research method lecture1

7/30/2019 Research Method Lecture1

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Research

Method

Dr. Dante R. Garcia

Professor

The Graduate SchoolUniversity of Santo Tomas


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Lecture 1

RESEARCH

AND

PROCESS


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Research is systematic, controlled,

empirical and critical investigation of natural

phenomena guided by theory andhypotheses about the presumed relations

among such phenomena (Kerlinger 1986 as

Cited by Ardales 1992).It is a systematic, objective and

comprehensive investigation of certain

phenomenon, which involves accurate

gathering, recording and critical analyzing,

and interpreting of all facts about the

phenomenon.


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AIM OF RESEARCH

To investigate event based on facts.

Establishing facts means noguesswork, disorganized procedure

and biased viewpoint.


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TYPES OF RESEARCH

Pure or theoretical type

conducted for the sake of

knowing and establishing a theory

or a principle.

Applied or practical research

conducted to obtain certain result

solution to improve prevailing

conditions.Applied research aims to apply, test and evaluate

usefulness of a theory or knowledge arrive at in

solving problems.


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TYPES OF RESEARCH (Librero 1993)

Purposive nomenclature

Fundamental or Pure research. (physical scienceviewpoint) development of theories by discovering broad

generalization or principles. It is performed in laboratories

(as an activity of clinical psychologist)

Applied research. Purpose is to improve a product or a

process like testing theoretical concepts in actual problem

situation.

Action research. Purpose is to improve practices and

improve those who try to improve the practices. Focused is

on immediate application, not on the development of

theory, not upon application. Emphasis is problem on local

setting and findings are evaluated under universal validity.


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TYPES OF RESEARCH (Librero 1993)

Descriptive Nomenclature

Historical research. It describes what was. It involves

investigation, documentation, analyze and interpret eventsof the past for purpose of generalizations that are helpful in

understanding the present, and to limited extent in

anticipating the future.

Descriptive research. Describes what is. It describes,analyze and interpret the conditions that now exist. It

involves some kind of comparison and contrast. It may

attempt to discover relationship between existing non-

manipulated variables.

Experimental research. It describes what will be when

certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.

The focus is on the relationship of variables. Deliberate

manipulation is always a part of experimental method.


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RESEARCH PROCESS

Define the problem and objectives. Theresearcher must have the experience on theidentified problem. Formulate the objectivesbased on the problem.

Construct a theoretical or conceptualframework. This will show the relationships ofvariables being studied and will guide theresearcher in his analysis.

Formulate the hypothesis(es) based on theobjectives and framework. These hypothesis isthe statement on the expected relationship ofthe variables which permit empirical testing.


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RESEARCH PROCESS

Decide the research design appropriate to thestudy. Historical, experimental, descriptive andothers.

Collection of data. Define the population,

specify sampling frame, specify the samplingunit, specify the sampling method, determinethe sample size, specify sampling plan andselect the sample.

Presentation, analysis and interpretation ofdata.

Results and discussion.

Conclusion, recommendations and implications


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USTGS RESEARCH PROCESS

PROBLEM &

OBJECTIVES

THEORETICAL &

CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK

REVIEW OF

LITERATURE/

STUDIES

HYPOTHESISRESEARCH

DESIGN

GATHER DATA

PROCESS

ANALYZE

RESULTS &

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATIONS

IMPLICATIONS

CONTRIBUTION

TO

KNOWLEDGE


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Function of Research

Corrects perceptions as well as expands them Gathers information on events that we lack

knowledge about.

Develops and evaluates concepts, practices

and theories. Obtains knowledge for practical purposes like

solving problems on population explosion,crimes, consumption, inflation, etc.

Provides hard facts which serve as bases forplanning, decision-making, projectimplementation, monitoring and evaluation.


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Review

Define: research, theoretical and applied

research.

What is the aim of research?

Enumerate the research process.

Give the functions of research.

Give the relationship of the stages in theresearch process to each other.


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Selected Reference

Emory, C. W. and Donald R. Cooper.

1991. Business Research Methods. 4th

Edition. Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Homewood

Illinois, USA.

research method lecture1

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