through on-going demonstration projects testing key functionalities and operating conditions. EIFER has actively been participating in research centered on a variety of SG demonstration projects on behalf of EDF R&D since 2008. Some examples are:

PREMIO: Problems for power supply security in the PACA region of the South of France are mainly due to a lack of transmission infrastructure. The objective of the PREMIO project is to demonstrate an innovative and open architecture to provide load relief and local network support by optimising the integration of distributed energy resources. PREMIO integrates eight different technologies including Distributed Generation, storage and Demand Response. EPRI SG Demonstration Initiative: A seven-year collaborative research effort led by EPRI in the USA, focused on the design, implementation, and assessment of field SG demonstrations. EDF R&D/EIFER is one of the few European organisations in this SG initiative, the objective of which is to share knowledge and experience from international demonstration projects.MILLENER: Power systems on islands are fragile and the insertion of local energy intermittent sources is difficult. Within the framework of MILLENER, methods and tools are developed to enable the integration of more distributed renewable energy sources and Demand Response at residential customer level for the islands of Corsica, Guadeloupe and La Reunion. These solutions should help to concurrently manage power demand (peak shaving) and energy demand.Economic Evaluation of SGs in France: The objective of this research is to provide EDF with an initial economic evaluation of SGs in France. The project also offers methods to evaluate economic aspects of the EDF SG demonstration projects to capitalize and compare results.Other demonstration projects to test additional benefits, technologies and scenarios are in development. By participating in these projects, EIFER can bring to bear its experience and understanding, truly capitalizing on its SG expertise. As one important applied line of research, EIFER can open new opportunities in SG research to help cities in their efforts for energy efficiency.

Demonstrating SG maturity and ways ahead

> Simulation tools of SG: By using different methods and models (e.g. Agent Based Modelling), SG technologies and strategies are simulated. Results include impacts and potential of distributed resources and the localisation of infrastructures, e.g. for electrical vehicles. SG architectures now being tested in the demonstration projects are also simulated to extrapolate and forecast impacts in case of a massive roll-out.> SG and relationship with urban developments: The objective is to analyze the impact and the potential of SGs, which are principally installed in cities and promoted by local authorities. Exploring SG connections with other aspects of urban areas, such as buildings, districts and transport infrastructures are investigated and integrated in urban planning processes. This leads to new urban energy planning approaches for energy efficient areas.> Distributed Generation technologies integrated to SGs: Research conducted in this area includes the improvement of energy efficiency, reduction of equipment particle emissions and their integration in SGs. The focus is on Biomass, Fuel Cells and Geothermal system technologies. The systems studied all have a power range below 1 MW.


CLIENT

PARTNERS

The European Commission defines SG as electricity networks that can efficiently integrate the behavior and actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to ensure an economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high quality and security of supply and safety. EIFER’s research and development addresses the challenges of developing SGs and is accelerating the transformation of con-ventional electrical systems to smarter ones. Research focuses on a range of activities:

> Methods for technical assessment of new SG services and technologies: Research includes specific methods to evaluate impacts – principally in energy and power– of Demand-Side Management strategies such as Demand Response programs. The development of algorithms to quantify load reduction at different scales, as well as recommendations for the collection of necessary data and the choice of pertinent KPI (Key Performance Indicators), are the heart of this activity.> Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of SG: Implementing SGs can reduce power generation and road transport by technicians and thus pollutant emissions, for instance, resulting in reduced impacts on the environment and society (so-called externalities). EIFER works on quantifying external costs. In comparing avoided external costs to the cost of implementing and operating SGs, their contribution to social welfare can be evaluated.

European utilities and energy companies are faced with new challenges in electricity service supply and the environment. Key issues include: maintaining reliable electricity supply while meeting competitive business goals, managing market deregulation and addressing social issues concerning equal access to energy assets and services. Additionally, the EU intends to increase energy efficiency by 20% and also to increase the share of renewable energy use to at least 20%. Smart Grids (SGs) offer a revolutionary way to operate energy systems, on scales from the local to Europe-wide, to meet EU objectives and to address the challenges of future energy supply.

Smart Grids support the security of future electricity supply

SMART GRIDS

EDF

EDF Systèmes Electriques Insulaires

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) [USA]

We understand the challenges involved with

“Smart Grids”, and have developed expertise from

demonstration projects on approaches to evaluate and

simulate these complex systems and to comprehend their relationship with urban

structures.

Capénergies [F]

Region PACA [F]

ERDF [F]

RTE [F]

Tranénergies [F]etc.

SGs: an active field of fundamental and applied research




PROJEC

TS

56 57

EIFER has expertise in the development of local energy concepts based on biomass, the analysis of resources and local energy demand and offers technical solutions for optimising overall efficiency. This has led to developing "Territorial Energy Solutions" for integrating decentralised energy production systems and demand management.

Content and GoalIntegrating environmental and social issues into urban planning is a complex task and compromises may have to be made when developing a framework for decision-making. Questions to ask in this context are:> How to better integrate environmental and social aspects into urban planning?> How to identify those projects that are most beneficial for the environment and society?

Results EIFER develops methods and tools to support decision makers in addressing these questi-ons. This way, priorities for improving the urban environment can be determined. Assessing environmental externalities is another important field of competence for EIFER. This transla-tions of different kinds of environmental and health impacts into monetary units, allows for effective comparison and guides decision-makers in selecting the most efficient solutions.

