Research ArticleResearch on Rapid Detection Electrochemical Sensor-AssistedTextile Art Design

Chuan Guo

College of Fashion and Art, Hubei Institute of Fine Arts, Hubei, Wuhan 430205, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Chuan Guo; 20181875@hifa.edu.cn

Received 26 August 2021; Accepted 9 September 2021; Published 23 September 2021

Academic Editor: Guolong Shi

Copyright © 2021 Chuan Guo. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Electrochemical sensor is a detection means that integrates electrochemical analysis technology with sensor technology. In thispaper, we analyze the superiority of electrochemical sensors and the achievements made by electrochemical sensors in otherrelated fields and argue the great impact of electrochemical sensors on modern industrial production and people’s life; wepresent the unique application of electrochemical sensors in textile art and its supporting design with the development ofelectrochemical sensor-assisted textile art and its supporting design and analyze the current situation of textile art anddevelopment requiring technological innovation, rapid detection of electrochemical sensor-assisted design, and thecorresponding improvement of the quality and quality of the design. Also, we focus on the combination of design and art,using the characteristics of electrochemical sensors, the artistic expression, and functional enhancement, focusing on the spacesupporting the artistic effect. In this paper, two fibers, PU and PU/PAN-SPA, were designed with the aid of electrochemicalsensors for rapid detection and tested for their water absorption, moisture permeability, air permeability, and mechanicalproperties, all of which performed well and can be used as good materials for textile art design. The use of electrochemicalsensors to assist in the design of suitable textile fiber materials according to artistic expression techniques can better stimulatethe artist’s creative inspiration and release more contemporary artistic energy.

1. Introduction

In the twenty-first century, textile art, as a traditional artdiscipline with a long history, began to face another transfor-mation in the process of development of the times—the“technological turn.” The transformation of traditional tex-tile art to technology has led textile artists to focus theirvision on more cutting-edge science and technology, seekinga more open horizon for textile art. The development of tech-nology, the extension of materials, the innovation of forms,and the transmission of emotions have become the mainissues of concern for textile art in the new era. With the prog-ress of science and technology in modern society, the sensoras a new type of detection technology has also been devel-oped by leaps and bounds. Sensors can detect the informa-tion of the measured substance and transform it into anelectrical signal or other forms of information output, whichcan meet the needs of information transmission, processing,

storage, display, recording, and control [1], which can bedivided into physical sensors and chemical sensors becauseof the different external information and change effects.Physical sensors are devices that convert detected physicalquantities such as light, sound, and temperature into electri-cal signals, while chemical sensors are sensor devices thatrespond to the type and concentration of specific chemicalsubstances and output them as electrical signals.

As an important branch of chemical sensor, an electro-chemical sensor is a device that can respond to chemical orbiological information of analyte and convert it into an electri-cal signal for qualitative and quantitative analysis, which isgenerally composed of an identification element system (sen-sitive element) and conversion element system (converter),after the target to be measured reacts with the contact of elec-trode system (sensitive element); the conversion element con-verts the material information into being detectable after thetarget to be measured reacts with the electrode system

HindawiJournal of SensorsVolume 2021, Article ID 6573771, 10 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6573771

