3/27/2016 4:58:58 AM

14MBA23 – RM Notes

Research Methods

Module 6 [A] – MBA – 2nd SemesterV T University Syllabus

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14MBA23 – Research Methods

Syllabus of Module 6 – Part A:

HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

Hypothesis: Meaning, Types, Characteristics,Sources, Formulation of Hypothesis, Errors ofHypothesis.

14MBA23 – RM – M6

WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?

Hypothesis is the „Principal Instrument‟ in Research.

Hypothesis is the function to suggest ‘New Experiment orObservation’.

Hypothesis is the method of making decisions using the datafrom a scientific study.

Hypothesis is the formal procedure to ACCEPT or REJECT aResearch.

Hypothesis is „a formal question that intends to be resolved‟.

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What is Hypothesis?

Hypothesis is a „Assumption, which may be true or false‟.

Hypothesis is an „Assumption about a population parameter‟.

Hypothesis is a „Question which need to be solved‟.

Examples for Hypothesis:

1. “Students who receive counseling will show a greater increase in creativitythan those students who have not been receiving counseling”.

2. “The Automobile A is performing as well as Automobile B”.

3. “Students perform better, when one subject test is given in a day, than twosubject test per day.

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Define ‘HYPOTHESIS’:

“Hypothesis can be defined as a proposition or set ofproposition set forth as an explanation for theoccurrence of some specified group of phenomenaeither asserted merely as a provisional conjecture toguide some investigation or accepted as highlyprobable in the light of establishing facts”

PS: (Research Methodology, - Methods and Techniques, 3rd Edn, By C R Kothari and Gaurav Garg – New Age InternationalPublishers, New Delhi)

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Characteristics of a good hypothesis:

1. A Hypothesis must be clear and precise.,

2. A Hypothesis should be capable of being tested.,

3. A Hypothesis should be limited in scope and must be specific.,

4. A Hypothesis must be stated as simple as possible and easy tounderstand.,

5. A Hypothesis should be consistent as with the most facts.,

6. A Hypothesis should be amendable to testing within a specific time.,

7. A Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the need forexplanation.

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING: Hypothesis Testing is thestudy of the „Power of Tests‟, which refers to the„Probability of correctly rejecting the NullHypothesis, when a given state of nature exists.

Meaning of Hypothesis Testing: Hypothesis Testingrefers to the formal procedures used by statisticiansto ACCEPT or REJECT statistical hypothesis.

A Hypothesis Testing is an „Assumption‟ about thepopulation parameter. The Assumption may be Trueor False.

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING: In a nutshell, Hypothesis Testing is

the formal procedure followed by Scholars, Academicians,Statisticians, Researchers etc, to accept or reject a Hypothesis.

Testing of Hypothesis leads to „Null Hypothesis and AlternativeHypothesis‟ where the former is denoted as „H0‟ and the latter as „H1‟.

For testing Hypothesis or test of significance, we use both the„Parametric Tests‟ and „Non-Parametric‟ tests.

Parametric Tests are assume within properties of the population, fromwhich we draw samples such assumptions may be about the populationparameters, sample size etc…tests where Parametric Tests

In Non Parametric Tests, there is no assumptions, and it is assume onlythe „Nominal and Ordinal Data‟.

14MBA23 – RM – M6

HYPOTHESIS TESTING: The procedure for testing a

Hypothesis is as follows: 1. Setting up of Hypothesis., 2. Selecting thescientific level., 3. Test Statistics., 4. Critical Value., 5. Decision.,

(OR)

The steps in Hypothesis Testing will include: 1. Define the problem, 2.Clearly state the Null and Alternative Hypothesis, 3. Choose arelevant and appropriate probability distribution, 4. Choose a criticalvalue (Significant Level – One tail or Two Test Static), 5. Does thestatic level fall on significant range? (If not do not reject the NullHypothesis and if Yes, reject the Null Hypothesis)

(THIS NEED TO BE IN A VERTICAL DIAGRAM)

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

1. Setting-up of Hypothesis: A Hypothesis must be „Null or

Alternative Hypothesis‟.

When in comparison of two variables take it as 2 MBA 2nd Semstudents, if both are equal in academics as well as sports and there isno differences between them then it shall be said as Null Hypothesis.It will be denoted by H0.

While if there is some differences between one another of 2 MBA 2nd

Sem students then it will be taken as „Alternative Hypothesis‟. Itwill be denoted by H1.