Questions How will Mulhouse develop into a Post Carbon City by 2050? How will it achieve ‘Factor 4’? What management scenarios are there for becoming a carbon-free city? How can the effects of energy and GHG urban projects be modelled at the scale of a city?

Method> Estimate of the current situation.> Establishment of a prospective scenario.> Evaluation of impacts of urban development projects across a city.Results Factor 4 could be attained if the best technology is used in conjunction with policy. Specific focus should be given to: Sufficiency (sobriety), Efficiency (passive and active), Substitution and to Behaviour change and development

Local Energy Solutions

Provide space for the environment in urban decision-making

Mulhouse Post Carbone

Source : Project Smart City « Bottom-up emergence »

Source : Project ADEME « Mulhouse Post Carbone »

Urban strategy concepts worldwide; Rapp

Context evolutions leading to Smart City; Rat-Fischer


CLIENT

PARTNERSContent and GoalA promising urban strategy for the future development of cities seems to be the so-called “smart city” concept. Until now this concept has been developed by different stakeholders and shaped by the IT industry, researchers and municipalities. But what is the general focus of this concept? Who are the players and how is the information spread amongst them? What kind of vision and innovation are imagined to foster strategic planning and urban resilience in the future?MethodThe project began with interviews, surveys of initiatives and funding strategies, and a thorough literature review. Discussions were held with experts and those involved with smart city initia-tives. Additional research was conducted on communications networks relating to cities and sustainability issues and research on state of the art of worldwide urban planning strategies.Results and PerspectivesStakeholder motives are varied. Some are seeking to sell products to city service, for others smart cities offer a way to build new strategic partnerships and to develop business plans. The general focus of this concept lies on improving and increasing energy efficiency through research on multi-flow interaction.

Cities are central to climate policies as they are major sources of emissions. As climate change becomes more severe, cities must adapt effectively. Until recently, the interaction and interdependencies within and between cities has not been fully considered but research is now moving towards a whole city approach.

Sustainable Cities Approaches and Projects

Approaches and objectives of projects

SUSTAINABLE CITIES

Smart Cities

Multi-flow interactions; Rapp Source : Project Smart City

EDF R&D

French Environment and Energy Management

Agency (ADEME)


ICE/BUGGEAP [F]

Tracés Urbains [F]

Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération [F]

Agence d’Urbanisme de la Région Mulhousienne

(AURM)

Agence Locale de la Maîtrise de l’Energie

(ALME)

PROJEC

TS




58 59PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS

It is my pleasure to congratulate the European Institute of Energy Research (EIFER) on its 10 years of existence.

The scientists of EIFER work in Karlsruhe on solutions for the challenges which climate change places on cities and communities worldwide today. They thereby create perspectives for city development and energy management from tomorrow. Karlsruhe, because of its geographical location on the Upper Rheine is particularly concerned. On the other hand it is this proximity to France makes transnational co-operation possible at all. The singular connection of the innovative enjoyment of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the practical solutions of Europe’s largest generator of electricity, Electricité de France (EDF), take the role of the pioneer in this area.

EIFER finds itself as part of the technology region Karlsruhe in an excellent neighbourhood. Karlsruhe is part of a unique scientific and innovative network of interdisciplinary energy research. Here, the relevant participants from the economic, research and society meet in order to develop measures and strategies for a lasting energy production and usage. EIFER thereby also supplies the basis for the future protection of our quality of life.

In the past 10 years the success story of the institute is an expression of the productive climate in the scientific city of Karlsruhe. In order that future challenges will be met, we work intensively with the scientific offices of the city of Karlsruhe to advance the networking of the partners and to establish Karlsruhe as a prominent European centre of energy research. In this sense, I wish the European Institute of Energy Research all the best for the future.

Margret MergenMayoress of Karlsruhe

60 61

Greis, S., Schulz, J., Müller, U. (2010). Water Management of a Thermal Power Plant - A Site-Specific Approach concerning Climate Change. In: Management of Weather and Climate Risk in the Energy Industry. Ed.: A. Troccoli, pp. 267-80. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Grunert, A., zorn, R., Lelait, L. (2010). L'énergie géothermique en Afrique: un potentiel, des limites. In: L'électricité au coeur des défis africains: Manuel sur l'électrification en Afrique. Ed.: C Heuraux, pp. 79-85. Paris: Karthala.

Herold, S. (2010). Un exemple d'efficacité énergétique appliquée aux ménages. In: L'électricité au coeur des défis africains: Manuel sur l'électrification en Afrique. Ed.: C Heuraux, pp. 131-5. Paris: Karthala.

Herold, S. (2010). Le cas particulier du périurbain In: L'électricité au cœur des défis africains: Manuel sur l'électrification en Afrique. Ed.: C Heuraux, pp. 175-85. Paris: Karthala.

Koch, A. (2010). Siedlung und Gebäude – das bauliche Umfeld des Wärme-konsums. In: Effiziente und konsistente Strukturen - Rahmenbedingungen für die Nutzung von Wärmeenergie in Privathaushalten. Ed.: A Koch, T Jenssen, Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Risiko- und Nachhaltigkeitsforschung. vol 16, pp. 4-27., Universität Stuttgart.

Lewald, N. (2010). DESERTEC: Un Éléphant blanc solaire? In: L'électricité au coeur des défis africains: Manuel sur l'électrification en Afrique. Ed.: C Heuraux, pp. 341-8. Paris: Karthala.

zahid, M., Schefold, J., Brisse, A. (2010). High Temperature Water Electrolysis Using Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: a Review. In: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications. Ed.: PD Stolten, pp. 227-42. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbG & Co. KGaA.

