research into practice: evidence-informed, best practice visualisation for a deeper understanding of...
TRANSCRIPT
Research into Practice: Evidence-informed, best practice visualisation
for a deeper understanding of science
Roy Tasker
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3
Research should inform practice
How can we motivate students to engage with cognitively-demanding, complex visualisations?
Why do we all lose attention so quickly in passive viewing?
Why are scaffolding and chunking so important?
How can we facilitate deep learning rather than just surface learning?
Question complexity and performance
• What makes an exam question difficult? • More thinking steps, more difficult. • More difficult, fewer students get the question correct.
5
Question complexity and performance
6
Fraction of students who answer the question correctly
Number of thinking steps in the question
Few steps,good studentperformance
Lots of steps,poor studentperformance
Question complexity and performance
7
1 2 3 4
5 none of the above, no regular pattern
8
The Three Thinking Levels in Science
Want to see the whole movie?See Drew Berry on TED.comor my presentation on YouTubein the Bridging to Higher Education series - Bringing Chemistry to Life
Molecular level thinking
11
1. only water molecules 2. air (N2 and O2 molecules) and water molecules 3. hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) molecules 4. I don’t know (and I don’t care)!
Boiling waterWhat is inside a bubble in boiling water?
12
What is in a bubble of boiling water?
61% incorrect before watching animation
What is in a bubble of boiling water?
What is inside a bubble in boiling water?
13
25% incorrect after
Boiling water
Outline
What does cognitive science tell us about learning from audiovisual information?
What are the ‘best-practice’, instructional design principles that stem from this research?
Compelling evidence for this model from chemical education research
Why is the strategic use of clickers effective based on these principles?
14
Cognitive Science Research
There is a wealth of convincing evidence from research in psychology, cognitive science, and education to support a model for how we attend to, process, store, retrieve, and transfer new concepts.
“…the water molecules bonded to the
copper(II) ion ….”
Multimedia presentation
Sensory memory
Perceiving
textimages
pictureimages
sounds“…the water molecules
bonded to the copper(II) ion ….”
16
Where this all happens in the brain
17
Long-term memory
priorlearning
Working memory
Processing
Sensory memory
Perceiving
Multimedia presentation
FEEDBACK LOOP
Perception filter
Selecting Encoding
LINKINGtext
images
pictureimages
sounds
sounds
words
verbalmodel
images visualmodel
pictureswords
INTEGRATION
Processing
“…the water molecules bonded to the
copper(II) ion ….”
new ideas
18
Limited memory capacity
holdingprocessing +
7 ± 2 bitsof information
Outline
What does cognitive science tell us about learning from audiovisual information?
What are the ‘best-practice’, instructional design principles that stem from this research?
Compelling evidence for this model from chemical education research
Why is the strategic use of clickers effective based on these principles?
19
Instructional design considerations
activate the attention networks by drawing on prior knowledge doing something unusual, creative, emotional, and if possible, that generates cognitive conflict
20
Perception filter
selecting
If both the topping and the crust are at the same temperature, 220 C, why is it only the topping that burns?
21
Why should you eat pizza up-side-down?
!
Instructional design considerations
activate the attention networks by drawing on prior knowledge doing something unusual, creative, emotional, and if possible, that generates cognitive conflict
26
Perception filter
selecting
explaining new terms, visual symbols and assumptions/approximations scaffolding the ideas to come with an ‘advance organiser’
27
Reactions of Functional Groups
aldehyde
ketone
imine
hemiacetal
alcohol
alkyl halide
acid anhydride
alkane
ester amide
carboxylic acid
acid chloride
aminealkene
alkyne
alkyl dihalide
28
Living chemistry is complicated
2H+
H+
OXA L OA C E T A T E
P Y R UV A T E
S UC C INY L -C oA
G L UT A R A T E
C IT R A T E
MA L A T E
2-OXO- A S P A R T A T E
NO2-
NO3-
N2
NH4
CH3COSCoA
A C E T Y L -C oA
HOH
C O2
NA D
TR
AN
S A MINA T IO N
2H+
2H+
+
C O2
5-A mino-levulinate
Glycine
H+H+
H+H+
H+H+
c
H+ H+a
F 0
F 1
F 1
β2
1 αβ
α
γ
10 c-s ub-units
AD P+ Pi
H+
3.6.1.34
H
+-transporting AT P synthase
α
δF 6
oscp
AT P
ADP + P i
F UMA R A T E
UQH2
UQ
UQH2
NA DH+H+
CH2COO-C(OH)COO-CH2COO-
CH(OH)COO-CHCOO-CH2COO-
-OOCCOCH2CH2COO-
-OOCCH2CH2CO.SCoA
-OOCCOCH2COO-
CH3CH(OH)CH2CO.SCoA
-OOCCH=CHCOO-
Glyoxylate Cycle
-OOCCHO
GTP
GDPATP
+
HE ME P rotoporphyrinogen C oproporphyrinogen Uroporphyrinogen P orphobilinogen
5-A mino-levulinate
COO-CH2CH2
H2NCH2C=O
F ADH2
F ADC yt.b
F e-S
S UC C INA T EII
CH3COCOO-
P Y R UV A T E
P i
X Y
C yt.c1
F e-S
2e-2e-
1e-
1e-
III
2UQ UQ
UQH22UQH2
2UQ._
UQ._
C yt.bL C yt.bH
C yt.c
IV
C uA
C uB
C uA
1.9.3.1
2e-
Heme a
Heme a3
2H+
2H+4H+
4H+
2H+
NAD+
NADH+H+
NAD+
1.1.1.39
1.2.4.12.3.1.123.1.3.43
4.1.1.32
4.1.3.7
4.2.1.3
1.1.1.41
1.2.4.22.3.1.61
6.2.1.4-OOCCH2CH2COO-
1.3.5.1
4.2.1.2
1.1.1.37
6.4.1.1
4.1.3.8
4.1.3.1
4.1.3.2
IS OC IT R A T E
2.6.1.12.3.1.16
4.1.1.71
1.2.1.16
5.1.99.15.4.99.2
4.3.1.1
1.4.1.2 1.4.1.14
6.3.5.4
1.6.6.11.7.99.4 1.7.7.1
1.6.6.4
1.18.6.1
2.3.1.37
1.10.2.2
1.10.2.2
γ
εδ
β
33 βA T P
A DP
E NDE R G ONIC R E A C TIO N
1.6.5.3
I
F MNH2
F MN I
1.6. 5.3
2F e -S (5 C lusters )
H+ H+H+ H+
ATP
4H+
2H+
2H+or
H+
PHOTO-SYSTEM
l
O2
3.6.1.34
NADP+
GlyceraldehydeRibulose-1,5-bis-P
2β
88
H+c
32
ε
a
32
α1
α
ε
α
β2
1
3
α
αβ
3
α
β
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H+
H+
H+ H+H+
H+H+H+H+
H+
H+H+H+
H+H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H+
H+H+
H+H+
H+H+H+Translocated protons
H+
H+H+
H+P i
Ferredoxin
4H+PC PC
PC
PQH2
2PQH2
PQ_.
