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Research Brief

by Fahad Nabeel, Khoula Afzal Qamar and Faiza MaqsoodPakistan and India FS talks

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Introduction

Towards the end of 2015, Pakistan and India decided to hold Foreign Secretary (FS) level talks in early 2016. The talks were intended to resume the stalled dialogue between the neighboring countries. Advisor to Pakistani Prime Minister (PM) on Foreign Affairs, Sartaj Aziz, said “Both leaders have agreed the two countries’ foreign secretaries will meet in Islamabad in the middle of January to finalize the schedule for resumption of talks”.

The FSes of both countries were to meet to work out on a plan to carry forward the engagement under the newly announced Bilateral Comprehensive Dialogue. The desire for the resumption of talks came after the meeting of PMs of both countries at the sidelines of 2015 Paris Climate Conference in November last year. Following the Paris meeting, Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj visited Pakistan to attend the Heart of Asia Conference. Swaraj also confirmed the resumption of FS-level talks between Pakistan and India. The final confirmation came following Modi’s unannounced visit to Pakistan on 25th December last year, where he stopped his way back to India from Afghanistan.

The issues to be discussed at the scheduled FS talks included:-

• Peace and security• Jammu and Kashmir• Siachen• Sir Creek• Wullar Barrage• Tulbul Navigation Project• Economic and commercial cooperation• Counter-terrorism• Narcotics control• Humanitarian issues• People to people exchanges • Religious tourism

The FS-level talks were delayed since 2014 when India cancelled the scheduled dialogue following the meeting of Pakistani envoy to India, Abdul Basit, with Kashmiri Hurriyat leader Shabir Shah.

Following the attack on Pathankot airbase, the scheduled FS-level talks were postponed for an indefinite period. India blamed that the attackers of the Pathankot airbase infiltrated from Pakistan to attack the strategic airbase.

Pak-India political relations after 26/11 Mumbai attacks

On 26th November 2008, ten terrorists launched multiple attacks in several parts of Mumbai. The attacks, termed as India’s 9/11, continued for three days killing 166 people. India alleged that the terrorists were traced to Pakistan. One attacker, Ajmal Kasab, was captured alive. Kasab said that the attackers were from Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).

Following the attacks, then Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh requested his Pakistani counterpart Gillani to sent Director General (DG) of Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) to India to share information on the Mumbai attacks. The Gillani government initially agreed to send the DG ISI to India, but later said that the DG ISI will not visit the India, but a junior representative will visit India instead.

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Following the Mumbai attacks, India

• Cancelled secretary-level talks on trade and Sir Creek• Cancelled scheduled cricket tour of Pakistan• Cancelled the meeting of India-Pakistan Joint Commission on Environment. • Postponed meetings between defense secretaries on Siachen, the water secretaries, the commerce secretaries and the culture secretaries for an indefinite period. • Tightened the visa procedure for Pakistani nationals by increasing processing time for visa applications from 15 to 30 days. • Suspended the peace process and said that the process would revive only if the perpetrators of the 2008 Mumbai attacks are arrested and put on trial.

Former Pakistani foreign minister Khurshid Kasuri revealed in October last year that India planned air strikes in Pakistan following the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks to target Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud -Dawa in Muridke near Lahore. Kasuri said that he knew that the Pakistani military will respond back within five minutes if airstrikes happened.

In February 2009, Pakistani government admitted that the Mumbai attack may have been partly planned in Pakistan but denied the Indian allegations that attackers were assisted by the Pakistani intelligence agencies. India cautiously welcomed the Pakistani probe.

Leaders of both countries met for the first time after the 2008 Mumbai attacks at the sidelines of Shanghai Cooperation Summit (SCO) in Russia in June. However, the meeting between then Pakistani president Asif Ali Zardari and then Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh could not restart the composite dialogue process which broke down after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

In July, then Pakistani prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani met his Indian counterpart Manmohan at the sidelines of 15th Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in the Egyptian resort of Sharm El-Sheikh. Both leaders agreed to continue dialogue and work together to fight terrorism. Following the meeting, Singh ruled out any chance of resuming the Composite Dialogue Process at the present time. In August, India provided fresh evidence to Pakistan to investigate the Mumbai attacks and prosecute Hafiz Saeed, whom India views as the mastermind of the 26/11 attacks.