Koch, A., Jenssen, T., eds. (2010). Effiziente und konsistente Strukturen - Rahmenbedingungen für die Nutzung von Wärmeenergie in Privathaushalten, Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Risiko- und Nachhaltigkeitsforschung, Universität vol. 16. Stuttgart.

Place, J. (2010). Caractérisation des chemins de circulations de fluides dans le réseau poreux d'un batholite granitique. Application au site géothermique de Soultz-sous-Forêts. PhD thesis. University, Strasbourg. 364 pp.

Mimler, S. (2010). Climate change and electricity consumption in Baden-Wuerttem-berg. The effects of long-term temperature evolutions and extreme hot weather events on the demand for electricity. In: R. Baumhauer, B. Hahn, H. Job, H. Paeth, J. Rauh, B. Terhorst (eds.). Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten, vol. 105. Würzburg. 154 pp.

EDITED BOOK

THESIS

>

PUBLICATION LIST

Boutaud, B. (2009). Quartier durable ou éco-quartier? Cybergeo: European journal of geography, URL : http://cybergeo.revues.org/22583.

Faes, A., Nakajo, A., Hessler-Wysser, A., Dubois, D., Brisse, A., Modena, S., Van Herle, J. (2009). Redox study of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources, 196: 55-6.

Lalanne, C., Mauvy, F., Bassat, JM., Grenier, JC., Brisse, A., Sauvet, AL., Barthet, C., Fouletier, J. (2009). Electrochemical study of the Nd1.95NiO4+d oxide electrolyte interface. Solid State Ionics. 180:1183-89.

Castagno, F. (2009). New challenges for solid biomass in Europe. Forum Geoökologie 20: 34-37.

Castagno, F., Viejo, P., Linder, S. (2009). System dynamics for the German pellets market. Pellets Magazin, 04/2009: 38-40.

Konrad, C., Obé, E., Frey, H. (2009). Distributed generation potential in the German residential sector. Cogeneration & On-Site Power. 10:59-65.

Khani, z., Marrony, M. et al. (2009). New synthesis of nano-powders of H+ conducting materials. A route to densified proton ceramics. J. Solid State chemistry 182:790-98.

Letilly, M., Marrony, M. et al. (2009). Validation of BIT07 as SOFC electrolyte with Nd2NiO4, LSM and LSCF as cathode. Fuel Cells 9: 622-9.

2009

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Marrony, M. (2009). Lifetime prediction of fuel cells. Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources 9:410-20.

Grenier, J-C., Mauvy, F., Lalanne, C., Bassat, J-M., Chauveau, F., Mougin, J., Dailly, J. and Marrony, M. (2009)."A2MO4 oxides: flexible materials for solid oxide cells" ECS Transactions, 25 (2) (2009) 2537-2546.

Moçotéguy, P., Ludwig, B., Scholta, J., Barrera, R., Ginocchio, S. (2009). Long Term Testing in Continuous Mode of HT-PEMFC Based H3PO4/PBI Celtec-P MEAs for l-CHPApplications. Fuel Cells. 9:325-48.

Schefold, J., Brisse, A., zahid, M. (2009). Electronic conduction of yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte in solid oxide cells operated in high temperature water electrolysis. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156:897-904.

Yousfi-Steiner, N., Moçotéguy, P., Candusso, D., Hissel, D. (2009). A review on PEM Fuel Cell catalyst degradation and starvation issues: causes, consequences and diagnostic for mitigation, Journal of Power Sources 194:130-45.

zorn, R., Kölbel, Th., Steger, H., Jäger, A., Wölflik, O. (2009). Schnee- und Eisfreihaltung mittels innovativer Wärmerohrtechnik. bbr Fachmagazin für Brunnen- und Leitungsbau 60:94-8.

Brisse, A., Schefold, J., Stoots, C., O'Brien, J. (2010). Electrolysis Using Fuel Cell Technology. In: Innovation in Fuel Cell Technologies. Ed.: W Lehnert, R Steinberger-Wilckens, pp. 267-86. London, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry Energy Series.

2010

BOOK SECTION

62 63

Moçotéguy, P., Ludwig B., Scholta, J., Nedellec, Y., Jones, D.J., Rozière, J. (2010). Long Term Testing in Dynamic Mode of HT-PEMFC H3PO4/PBI Celtec-P Based Membrane Electrode Assemblies for micro-CHP Applications. Fuel Cells 10: 299-311.

Place, J., Diraison, M., Naville, C., Géraud, Y., Schaming, M., Dezayes, C. (2010). Decoupling of deformation in the Upper Rhine Graben sediments. Seismic reflection and diffraction on 3-component Vertical Seismic Profiling (Soultz-sous-Forêts area). Comptes Rendus Geoscience 342: 575-86.

Rabl, A., Spadaro, J. V., Bachmann, T. M. (2010). Health impacts and costs of trace pollutants. Environnement, Risques et Santé 9: 136-50.

Ronga-Pezeret, S., Payre, C., Mandin, C., Bonvallot, N., Fiori, M., Lambrozo, J., Glorennec, P. (2010). Prise en compte du bruit de fond chimique environnementaldans les évaluations réglementaires françaises des risques sanitaires. Environnement, Risques & Santé 9: 517-26.

Roth, U. and Konrad, C. (2010). "Nachhaltig optimierte Bioenergie für den Landkreis Biberach." EnBW Zeitung.