(sensitive element); the converter element converts the sub-stance information into an electrical signal that can bedetected, then processes and amplifies the signal through theelectrochemical detector, and finally displays the output as adetection signal such as potential, resistance or current [2].To obtain the best detection sensitivity and selectivity, the sen-sitive element is usually fixed to the working electrode surfacein the form of a membrane as a conversion element. In recentyears, electrochemical sensors are necessary for aiding theartistic design of textiles due to their sensitivity, speed, accu-racy, and ease of miniaturization. The vast majority of textilemolecules have an electrochemical response at the electrode,and therefore, electrochemical sensors have a wide range ofapplications in textile quality control, qualitative or quantita-tive analysis of textiles, textile design studies, and textile ana-lytical testing [3]. Textiles are variable, and different surfacecharacteristics and physical properties trigger different visualand tactile sensations. The accuracy of grasping the textureof textile materials affects the hidden inspiration of creators,the formation of creative thinking, and the merits of artworks.Therefore, through the in-depth study of the aesthetic proper-ties and application techniques of textile materials, the artisticexpression of materials is enriched while providing a theoret-ical basis for artistic creation. The study of rapid testing of tex-tile materials with electrochemical sensor technology and arttheory makes our understanding of textile materials morethorough and rational, which is an improvement to the inno-vative use of materials in integrated material art, broadens thefield of the art aesthetic research objects, enables new inspira-tions and expressions to emerge in art creation, and inspirespeople to think deeply about materials in the general environ-ment of integrated material art. The concept of material andthe concept of form are deeply thought. The developmentand innovation of textile material art cannot be separated fromthe in-depth research and summary of the methods and tech-niques ofmaterials. Through in-depth research on the applica-tion methods and techniques of synthetic fiber materials inintegrated material art, textile materials can be appropriatelyused in integratedmaterial painting art, and the characteristicsof the materials can be distinctly presented in the process ofintegrated material art creation based on a comprehensiveand profound understanding of the physical and chemicalproperties and aesthetic properties of textile materials, toachieve the purpose of rapid detection of electrochemical sen-sors. The purpose of assisting textile art design is discussed.

2. Related Work

Conventional textile materials typically consist of inherentlyductile and extensible materials that have limited plasticityor resistance to bending, tensile, and impact loads. A com-mon approach to developing textile material systems is toblend inorganic fillers into soft organic polymers, resultingin a composite textile material that combines the mechanicalproperties of the polymer matrix with the electrical and ther-mal properties of the inorganic dispersed phase. However, alimitation of this approach is that the high concentration offiller required to enhance the electrical or thermal propertiesoften leads to a deterioration of the mechanical properties of

the polymer and causes the said composite to become stifferand less elastic. The rapid detection of changes in variousparts of the textile material by electrochemical sensors allowsfor effective textile art design.

In the textile field, the main branches of nonlinear science,fractals, and chaos are studied in twomain areas, one is the useof fractals and chaos as a research method, for example: study-ing the curl of yarn or the appearance of textiles with the helpof fractal parameters, physical simulation of textiles with thehelp of fractals, and studying the unevenness of yarn stripswith the help of chaos. Another one is the application of non-linear patterns generated based on fractal and chaos theory totextile pattern design. The literature [4] presents a systematicstudy of electrochemical sensors applied to nonlinear patterns(including various types of fractal and chaotic patterns) andmentions the application of these nonlinear patterns to thetextile industry. The literature [5] discussed the possibilitiesand prospects of electrochemical sensors applied to nonlinearpatterns, mainly fractal patterns, from the perspective oftextile pattern design, respectively. The possibility of applyingelectrochemical sensors to textile designs such as carpets isaddressed in the literature [6] while discussing the principlesof generating weakly chaotic images such as uniform randomnets and quasiregular patches. The literature [7] explores theapplication of electrochemical sensors in the design of grainweaves and print patterns, focusing on fractal patterns andthe inclusion of various types of fractal and chaotic patterns.The literature [8] investigated the application of electrochem-ical sensors in nonlinear patterns (including various types offractal and chaotic patterns) and the artistic design of textilepatterns. The literature [9] investigated the application ofelectrochemical sensors in fractal patterns and explored thepossibility and prospects of applying fractal patterns inweaving and printing designs, respectively; the literature [10]applied electrochemical sensors in jacquard and knitted fab-rics to form products. The literature [11] asserts that natureis the best source of design inspiration, listing how designershave explored natural forms from ancient times to the present.The literature [12] combines textile art and science, suggestingthat biological forms invariably have a spiral structure, reveal-ing the nature of aesthetics in life and nature by using thescientific theory of spiral curves. The literature [13] uses themethod of knowledge in the field of mathematics to elaboratethe reasons why textile art presents certain definite forms, andeven the forms that exist are more perfect than the imaginaryones, and it combines art in nature with electrochemical sci-ence, giving a more scientific basis to the beauty of forms innature. The literature [14] combines the design concept ofelectrochemical sensors with practicality to play a vital rolein the grasp of the sense of order in pattern design and tomaintain the unity of order and form in plant form and pat-tern design. The literature [15] describes the dyeing propertiesand dyeing principles of different synthetic fiber materials.The literature [16] comprehensively introduces the physicaland chemical properties, dyeing and finishing methods, pro-duction processes, and production processes of different textilematerials. The literature [17] introduces the characteristics ofdifferent fabrics and the techniques of fabric reconstructionand partly talks about the surface characteristics of synthetic

2 Journal of Sensors

fiber materials, which provides more possibilities for syntheticfiber materials to be used in artistic creation. The literature[18] focused on the physical and chemical properties and dye-ing and finishing auxiliaries of polyester-cotton fabrics withdifferent compositions. The literature [19] provides an impor-tant scientific basis for being able to correctly identify differentsynthetic fiber materials.