2PQ_.Fe-S Cyt.f
PQ
2PQ
Cyt bf
2e-
1e- 1e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
PQ
PHOTO-SYSTEM II
Cyt bc
Non-cyclic electron flow
2e-2e-
Mn2e-
*
Protons from Water
H2O
H+
H+
2H+
2H+
γ
ATP synthase
CO2Fixation
H+
ADPPi
H+
NADPH+H+
ATPTHYLAKOID MEMBRANE
CHLOROPLAST OUTER MEMBRANE
THYLAKOID LUMEN
STROMA
(electric current)
P680Chl.a
QA
QB
Pheophytin
P700
Chl.A0
A1
Fe-S
A T P
A DP
A T P
1/2O2
H2O
PQH2
T o B rain -
AMI
NO
ACI
DS
PYRI
MI
DI
NES
PURI
NES
CATECHOLAMI
NES
AROMATI
C
AMI
NO
ACI
DS
hvV IS ION
LIPI
D
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PORPHYRI
NS
STEROI
DS
ISOPRENOI
DS
PHOSPHOLIPI
DS
DEGRADATI
ON
LIPI
D
BI
OSYNTHESIS
PENTOSES
HEXOSES
POLYSACCHARI
DES
C O C H C H(NH )C OO2 3+
F OL ICA C ID
C 1P OOL
V A L INE
A T P
A T P
4.1.1.4 1.1.1.30
C H C OC H3 3
C H C OC H C OO3 2
C H C H(OH)C H C OO3 2
3-OH-B utyrateA c etone
A c etoac etate
K E TONE B ODIE S
HY A L UR ONIC A C ID DE R MA T A N B L OOD G R OUPS UB S T A NC E S
P E P T IDO-G LY C A N
N-A c -Neuraminate(S ialate)
UDP -Iduronate
UDP -N-A c -G alac tos amine UDP -
G alac turonate
G DP -F uc os e
T DP -R hamnos e
A DP -G luc os e
UDP -G luc os e
T DP -4-Oxo-6-deoxygluc os e
MA NNOS E
C HIT IN C HONDR OIT IN P E C T IN
A L G INA T E S
INUL IN C E L L UL OS E
O-A NT IG E NS S T A R C H G LY C OG E N
L A C TOS E
G A L A C TOS E
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
C H3 O
OP P TO
OH
OH
O
OHAC NH
HO OH
O
OHHO OP P U
NHAC
OH
OH OH
OH
HO
OH
NHC OC H
OH HO
O
OP P G
C H OH2
HO
P
UDP -N-A c -G luc os amine
pyruvateN-A c -Mannos amine-6-P UDP -G luc uronate
G DP -Mannos e
N-A c -Mannos amine UDP -N-A c -G luc os amine N-A c -G luc os amine-6-P
S orbitol
F ruc tos e-1-P
E rythros e-4-P
3-Dehydrogulonate
L -Xylos e
L -L yxos e
D-Xylulos e
D-R ibos e
R ibitol
L -A rabitol L -Xylulos e
L -R ibulos e L -R ibulos e-5-P
L -Xylulos e-5-P
L -A rabinos e Xylitol D-Xylos e
D-A rabinos e D-R ibulos e
A S C OR B A T E
2, 3-Dioxogulonate
N-A c -G luc os amine-1-P
Inos itol-PInos itolG luc uronateG ulonate
G ulonolac tone 2-Oxogulonolac tone
F ruc tos e
6-P -G luc onate
D-R ibulos e-5-P
D-Xylulos e-5-P
Mannos e-1-P
G DP -G luc os e
T DP -G luc os e
UDP -G alac tos e
G alac tos e-P
G luc os e-1-P
G luc os e-6-P
F ruc tos e-6-P
F ruc tos e-1: 6-bis -P
OH
H H HO
HOC H 2 C C C C C O
OH OHH OH
H HO
HOC H 2 C C C C O C O
OHH
H
OH H
C C
OH
C O
P -R ibos ylamine
G lyc erate2, 3-Diphos pho-glyc erate
3-P -G lyc eraldehyde
1: 3-bis -P -G lyc erate
3-P -G lyc erate
2-P -G lyc erate
P -enolpyruvate
Inos itol
C H OH2
C H OH2
HOC H
C H OH2
C H O2
HOC H
P
G lyc erol
UDP -G alac tos eUDP -S ugars
C H C H OH3 2
E T HA NOL
Dihydroxy-ac etone-P
(G lyc erone-P )
G luc os amine-6-P
P hos pho-s erine
C hain elongation Mitoc hondrial
S erine
S erine
Indole-3-glyc erol-P
3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulos onate-7-P
Indoleac etate(A uxin)
Indoxyl
F ormylkynurenine K ynurenine 3-Hydroxykynurenine
3-Hydroxyanthranilate
2-A mino-3-c arboxymuc onate s emialdehyde
NH
OH
T ryptamine 1-(o-C arboxy phenylamino)1-deoxyribulos e-5-P
N-(5-P -R ibos yl)anthranilate
A nthranilate
C atec hol
NH
Indole-ac etaldehyde
NH
C H C HO2
Indolepyruvate
NH
C -C H(OH)C H(OH)C H O2 PC H
2-A minomuc onate-6-s emialdehyde
C H C H NH2 2 2
NH
1.2.3.7
4.1.1.43
3.5.1.9 3.7.1.3
4.2.1.20
1.13.11.6 4.1.1.45
2.4.2.18
4.6.1.4
4.1.1.48
1.14.13.9
4.6.1.3 Dehydro-quinate
4.2.1.10 1.1.1.25 2.5.1.19S hikimate-3-P S hikimate-5enolpyruvate 3-P
C horis mateP E P
2.7.1.71
1.4.1.19
Homogentis ate P henylpyruvate
C innamate
C oumarate
P rephenate
2-A minomuc onate
F umarate A s partate
G LY C INE
S arc os ine
Hydroxy-pyruvate
P -Hydroxy-pyruvate
S E R INE
Imidazoleglyc erol-P
P -R ibos yl-A T P P -R ibos ylformimino5-aminoimidazole-c arboxamide-R P
F ormiminoglutamate
Imidazolonepropionate
Uroc anate
C ys tathionine Homoc ys teine
P hos phoadenylyl-s ulphate
(P A P S )
C H (NH )C OOH2 3+
His tidinol-PHis tidinolHis tidinal3.1.3.15 2.6.1.91.1.1.23
3.6.1.31
5.3.1.162.4.2.17
A s paragine
A L A NINE
3-S ulphinylpyruvate
Oxobutyrate
2-A c eto-2-hydroxy-butyrate
O-P hos pho-homos erine
HO S C H C H NH2 2 2 2
HypotaurineHO S C H C H NH3 2 2 2
T aurine
G lutamate
γ-G lutamylc ys teine
G lutathione
G lyc ine
C ys teine
ß-A lanine
C ys teateS -A denos yl
homoc ys teine
4.2.99.2
1.1.1.864.2.1.9
1.1.1.86 4.2.1.92.6.1.32
4.1.3.18
S -A denos ylmethionine
(S A M)
2-Methylac eto-ac etyl-C oA
2-A c etolac tate 2-3-Dihydroxyis ovalerate
2-Oxo-is ovalerate
3-Hydroxy-is obutyrate
3-Hydroxy-Is obutyryl-C oA
Methylac rylyl-C oA
2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-
butyryl-C oA