Sausse, J., Dezayes, C., Dorbath, L., Genter, A., Place, J. (2010). 3D model of fracture zones at Soultz-sous-Forêts based ongeological data, image logs, induced microseismicity and vertical seismic profiles. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 342: 531-45.

Schraube, C. (2010). Biomass home heating systems - Long-term monitoring of pellet boilers. Bioenergy International (French edition) n° 12: 17-20.

Schraube, C. (2010). Suivi de chaudières à granulés couplées à du solaire. Bioénergie International N°12.

Sliz-Szkliniarz, B., Vogt, J. (2010). GIS-based Approach For The Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential. A Case Study For The Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 1696-707.

Taillades, G., Dailly, J., Taillades-Jacquin, M., Mauvy, F., Essouhmi, A., Marrony, M., Lalanne, C., Fourcade, S., Jones, D. J., Grenier, J. C., Rozière, J. (2010). Intermediate Temperature Anode-Supported Fuel Cell Based on BaCe0.9Y0.1O3 Electrolyte with Novel Pr2NiO4 Cathode. Fuel Cells 1: 166-73.

Yousfi Steiner, N., Candusso, D., Hissel, D., Moçoteguy, P. (2010). Model-based diagnosis for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 81: 158-70.

Yousfi Steiner, N., Hissel, D., Moçotéguy, P., Candusso, D. (2010). Non intrusive diagnosis of polymer electrolyte fuel cells by wavelet packet transform. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36: 740-6.

Wang, K., Hissel, D., Péra, M.-C.,Yousfi Steiner, N., Marra, D., Sorrentino, M., Pianese, C., Monteverde, M., Cardone, P., Saarinen, J. (2010). "A review on solid oxyde fuel cell models." Journal of Power Sources.

zorn, R., Kölbel, T., Rettenmaier, D. (2010). Geothermiekraftwerk Bruchsal: Erste Messergebnisse. bbr - Fachmagazin für Brunnen- und Leitungsbau, May 2010 50-5.

>

Bougnol, P., Imbert, P., Chartres, S., Normand, O. (2010). Modélisation énergétique de la plateforme PREMIO. REE (Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electrotechnique): 8 pp.

Dailly, J., Fourcade, S., Largeteau, A., Mauvy, F., Grenier, J. C., Marrony, M. (2010). Perovskite and A2MO4-type oxides as new cathode materials for Protonic Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Electrochimica Acta 55: 5847-53.

Dailly, J., Mauvy, F., Marrony, M., Pouchard, M., Grenier, J. C. (2010). Electrochemical properties of perovskite and A2MO4-type oxides used as cathodes in protonic ceramic half cells. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 15: 245-51.

Desaigues, B., Ami, D., Bartczak, A., Braun-Kohlová, M., Chilton, S., Czajkowski, M., Farreras, V. I., Hunt, A., Hutchison, M., Jeanrenaud, C., Kaderjak, P., Máca, V., Markiewicz, O., Markowska, A., Metcalf, H., Navrud, S., Nielsen, J. S., Ortiz, R. A., Pellegrini, S., Rabl, A., Riera, R., Scasny, M., Stoeckel, M.-E., Szántó, R., Urban, J. (2010). Economic valuation of air pollution mortality: A 9-country contingent valuation survey of value of a life year (VOLY). Ecological Indicators 11: 902-10.

Fu, Q., Mabilat, C., zahid, M., Brisse, A., Gautier, L. (2010). Syngas production via high-temperature steam/CO2 co-electrolysis: an economic assessment. Energy & Environmental Science 3: 1382-97.

Fu, Q., Sebold, D., Tietz, F., Buchkremer, H.-P. (2010). Electrodeposited cobalt coating on Crofer22APU steels for inter-connect applications in solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ionics. Accepted. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2010.03.010

Géraud, Y., Rosener, M., Surma, F., Place, J., Le Garzic, É., Diraison, M. (2010). Physical properties of fault zones within a granite body: Example of the Soultz-sous-Forêts geothermal site. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 342: 566-74.

Huber, A. (2010). Donner envie de faire des économies d'énergie. Journal de l'Environnement: 1 p.

Huber, A. (2010). Sensibiliser les habitants aux économies d'énergie. Actualités habitat N° 898: 2 pp.

Jestin, L., Wyrwa, A., Stężały, A., zyśk, J., Pluta, M., Śliż, B. (2010). Environmental Challenges of the Polish Energy Sector. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 19: 331-5.

Khani, z., Taillades-Jacquin, M., Taillades, G., Jones, D. J., Marrony, M., Rozière, J. (2010). Preparation of Nanoparticle Core-Shell Electrolyte Materials for Proton Ceramic Fuel Cells. Journal of Chem. Mat. 22: 1119-25.

Leucht, M. (2010). Soziale Akzeptanz von Tiefer Geothermie in Deutschland - das Meinungsbild in den Printmedien. bbr - Fachmagazin für Brunnen- und Leitungsbau - Tiefe Geothermie Sonderheft 2010: 42-9.

Löffler, M. (2010). Effizienzsteigerung von Wärmepumpen durch Anpassung der Temperaturspreizung an die des Heizsystems - ökonomische Bilanz. KI Kälte Luft Klimatechnik 2010: 22-7.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

64 65

>

Sieber née Schulz, J. (2011). "Adaptation Options and Decision-Support for Electricity Infrastructure Operators under Influence of Extreme Hydro-Meteorological Events." Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM-Journal) Vol. 1, No. 2, 10 pp.