3. Research on Rapid DetectionElectrochemical Sensor-Assisted TextileArt Design

3.1. An Investigation of the Principles of Rapid DetectionElectrochemical Sensors Applied to Assist Textile Art Design.The working principle of electrochemical sensors is to con-vert the potential difference signal into other signals bydetecting the potential difference generated by the electro-chemical reaction of the identifier. Electrochemical sensorsare a very common type of chemical sensor. It uses elec-trodes as the sensor conversion element and biological orinorganic material modified on the electrode as the sensitiveelement. The sensitive element is in contact with the ion ormolecule of the measured substance, and a chemical reactionor change occurs, and the conversion element converts thisreaction or changes directly or indirectly into an electricalsignal to establish the relationship between the concentra-tion, composition, and other chemical quantities of the sub-ject matter and the output electrical signal, thus realizing thequantitative detection of the subject matter.

Molecular imprinting technique (MIT), first reported inthe 1970s, is a recognition system that mimics an antigen-antibody or enzyme. The target molecule (or its structuralanalog) is used as the template molecule, and functionalmonomers with specific interactions with the template mole-cule are selected and polymerized by covalent or noncovalentbonding to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer; thetemplate molecule is then eluted with an appropriate solventor removed under certain conditions, leaving stereospecificimprinted pores in the imprinted polymer that is preciselycomplementary to the template molecule in terms of confor-mation, size, and binding sites [20]. Thus, the specific recogni-tion of the target molecule is achieved. As shown in Figure 1,the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers typicallyconsists of three steps: a preassembly process, a polymeriza-tion process, and a template elution process.

According to the different binding modes of functionalmonomers and template molecules, molecular imprintingtechniques can be divided into three categories: the covalentbonding method, the noncovalent bonding method, and thequasicovalent bonding method which is between covalentand noncovalent bonding methods. In the covalent bondingmethod, the functional monomer and the template moleculeare combined in a reversible covalent bond, and the obtainedpolymer has a highly complementary spatial structure withthe template molecule, with strong affinity and selectivity.However, during the recognition of template molecules, theefficiency is low because the covalent bonds are slow to bendand break. In the noncovalent bonding method, the template

molecule is combined with the functional monomer in theform of noncovalent bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, elec-trostatic interactions, π-π interactions, van der Waals forces,and hydrophobic forces, which can form multiple differentsites of action. This method dissociates the adsorption equilib-rium faster and is currently the main research hotspot formolecular imprinting techniques. The quasicovalent bondingmethod combines covalent and noncovalent bondingmethods,but its synthesis and dissociation process is particularly tedious,which greatly limits the development of quasicovalent bondingmethod applications. The combination of molecular imprint-ing technology and electrochemical sensors can significantlyimprove the selectivity of electrochemical sensors, thusenabling the analytical detection of actual complex samples.Using molecularly imprinted membranes as recognition ele-ments, molecularly imprinted sensitive membranes can beobtained by coating, electrochemical polymerization, or in situpolymerization on the surface of the working electrode [21].When the target molecule in the solution selectively recognizesand binds to the matching hole in the molecularly imprintedmembrane on the electrode surface, the electrochemical signalwill change, thus realizing the specific detection of the targetmolecule. Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors arenow used in textile art design, drug analysis, immunoassay,disease marker detection analysis, environmental analysis,and food safety.

The preparation of electrochemical sensors using screen-printing processes has become an important milestone in thedevelopment of electrochemical detection. Compared toconventional rod electrodes, screen-printed electrodes canbe integrated with various portable test systems due to theirsmall size and directly contact and sense the object to bedetected in the environment while avoiding operations suchas sampling and transportation. The preparation process ofscreen-printed electrodes consists of the following opera-tional procedures.