In November, seven Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) men, suspected of the planning of attacks, were accused by an anti-terror court in Rawalpindi. All were charged under the act of anti-terrorism. India welcomed the arrest of LeT men but criticized Pakistan for not arresting Hafiz Saeed, Jamaat-ud-Dawa Chief.

Foreign secretaries of both countries met in New Delhi for the first high-profile meeting between both countries after the 2008 Mumbai attacks in February 2010. During the meeting, both sides discussed territorial disputes and terrorism. The meeting aimed at reducing tensions and rebuilding the relationship. But the talks did not lead to any breakthrough.

In April, then Pakistani prime minister Yousuf Raza Gilani met with his Indian counterpart in Bhutan. During the meeting, both leaders discussed various issues. The one-to-one meeting came a day after both leaders had an informal meeting after the lunch hosted by the Bhutanese Prime Minister for all heads of SAARC delegations.

In May, Ajmal Kasab, the lone surviving terrorist of the Mumbai attacks, was sentenced to death. Foreign ministers of both countries met in Islamabad for the first time since the Mumbai attacks in July. Both officials promised to co-operate on countering terrorism.

In January 2011, then Indian Home Secretary GK Pillai says that India will share information

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with Pakistan regarding the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombing. Foreign secretaries of both countries met in Bhutan in February. During the meeting, it was decided to resume the peace process which broke down after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

On 25th March, then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan invited Pakistan’s then president Zardari and prime minister Gillani to watch the semi-final match of the Cricket World Cup between Pakistan and India in Mohali. The invitation was accepted by Pakistan and then prime minister Yousuf Raza Gillani visited India to match on 30th of March. It was the first visit to India by a Pakistani head of state or government in a decade. In addition, Gillani’s visit to India was the first visit of any leader from either country since the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

Home secretaries of both countries met in New Delhi on 28th March. Both officials, during the two-days talks, discussed counter-terrorism, 2008 Mumbai attacks and the drugs trade. Both sides agreed.

• To organize the Interior secretary-level dialogue biannually• To setup hotline between them to share real-time information on terrorist threats. • To free fishermen kept in jails of both countries. • To task Pakistan Maritime Security Agency (PMSA) and Indian Coast Guard (ICG) to set up a mechanism for release of fishermen and their boats who crossed maritime borders inadvertently.

The commerce ministers of both countries met in Islamabad for two days talks in April. Both sides agreed to setup two groups of experts to examine the initiative for trade in electricity and petroleum products.

In May, troops of both countries exchanged cross-border fire following the alleged killing of an Indian soldier by the Pakistani forces.

Indian Navy Ship Godavari hampered humanitarian mission being carried out by Pakistan Navy Ship Babur for Merchant Vessel Suez on 16th June. PNS Babur was escorting and assisting MV Suez which has released from the captivity by the Somali pirates. The INS Godavari not only hampered the humanitarian mission but also undertook dangerous maneuvers which resulted in the brushing of the sides of INS Godavari and PNS Babur. Following the hampering of a humanitarian mission by Indian Navy. Pakistan lodged a protest with the Indian government through the Indian envoy to Pakistan.

On 23rd June, foreign secretaries of both countries met in Islamabad. It was the first meeting between foreign secretaries of both countries after 2008 Mumbai attacks. The two-days talks focused on Kashmir dispute, friendly exchanges and peace and security issues including nuclear-related matters. The two-days talks ended without a major breakthrough. However, both sides agreed to work on new nuclear-related Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) and expand trade and travel across Line of Control (LoC), a ceasefire line that separates Azad Kashmir and Indian-occupied Kashmir. The talks also focused on the Kashmir issue, the issue was discussed for the first time since 2008 Mumbai attacks.

Foreign secretaries of both countries met again in New Delhi in July. According to media reports, the talks focused on CBMs including cross-border trade and visa protocols. The next day, foreign ministers of both countries also met in the Indian capital. Both sides discussed the progress of Mumbai attacks trial in Pakistan, Siachen issue and Kashmir dispute. The delegations from both sides announced CBMs to promote interactions between Azad Kashmir and Indian-occupied Kashmir.