T iglyl-C oA 2 Methylbutyryl-C oA
2: 3-Di-OH-3-methylvalerate
2-Oxo-3-methylvalerate
Is obutyryl-C oA
C ys teines ulphinate
4.2.99.9
2-Is opropyl-malate
C H C H C OC OO3 2
+C H C H(NH )C OO3 3
C H C H(OH)C OO3
HO S C H C OC OO2 2
OC H C OC OO2P
OC H C H(NH )C OO2 3P
HOC H C OC OO2
HOC H C H(NH )C OO2 3
+
+
OH
C H C OC OO2
C OO
OHOHO
C OO
OHOH
HO P
C OO
OHOH
O
C H2
P
C OO
O-C -C OOOH
OOH
OOC C H C OC OO2
N H
HOC -C H(OH)C H(OH)C H 2OPC H
C OO
NH2
C OO
OHNH2C OO
C OO
OC H
OOC C H NHC H2 3
C H (C H ) C OS -AC P3 2 14 C H (C H ) C OS C oA3 2 14
C H (C H ) C H=C HC O-S -AC P3 2 2
C H C H=C HC O-S -AC P3 C H C H(OH)C H C OS -AC P3 2
C OS C oA
L inoleate
Oleoyl-C oA
S tearoyl-C oA Dehydros tearoyl-C oA OH-S tearoyl-C oA Oxos tearoyl-C oA
P almitoyl-A C P P almitoyl-C oA
A C Y L -A C P 2, 3-E noyl-A C P
3, 4-Dec enoyl-A C P
2, 3-Dec enoyl-A C P
3-OH-A c yl-A C P 3-Oxoac yl-A C P
3-Oxo-Dec anoyl-A C P
3-Oxo-Hexanoyl-A C P3-OH-Hexanoyl-A C P2, 3-Hexenoyl-A C P
B utanoyl-A C P C rotonoyl-A C P 3-OH-B utanoyl-A C P A c etoac etyl-A C P
Hexanoyl-A C P
3-OH-Dec anoyl-A C PDec anoyl-A C P
P almitoleoyl-A C P
γ-L inolenate A rac hidonate L eukotriene B 4
C OS C oA
C O-S -AC P
T hromboxane B 2
HOOC C H C O-S -AC P2
Malonyl-A C P
HOOC C H C O-S C oA2
Malonyl-C o-A
C H C O-S -AC P3
A c etyl-A C P
C H O-C O-R2
C H OH2
R ’-C O-OC H
F A T T Y A C IDA C Y L -C oA(C ytos ol)
C H O-C O-R2
C H O2
R ’-C O-OC H
P
C ardiolipin P hos phatidylglyc erol
A c etylc holineG lyc erophos phoc holine
L ys olec ithin
C holineplas malogen
C DP -c holine C holine-P
Mevaldate
C H (C H ) C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H OH3 2 12 2
Dehydros phinganin S phinganin 4-S phingenin P s yc hos ine
A c yl-C oAA c yl-C oA
C erebros ideG alac tos eC H (C H ) C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H O-3 2 12 2
NHC OR
Is opentenyl-P P(C 5)
Dimethylallyl-P P(C 5)
G eranyl-geranyl-P P(C 20)
F arnes yl-P P(C 15)
S qualene(C 30)
G eranyl-P P(C 10)
Des mos terol Zymos terol L anos terol
C H C = C HC H O3 2 P P
C H3
C eramide
G anglios ides
NHC OR
C H O2 P P
O P P
C H2
C HOL E S T E R OL
C H C (OH)C H C H OH3 2 2
C H C OO2
C H C (OH)C H C HO3 2
C H C OO2
NADP +Dehydroas c orbate
OH
H O
HOC H 2 C C C C C O
OHH OH
OH
H O
HOC H2 C C C O C O C O
H
NA D+P i
A DPA DP
P hytoene(C 40)
L yc opene (C 40)
ß-C A R OT E NE (C 40)R hodops inMetarhodops in
R etinoate
trans -R etinal
11-c is -R etinoltrans -R etinol(V itamin A )
R etinol es ters
Dark
L ight
Ubiquinone(C oenzyme Q)
Menaquinone
P las toquinone
P hylloquinone(V itamin K )
Ops in
C HO
C H OH2
C HO
C H OH2
C H3C H O3
C H O3 n
O
O
O
O
P hytol (C 20)
α-T oc opherol(V itamin E )
Quinolinate
Quinolinate-nuc leotide
Nic otinate-nuc leotide
Des amino-NA D
5-Hydroxy-tryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptamine(S E R OTONIN)
N-A c etyl-5-O-methyl-s erotonin(ME L A TONIN)
NH
C H C H NHC OC H2 2 3HO
NH
C H C H NHC OC H2 2 3C H O3
+NA D( P )
NIC OT INA T E
N-A c etyl-s erotonin
2.4.2.19
Dopamine Dopa
Dopaquinone
T HY R OXINEME L A NIN
OHOH
C HOHC H NHC H2 3
OHOH
C HOHC H NH2 2
4-OH-3-Methoxy-phenylglyc ol
C HOHC H NH2 2
OHOC H 3OC H 3
C HOHC H OH2
OH
OC H 3
4-OH-3-Methoxy-D-mandelate
C yc lic A MPA T P
Dephos pho-C oenzyme A
4-P -P antetheine
4-P -P antothenylc ys teine
4-P -P antothenate
P antoate
6.3.2.1
1.1.1.169
3.5.1.22
2.7.1.33
NH
NH
O
O
O
O
C H OH2
OHOC H 3
C H(OH)C OO
H2
NH3
+C H-C OO
CO
O
C OO
NR ibose- PN+
C OO
NH
C H C OO2
O
OH
C H O2 P
NHC OC H NH2 2
OH
F ormylglyc inamide-R P
Urea
F ormylglyc inamidine-R P
A llantoate A llantoin UR A T E
A DP
Xanthine Hypoxanthine
Inos ine
A denine
A denylo-s uc c inate
5-A minoimidazole-R P
5-A mino-4-imidazolec arboxylate-R P
5-A mino-4-imidazole(N-s uc c inylc arboxamide)-R P
5-A minoimidazolec arboxamide-R P
F ormylamido-imidazole-
c arboxamide-R P
H NC ONH2 2
HNH C2 C HO
NHR P
NH
C
CCO
CC O
OCNH
N H
HN
HN
H
CCO
CC H
OCNH
N
N
HN
C arbamoylß-alanine
Dihydro-urac il Urac il
d-A DP
d-A T P
G T P G DP
XA NT HOS INE -P(XMP )
T T P
T DP
ß-Ureidois obutyrate
Dihydrothymine
T hymine d-UMP d-C MP d-C DP
C DP
C arbamoylas partate
Dihydroorotate
Orotate Orotidine-P Uridine-P(UMP )
UDP
3-A mino-is obutyrate
C HCNH 2
C HOCNH
NC HCO
C HOCN H
HN
C H-C H3CO
OCN H
HN
C H 2
C H2C H2
CO
OCNH
HN
CO
C HOCN H
HN C C H3
Methylmalonyls emialdehyde
OHC C HC OO
C H3
C H2CO
C H-C OOOCN H
HN C HCO
C -C OOOCN H
HN
H NC ONHC H C H C OO2 2 2
CC
CC H
R PHC
NH
NH
OOC -C H-C H C OO2
N
N
N
C HO
NHR P
NH
OC
H C2
2.7.7.433.1.3.29
1.1.1.158
5.1.3.132.7.1.383.2.1.23
3.1.3.294.1.3.20
2.7.1.60
5.1.3.14
5.1.3.7
5.1.3.1
2.7.1.4
5.4.2.3
3.1.1.17
1.1.1.49
1.1.1.21
2.7.7.23