Heyder, M. and Koch, A. (2011). "Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierung von Stadtquartieren als Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung." Forum der Geoökologie, 22, pp 34-38.

Koch, A. and Neumann, M. (2011). "Das neue DGNB-Zertifizierungsprofil „Neubau nachhaltige Stadt-quartiere“ - Leitfaden für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung." green building, 10, pp. 34-39

Sliz-Szkliniarz, B. and Vogt, J. (2011). "GIS-based approach for the evaluation of wind energy potential: A case study for the Kujawsko–Pomorskie Voivodeship." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(3): 1696-1707.

Bernard d'Arbigny, J., Taillades, G., Marrony, M., Jones, D., Rozière, J. (2011). "Hollow microspheres with a tungsten carbide kernel for PEMFC application." Chem. Comm.

Dailly, J., Pouchard, F. M., Marrony, M., Grenier, J-C. (2011). "Electrochemical properties of perovskite and A2MO4-type oxides used as cathodes in protonic ceramic." J Solid State Electrochem pp. 245-251.

Yousfi Steiner, N., Hissel, D., Moçotéguy, P., Candusso, D. (2011). "Diagnosis of polymer electrolyte fuel cells failure modes

(flooding & drying out) by neural networks modeling." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, pp. 3067-3075.

Yousfi Steiner, N., Hissel, D., Moçotéguy, P., Candusso, D. (2011). "Non intrusive diagnosis of polymer electrolyte fuel cells by wavelet packet transform." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, pp. 740-746.

Leucht, M. (2011). "Soziale Akzeptanz von Energietechnologie-Innovationen - Intersdisziplinarität in der Energieforschung." revue d´Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande, tome 43 numéro1, Janvier-Mars 2011.

Heyder, M. and Koch, A. (2011). "Geoökologie - Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierung von Stadtquartieren als Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung." Forum der Geoökologie (1/2011), pp. 34-38.

Mayer I., Schneider, V., Wagemann, C. (2011). "Energieeffizienz in privaten Haushalten im internationalen Vergleich. Eine Policy-Wirkungsanalyse mit QCA. (Energy Efficiency in Private Households in International Comparison. A Policy Impact Analysis with QCA)." Politische Vierteljahresschrift, pp. 399-423.

Aich, V., Strauch, U., Sieck, K., Leyens, D., Jacob, D., and Paeth, H. (2011). Development of Wet-Bulb-Temperatures in Germany with special regard to conventional thermal Power Plants using Wet Cooling Towers: Meteologische Zeitschrift, v. 20, p. 601-614.

Greis, S., Strauch, U., and Rothstein, B. (2011). Untersuchungen zur Gewässertemperaturentwicklung aus-gewählter Flüsse mit thermischen Kraftwerksstandorten in Deutschland: KW Korrespondenz Wasserwirtschaft, v. 4, p. 35-40.

Bachmann, T.M. (2011). Optimal pollution: the welfare economic approach to correct market failures. In: Encyclopedia on Environmental Health. Ed.: J. O. Nriagu, pp. 264-74, Burlington, Elsevier.

Rabl, A., J. V. Spadaro, Bachmann, T. M. (2011). Monetary valuation of trace pollutants. In: Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Ed.: J. O. Nriagu, pp. 856-869, Elsevier.

Schulz, J. (2011). GIS-based flood risk management for thermal power plants in Germany. In: The economic, social and political elements of climate change. Ed.: W. Leal Filho, pp. 301-309, Berlin, Springer

Giulio, A. D., T. Brohmann, J. Clausen, R.C. Defila, D. Fuchs, R. Kaufmann-Hayoz, A. Koch, I. Stieß. (2011). Bedürfnisse und Konsum – ein Begriffssystem und dessen Bedeutung im Kontext nachhaltigen Konsums. In: Wesen und Wege nachhaltigen Konsums. Ergebnisse aus dem Themenschwerpunkt »Vom Wissen zum Handeln - Neue Wege zum nachhaltigen Konsum«. Ed.: R. Defila, A. D. Giulio and R. Kaufmann-Hayoz, pp. 47-71, München, oekom.

2011

BOOK SECTION

Koch, A. and zech, D. (2011). Wirkungsanalyse im Rahmen des Wärmekonsums - Nutzerverhalten und thermische Energienutzung. In: Wesen und Wege nachhaltigen Konsums. Ergebnisse aus dem Themenschwerpunkt »Vom Wissen zum Handeln - Neue Wege zum nachhaltigen Konsum«.Ed.: R. Defila, A. D. Giulio and R. Kaufmann-Hayoz, pp. 383-396, München, oekom.

Kremers, E., Viejo, P., Lewald, N., Gonzales de Durana, J.M. (2011). Agent-Based Simulation of Wind Farm Generation at Multiple Time Scales. Wind Farm - Impact in Power System and Alternatives to Improve the Integration. G. O. Suvire, Intech.

Rode, P., Burdett R., Soares Gonçales, J.C., Koch, A., Girard, S. (2011). Buidlings: Investing in energy and resource efficiency. In: Green Economy Report. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Nairobi, Kenya.