In September, heads of the narcotics control departments of both countries signed a

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Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to jointly curb the trade of narcotics. On 2nd November, Pakistani cabinet decided to grant Most Favored Nation (MFN) status to India. On 10th November, then Pakistani Prime Minister Gilani met his Indian counterpart in Maldives on the sidelines of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The main emphasis of the discussion was to discuss the lingering issues between both countries Pakistani president Asif Ali Zardari visited India in April 2012. It was the first visit to India by a Pakistani head of state in seven years. During his visit, he has discussion with Indian prime minister Manmohan. During the talks, both leaders focused on trade and cooperation against terrorism.

Interior/Home secretaries of both countries met in Islamabad for two-days talks from 24-25 April. During the talks, both sides discussed issues related to counter-terrorism, exchange of prisoners and the new visa regime. Both countries finalized a new visa regime that will result in increased people-to-people contacts between both countries.

Both countries have two rounds of two days talks in June. Between 11th and 12th June, both countries had discussion on resolving the Siachen issue in Pakistan’s Rawalpindi city. The delegations from both sides reiterated their stated stances on the issue. Hence, the talks ended without any further movement. Almost a week later, the delegations from the neighboring countries met again in Delhi to have discussion on the issue of Sir Creek, the 96km disputed marsh area between India's Gujarat state and Pakistan's Sindh province.

On 4th July, then Indian Foreign Secretary Ranjan Mathai and his Pakistani counterpart Jalil Abbas Jilani met in New Delhi. Both officials had two sessions of discussion which included peace and security, CBMs and Kashmir. On 12th July, costal security agencies of both countries met for the first time in New Delhi to evolve a mechanism for the early release of fishermen imprisoned in each others' jails. In November, India secretly hangs Ajmal Kasab.

India accused Pakistani soldiers of their involvement in the alleged killing of Indian soldiers during a firefight on Kashmir in January 2013. Pakistan denied the accusations. Peace talks were stalled once again and Indian PM Manmohan said that “there can be no business as usual.

On 2nd May, India reacted furiously to the death of an Indian spy Sarabjit Singh in a Pakistani jail. Sarabjit Singh, who was sent to Pakistan by Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), had confessed to having carried out series of bomb blasts that killed several people. Following the 2013 general election in Pakistan, Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) emerged as victorious. PML-N’s Nawaz Sharif was elected as the new prime minister of the country. During his election campaign, Sharif stated that peace with India was one of his top priorities.

In September, Nawaz met with his Indian counterpart in New York on the sidelines of United Nations General Assembly. Both leaders agreed to stop the recent spate of attack in disputed Kashmir region. It was also agreed that director generals military operations (DGMOs) of both countries were tasked to sort out a plan to restore ceasefire along the LoC.

In February 2014, both countries agreed to release trucks detained in their respective territories, ending a three-week impasse followed by the seizure of a truck in Indian-occupied Kashmir coming from across the LoC for allegedly carrying brown sugar. In May, Pakistani Army Chief Raheel Sharif calls Kashmir the "jugular vein" of Pakistan. He said that the Kashmir dispute should be resolved in accordance with the UNSC resolutions.

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Following the 2014 general election in India, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerged as a victorious in Indian general election. BJP’s Narendra Modi took charge as Prime Minister of India. Nawaz Sharif was the first overseas leader to call Modi and congratulate him on his victory. Unlike Nawaz Sharif, Narendra Modi, during his election campaign, said that talks could not be held with Pakistan until violence stopped.

Modi invited leaders of SAARC countries to attend his swearing-in ceremony. Prior to Modi’s swearing-in ceremony, Pakistan released 151 Indian fishermen from its jails as a goodwill gesture. Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif also attended Modi’s swearing-in-ceremony. PMs of two countries held talks and stressed to start a new era of bilateral relations.

On 12th August, Modi accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war in India. The next day, Pakistani foreign office spokesperson called Modi’s comments ‘most unfortunate.’ On 18th August, India cancelled the FS-level talks following the invitation by Abdul Basit, Pakistani envoy to India, to have consultations with the Kashmiri Hurriyat leaders. In November, PM Nawaz met with his Indian counterpart at the SAARC Summit in Kathmandu. However, the two leaders did not hold any bilateral meeting.