3.1.1. Electrode Design. Electrodes can be designed in either atwo-electrode or three-electrode form. Generally speaking,screen-printed electrodes are more often designed in a three-electrode form, consisting of a working electrode, a counter

Templatemolecule Functional

monomersPre-complex

Rebinding

Assembly

Template removal

Polymerization

Cross-linker

Molecularlyimprintedpolymer

Figure 1: The preparation process of molecularly imprinted polymers.

3Journal of Sensors

electrode (auxiliary electrode), and a reference electrode. Thenumber of working electrodes is increased to meet the needsof simultaneous detection of multiple substances, to modifydifferent substances, or other electrochemical testing methodsfor selective testing. In addition, in commercial electrodes,auxiliary electrodes are added to the design of electrodes tocalculate the current response of interfering substances toimprove the accuracy of the sensor test results. In addition,screen printing techniques can be used to create microarraysof electrodes by wrapping the surface of a screen-printed elec-trode with a polymer material and then etching it using acous-tic chemistry to create a random collection of microelectrodes.Another approach is to use an inert material to print on thesurface of the carbon layer of the screen-printed electrodeand then use laser etching to expose the surface of the carbonlayer, thereby creating micrometer diameter cavities.

3.1.2. Substrate Material. From the electrode material point ofview, the support material (substrate) is of great importancefor the performance as well as the quality of the electrode.From the perspective of design requirements, support mate-rials for screen-printed electrodes can be divided into rigidand flexible materials. Rigid materials are mechanically rigidto provide a solid and flat electrode surface, making the elec-trode itself more durable and less prone to wear. Commonrigid materials include glass, alumina ceramics, aluminumsheets, and some rigid plastics such as polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). An example isa low-cost nanosilver screen-printed glass electrode to detecthydrogen peroxide. The glass substrate of the sensor doesnot need to be modified with an indium tin oxide coating,making the direct use of silver nanoparticles an economicaland simple method. The sensor uses a glass electrode madeof nanosilver ink as the working electrode and detects hydro-gen peroxide in complex samples using cyclic voltammetry. Ithas the advantages of low detection limit (0.3μmol/L), stableelectrode performance, and high reproducibility. In contrast, alabel-free molecular electrode for the detection of textiles wasdeveloped using a ceramic substrate. Low-temperature cofiredceramics were selected as the electrode substrate material dueto their easy fabrication process, high biocompatibility, andhigh-temperature stability. Typically, low-temperature cofiredceramics come in the form of tapes, made using alumina, glassfrit, and organic components, suitable for low-cost processing,and a wide variety of electrode thicknesses are available.

The flexible substrate has a wider range of applications.The most important feature of the flexible substrate is thatthe material itself is more ductile and flexible and can adaptto complex detection environments. Nonflexible materialscan undergo fracture strain under large mechanical defor-mation, making irreversible damage to the sensor. Unlikerigid substrate electrodes, the pattern of flexible electrodesdeforms under stress, so electrodes are typically designedwith irregular geometries to meet mechanical requirements,such as origami structures and serrated or serpentine con-nections. This design ensures reliability and continuity ofelectrical signal transmission and allows the electrodes tohave reversible changes under mechanical action. Flexiblesubstrates are widely used in a variety of polymer materials,

such as flexible fabrics with rough surfaces, flexible screens,and flexible tattoo stickers.

3.1.3. Electrode Modification. The electrodes are pretreatedwith activation or chemical modification as required beforeuse. Electrochemical activation operations can have strip-ping and renewing effects on the electrode surface of theworking electrode. For example, the electrochemical activityof the electrode can be enhanced by preanodizing to enhancethe functionality and roughness of the electrode surface toremove contaminants from the surface. The electrode iscyclically scanned in a sulfuric acid solution for 20 weeksbefore use to eliminate the effect of surface contaminantson the test results.