3.1.3.251.13.99.11.1.1.19
1.1.3.8
5.3.1.3
2.7.1.53
1.1.1.92.7.1.15
2.7.1.17
5.1.3.4
5.1.3.1
2.2.1.2
4.1.2.13
2.7.1.11
2.7.1.47
2.2.1.1
1.2.1.12
1.1.1.29
1.1.1.95
1.3.1.35
1.14.99.25
2.3.1.41
2.3.1.41
2.3.1.41
1.1.1.100
5.3.99.5
4.2.1.60
5.3.99.31.14.99.1
1.13.11.34
1.3.1.101.3.1.9
1.14.99.5
1.3.1.9
4.2.1.61
4.2.1.60
4.2.1.60
4.2.1.59
4.2.1.58
1.3.1.9
1.3.1.9
6.2.1.3 3.1.2.20
1.1.1.100
5.3.1.1
HOOC -C OOH
Oxalate
G lyc olate
HOC H C HO2
G lyc olaldehyde
E thanolamine-P
2.7.1.30
2.3.1.7
3.7.1.2
4.1.3.5
2.7.8.8
2.1.1.172.1.1.71
1.3.1.35 2.7.8.2
3.1.4.3
3.1.4.4
2.7.7.15
3.1.1.5 3.1.4.2
2.7.1.32
2.7.1.82
1.2.4.12.3.1.121.8.1.4
2.6.1.21.4.1.1
4.1.1.1
2.3.1.50
1.1.1.102
3.1.4.12
2.7.8.3
2.4.1.62
3.2.1.46
5.2.1.31.2.1.36
2.3.1.763.1.1.21
5.2.1.7
5.4.99.71.14.99.7
4.3.1.8
4.2.1.75
4.1.1.371.3.3.31.3.3.4
4.99.1.1
2.5.1.29
2.4.1.47
4.1.1.28 2.3.1.5 2.1.1.4
6.3.5.16.3.1.5
2.4.2.11
2.7.7.18
2.6.1.5
1.2.1.32
1.13.11.5
2.1.1.28
2.1.2.2 6.3.3.1
3.5.2.5
1.4.1.10
1.7.3.3 1.1.1.204 1.1.3.221.1.3.22
4.1.1.28
4.1.1.21
2.1.2.3
2.4.2.1
1.5.99.2
2.1.1.5
2.6.1.22
3.5.2.3
2.6.1.511.4.1.7
3.1.3.3
2.6.1.52
2.1.3.2
A C E T A T E
2.4.2.4
2.1.1.45
R P
C HCO
C HOC N
HN
1.3.1.14 2.4.2.10 4.1.1.23
2.7.7.7
2.7.7.7
2.7.7.7
1.17.4.1
2.7.7.7
2.7.4.14
4.4.1.1
1.6.4.1
1.13.11.20
4.4.1.8
4.2.1.22
1.1.1.27
4.1.1.29 6.3.2.3
6.3.2.2
1.8.1.3
L A C T A T E
A c etaldehyde
2.7.1.24
2.7.7.3
4.1.1.36
B ile A c ids
C H C H C OS C oA3 2P ropanoyl-C oA
1.1.1.31
2.1.3.14.1.1.415.1.99.1
6.4.1.3
6.3.2.5
2.1.1.14
2.1.1.13
4.6.1.1
C DP -E thanolamine
1.1.1.35 4.2.1.17
+HO S C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
3.5.2.7NHHN
C H
OOC C HC H C H C OO2 2
C MP -N-A c etylneuraminate
C DP -diac ylglyc erol
C HOL INE
E thanolamine
G lyoxylate
HIS T A MINE
2.3.1.46Homos erine
T yramine
P lant P igmentsT annins
Maleylac etoac etate
F umarylac etoac etate
5.2.1.2
C H C OO2
OH
OH
OH
C H C H NH2 2 2
OHOH
C H C H NH2 2 2
Hydroxyphenylpyruvate
α-T oc opherol(V itamin E )
L IG NIN
d-G T P
OH
OH OH
O
HO
OH
P
OP P T
C H3HO
OHOH
O
NA DP H
2.2.1.1
2.7.1.3
1.1.1.45
1.1.1.130
1.10.3.31.10.2.1
1.1.1.10
A T P
C H C H NH2 2 2
NH
HO
5.4.99.5
1.14.16.12.6.1.51.13.11.27
Indole
4.1.99.1
1.13.11.11
OHO
OH
NH C C C H C H O2 P
H HC OO
NH2
C OO
6.3.5.3 6.3.2.6 4.3.2.2
G uanineDNA
6.3.4.44.3.2.2
CCO
CC H
HCNH
N
N
HN CCO
CC H
HCNH
N
N
HN
3.5.3.4
2.4.2.1
2.7.7.6 2.7.7.6
2.7.7.6
2.7.7.6
2.7.4.62.7.4.32.7.4.4
2.7.4.6
2.4.2.15
1.1.1.205
6.3.4.16.3.5.2
2.7.4.4
3.5.4.3
3.2.2.2
2.4.2.1
3.1.3.5
3.1.4.6
6.3.4.2
1.17.4.1
1.17.4.1
3.5.4.12
2.7.4.8
2.7.4.9
2.7.4.6
2.4.2.4
1.3.1.2
3.5.2.23.5.1.6
3.5.1.6 3.5.2.2 3.5.4.1
Diphos pho-mevalonate
Mevalonate
3-Oxopentanoyl-C oA
3-Oxoac yl-C oA3-OH-A c yl-C oA2, 3-E noyl-C oA
2, 3-Hexenoyl-C oA 3-OH-Hexanoyl-C oA
A c etoac etyl-C oA3-OH-B utanoyl-C oAC rotonoyl-C oA
P entanoyl-C oA 3-OH-P entanoyl-C oA
1.1.1.35
1.1.1.35
1.1.1.157
1.3.99.3
1.3.99.3
1.3.99.2
1.1.1.35
Odd C F atty ac ids
S uc c inylhomos erine
C O 2
2-OXO A C ID
G lutamyl-P
G lutamine
UR E A
P -C reatineC reatine C reatinine
G lyc ine
C IT R UL L INE
G lutamic s emialdehyde
2-A MINO A C ID
P yrroline-5-c arboxylate
G lyoxylateP yruvate
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate
4-Hydroxy-glutamate
3-Hydroxy-pyrroline-
5-c arboxylate
P utres c ineH NC H C H C H C H NH2 2 2 2 2 2
S permidine
S permine
N -T rimethyllys ine66N -T rimethyl-3-OH-lys ine
C arnitine
G lutaryl-C oA S ac c haropine2-A minoadipates emialdehyde
2-A minoadipate2-Oxoadipate
A rginino-s uc c inate
G uanidoac etate
Methylmalonyl-C oA
4.1.2.12
A s partylS emialdehyde
2, 3-Dihydro-dipic olinate
1.2.1.11
4.2.1.52 1.3.1.26 P iperideine-2, 6-dic arboxylate
N-S uc c inyl-2-amino-6-oxo-
pimelate
2.6.1.17N-S uc c inyl-2, 6diaminopimelate
Diamino-pimelate
3.5.1.18
3-Methyl-glutac onyl-C oA
(C H ) C HC H C OS C oA3 2 2(C H ) C HC H C OS C oA3 2 2
3-Methyl-c rotonyl-C oA
Is ovaleryl-C oA
OxopantoateHC HO
OOC C H C = C HC OS C oA2
C H3
C H C OC HC OS C oA3
C H3
C H C H=C HC OS C oA3
C H3C H C H(OH)C HC OS C oA3
C H 3
C (OH)C H(OH)C OO
C H C H3 2
C H3
C H = C C OS C oA2
C H3
HOC H C HC OS -C oA-2
C H3
C H C HC O-S C oA3
C H3
C (OH)C H(OH)C OOC H3
C H3
C H C H C HC OS C oA3 2
C H 3
C H C = C HC OS C oA3
C H3
A T P
4-A minobutyrate(G A B A )
1.3.99.7
1.5.1.2
1.14.11.2
2.6.1.39 1.2.1.31
1.14.11.8
2.5.1.16
2.5.1.22
4.1.3.16
2.6.1.23
1.5.99.8
1.5.1.2
6.4.1.4 1.3.99.10
4.2.1.33
2.6.1.6
1.1.1.85Oxoleuc ine
C OOH
(C H ) C HC HC H(OH)C OO3 2
S -A denos ylmethylthiopropylamine
(Dec arboxylated S A M)
P R OL INE
C oenzyme A
C H C = C HC H3 2
C H 3
OC H
C H
3
3HO
C H3C H3
C H 3
C H C -C H H O3 2 2C P P
C H2
C H C = C HC H O2 2 P P