Indian foreign secretary visited Pakistan in March 2015 as part of SAARC Yatra. During his visit, he met with his Pakistani counterpart. Following the bail of Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi by the court in April, Indian foreign minister Sushma Swaraj said on 31st May that talks between both countries cannot take place unless Pakistan takes action against Zakiur Rahman Lakhvi and others.

In June, Modi visited Bangladesh where he acknowledged the Indian inference in East Bangladesh (presently Bangladesh) during the 1971 events. Few days later, India conducts operation against militants along the Indian-Myanmar border, Indian Junior Minister for Information and Broadcasting Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore said that India will carry out surgical strikes at any place or time-based on intelligence. Pakistani interior minister Chaudhary Nisar responded that Pakistan is not Myanmar and will respond to foreign aggression.

PM Nawaz and his Indian counterpart Modi meet in the Russian city of Ufa on the sidelines of the SCO summit in July. Modi announced that he would visit Islamabad in 2016 for the SAARC summit. The joint statement called for the meetings between NSAs, chiefs of military and border security forces of both countries. In addition, it was also decided to release 300 fishermen on each side and to promote a mechanism for religious tourism. However, no commitment was made regarding resumption of the dialogue. Following the meeting, an increase in LoC violations was witnessed in July and August and both sides blamed each other. In August, the scheduled talks between National Security Advisors (NSAs) of Pakistan and India were cancelled by India. Indian FM Swaraj talks could not talk place if Pakistani NSA didn’t drop his plan of meeting with Kashmiri Hurriyat leaders. In addition, India said that the NSA-level talks should only focus on terrorism, whereas Pakistan wanted a wider agenda, including the status of Kashmir.

The heads of Pakistani Rangers and India’s Border Security Force (BSF) met in New Delhi on 11th September. Both officials agreed to maintained restraint in the Kashmir region. Three days, Indian BSF violated the LoC by resorting to unprovoked firing along the Nakial sector in Sialkot. On 30th September, PM Nawaz, while addressing the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), announced his four-point peace plan for Kashmir. His proposal included:-

• To formalize a ceasefire in Kashmir• To not resort to the use or the threat of use of force under any circumstances

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• To demilitarize Kashmir• To agree on unconditional mutual withdrawal from Siachen Glacier, the world’s highest battleground

The next day, Indian foreign minister Swaraj rejected the four-point peace plan while addressing the UNGA. However, she said that NSA-level talks on terrorism should be revived. Meanwhile, the Pakistani Army chief General Raheel Sharif said that Pakistan wants cordial relations with India but without any compromise on its honour and sovereignty. The next day, Pakistani Army Chief Raheel Sharif termed the Kashmir issue as the unfinished agenda of the partition of the Subcontinent. He also said that Indian violations of the LoC and indirect strategy against Pakistan were adversely affecting the region.

At the sidelines of Paris Climate Conference, PM Nawaz met with his Indian counterpart on 30th November. On 6th December, NSAs of both countries met in Bangkok. Both officials discussed about terrorism, peace and security and Kashmir. Following the meeting of NSAs, Indian foreign minister Swaraj visited Pakistan to attend the Heart of Asia conference. During her Pakistan’s visit, she announced that the FSes of both countries will meet soon to resume peace dialogue stalled since 2012.

Following the announcement of the resumption of peace talks, then-Indian envoy to Pakistan, T.C.A. Raghavan said that his country has long wanted Pakistan to vacate Kashmir, which is under the illegal occupation of Pakistan Army. It was first such explicit statement made by an Indian official regarding Azad Kashmir. Pakistani officials responded back by saying such irresponsible statements cannot dilute the disputed status of Kashmir. During Modi’s surprise visit to Pakistan on Christmas Day (also the birthday of PM Nawaz), FS-level talks were decided to recommence on 15th January 2016. But the talks remained postponed for indefinite period following the attack on Indian airbase of Pathankot on 2nd January 2016. = India again blamed Pakistan for assisting the attackers to carry out Pathankot attack. Pakistani government denied the involvement behind the Pathankot attack. Pakistan announced that it will act on the leads provided by India. In early March, Pakistani intelligence agencies captured an Indian spy, Kulbushun Jadhav, from Baluchistan. The Indian spy confessed that he was working for R&AW and was involved in terror activities in Baluchistan and Karachi.