A flow chart for the detection of small fiber molecules intextiles by an electrochemical sensor is shown in Figure 2,and the principle can be expressed by the following equation:

KL x, yð Þ = δyδx

⋅ 〠n

i=1XiYi,

Sigma α, βð Þ = σ2α ⋅ μβ 〠n

i,j=1αijβij,

E kð Þ = Rk ⋅ Lk2+

ðQkxdx:

ð1Þ

Here, we first transform the KLðx, yÞ MLP (MultilayerPerceptron) to obtain its hidden layer representation μβ andthen compute the similarity (vector inner product) μβ with

the context vector σ2α (model parameter, representing an

abstract concept, obtained by gradient descent learning) anduse the result as the weight of the first k sensor modality. How-ever, the domain of the weights calculated in this way is fromnegative infinity to positive infinity, so finally, we need to nor-malize the weights by the softmax function to obtain μβ, andthe domain becomes ½0, 1�.3.2. Rapid Detection of the Electrochemical Sensor-AssistedTextile Art Design. Technical tools promote change in tradi-tional industries and rapid detection of electrochemicalsensors in the design process of the textile art design, ashigh-performance technical tools accelerate the developmentof the art and design industry, to improve the ceiling of theindustry. A rapid detection electrochemical sensor for hometextiles and their supporting pattern design, with its uniquevisual language, has changed the traditional design methodsand processes and rapid detection electrochemical sensortechnology for designers to provide a new form of artisticexpression and space.

According to the principle of nonlinear science, throughthe rapid detection of electrochemical sensors, to generatesome kind of graphics and animation with both aesthetic inter-est and scientific connotation, and in someway to demonstrate,play, and exhibit to the audience, such art is called nonlineargraphic art. The rise of nonlinear graphic art helps to combinemodern science with modern art. Art and science are equallyabout innovation, and nonlinear art undoubtedly has more

4 Journal of Sensors

room for innovation compared to traditional art, while nonlin-ear art itself is capable of constant innovation. Nonlinear arthas an infinite variety of functions, an infinite variety of color-ing schemes, and several methods of generation.

Synthetic fiber materials can be used in variable ways tocreate different art forms and artistic effects. The methodsused in the creation of composite material art are mainlymaterial, process methods, and artistic methods. The mate-rial method here mainly refers to a means by which the artistuses the physical or chemical properties of the materialthroughout the creation to achieve the creative intent. Thephysical properties of the material are the properties of thesubstance that manifest without chemical reaction, such ascolor, odor, form, boiling point, and hardness. The sub-stance remains unchanged before and after the experiment.Only based on a full understanding of the physical proper-ties of the material, it is possible to study the aesthetic prop-erties of synthetic fiber materials and then use the aestheticsproduced by the material to create art. Chemical properties,on the other hand, are properties that manifest themselvesonly when a change occurs, involving changes in the chem-ical composition of the substance’s molecules, such as flam-mability, instability, acidity, alkalinity, thermal stability, andcorrosion. The application of chemical properties of mate-rials to the creation of integrated material art can lead toqualitative changes in materials, and electrochemical sensorsfor rapid detection technology, in this regard, have greatprospects for application.

The methods of artistic creation formed under the aus-pices of synthetic fiber materials are as follows: (1) thesynthetic fiber materials have their properties to achieve thesatisfaction of the creative intent, and (2) the artist addscertain emotional properties to the synthetic fiber material

artificially. The obvious differences in texture, color, andexpression of synthetic fiber materials determine that theiremotional expression is rich and diverse. On the one hand,when the creator selects synthetic fiber materials, he or sheneeds to be clear about the aesthetic presentation of the workand the intention of expression, to be able to agree with theviewer and the artist in terms of emotion and to make theprior selection of the materials during creation to ensure thatthe physical or chemical properties of the materials canachieve the satisfaction of the artist’s creative will. On the otherhand, the creator introduces emotion into the material. If thesynthetic fiber material takes on the artist’s emotion and theauthor gives it some connotation or symbolic meaning, thesynthetic fiber material gradually changes from a dull deadobject to a rich and diverse living body, and its artistic statusis clarified and enhanced. During the creation period, theauthor should have a comprehensive and precise grasp ofthe expressive power of the material to create the desired cre-ative effect based on the status and existence of the texture andcolor.