C H3
3-P -G lyc erol
P hos phatidylethanolamine
C E P HA L IN
3.1.4.12
2.7.8.3
P roges terone
1.5.1.12
2.7.3.2
4.2.1.173.1.2.4
2.6.1.32
4.4.1.15
A c etyls erine 2.7.7.42.7.1.251.8.99.1A denylyls ulphate
(A P S )
2.7.1.39
4.4.1.15
4.1.1.29
4.2.99.8
2.3.1.30
P -R ibos yl-P P
1.1.1.1
1.2.1.4
A s partyl-P
5.1.1.7
2.7.1.40
4.1.3.18
4.1.3.18
1.5.1.9
1.14.11.1
C HOL INE
2.1.1.13
1.3.1.2
NHC H C H S H2 2 NHC H C H C O2 2OC H C (C H ) C H(OH)C O2 3 2P
ADP - NHC H C H S H2 2 NHC H C H C O2 2OC H C (C H ) C H(OH)C O2 3 2
P -ADP - NHC H C H S H2 2 NHC H C H C O2 2OC H C (C H ) C H(OH)C O2 3 2
1.4.1.8
1.3.99.3
1.3.99.3
1.4.1.9
4.2.1.18
4.1.1.20
1.3.99.7
1.8.99.2
+C H C O-OC H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
2.5.1.6
2.1.1.102.1.1.20
1.1.1.3
1.1.1.3
4.2.1.18
4.1.2.5
4.3.1.5
4.2.1.20
2.1.2.1
2.1.1
.20
G lyoxylate
2.1.1.6
1.4.3.4
1.14.18.1
1.14.16.2
Hexanoyl-C oA
B utanoyl-C oA
6.3.4.16 6.3.5.5
2.7.2.11
2.1.3.3
NO1.14.13.39
3.5.3.63.5.3.1
4.3.2.1
4.1.1.17
2.7.7.41
2.6.1.4
1.1.1.100
1.1.1.8
2.3.1.512.3.1.15
2.7.8.5
S O -42
1.14.16.4
NH 2 OOC OOC
4.1.1.25
1.3.1.13
1.3.1.13
2.7.4.6
C Y T IDINE -triphos phate
(C T P )
C ytos ine
2.4.2.9
4.1.1.11
2.6.1.18
4.3.1.3
4.2.1.49
3HS O -
1.1.1.105
2.3.1.41
NA DP H
1.1.1.22
2.3.1.4
5.5.1.4
3.2.1.26 3.2.1.48
2.6.1.16
1.1.1.14
2.7.7.34
4.2.1.47
2.4.1.682.4.1.69
2.4.1.9
5.3.1.8
2.4.1.11
O
OP P U
C H OH2
C H OH2
HO OH
OH
HO
2.4.1.21
4.2.1.52
1.2.1.18
4.2.1.18
O
C HC
C HOCN
HN
DP
C HCO
C HOCN
HN
R P P P
OC H 2
H
C C
H
OHOH
C H
NHNCH
CP
H
O
OC H2 C C
H
OH
H
OH
C
H
C CC
NH2
CC H
HCN
R P (P P )
N
N
N+
P
NH2H
O
OC H 2 C C
H
OH
H
OH
C
H
C COC
CC H
HCN
R P
N
N
NHP
H
OC H 2 C C
H
OHOH
C O C H2 C
C ONH 2
CC H
HCN
R P
N
N
NHP
+OOC C H N(C H )2 3 3
B etaine
B etainealdehyde
2.4.1.16
5.1.3.6
2.4.1.33
2.7.7.13
5.4.2.8
5.3.1.8
O
OH
C H OH2
HO
O PHO
2.7.1.28
2.7.1.31
6.3.4.13
5.3.1.1
2.2.1.1
4.1.1.9
3.1.2.11
ß-OH-ß-Methyl-glutaryl-C oA
6.3.4.5
5.3.1.6
2.5.1.21
2.1.1.2
3.5.2.10
6.3.2.136.3.2.7-10
2.7.7.27
2.7.7.9
3.5.4.10
CCO
CC H
OCN R P
N
NH
HN
CCO
CC H
N
N
N
HN
R PH N2 C
2.7.4.6
1.17.4.1
2.7.4.6
2.6.1.13
C arbamoyl-P
2.3.1.9
C arnitine
2.6.1.4 2.6.1.44
C H C (OH)C H C OS C oA3 2
C H C OO2
1.2.3.5
1.1.1.34
2.3.1.16
4.1.3.5
2.3.1.16
4.1.3.4
Menaquinone
4.1.1.15
2.6.1.19
4.2.1.16
C arnos ine
C H C H NH2 2 2C
NHNC
HC
H
4.1.1.22
4.3.1.3
Ubiquinone
P las toquinone
D-R ibos e-5-P
NH
C H C H(NH )C OO2 3HO+
O
OH
OH
HO
OP P U
C OO -
O
OH
OH
HO OP P U
C OO -
OH
H OH
HOC H 2 C C C O
H
C O C OO -
OC HOHC HOHAcNH
HO
OP C
OC O -C H OH2
OC HOHC HOHAcNH
HO
OH
C OOC H OH2
O
OHOH HOHO
C H O2 P
O
OHAC NH
HO OH
C H O2 P
O
OOH HOHO P
C H OH2
O
OHOH HOHO
C H OH2
O
OHHO OH
3
C H O2 PO
OHHO O
NHC OC H 3
P
C H OH2C H OH2C H OH2
O
OHHO OH
NH2
C H O2 P
O
OH
HO
OH
OP P U
C H OH2
O
O
HO
OH
OH
HO
P
C H OH2
C H OH2O
OHO
OH
OH
O
OHOH
OH
C H OH2
O
OHHO
OH
OH
C H2C H OP2
OH
H H HOH
C C C C
OH OHH
C OO -HOC H 2
H
OH OHOH
C C C C HO
HH
HOC H 2
H
OH OHH
C C C C HO
HOH
HOC H 2
OH
H OHH
C C C C HO
HOH
HOC H 2
H
OH HOH
C C C C HO
OHH
HOC H 2
OH
H HOH
C C C C HO
OHH
HOC H 2
OH
H OHOH
C C C C HO
HH
HOC H 2
H
OH HOH
C C C C
OHH H
OH
C OO -P OC H2
OH
H OH
C C C O
H
P OC H2 C H OH2
H
OH H
C C C O
OH
HOC H 2 C H OH2
C H OH2P OC H 2
H
OH OH
C C C O
H
C H OH2P OC H2
OH
H H
C C C O
OH
C H OH2P OC H2
H
OH OH
C C C O
H
HOC H 2 C H OH2
OH
H OH
C C C O
H
HOC H 2C H OH2
OH
H H
C C C O
OH
HOC H 2 C H OH2
H
OH OHH
C C C
HOH
HOC H 2 C H OH2
OH
H OHOH
C C C
HH
HOC H 2 C H OH2
H
OH HOH
C C C C
OHH H
OH
C H OH2HOC H 2
H
OH OH
C C C HO
H
P OC H 2
H
OH HOH
C C C C O
OHH
HOC H 2 C H O2 P
H
OH OHOH
C C C
HH
HOC H 2 C H OH2
H
OH OH
C C C
H
C O
H
HO
P OC H2 C H OH2
P
H
OH OH
C C C
H
C O
H
HO
C H O2 POC H 2
H
OH OH
C C
H
C C HO
OH
H
P OC H 2P OC H 2
O
OH
NH2
OH
C H O2 P
C HOHC HOP OC H 2
HOC H2C OC H2OP
O
OH
O OP P
OH
C H O2 P
C HOHC OO PP OC H 2
C HOHP OC H2 C OO
C OO
OH
OHOOH
C OO
C H (C H ) C H(OH)C H C OS -C oA3 2 14 2C H (C H ) C H(OH)C H C OS3 2 14 2
C H (C H ) C OC H C OS -C oA3 2 14 2
C H (C H ) C OC H C OS -C oA3 2 14 2
C H (C H ) C OS -C oA3 2 n+2
C H (C H ) C H=C HC OS -C oA3 2 14
C H (C H )3 2 nC H=C HC OS -C oA
C H (C H )3 2 5 2C H=C HC H C OS AC P
C H (C H )3 2 6C H=C HC OS AC P
C H (C H )3 2 6C OC H C OS AC P2C H (C H )3 2 6 2 2C H C H C OS AC P
C H (C H )3 2 2 2 2C H C H C OS AC P
C H C H C H C OS AC P3 2 2
C H (C H )3 2 6C H(OH)C H C OS AC P2
C H C H=C HC O.S -AC P3
C H (C H )3 2 2 2C OC H C OS AC P
C H3C OC H C OS AC P2
C H (C H )3 2 n 2C OC H C OS AC PC H (C H )3 2 n 2C H(OH)C H C OS AC P
C H (C H )3 2 2 2C H(OH)C H C OS AC P
A C Y L -C oA(Mitoc hondria)
C H (C H ) C H C H C OS C oA3 2 2 2n
C H (C H ) C H=C HC OS C oA3 2 n C H (C H C H(OH)C H C OS C oA3 2n