Wang, K., Hissel, D., Péra, M.-C., Yousfi Steiner, N., Marra, D., Sorrenti-no, M., Pianese, C., Monteverde, M., Cardone, P., Saarinen, J. (2011). A review on solid oxide fuel cell models. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Volume 36, Issue 12, June 2011, Pages 7212-7228

Desaigues, B., Ami, D., Bartczak, A., Braun-Kohlová, M., Chilton, S., Czajkowski, M., Farreras,V. I., Hunt, A., Hutchison, M., Jeanrenaud, C., Kaderjak, P., Máca, V., Markiewicz, O., Markowska, A., Metcalf, H., Navrud, S., Nielsen, J. S., Ortiz, R. A., Pellegrini, S., Rabl, A., Riera, R., Scasny, M., Stoeckel, M.-E., Szántó, R.,Urban, J. (2011)."Economic valuation of air pollution mortality: A 9-country contingent valuation survey of value of a life year (VOLY)" Ecological Indicators 11(3), pp. 902-910, 28.12.2010.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

zorn, R., Kölbel, T., Steger, H., Orywall, P. (2010). Schnee- und Eisfreihaltung mittels innovativer Wärmerohrtechnik. bbr - Fachmagazin für Brunnen- und Leitungsbau, Sonderheft 2010 94-7.

66 67

PATENTS

WO2011048307 “Interconnector for a high temperature solid oxide fuel cell and electrolyser “(Zahid M., Saoutieff E.) (2011).

FR2961582 “Brûleur anti-machefer” (Castagno F., Al-Nasrawi B., Chopin F., Rogaume Y.) (2011).

WO2010149935 “Detection of defects in an electrochemical device” (Yousfi-Steiner, N., Moçotéguy, P., Gautier, L., Hissel, D., Candusso, D.) (2009).

EP2270914 “Fuel cell with built-in hydrogen purification membrane” (Marrony, M., Aslanides, A.) (2009).

WO2010146311 “Production of self-supporting ceramic materials having a reduced thickness and containing metal oxides” (Zahid, M., Rieu, M., Estournes, C., Lenormand, P., Ansart, F.) (2009).

EP1840191 “Biomass gasification installation with device for cracking tar in the produced synthesis gas” (Kaikov, I., Bourtourault, G., Lelait, L., Khomenko, N.) (2006).

WO2008043943 “Electrochemical device comprising a proton-conducting ceramic electrolyte” (Stevens, P., Joubert, O., Piffard, Y., Caldes-Rouillon, M. T., Delahaye, T.) (2006).

DE102006047948 “Stirling engine with heat exchanger to replace regenerators” (Kaikov, I., Henckes, L., Lelait, L., Khomenko, N.) (2005).

W02007115769 "Piston steam engine having internal flash vaporisation of a working medium" (Loeffler, M.) (2005).

WO2006067156 “Membrane for the filtration of molecular gases such as hydrogen, and preparation method thereof” (Lelait, L., Stevens, P., Gautier, L., Soudarev, A. V., Konakov, V. G., Souryaninov, A. A., Tikhoplav, V. Y.) (2004).

WO2006016068 “Method for preparing an anionic conductive organic polymer material for an electrochemical system” (Akrour, L., Gautier, L., Bouet, J., Fauvarque, J.-F.) (2004).

WO2005099003 “Oxide material and a fuel cell electrode containing said material” (Stevens, P., Boehm, E., Bassat, J.-M., Mauvy, F., Grenier, J.-C.) (2004).

WO2006008390 “Method and device for water electrolysis comprising a special oxide electrode material” (Stevens, P., Lalane, C., Bassat, J.-M., Mauvy, F., Grenier, J.-C.) (2004).

WO2004091032 “Borophosphilicate-based composite material which can be used to create an electrolyte membrane and method for the production thereof” (Morin, A., Gautier, L., Deabate, S., Jones, D., Rozière, J., Mosdale, R.) (2003).

WO2004113253 “Method for preparing layers of oxides of metallic elements” (Gaudon, M., Laberty-Robert, C., Ansart, F., Stevens, P.) (2003).

WO2005045961 “Solid oxide battery anode based on a specific cermet and solid oxide battery containing the same” (Stevens, P., Joubert, O., Piffard Y., Brohan, L., Caldes-Rouillon, M.-T.) (2003).

WO2004022921 “Gas turbine with radial-type turbine wheel” (Lelait, L.) (2002).

Girard, S. and Koch, A. (2011). Passive Solar Energy Use. forthcoming - Encyclopedia of Energy. Ed.: M. A. Pierce. Pasadena, Salem Press.

Heyder, M., Huber, A., Koch, A. (2012). Nachhaltigkeit in Stadtquartieren zwischen standardisierter Planung und kontextbezogenen Prozessen. In: Nachhaltige Quartiersplanung. Ed.: M. Drilling, O. Schnur. VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Wiesbaden.

zech, D. and Koch, A. (2011). Wirkungsanalyse des Nutzerverhaltens – thermische Energie-nutzung in Wohngebäuden. In: Die Nutzung der Wärmeenergie in Privathaushalten. Eine Herausforderung für die Nachhaltigkeit. -

2012

BOOK SECTION

Sliz-Szkliniarz, B. and Vogt, J. (2012). "A GIS-based approach for evaluating the potential of biogas production from livestock manure and crops at a regional scale: A case study for the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16(1): 752-763.

Comminges, C., Fu, Q., zahid, M., Yousfi Steiner, N.,Bucheli, O. (2012). "Monitoring the degradation of a solid oxide fuel cell stack during 10 000 hours via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy." Electrochimica Acta, Volume 59, Pages 367-375.