In addition to the texture, color, and form of the material,the beauty of synthetic fiber materials in integrated materialart is reflected in the application methods and productiontechniques of the material. For the most important issue, theworks created with synthetic fiber materials as the main crea-tion medium, using material methods, process methods, andart methods, have different dominant factors and effects: thematerial methods are based on the physical and chemicalproperties of synthetic fiber materials, which guide the growthstate of the artist’s creative thinking andmake the works revealrational beauty; the process methods are based on the tradi-tional dyeing process, weaving process, and embroidery. Themethod of craftsmanship is dominated by a traditional dyeingprocess, weaving process, and embroidery, rendering the artis-tic atmosphere of the works; themethod of art is dominated bythe artist’s subjective treatment of color and modeling expres-sion, pursuing the final presentation of artistic effects. Andthen, the selection of creative techniques such as drawing,stitching, creasing, and overlapping not only produces richtexture and wonderful color changes on the surface of syn-thetic fiber materials but also brings visual and psychologicalexperience to the viewers, which expands the artistic languageof synthetic fiber materials in comprehensive material art.

Through electrostatic spinning technology with the fastdetection of electrochemical sensors, hydrophobic PU nano-fiber membranes with coarse fiber diameter, large pore sizeand low porosity, and hydrophilic PU/PAN-SPA nanofibermembranes with fine diameter, small pore size, and highporosity were prepared, and the bilayer nanofiber compos-ites were constructed by laminating the two types of fibermembranes. The gradient difference in hydrophobicity andpore structure of the two membranes enables the bilayercomposite to transport and directionally transfer liquidsand can effectively prevent the reverse flow of liquids andfinally successfully prepare the bilayer nanofiber compositewith the function of unidirectional moisture conduction. Inaddition, the surface of the PU nanofiber membrane issmooth and flat, flexible, and elastic, as shown in Figure 3for the preparation process.

Start

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Calculate actualoutputs

Calculate errorcost

Fuzzyinference

Expectedoutputs

Error costfuction

Errorthreshold

Meet accuracyrequirement?

Output learningresults

End

Calculate errorgradient

Adjust parametervalues

NoYes

Detection flow

Figure 2: The flow of electrochemical sensor for detection of smallfiber molecules in textiles.

5Journal of Sensors

In this paper, two kinds of fibers, PU and PU/PAN-SPA, were prepared by the rapid detection technique ofelectrochemical sensor, both with a smooth and uniform sur-face, straight fibers without bonding and beads, and crossedand stacked between fibers with higher porosity. It can be usedas an excellent raw material for textile art design.

4. Experimental Design and Conclusions

Wet environments can cause discomfort, but excessive waterabsorption in textiles can also lead to dry skin. Therefore,textiles need to absorb and transfer excess sweat from theskin and maintain a suitable moist environment at the skinto ensure a good wearing sensation, and the water absorp-tion and equilibrium water content have a direct impact onthe moisture absorption and moistening performance ofthe dressing. As shown in Figure 4, the water absorptionand equilibrium water content of the nanofiber film showeda trend gradually increasing and then decreasing with theincrease of SPA content, and the water absorption and equi-librium water content of the film reached the maximumwhen the SPA content increased to 10wt%. This is becausethe water-soluble SPA is uniformly dispersed in the spinningsolution made of organic solvents, and when the SPA con-tent exceeds 10wt%, the dispersion becomes poor, resultingin its easy deposition at the bottom of the supply cylinderduring the spinning process, which eventually affects theSPA content in the fiber membrane. Therefore, the hydro-philicity of the PU/PAN-SPA nanofiber membrane wasfound to be the best when the concentration of SPA in thespinning solution was 10wt% with the water absorption of950% and the equilibrium water content of 94%.

As a textile material, it needs to have a certain degree ofbreathability and moisture permeability to maintain theexchange of gas at the wound. The YG461E-III fully auto-matic air permeability meter was used to measure the airpermeability of the samples. The difference between the insideand outside was controlled to be 100Pa, and the test area was20 cm2. At least 5 locations on the sample were randomlyselected for measurement, and the permeability of the samplewas counted and analyzed. The air permeability and moisturepermeability of the PU/PAN-SPA nanofiber membrane are

Sample

Homogenization

Protease treatment

Centrifugation andwashes

Reside Supernatant

Residue Supernatant

Uronic acidsNetural sugars

Uronicacids

Neturalsugars

Klasonlignin

Insoluble dietary fiber

Soluble dietary fiber

Figure 3: The flow of electrochemical sensor preparation fibers.