C H (C H ) C H C H C OS C oA3 2 2 2 2 C H (C H ) C H=C HC OS C oA3 2 2
C H (C H ) C OC H C OS C oA3 2 2n
C H C OC H C OS C oA3 2
C H (C H ) C H(OH)C H C OS C oA3 2 2 2
C H C H(OH)C H C OS C oA3 2C H C H=C HC OS C oA3C H C H C H C OS C oA3 2 2
C H C H C H C H C OS C oA3 2 2 2
P entenoyl-C oAC H C H C H=C HC OS C oA3 2 C H C H C H(OH)C H C OS C oA3 2 2
C H (C H ) C OC H C OS C oA3 2 2 2
C H C H C OC H C OS C oA3 2 2
OH OH
HO OH
O
O-C H O-P O2
C H C HOHC H OH2 2
O
C H2
C H2
R '-C O-OC H
O-C O-R
O-P O
O-
HOC H C H2 2NH 3
+P OC H C H2 2NH3
+C P P - OC H C H2 2 NH3
+
O
-
C H O-C O-R2
C H O P2 OC H C H2 2NH 3
+
C H C OC H C H N(C H )3 2 2 3 3
HOC H C H N(C H )2 2 3 3
+
C H C H 2 C OO(NH )3+
OHOH
C H C H 2 C OO- (NH )3+
C O
NH2
C H C H(NH )C OO2 3+
NHOC
C O
NHOC
NH
CH
H N2
HCC H
N
N
C
R PH N2
C HC
C HOCN
N
DP
NH2
R P P P
C HC
C HOCN
N
NH 2
CC
CC H
R P (P )HC
N
N
N
N
NH2
H NC OO2 P
(C H ) NH2 3 2H N(C H ) NH2 2 3 (C H ) NH2 4
(C H ) NH2 3 2H N(C H ) NH2 2 4
C H -S C H C H C HNH3 2 2 2
A denos yl
+
+C H3
C H3
C HC H(NH )C OO3
++C
NHNC
HC
H
C H C H(NH )C H OH2 3 2
+C
NHNC
HC
H
C H C H(NH )C H OP2 3 2C
NHNCH
HC C H C OC H OP2 2
+HS C H C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
+
+S C H C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
C H C H(NH )C OO2 3
R P
CO
C -C OOOCN
HN C H
2.4.1.23
C H (C H ) C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H OH3 2 12 2
NH 3+
C H (C H ) C H(OH)C HC H OH3 2 14 2
NH 3+
C H (C H ) C OC HC H OH3 2 14 2
NH 3+
G alac tos eC H (C H ) C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H O-3 2 12 2
NH 3+
4.1.1.70
H NC ONH2 2
OHC C H N(C H )2 3 3
+
C -C H3CO
C HOCN DP
HN
DP
C P P -O C H C H N(C H )2 2 3 3
+OC H C H N(C H )2 2 3 3
+
1.2.1.41
UDP -N-A c -Muramate
O
O
C H C H3
C OO-
NHAC
HO OP P U
C H OH2
4.1.3.20
O
OH
C H3
HO HO OP P G
2.7.7.24
2.4.1.22
2.7.7.12
5.1.3.2
5.3.1.4
S edoheptulos e-P P
3.1.1.28
4.2.1.24
N
C H2
C H2
N
N
N
C H3
C H3
C H
C H
C OO
C HC H
C H2
H C3
H C3H C3
HC
C
C
H
H
F e
C H2
C H2
C OO - -
C H3
C H3
C H2
C H2
C H2
H C3
H C3N
H
NH
NH
NH
C H
C H
H C2
C
CH2
H2
-
C H2
C H2
C OO
C H2
C H2
C OO -
H C2
H C2
C H 2
C H 2
OOC
C OO
H N2
NH
-
-
C H2
H C2
H C2
H C2
H2
H2
C H2
C H2 C H2
C H2
C H2
C H2
NH
NH
NH
NH
C OO
C OO
C OOC OO
C
C
-
-
C H2
C H2
C OO
C H2
C H2
C OO- -
-
-
OOC-
OOC-
C H3
C H3
H C3
H C3
H C2
H2
H2
NH
NH
NH
NH
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H2
C
C
C OO-
C H2
C H2
C OO
C H2
C H2
C OO- -
C OO-
C OO-
C H C (OH)C H C H O3 2 2 P P
C H C OO2
OHC C OO
HOC H C OO2
NH2
H NC NHC H C OO2 2
+ NH2
H NC N(C H )C H C OO2 3 2
+ NH2
HNC N(C H )C H C OO3 2P -
+ HN CNH C O
N C H 2
C H3
OOC C HC H C OO2
H NC NHC H C H C H C H2 2 2 2
N(NH )3
+C OO
C HC OOHC
C H2HOC H
N
OOC C H(OH)C H C H(NH )C OO2 3
+
C HC OO
C H2HOC H
H C2NH
NH
C HC OO
C H2C H2
C H2
OOC C H(OH)C H C OC OO2
N
C HC OO
C H2C H2
C H
C H C OC OO3 OHC C OO
+H NC ONHC H C H C H C H2 2 2 2 (NH )3 C OO
H NOC C H C H C H2 2 2 C OO(NH )3
+
R -C O-C OO
+
C OOR -C H(NH )3
+
C OOH NOC C H C H2 2 (NH 3+
OOC -C H-C OS C oA
C H3
P OOC C H C H2 C OO(NH )3+
OOC C H C H C HO2 2
OHC C H C H2 C OO(NH )3
+
(C H ) NC H C H(OH)C H C OO3 3 2 2
+
OHC C H C H C H2 2
+C OO(NH )3
P OOC C H C H C H2 2
+C OO(NH )3
OHC C H C H C H C H2 2 2 C OO(NH )3+
NH C HC H C H C OO2 2
C OO
C H C H C H C H C H2 2 2 2 C OO(NH )3
+
H N(C H )2 42 C H(NH )C OO3C H(NH 3++
(C H ) N(C H )3 3 2 3 C H C H(NH )C OO2 3+ +
C H 2CH
OOC CN
HCC H-C OO
C H2CH2
C H-C OO OOC CN
H C2
OOC C OC H C H C H C H-C OO2 2 2C H C H2 2 2
OOC C H C H C ONH2 2 OOC C HC H C H C H C H-C OO2 2 2
OOC C H C H C ONH2 2C H2 2
NH3+
OOC C H-C H C H C H C HC OO2 2 2
NH 3+
NH3+
(C H ) C HC (OH)C H3 2 2
C OOH
C OO (C H ) C HC H C OC OO3 2 2
+(C H ) C HC H3 2 2 C H(NH )C OO3
HOC H C HC OO2
C H3
C HC OC OO
C H3
C H3C H C OC (OH)C H3 3
C OO
+P OC H C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
+HOC H C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
+C H C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3 OOC C H C H2C OO 2
+C H S H2
OOC C H(NH )C H C H C ONHC HC ONHC H C OO3 2 2 2
HOC H C (C H ) C OC OO2 3 2
HOC H C (C H ) C H(OH)C OO2 3 2
NHC H C H C OO2 2HOC H C (C H ) C H(OH)C O3 2)2 3 2
NHC H C H C OO2 2OC H C (C H ) C H(OH)C O2 3 2P
C H C H3 2
C H 3
C H+
C H(NH )C OO3
C H C OC (OH)C H C H3 2 3
C OO C HC OC OO
C H C H3 2
C H3
NHC HC H S H2
C OO
NHC H C H C O2 2OC H C (C H ) C H(OH)C O2 3 2P
+C H S H2
OOC C H(NH )C H C H C ONHC HC OO3 2 2
+AdenosylS C H C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
+S C H C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
+HO S C H C H(NH )C OO3 2 3
+