Meanwhile, Pakistan sent its Joint Investigating Team (JIT) to India for investigating Pathankot attack. But sufficient evidences were not handed over to JIT which could not prove Pakistani involvement in the attack.

On 5th April, Pakistani NSA Lt Gen (retd) Nasir Khan Janjua said that India’s heavy military spending and acquisition of weapons threatens Pakistan and its efforts for regional peace. On 7th April, Pakistani envoy to India, Abdul Basit, said that peace process between both countries is suspended and there are no chances of the visit of the NIA team to Pakistan. However, the Pakistan Foreign Office rejected the notion of suspension of talks between both countries and said that it remained engaged with India.

The derailment of the Peace Process since the 2008 Mumbai Attacks There is a long history of derailing peace process between the two countries. Such derailments have increased in last decade or so. Here we will discuss in details those derailments which have occurred after the 2008 Mumbai Attacks.

First Derailment: India accused Pakistani soldiers of their involvement in alleged killing of Indian soldier during a firefight on Kashmir

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In January 2013, India accused Pakistani soldiers of their involvement in the alleged killing of the Indian soldiers during a firefight on Kashmir. Pakistan denied the accusations. Peace talks were stalled once again and Indian PM Manmohan said that “there can be no business as usual”.

Following the killing of Indian soldiers, Pakistan proposed to hold investigations through the United Nations Military Observes Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) on the recent ceasefire violations on the LoC. The question arises why India does not agree to the Pakistani proposal of holding investigations through the UNMOGIP.

Second Derailment: India cancelled the FS-level talks

In August 2014, India cancelled the FS-level talks following the invitation by Abdul Basit, Pakistani envoy to India, to have consultations with the Kashmiri Hurriyat leaders. The sole reason for cancelling the talks was the decision of Pakistani envoy to India to meet Kashmiri Hurriyat leadership. The planned meeting with the Hurriyat leadership was not something new. In past, Pakistani officials have always talked to the Hurriyat leadership before any major diplomatic initiative with India.

In July 2011, then Pakistani foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar met with Hurriyat leaders. The attendees include Syed Ali Shah Geelani, Mirwaiz Umer Farooq, Abdul Ghani Bhatt, Aga Syed Badgami and Bilal Lone. In November 2013, PM Nawaz’s adviser on foreign affairs Sartaj Aziz met with the leaders of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC). The meeting, attended by Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, Yasin Malik, Shabbir Shah, Syed Ali Geelani and Dukhtaran-e-Millat chief Asiya Andrabi, discussed matters related to Pak-Indo relationship, the Kashmir policy and tensions along the LoC. In April 2014, Several Kashmiri leaders including three chairmen of Hurriyat Conference participated in the function of Pakistan Day held at the Pakistan Embassy in New Delhi. In addition, the Hurriyat leaders have regularly participated in the Pakistan Day and Eid functions hosted by the Pakistani Embassy in New Delhi.

The above-mentioned incidents clearly explain that meeting of Pakistani officials with Hurriyat leadership is a norm. The only difference is that the incumbent Modi government does not want any such talks between the Pakistani officials and Hurriyat leadership.

Third Derailment: India cancelled the NSA-level talks

In August 2015, the scheduled talks between National Security Advisors (NSAs) of Pakistan and India were cancelled by India. The two reasons for the cancellation of the talks were:-

• Pakistan’s then NSA Sartaj Aziz’s scheduled meeting with Kashmiri Hurriyat leadership• The items on the agenda for the talks between the NSAs of both countries

India again objected over the meeting of Pakistani officials with the Hurriyat leadership. As stated above, Modi government does not want to see Pakistani officials talk to the Hurriyat leadership.

On the issue of agenda, India wanted the agenda restricted to terror-related issues only, whereas Pakistan wanted a wider agenda which also include the Kashmir issue. Under the 2011 resumed dialogue process, it was agreed by both countries to continue discussions on the Jammu and Kashmir issue with the view to finding a peaceful solution. In addition, PMs of both countries agreed during their 2015 meeting in Ufa that both countries should discuss all issues to ensure peace and promote development. But India wanted to delink the NSA-level talks from the 2011 resumed dialogue process due to unknown reasons.