810121416182010%

Water absorption Equilibrium water content

Concentration of SPA

8%

6% 4%

2%

Figure 4: Water absorption and equilibrium water content of thenanofiber at different SPA.

6 Journal of Sensors

shown in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 5, the moisture perme-ability of the PU/PAN-SPA nanofiber membranes decreasedgradually with the increase of SPA content when the concen-tration of SPA increased from 0% to 12wt%, while the air per-meability did not change much and was maintained at about7mm/s. This is because moisture permeability is mainlyrelated to the hydrophobic property of the fiber membrane,while air permeability is mainly related to the morphologicalstructure of the fiber membrane. When the concentration ofSPA in the nanofiber membrane is high, the water vapor mol-ecules escaping from the permeable cup will be adsorbed inthe fiber membrane, resulting in the inability of water mole-cules to pass through the fiber membrane, thus reducing thepermeability of the fiber membrane. The presence of SPA inthe fiber membrane can significantly improve the hydrophilic-ity of the fiber membrane but hardly affect the morphologicalstructure of the fiber membrane, so the permeability of thePU/PAN-SPA nanofiber membrane can be maintained at dif-ferent SPA concentrations, while the moisture permeabilitywill be significantly reduced.

The mechanical properties of the samples were tested byan XLW (EC) intelligent electronic tensile tester with a samplesize of 50 × 10mm2, 5 parallel specimens were selected foreach sample, and the thickness of the specimens was measuredby a thickness gauge, and the average value was taken frommultiple measurements at a speed of 10mm/min. The textilematerial needs to be mechanically strong and ductile to main-tain a stable textile structure so that the prepared textile hasgood conformability and can fit well to the body parts andimprove its comfort and applicability. The results of themechanical properties of PU/PAN-SPA fiber films are shownin Figure 6. The tensile strengths of the PU/PAN-SPA mem-branes were in the range of 6-7.5MPa, and the elongationsat break were in the range of 40-50%, which were betweenthe pure PAN and PU membranes. This indicates that thePU component added to the fiber membrane can improve

the mechanical properties of pure PAN fiber membrane, andthe effect of SPA on the mechanical properties of the fibermembrane is not significant. Therefore, the PU/PAN-SPAnanofiber membranes prepared in this study have bettertoughness and mechanical strength and meet the require-ments for textile applications.

As shown in Figure 7, we investigated the measured waterpressure of PU/FPU/TPU waterproof and permeable fabricswith different TPU contents, which increased from 45.0kPato 78.9kPa when the TPU content was increased from 0 to75wt%. In addition, we also investigated the relationshipbetween the measured and theoretical water resistance pres-sure of PU/FPU/TPU waterproof and breathable fabric andthe pore structure (maximum pore size) and surface wettabil-ity (water contact angle) of the fiber membrane and found thatthe experimental and theoretical values were in good agree-ment with the equation, and the measured and theoreticalwater resistance pressure of the waterproof and breathablefabric was linearly related to the pore size (maximum pore sizeDmax) and surface wettability (contact angle θ) of the fibermembrane. The graph also shows the important parametersof thermal comfort of PU/FPU/TPU waterproof and breath-able fabrics: moisture permeability and air permeability, whichdecreased from 10.2kg·m-2·d-1 and 28.7mm·s-1 to 6.1mm·s-1and 5.6 kg·m-2·d-1 when the TPU content increased from 0to 75wt%, respectively. The same pattern of moisture perme-ability and the changing pattern of moisture permeability andair permeability are consistent, which is due to the decrease offiber membrane porosity. Therefore, the preparation of PU/F-PU/TPU waterproof and moisture-permeable fabrics canprovide theoretical guidance for the structural design of func-tional membranes with different protective and thermal com-fort properties.