+S -C H C H(NH )C OO2 3
S -C H C H(NH )C OO2 3+
HS C H C H(NH )C OO2 3
1.1.1.23
H
C
NHNC
HC C H C HC OO2
NHC OC H C H NH2 2 2+
H
C
NHNC
HC C H C H(NH )C OO2 3
C HC H C H C OO2 2
NHNC H
O C C C H C HC OO
NHNC H
C H
C H C OO3
NH
OOC
C H-C OOOC
NH2 C H2
H NC H C H C OO2 2 2
H NC H2 2
C H3C HC OO H NC ONHC H C HC OO2 2
C H3
CCO
C H
R PHC N
N
N
HN
C
CCO
C HHC O
N
N
N R P
CC H
N
NH N2
HC
CCO
C H
N
NC
CC H
N
N
R P
H N2
H N2C
O
O
O P~ ~P O
O
O O
P O
O
C H2
N
N
N
N
O
OHOH
NH2
HCC HN
N
N
N O
O
P O O
O
C H2
OH
NH2
HCC H
C OOC O
NHOC
NH
CH
H N2NH2
OOC -C H-C H C OO2
HNC O CC H
N
N
C
R PR PH N2
OOCC
C H
NR P
N
CH N2
C H=C HC OO
OH
C H=C HC OO
C H C OC OO2
C H2
P
C OO
OHO
O
O
C OO
O
C H C OO2O
C H C OO2-OOC
OC H 2 C H2
OHHC
P
HOC H HC OH
OCC OO
C OOHO
OHOHO
NH2C OOOC H
NH
C H C OC OO2NH
C HO
C O
NH2OH
C H C H(NH )C OO2 3
+
N
C OO
C OO
N+
C OO
C OOR P
O
OH
OH
HO OP P U
C OO
O
OH
NHC OC H 3
HO
OP P U
C OOC H OH2
O
OCC H2 NHAC
HO OP P U
C OO
C H OH2
O
OHHO OH
OH
C OO
OOC C H N(C H )2 3 2
Dimethylglyc ine
1.1.99.1
1.2.1.8
C OOHO HO
C OO
O
HO OH
C OO
C H(O ) PP OC H2 C OO C H(OH)HOC H2 C OOC OO
C H(O )PHOC H2 C OO
C H =C (O )2 P C OO
C ONH 2
R ibose -O - P - O - P - O- Adenosine(P )+N
O
O
O
O
+
C OO
NR ibose - O - P - O - P - O -Adenosine
O
O
O
O
II
IIOH
O
C H C H 2 C OO(NH )3+
E pinephrine(A drenaline)
Norepinephrine(Noradrenaline)
Normetepinephrine(Normetadrenaline)
HOC H C H N (C H )2 2 3 3
+
Adenosyl+
+S C H C H C H(NH )C OO2 2 3
C H 3
(C H ) N(C H )3 3 2 3 C H C H(NH )C OO2 3+ +
OH
OOC C H C H C H C OS C oA2 2 2
OOC C H C H C H NH2 2 2 2
OOC C H C H C H C OC OO2 2 2 OOC C H C H C H C H2 2 2 C OOC OO(NH )3
++
HOH
HOH
HHO
HHO
H
P ros taglandin P G E2
OH
HOC H 2 C C C O C C OO
OHH
OHH H
-
C OO
OR '-C O-OC H
C H O-C O-R2
C H O P OC MP2
O
C H C H N(C H )2 2 3+
OHOC H
C H OP O2
C H OH2
O-
C H OP O2
O
C H OC H=C HR2
C H C H N(C H )2 2 3 3
+
O-C H OP O2
OR '-C O-OC H
C H O-C O-R23.1.1.32
C H C H N(C H )2 2 3 3+
O-
OHOC H
C H OP O2
C H O-C O-R2
C H C H N(C H )2 2 3 3
+
O-
C H C H(NH )C OO2 3+
+C
NHNC
HC
H
C H C H(NH )C HO2 3
HS
11-c is -R etinal
P i
A DP
NADP +
G DP -Mannuronate
Mannos e-6-PDehydro-s hikimate
S hikimate
R NA
d-G DP
d-C T P
G UA NOS INE -P(G MP )
ß-A lanine
P -R ibos yl-A MP P -R ibulos ylformimino5-aminoimidazole-c arboxamide-R P
Imidazoleac etol-P
HS HS O -
P A NTOT HE NA T E
3-Is opropyl-malate
S uc c inics emialdehyde
2.4.1.17
Diac ylglyc erol
2.3.1.6
1.14.12.1
1.4.4.2
C H C HO3
3.5.4.19
4.2.1.19
3.3.1.1
4.1.1.12
4.1.2.5
C OO-2OHC C H
2.1.4.1
2.4.99.7
5.1.3.12
1.1.1.132
4.2.1.46
2.7.1.7
2.4.1.29
2.4.1.21
2.4.1.13
2.4.1.1etc.
5.4.2.2
2.7.1.6
2.7.7.10
3.1.1.18
4.1.1.34
2.7.1.47
2.7.1.16
3.1.3.9
A DP
P -G luc onolac tone
1.1.1.44
O
OOHHO
OH
C H O2 P
P HE NY L A L A NINET Y R OS INE
T R Y P TOP HA N
INOS INE -P(IMP )
T HY MIDINE -P
HIS T IDINE
UR IDINE -triphos phate
(UT P )
C Y S T INE C Y S T E INE
IS OL E UC INE
L E UC INE
LY S INE
OR NIT HINE
A R G ININEHY DR OXYP R OL INE
P HOS P HA T IDY LS E R INE P hos phatidyl
inos itol
L E C IT HIN
S P HING OMY E L IN
S T E R OIDS
P regnenolone
2.7.6.1
2.4.2.146.3.4.7
5.3.1.9
3.1.3.11
1.2.1.13
2.7.2.3
H
OH OH
C C C
H
C O
OH
C
H
H
OH
P OC H2 C H O2 P
5.4.2.1
A DP
4.2.1.11
E ndoplas mic R etic ulum
1.1.1.100
3.1.1.3
P hos phatidate
2.3.1.39
4.2.1.17
4.2.1.17
4.2.1.55
1.1.1.79
1.2.1.21
1.4.3.8
1.1.1.32
2.7.1.362.7.4.2
4.1.1.33
2.5.1.1
2.5.1.10
2.7.8.5
2.7.8.1
4.1.1.65
2.7.7.14
1.3.99.7
P O
O
C H (C H ) C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H O3 2 12 2
NHAcyl
C H C H N(C H )2 2 3 3+
O-
3.5.1.23
1.13.11.21
2.5.1.32
1.1.1.105
2.4.2.19
1.2.1.32
ME T HIONINE
4.1.3.27
4.2.1.51
1.14.17.1
1.14.18.1
1.14.13.11
G lyc inamide-ribos yl-P
4.2.1.22
3-Oxohexanoyl-C oA
T HR E ONINE
1.2.1.25
1.2.1.25
1.2.1.25
1.5.1.7 - 10
G L UT A MA T E
2.3.1.38
A T P
NA DH
S UC R OS E
A DE NOS INE -P(A MP )
T riac ylglyc erolF A T
R NA
C H 3
C H2
OC -C OOOH
C OO
C H C H 2 C OO(NH )3+
G LY C OP R OT E INSG A NG L IOS IDE S
MUC INS
4.1.2.-
2.6.1.-
G L UC OS E
O-A c yl-c arnitine
O-A c yl-c arnitine
OH
O-
-
R -C O-OC H
R '-C O-OC H
R '-C O-OC H
O HC O-C O-R
C H C H(OH)C H O-P -OC H2 2 2
C H O-C O-R ’2
OR '-C O-OC H
O -
C H O-C O-R2
C H O-P O2O-
2.7.8.11
H NC H C H C H C H2 2 2 2 C OO(NH )3
+
2.3.1.20 3.1.3.4 2.7.1.107
NH2
+
+H NC NHC H C H C H C H2 2 2 2 C OO(NH )3
H
OH HOH
C C C C O
OHH
HOC H 2C H OH2
R -C H2C OO
C H O-C O-R2
C H O-C O-R "2
R ’-C O-OC H
OH
O
C H C HNH2 3+
OR '-C O-OC H
O-
C H O-C O-R2
C H O P O2
C OO
OOC C H C H C H2 2 C OO(NH )3
+C H C H(OH)C H(NH )C OO3 3
O
OHHO
OH
OH
C H OH2C H OH2
NH
C H O-C O-R2
1.3.1.13
4.1.1.28
Malonics emi-
aldehyde
2.7.2.4
2.1.3.3
3.5.1.26.3.1.2
6.3.5.