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Fourth Derailment: The Pathankot Attack

In January 2016, six attackers attacked the Pathankot airbase in India’s Punjab state. The operation to neutralize the attackers continued for three days which resulted in the death of 8 security men and 22 others were wounded. The United Jihad Council (UJC) claimed responsibility for the attack. However, the Indian government rubbished the claim by the UJC as deflectionary tactics. Indian Prime Minister urged his Pakistani counterpart to investigate the Pathankot attack. Based on the leads provided by India, Pakistan started investigations and also formed a JIT in this regard. The JIT arrived in India on the in March for further investigation. However, no fresh information was provided to the team. On proof of infiltration, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) replied that they do not have any credible proof of infiltration. The data about the attackers have been collected from ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and not through official or intelligence source, the NIA admitted. The CSCR have produced a detailed brief titled ‘Pathankot Joint Investigation Team’ on the Pathankot attack and the progress of the investigations carried out by Pakistani and Indian authorities.

Conclusion

Both countries have to deal with the lingering issues in order to ensure peace and development. The Kashmir issue is the main issue which is to be dealt in accordance with the UNSC resolutions in order to have chances of long-lasting good relations between both countries. As analyzed, the Indian governments have tried to derail the peace process four times since the 2008 Mumbai attacks. It should be understood by the Indian government that it is important for both countries to have dialogue with each other in order to deal with the issues. Having deadlock over the issues will only facilitate spoilers of peace.

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• Yousaf, Kamran. “Secretary-level talks: Pak, India finalise new visa regime.” The Express Tribune, May 25, 2012. http://tribune.com.pk/story/383976/secretary-level-talks-pak-india-finalise-new-visa-regime/

• “No forward movement on Siachen stand-off between India-Pak.” NDTV, June 12, 2012. http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-forward-movement-on-siachen-stand-off-between-india-pak-487934

• “India, Pakistan discuss Sir Creek.” BBC, June 18, 2012. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18483542

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• “India and Pakistan hold peace talks.” BBC, July 4, 2012. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18700904

• “Fresh tensions cloud India, Pakistan peace talks.” The Express Tribune, July 4, 2012. http://tribune.com.pk/story/403427/fresh-tensions-cloud-india-pakistan-peace-talks/

• “Indian, Pak Coast Guards discuss fishermen’s release issue.” FirstPost, July 12, 2012. http://www.firstpost.com/printpage.php?idno=376111&sr_no=0

• “Timeline: Flashpoints and flare-ups in India-Pakistan ties.” Dawn, August 7, 2014. http://www.dawn.com/news/1034538

• Bukhari, Mubashir, and Anurag Kotoky. “India fumes after farmer jailed for spying dies in Pakistan.” Reuters, May 2, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-prisoner-idUSBRE94106320130502

• Ahmad, Munir. “Sarabjit shown on TV admitting terror attacks.” Arab News, September 11, 2005. http://www.arabnews.com/node/272825

• “The story changes: Sarabjit was spy, claims Indian daily.” The Express Tribune, May 7, 2013. http://tribune.com.pk/story/545447/the-story-changes-sarabjit-was-spy-claims-indian-daily/

• “Nawaz, Manmohan agree to reduce Kashmir tensions.” Dawn, September 29, 2013. http://www.dawn.com/news/1046276

• “Sharif, Singh agree to reduce LoC tensions.” Dawn, September 30, 2013. http://www.dawn.com/news/1046431

• Hashim, Asad. “Timeline: India-Pakistan relations.” Al Jazeera, May 27, 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/06/2011615113058224115.html

• Burke, Jason and Jon Boone. “Narendra Modi invites Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif to inauguration.” The Guardian, May 21, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/21/narendra-modi-invites-pakistan-nawaz-sharif-inauguration

• Hashim, Asad. “Timeline: India-Pakistan relations.” Al Jazeera, May 27, 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/06/2011615113058224115.html

• “India-Pakistan relations: from partition to arms race.” Anadolu Agency, August 23, 2015. http://aa.com.tr/en/politics/india-pakistan-relations-from-partition-to-arms-race/7339

• Bukhari, Fayaz. “Modi accuses Pakistan of waging proxy war.” Reuters, August 12, 2014. http://in.reuters.com/article/india-modi-pakistan-idINKBN0GC0QA20140812

• Berland, Allison, and Michael Kugelman. “Is There Any Hope for India-Pakistan Relations?.” Foreign Policy, September 2, 2014. http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/02/is-there-any-hope-for-india-pakistan-relations/

• Mallet, Victor, and Farhan Bokhari. “India axes peace talks with Pakistan over ‘interference’.” Financial Times, August 18, 2014. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c71f37a4-26e0-11e4-bc19-00144feabdc0.html

• Kumari, Jagriti.“India-Pakistan relations: Timeline since PM Modi took office.” One India, July 9, 2015.