As can be seen from Figure 8, the surfaces of PU,PU/PAN-SPA, and PAN-SPA fibers are smooth and uni-form, and the fibers are straight without bonding and beads,and the fibers are crossed and stacked with each other, form-ing a clear three-dimensional pore structure. Combined withthe diameter distribution of each layer, it can be seen that thediameters of the middle and outer layers of the hydrophilicpart are around 158.1 nm and 112.7 nm, and the fiberarrangement in the membrane is denser, with a smaller poresize and higher porosity, while the diameter of the fibers inthe hydrophobic inner layer is relatively coarse, around959.2 nm, and the fiber arrangement in the membrane issparse, with larger pore size and lower porosity. Therefore,there is not only a hydrophobic gradient difference betweenthe hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers but also a porestructure gradient difference, and these two gradients makethe three-layer composite fiber membrane material and havea hydrophobic-hydrophilic gradient effect and differentialcapillary effect. The fibers between the membranes are over-lapped and interspersed, and the bonding fastness betweenthem is good. Therefore, the triple-layer fiber membranehas better toughness, stability, and plasticity and can be usedas a more advanced textile material.

The artistic expression of synthetic fiber materials ismainly reflected in three aspects. Firstly, the inherent physical

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Figure 5: Moisture permeability and air permeability of nanofibermembranes at different SPA concentrations.

7Journal of Sensors

and chemical properties of synthetic fiber materials determinetheir suitability for artistic creation or not. Secondly, syntheticfiber materials have aesthetic properties in terms of texture,color, and form. On this basis, the artist gives it a richer emo-tional factor, making it a work of art with vitality. Thirdly, theproduction process of applying synthetic fiber materials forcreation can also be used as the aesthetic object of art. Thisis mainly reflected in two aspects: (1) the chemical nature ofsynthetic fiber materials leads to “accidental phenomena” inthe process of art creation, and (2) the integration of craftmethods into the creation gives the work a “craft flavor.”The “accidental phenomenon” and the “craft flavor” can bedirectly used as aesthetic objects of art. Through the rapiddetection of electrochemical sensors to assist in the design ofsynthetic textile fibers, it is possible to obtain suitable textilematerials from the material layer, to obtain a better materialcarrier for emotion and presentation of ideas, and to realizethe expansion and extension of the concept of contemporaryart. Thinking about the use of synthetic fiber materials in thefield of mixed material art creation will guide the creators ofmixed material art to better grasp the characteristics of syn-thetic fiber materials, and at the same time, they can appropri-ately perform during the creation. In the case of gradual

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PUPU/PAN-SPA

100 120 140 160 180 200

Figure 6: Mechanical properties of PU/PAN-SPA fiber.

0

427 51

7498

121145

168191

0.51.0

1.52.0

2.5

20

40

60

80

Brea

thab

ility

TPU contentMoistu

re permeability

427 51

7498

121145

168191

0.500001.0

1.52.0

2.5

TPU contentMoistu

re permeability

Figure 7: Study on the breathability and moisture permeability offibers with different TPU content.

8 Journal of Sensors

expansion of expression, synthetic fiber materials can betterinspire the artist’s creativity and release more contemporaryart energy.

5. Conclusion

The most important characteristic of mixed media art is thediversity of materials and the combination of cross-disciplinary disciplines. Therefore, synthetic fiber materialsare also liberated from the traditional textile and dyeing pro-cesses, and while serving as a medium for the creation ofintegrated material art, they also become one of the languageelements of integrated material art and are resolved intomany unitary elements, namely, the artistic expression ofsynthetic fiber materials and the unstable individual charac-teristics of synthetic fiber materials. This paper fully arguesits superiority by analyzing the principle of the applicationof electrochemical sensors in the field of textile art; it pre-sents the unique application of electrochemical sensors intextile art and its supporting design by assisting the develop-ment of textile art and supporting design with electrochem-ical sensors and analyzes the current situation of textile artand the need for technological innovation in its develop-ment. At the same time, focus on the combination of designand art, using the characteristics of electrochemical sensors,design synthetic fiber materials to meet the needs of art andthe artistic expression and function to enhance, and focus onthe space supporting the artistic effect. Through the analysisof the synthetic fiber materials used, the application methodsof synthetic electrochemical sensor-assisted textile art design

in the creation of composite material art are summarized:material methods, process methods, and art methods.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are avail-able from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

We declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Distrubution 1 Distrubution 2 Distrubution 3

050

100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800850900950

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Dia

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