5
C arbohydratesB iosynthes is
Degradation
A mino A c idsB iosynthes is
Degradation
L ipidsB iosynthes is
Degradation
P urines &P yrimidines
B iosynthes is
Degradation
B iosynthes is DegradationV itamins C o-enzymes & Hormones
P entos e P hos phate P athway
P hotos ynthes is Dark R eac tions
C OMP A R T ME NT A T IONT he "B ackbone" of metabolism involves
G LY C OLY S IS in the C Y T OP LAS M,the T C A C Y C LE (mainly) in the Mitochondrial matrix
and AT P F OR MAT ION spanning theMIT OC HONDR IAL INNE R ME MB R ANE
An electron flow (an electric current) generated fromNADH and UQH2 drives the translocation of protons
from the matrix to the intermembrane space.The retrolocation of these protons through the F0 subunits
of ATP synthase to the matrix then supplies the energyneeded to form ATP from ADP and phosphate
E lectron F low P roton F low
S mall Numbers ( eg. 2.4.6.7) refer to the IUB MB E nzymeC ommiss ion (E C ) R eference Numbers of E nzymes
L E G E ND
Human Metabolism is identified as far poss ible by black arrows
B iosynthes is Degradation
HE MOG L OB IN C HL OR OP HY L L
A T P
TR
AN
SL
OC
A T E D P R OTONS
2.7.1.1
A T P2.7.1.2
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22nd Edition Designed by Donald E. Nicholson, D.Sc., The University of Leeds, England – and Sigma-A ldrichProduct No. M 3907
XXX
reduce cognitive load by segmenting information flow into short sequences, with student control over direction and pace minimising audiovisual clutter using visual + verbal information (rather than just text); visual and verbal/text should be synchronous, close, not captioned chunking information
29
Working memory
sounds
words
verbalmodel
images visualmodel
pictureswords
INTEGRATION
processing
Instructional design considerations
chunking information
30
Working memory
sounds
words
verbalmodel
images visualmodel
pictureswords
INTEGRATION
processing
How can you learn more effectively?
I
B
M F
B I
T
V
U
S
A
11 bits of information= Working memory overload!!!
chunking information
33
Working memory
sounds
words
verbalmodel
images visualmodel
pictureswords
INTEGRATION
processing
How can you learn more effectively?
I B M
F B I
T V
U S A
Only 4 bits of informationwithin the 7 ± 2 bits working memory capacity
A pipette is used to withdraw 25.00 mL from a beaker containing 250.0 mL 0.300 mol L–1 HCl. What is the concentration of HCl solution in the pipette?
X
Chunking in science problems
1. 7.50 mL HCl
2. 0.0300 mol L–1 HCl
3. 0.300 mol L–1 HCl
4. I don’t know (and I don’t care)!
Instructional design considerations
facilitate linking of new ideas to existing ideas by
practicing with engaging, unusual activities, novel thinking exercises and authentic problems peer discussion and debate transferring ideas to new situations
34
Long-term memory
priorlearning
LINKING
new ideas
encoding
35
Using Relational (or Venn) Diagrams
What is the relationship between living two-legged creatures living creatures that can fly
Aliving,
two-legged creatures
Bliving,
creatures thatcan fly
2. 1
3. 1
1. 1A B
A
A
B
B
36
Using Relational (or Venn) Diagrams
Populate the relational diagram with mosquitoes parrots humans spiders
Aliving,
two-legged creatures
Bliving,
creatures thatcan
outside the two sets A and B
Outline
What does cognitive science tell us about learning from audiovisual information?
What are the ‘best-practice’, instructional design principles that stem from this research?
Compelling evidence for this model from chemical education research
Why is the strategic use of clickers effective based on these principles?
37
A typical problem in chemistry
Take the following chemistry problem as an example:
“What volume of 1.0M hydrochloric acid solution will react exactly with 10.0g chalk?”
!How many thought steps are there?
38Johnstone, AH & El-Banna, H. 1986 Education in Chemistry May pp 80 - 84
A typical problem in chemistry“What volume of 1.0M hydrochloric acid solution will
react exactly with 10.0g chalk?”
recall chalk is calcium carbonate recall formula CaCO3 calculate molar mass to be 100 g mol–1 deduce 10 g is 1/10 mol recall reaction products and formulas balance equation deduce mole relationship deduce 1/5 mole HCl required deduce 200 mL 1.0 mol L–1 HCl solution required
39Johnstone, AH & El-Banna, H. 1986 Education in Chemistry May pp 80 - 84
Question complexity and
How do you think the fraction of students who get the question correct depends on the complexity of the question?
40Johnstone, AH & El-Banna, H. 1986 Education in Chemistry May pp 80 - 84
Fraction of students who answer the question correctly
Number of thinking steps in the question
Question complexity and
41Johnstone, AH & El-Banna, H. 1986 Education in Chemistry May pp 80 - 84
1 2 3 45 none of the above, no consistent relationship
Do you think the fraction of students who get a question correct depends on the complexity of the question?
Question complexity and
Why is there a ‘catastrophic’ decrease in performance at around 5 – 7 steps?
42Johnstone, AH & El-Banna, H. 1986 Education in Chemistry May pp 80 - 84
Measuring Learning Gain
43
simple demonstration of a learning gain subsequent data mining can reveal correlations
no relationship
Implications of cognitive model for visualisation learning designs
activate attention networks with an engaging experience eg. context, discrepant event, demonstration
require expression of prior learning
provide chunking and scaffolding; reduce audiovisual “noise”; give student control over animation; provide narration with graphics, not text
integrate with prior knowledge in creative ways; and transfer to new situations 44
Outline
What does cognitive science tell us about learning from audiovisual information?
What are the ‘best-practice’, instructional design principles that stem from this research?
Compelling evidence for this model from chemical education research
Why is the strategic use of clickers effective based on these principles?
45
!no embarrassment to answer questionmakes peer discussion worthwhiletrack engagement, correlate with variables
Audience response technology useful?
Any questions?
49
Email me at [email protected] for a list of references for this presentation
go to vischem.com.au to see an example of a best-practice learning design