• http://www.oneindia.com/feature/india-pakistan-relations-timeline-since-pm-modi-took-office-1801297.html

• “No talks until Pakistan takes action against Lakhvi: Indian external affairs minister.” The Express Tribune, May 31, 2015. http://tribune.com.pk/story/895318/no-talks-until-pakistan-takes-action-against-lakhvi-indian-external-affairs-minister/

• Haider, Mateen, and Irfan Haider. “FO spokesperson expresses regret over Modi's Dhaka speech.” Dawn, June 9, 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1187118

• “India will carry out military strikes at any 'place and time', says minister.” Dawn, June 10, 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1187334

• Haider, Irfan.“Pakistan is not Myanmar, will respond to foreign aggression, Nisar tells India.” Dawn, June 11, 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1187363

• “Modi to visit Pakistan next year.” The Hindu, July 11, 2015. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-sharif-meet-on-sidelines-of-sco-summit-in-ufa/article7406963.ece

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• “India-Pakistan relations: from partition to arms race.” Anadolu Agency, August 23, 2015. http://aa.com.tr/en/politics/india-pakistan-relations-from-partition-to-arms-race/7339

• Kalra, Aditya, and Asad Hashim. “India-Pakistan peace talks collapse, deadlock sours relations.” Reuters, August 23, 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-talks-idUSKCN0QR0DI20150823

• Kalra, Aditya and Krishna N. Das. “Peace talks between Pakistan and India collapsed before they even started.” Business Insider, August 22, 2015. http://www.businessinsider.com/peace-talks-between-pakistan-and-india-collapsed-before-they-even-started-2015-8

• “India rejects Pakistan peace plan; calls for revival of terrorism talks.” Dawn, October 2, 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1210318

• “India, Pakistan border chiefs agree to lower tensions in Kashmir .” Dawn, September 11, 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1206355

• Haider, Mateen. “India violates LoC ceasefire despite recent promises of peace: ISPR.” Dawn, September 14, 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1206938

• “Statement by PM during the General Debate of the Seventieth Session of the UN General Assembly.” Prime Minister’s Office Islamic Republic of Pakistan, September 30, 2015. http://www.pmo.gov.pk/pm_speech_details.php?speech_id=62

• “Pakistan wants cordial ties with India without compromising: army chief.” The Express Tribune, October 1, 2015. http://tribune.com.pk/story/965589/pakistan-wants-cordial-relations-with-india-without-compromising-honour-army-chief/

• “India-Pakistan peace linked to Kashmir settlement: army chief.” Dawn, October 3, 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1210565/india-pakistan-peace-linked-to-kashmir-settlement-army-chief

• Pandey, Vikas. “How India, Pakistan resumed peace talks.” BBC, December 10, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35058399

• “India and Pakistan agree to resume high-level peace talks.” BBC, December 9, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35055498

• Gul, Ayaz. “Kashmir Reemerges As Flashpoint As India, Pakistan Pursue Peace Talks.” Voice of America, December 14, 2015. http://www.voanews.com/content/kashmir-dispute-to-be-raised-by-india-in-talks-with-pakistan/3102542.html

• Sajjanhar, Ashok“India: Dealing with Pakistan.” The Diplomat, January 13, 2016. http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/india-dealing-with-pakistan/

• “Transcript of RAW agent Kulbhushan’s confessional statement.” Dawn, March 30, 2016. http://www.dawn.com/news/1248786

• Haider, Mateen. “India's growing military spending threatens Pakistan, says NSA Janjua.” Dawn, April 5, 2016. http://www.dawn.com/news/1250121

• “India doesn't want talks, peace process suspended: Abdul Basit.” The Nation, April 7, 2016. http://nation.com.pk/national/07-Apr-2016/india-does-not-want-comprehensive-talks-peace-process-is-suspended-abdul-basit