Schefold, J., Brisse, A. and Tietz, F. (2012).“Nine Thousand Hours of Operation of a Solid Oxide Cell in Steam Electrolysis Mode”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 159 (2) A137-A144.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Strauch, U. (2011). Wassertemperaturbedingte Leistungseinschränkungen konventioneller thermischer Kraftwerke in Deutschland und die Entwicklung rezenter und zukünftiger Flusswassertemperaturen im Kontext des Klimawandels. In: R. Baumhauer, B. Hahn, H. Job, H. Paeth, J. Rauh, B. Terhorst (eds.). Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten, vol. 106. Würzburg. 154 pp.

Sieber, J. (submitted 2011). Impacts of Extreme Hydro-Meteorological Events on Electricity Generation and Possible Adaptation Measures - A GIS-based Approach for Environmental Risk Management in Germany. Doctoral Thesis, 184 pages, Institut für Geographie. Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.

THESIS

Wärmeenergie im Spannungsfeld von sozialen Bestimmungs-faktoren, ökonomischen Bedingungen und ökologischem Bewusstsein. Ed.: D. Gallego Carrera, O. Renn, S. Wassermann, W. Weimer-Jehle, pp. 161-176. Wiesbaden, Vieweg+Teubner.

68 69

“MESSAGES FROM ALUMNI”

For me, EIFER means a fantastic human adventure in which a few people gave the best of themselves to build stone by stone a reseacher institute from scratch.From this adventure, I learned that in a climate of trust and with some autonomy, people can achieve the most ambitious tasks.

For the future, I wish EIFER keeps the entrepreneurial spirit that its founders wanted to give it.

What did EIFER mean for you in terms of professional experience ?

What do you wish for the future of EIFER?

Period at EIFER Position at EIFERCompany and position before EIFER Company and position after EIFER

2001 – 2005 DirectorHead of the Material Department of EDF/R&D

Director of the Center for Environmental Services of Fenice, ItalyCurrently Director of the EDF R&D team in USA

Jean-Claude van Duysen

A unique opportunity to work of innovation and important energy issues combining the vision and the competences of EDF with the know-how and the scientific network of the University of Karlsruhe; an exciting experience to contribute to the launching phase of a start-up; a personal international experience in an open and friendly atmosphere.

To keep its position as recognised partner in Europe on its research topics; to build a bridge between France and Germany in the center of Europe at the time when energy policies are at stakes and when huge investments are under discussion; to continue to be a reference and a symbol for the international development of EDF R&D.



Period at EIFERPosition at EIFERCompany and position before EIFER Company and position after EIFER

02/2002 – 12/2004

Research EngineerCommercial engineer at Erdgas Erdoel GmbH in Berlin, working on the deve-lopment of new gas storage projects

Optimisation Engineer at EDF Gas Division in Paris responsible for the mid-term optimisation of EDF gas portfolioCurrently at EDF Energy in the Gas Division

Didier Rabaland

This EIFER experience was an extraordinary one for at least 3 reasons: the launching of such a research institute from scratch was both a challenging and an enthusiastic task; the collaboration with the institutes of University of Karlsruhe has deeply enriched our approach; the growing international dimension of EIFER has provided a diversity of competences and methodologies to the projects.

For the future I wish to EIFER to be inspired by the last 10 years, both from its foundors and by the past project references. Even more important, I wish for the current EIFER staff to continue to set their own stamp with the aim to overcome the obvious and still believe that everything is possible. The current energy challenges require that research institutes as EIFER bring their unique vision. Continue inventing the future while transcending the present.




09/2002 – 08/2006

Leader of Sustainable Development

EDF Recherche & Developpement, Group leader

EDF Energy – London ESCOHead of Sustainable solutions

Philippe Cers

An exciting career start within an engaged team; high degree of autonomy in a friendly working environment; a unique research learning experience.

To reinforce its local anchorage, to deepen its presence in the region and within Europe, to maintain the dynamics of its double french-german identity enriched by a highly diverse staff.



Period at EIFER Position at EIFERCompany and position before EIFER Company and position after EIFER

04/2003 – 12/2006

Research Engineer - Energy Planning

Graduate In charge of solar PV at Ecotral (Energy services company of ES Group)

Gilles Poyac

It was the beginning of my professional career and I had the opportunity to work in a multicultural ambient where I tried to copy the best of each nationality.

To build new research institutes in other countries like Spain, where there is a big potential of sun energy.



Period at EIFER

04/2003 – 01/2008

Position at EIFERCompany and position before EIFER Company and position after EIFERPhD Student and Research Engineer (SOFC)

Fraunhofer ICT. Research Engineer Development Engineer at BOSCH

Maria Jose García

Dynamism and diversity in terms of competences, cultures and research questions.

Continuing to be a „Think Tank“ for EDF, to one of the leading European Energy Companies. Beeing one of the leading research institutes in Europe.




06/2003 – 12/2010

Group Leader „Energy in Urban Context“

Researcher at the Karlsruher Internatio-nal Technologies (KIT), French-German Institute for Environmental Research

Professor for International Energy Management, Karlshochschule International University

Nurten Avci

EIFER offered me the opportunity to create and develop an innovative, new research area. From this interdisciplinary work I benefit until now!

EIFER should continue to be the creative connection between Germany and France within an international research area.




03/2004 – 09/2007

Project Manager on projects about Climate Change

Consultant; The Association of Engineers (VDI), VDI-Technology Center GmbH , Future Technologies Division, Duesseldorf/Germany

Professor of Resource Economics; Head of Bachelor Course BioenergyUniversity of Applied Sciences Rottenburg

Benno Rothstein

70 71

EIFER‘s experience has been an extraordinary one, combining new research approaches, international environment and the management of a very fast growing period for EIFER. It‘s been a challenging experience where all achievements have been reached because of a strong wish of all the staff to move forward.