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

2. Selecting a significant level: Hypothesis need to be

tested on the pre-determined level of significance:

(a) The magnitude of differences of samples „Means‟.,

(b) The Size of the samples.,

(c) The Variability of measurements within the samples.,

(d) The Hypothesis is Directional or Non-Directional., ( A

directional hypothesis will state 2 extremes specifically Ex: Good or Bad, whileNon-Directional will not be specific, like stating Somewhat Good or Somewhat

Bad)

In brief the level of significance must be adequate to, in thecontext of the purpose and nature of enquiry.

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

3. Test Statistics:

In this phase, the researcher uses the hypotheticalparametric value stated under the Null Hypothesis.

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

4. Critical Value & 5. Decision :

Here using the value of test static and critical value,the researcher make a Decision about Rejecting orNot Rejecting the Null Hypothesis.

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING: When shall a NullHypothesis is accepted or rejected?

A null hypothesis shall be rejected when,

(a) Value of test static < Lower critical value or value of teststatic > Upper critical value in case of two tailed test.,

(b) Value of test static > Critical Value, in case of right tailedtest.,

(c) Value of test static < Critical Value , in case of left tailedtest.

(To confirm the test, various statistical tools are used to measure the same)15

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SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS:

1. Previous Study, (Secondary Sources).,

2. Personal Experiences, (Higher the experience can lead to higherdegree of formation).,

3. Imagination and Thinking, (Creative Thinking and Imagination of theresearcher).,

4. Observation, (Collection of existing and previous facts related to theproblem and formulation of a good hypothesis)

5. Scientific Theory, (Scientific Theory is a fertile source of hypothesisformulation).,

6. Culture (Culture helps to understand the tradition, family system,Values, Norms, Region and Educational System of that area) 15

14MBA23 – RM – M6

HYPOTHESIS: Hypothesis shall be basically in 2phases – Universal/ General, or Descriptive

Hypothesis and Statistical Hypothesis.

(a)Universal or General or Descriptive Hypothesis

can be UNIVERSAL HYPOTHESIS orEXISTENCE HYPOTHESIS.,

(b) Statistical Hypothesis can be NULL,ALTERNATIVE or RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS.,

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HYPOTHESIS:

(a)Universal or General or Descriptive Hypothesis

i. Universal Hypothesis: All time valid issues areUniversal Hypothesis, Ex: Students who aremeritorious grab jobs in „Campus Interview‟ itself.

ii. Existence Hypothesis: „Valid for now‟ concept isthe existence hypothesis. Ex: The college chairmanrecognized the meritorious students of

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HYPOTHESIS:

(a) Statistical Hypothesis:

i. Null Hypothesis: Denoted by H0, where there exists norelationship to study on achieving objectives.

ii. Alternative Hypothesis: Denoted by H1, where variableshave relationship effects and is helpful for study.

iii. Research Hypothesis: Study by Primary Sources(Observation, Interview) or Secondary Sources (Buildingthe existing theory) or Logical means.

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Hypothesis

1. Null Vs Alternative Hypothesis., (H0 & H1)

2. Universal Vs Existence Hypothesis., (Always valid Vs Presentlyvalid)

3. Directional Vs Non-Directional Hypothesis.,(Good/ Bad VsSomewhat Good/ Bad)

4. Statistical Vs Descriptive Hypothesis., Metric – (Null, Alternative andResearch) and Non Metric (Universal and Existence)

5. Associated Vs Causal Hypothesis., (No Cause and Effect Vs Causeand Effect)

6. Inductive Vs Deductive Hypothesis., (Observation Based and TheoryBased)

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Errors in Hypothesis

Errors in Hypothesis: There are 2 types of errors:

(a) Type I Error:

(b) Type II Error:

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Errors in Hypothesis

Errors in Hypothesis: There are 2 types of errors:

(a) Type I Error:

In Type I Error occurs when the researcher rejects a Null Hypothesis

when it is True.

The Type I error is called as „Significant Level‟.

This error is also called as Alpha, and is denoted by á

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Errors in Hypothesis

Errors in Hypothesis: There are 2 types of errors:

(b) Type II Error:

In Type II error, occurs when the researcher fails to reject the Null Hypothesis when it is false.

The Type II error is called as „Power of Test‟.

This error is called as Beta, and is denoted by â.

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14MBA23 – Research Methods

End of Module 6 A

Sanjeev Kumar Singh.,MBA DEPARTMENT - V T UNIVERSITY, Belagavi, Karnataka State

Mob: +91 91640 76660

Email: harsubhmys@yahoo.co.in