• “Peace talks with India to go ahead, says FO.” Dawn, April 15, 2016. http://www.dawn.com/news/1252173

• “Pakistan rejects Indian allegation.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of Pakistan, January 9, 2013. http://www.mofa.gov.pk/pr-details.php?mm=NTU,

• Mallet, Victor, and Farhan Bokhari. “India axes peace talks with Pakistan over ‘interference’.” Financial Times, August 18, 2014. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c71f37a4-26e0-11e4-bc19-00144feabdc0.html

• “Kashmiri separatist leaders meet Pak foreign minister.” India Today, July 26, 2011. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kashmiri-separatist-leaders-meet-pakistan-foreign-minister/1/146198.html

• Quraishi, Omar R. "New Delhi Rendezvous: Sartaj Aziz’s Meeting with APHC Leaders Kicks up Storm." The Express Tribune, November 11, 2013. http://tribune.com.pk/story/630216/new-delhi-rendezvous-sartaj-azizs-meeting-with-aphc-leaders-kicks-up-storm/

• “Pakistan High Commissioner hosts Dinner for Kashmiri Separatist Leaders.” Only

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Kashmir, April 3, 2014. http://onlykashmir.in/pakistan-high-commissioner-hosts-dinner-for-kashmiri-separatist-leaders/

• “Hurriyat leaders attend Pakistan High Commission's Eid Milan.” Dawn, July 21, 2015. http://www.dawn.com/news/1195493

• “Joint Statement - Meeting between the Foreign Secretaries of Pakistan and India, Islamabad, 23-24 June 2011.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of Pakistan, June 24, 2011. http://www.mofa.gov.pk/pr-details.php?mm=MTA2Mg,,

• “Text of the Joint Press Release by Foreign Secretaries of Pakistan and India at the Joint Press Conference in Ufa, 10 July 2015.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of Pakistan, July 10, 2015. http://www.mofa.gov.pk/pr-details.php?mm=MjkzMA,,

• Roy, Shubhajit. “Sushma Swaraj to Pakistan: Hurriyat redline, midnight deadline.” The Indian Express, August 22, 2015.

• http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/if-pakistan-does-not-agree-to-indias-position-there-will-be-no-talks-sushma-swaraj/

• “France, Japan condemn Pathankot terror attack.” Paris Guardian, January 6, 2016. http://www.parisguardian.com/index.php/sid/239980807

• Islah, Mufti. “Pakistan-backed United Jihad Council's 'Highway Squad' claims responsibility for Pathankot terrorist attack.” IBN Live, January 4, 2016. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/pakistan-backed-united-jihad-councils-highway-squad-claims-responsibility-for-pathankot-terrorist-attack-1185198.html

• Ellis, Ralph, Euan McKirdy, and Harmeet Shah Singh. "Indian Prime Minister Urges Pakistan to Investigate Attack on Military Base." CNN. January 5, 2016. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/04/asia/india-air-base-gunmen/index.html

• Babar, Makhdoom. “India’s Pathankot fiasco goes on with all ambiguities.” The Daily Mail, March 29, 2016. http://dailymailnews.com/2016/03/29/indias-pathankot-fiasco-goes-on-with-all-ambiguities/

• Nabeel, Fahad and Khoula Afzal Qamar. “Pathankot Joint Investigation Team.” Center for Strategic and Contemporary Research, March 30, 2016. http://cscr.pk/briefs/pathankot-joint-investigation-team/

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Fahad Nabeel studies Journalism and Mass Communication from the Virtual University of Pakistan. He is Junior Research Fellow at CSCR. Fahad has considerably researched on regional Geo-political issues and militancy trends. He also contributed his articles occasionally. He can be reached at fahad.n@cscr.pk

Khoula Afzal Qamar studies Journalism and Mass Communication from University of Karachi. She is Junior Research Fellow at the CSCR. Khoula has extensively researched and written on extremism and conflict. She also focus on Kashmir and Palestine dispute. She can be reached atkhoula.q@@cscr.pk

Faiza Maqsood is currently working for CSCR as Junior Research Associate in Research and Development Wing. She can be reached atfaiza.maqsood@cscr.pk

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