My best wish for the future is to maintain the entrepreneurship spirit alive, which allowed EIFER to become a well-recognized research center in Europe.



Period at EIFER

09/2005 – 09/2009

Position at EIFERCompany and position before EIFER Company and position after EIFERGroup Manager & Deputy Director

EDF R&D - Group Manager EDF Inc. - Innovation Director North America

Antoine Aslanides

EIFER represented a great opportunity to work on the challenges of energy with a multi-disciplinary approach.

Without any doubt EIFER provided me not only a unique professional experience but also a nice personnal adventure.

I hope that EIFER will continue to be recognized through its projects and partnerships. In short, all the best for EIFER and happy anniversary!!!



Period at EIFER

09/2006 – 09/2010

Position at EIFERCompany and position before EIFER Company and position after EIFERR&D project manager on Biomass

Tate & Lyle, Responsible for O&M of a cogeneration power plant

AREVA Renewable, Bioenergy T&I program manager

Florian Castagno

EIFER has been a very fruitfull work environment for me, due to its many transversal research topics and projects. It gave me a work environment which enabled me to expand my competencies and deepen my research interests, giving me a very valuable professional background.

To reach the status of a worldwide recognized research insitute, and succed to accompany cities and regions in tackling the many challenges on the path for a different future. To hold it status as up-front research insitute, keeping a multi-cultural and multi-disciplinary staff.




2006 – 2011Research Engineer in geo-simulation

Student at Karlsruhe Insitute of Technology

EDF R&D - Asia Pacific Direction, China division, Beijing

Christian Keim

A new experience in an young dynamic internatio-nal team. Involvment in a research field which takles the questions of energy supply in the near future.

I wish my colleagues at EIFER to be able to continue to work on the very many interesting topics, where we could gain good national and international reputation. A stable strategy shall be ever so important for the staff motivation and therefore for EIFER‘s success.




10/2007 – 01/2012

Project manager Distributed Generation

Regional planner for the regions of the Northern Black Forest

Project manager Distributed Generation and Renewables at RBSwave- EnBW

Christoph Konrad

72 73

Al-Nasrawi, Boris

Bachmann, Till

Bahu, Jean-Marie

Bardeau, Guillaume

Bippes, Isabell

Bolduan, Rainer

Bomhard, Jakob

Boutaud, Benoit

Brisse, Annabelle

Brulé, Mathieu

Butscher, Gerard

Casciani, Fabrice

Cassat, Maxime

Cladt, Francis

Colomar, David

Copreaux, Jean

Dailly, Julian

Dieckhoff, Lea

Dimier, Alain

2002 2006 2009

Eggert, Michael

Esposito, Angelo

Esteve, Clara

Eyler, David

Fehrenbach, Daniel

Feis, Alessandro

Fichet, Vincent

Franceschi, Joelle

Friedmann, Raphael

Fu, Qingxi

Fulda, Anne-Sophie

Gautier, Ludmila

Giehl, Angelika

Girault, Pascal

Goetz, Alessandra

Häfele, Sebastian

Heimann, David, Johannes

Heyder, Monika

Hoffmann, Bastian

Huber, Andreas

Huttenloch, Petra

Imbert, Pierre

Jäger, Christof Tobias

Jeandel, Elodie Caroline

Jung, Thomas

Kaikov, Igor

van der Kamp, Jonathan

Karl, Ute

Khalfi, Az-Eddine

Koch, Andreas

Kodjamanova, Petia

Köhler, geb. Grunert, Anja Gundula

Kremers, Enrique

Laborgne, Pia

Leucht, Martina

Lewald, Norbert

Linder, Susanne

EIFER-STAFF

2011

Lochmann, Corinna

Löffler, Michael

Ludwig, Bastian

Le Marre, Pierre

Marrony, Mathieu

Marteel, Lucile

de Martel, Emmanuel

Mayer, Ines

McKoen, Kevin

Meidl, Philipp

Mermond, Yannick

Mirakyan, Atom

Moçotéguy, Philippe

Morandi, Anne

Mousseau, Benjamin

Murshed, Syed Monjur

Nadjarian, Marc

Nogues, Patrice

Obé, Elisabeth

Payre, Camille

Peter, Markus

Petipas, Floriane

Petrosyan, Lusine

Rapp, Florian

Rat-Fischer, Christoph

Reiß, Andreas

Schaus, Inga

Schefold, Josef

Schlabach, Volker

Schmidt, Susanne

Schraube, Christian

Seidelt, Stephan

Sevenet, Marie

Sieber, Jeannette

Sipowicz, Maria

Skok, Joanna

Sliz-Skliniarz, Beata

Souleymanou, Adamou

Steffen, Michael

Steiner, Nadia

Stockmann, Heike

Stoeckel, Marie-Eve

Strittmatter, Jörg

Tabet, Fouzi

Thomas, Yoann

Tranchita, Carolina

Ukelis, Olaf

Verdier, Laetitia

Veynandt, Aurélie

Viejo Garcia, Pablo

Wirges, Johannes

Zorn, Roman

EIFER European Institute for Energy Research EDF-KIT Emmy-Noether-Str. 11 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany Phone: +49 721 6105-1330 E-mail: [email protected]

· pdf filea research organisation with the university of karlsruhe in the form of a european...

Documents