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TRANSCRIPT
Gone with the wind?
Tracing the semantics of two Siar directionals
Friedel Martin FroweinResearch Centre for Linguistic Typology
La Trobe [email protected]
What we will be talking about
• how geographical, topographical and meteorological factors could have shaped two Siar directional / locational / demonstrative roots (henceforth directionals)
• how migration could have triggered an additional shaping of these directionals
The Siar language
Barok
The Siar language
Austronesian
Western Oceanic
Meso-Melanesian
Patpatar-Tolai familyMandak family
Barok Siar
Siar directionals
-ahInterrogative-(i)saiUp / distal
-im1. Down2. counterclockwise motion or
location
-óngclockwise motion or location
-ingAnaphoric-èIndexical-aProximal
Directional rootFunction
Siar demonstratives
Demonstrative determiners / pronouns+SG -SG
proximalindexicalanaphoric
d-isai n-isai up or far away?1. down2. ?
d-a
interrogative
d-èn-an-èn-ing
n-óngn-im
-
d-ing
‘this / these’
d-óngd-im
‘that / those’
-
Siar demonstratives
Demonstrative existentials+SG -SG
proximalindexicalanaphoricup or far away?
a-d-im a-n-im 1. down2. ?
‘is / are where?’
‘is / are there’
a-d-a
interrogative
a-d-èa-n-aa-n-èa-n-inga-n-isaia-n-óng
a-n-ah
a-d-inga-d-isaia-d-óng
‘is / are here’
a-d-ah
Siar demonstratives
Demonstrative adverbsLocative Allative
proximalindexicalanaphoricup or far away?
t-im ka-t-im1. down2. ?
‘where? / whence?'
‘there / thither’
t-a
interrogative
t-èka-t-aka-t-èka-t-ingka-ø-saika-t-óng
ka-t-ah
t-ingø-sait-óng
‘here / hither’
t-ah
-sai (up, away from New Ireland)
-sai
-sai
-sai
↑N
-sai (up, away from New Ireland)
I inan kasai sup an lón rumai.i inan ka-ø-sai sup an ló-n rumai3.SG go ALL-(LOC-)DIST inside at mouth-3.SG.POSS househe went upward inside at mouth-of.it house
‘He went inside the house.’
-sai (up, away from New Ireland)
-sai
-sai-sai
-sai
↑N
-sai (up, away from New Ireland)
-sai
-sai
-im
↑N
-im
-im
-im-im
-im
-im
-im
↑N
-im (down, towards New Ireland, counterclockwise)
I inan katim an piu.i inan ka-t-im an piu3.SG go ALL-(LOC)-down at groundhe went downward at ground
‘He went outside (the house).’
-im (down, towards New Ireland, counterclockwise)
-im (down, towards New Ireland, counterclockwise)
-im
-im-im
-im
-im
-im
-im (down, towards New Ireland, counterclockwise)
↑N
-im-im
-im
-im
-sai
-im (down, towards New Ireland, counterclockwise)
-im
-sai
↑N
-im (down, towards New Ireland, counterclockwise)
-im
-im
-im
-im
-im
-im
-im
↑N
-óng (clockwise movement or location)
-óng-óng
-óng-óng
-óng
↑N
-óng
-óng
-im
-im
↑N
-óng (clockwise movement or location)
-óng
-óng
-óng-óng
-óng-óng
-óng
-im
-im
↑N
-óng (clockwise movement or location)
-im
-im
-óng
-óng
ManamNNG(Lichtenberk 1983)
≈ Makian TabaEMP(Bowden 2001)
-óng (clockwise movement or location)↑N
Siar
-im
-im
-óng
-óng
Boumaa FijianCP(Dixon 1988)
-óng (clockwise movement or location)
Siar
↑N
Some preliminary conclusions for –im, –óng and -sai
?
sea-based / navigational
–sai'away from New
Ireland'
-im'towards New
Ireland'
land-based(Siar area)
–óng'clockwise'
-im'counterclockwise'
land-based(outside Siar area)
??
ScaleDirectional 2Directional 1
vertical(anywhere)
–sai'up, landward'
contrasts with
-im'down, seaward'
Etymological evidence
POc *sake ‘go upward / southeast’(Dempwolff 1938)
MangapNNG, YabemNNG, GedagedNNG, TakiaNNG, SobeiSJ, MereiNCV,
-sa
Mono-AluMM, SalibaPT, MussauADM (-)saeBanoniMM, TamiNNG, SiarMM -sai
ADM = Admiralties, MM = Meso-Melanesian, NCV = North Central Vanuatu, NNG = North New Guinea, PN = Polynesian, PT = Papuan Tip, SES = Southeast Solomonic, SJ = Sarmi/Jayapura
Data from Ross (2007)
Etymological evidence
-im
-im
Reconstructions from Dempwolff (1938), Zorc (1994), Ross (2007)
*POc *timuR ‘(south or east) wind (bringing rain)’
TakiaNNG, AliNNG, RamoaainaMM
SamoanPN, AnutanPN
SiarMM
‘wind’‘dew’‘drizzle; of rain’
tim(tim)
timu‘rain, be rainy’‘light rain, drizzle’
-tim‘following the direction of the heavy rain’?
-im -im
Etymological evidence
-im
-im
Reconstructions from Dempwolff (1938), Zorc (1994), Ross (2007)
*PWOc *(s,t)imuR ‘island’
SursurungaMM, MuyuwPT
sim ‘island’
SiarMM -tim? ‘away fromLambom Island’
-im-im
*POc *to a ‘Southeasterly quadrant, southeast wind’
NiueanPN
TonganPN
UveanPN
PukapukanPN
RennellesePN
SamoanPN
TuvaluPN
TikopiaPN
FutunanPN
RapanuiPN
RarotonganPN
to a
‚south wind‘‚south; (wind) be south‘‚south wind‘‚south-southeast wind‘‚east‘‚south wind‘‚south‘‚east (wind), trade wind, winter‘
‚south‘‚autumn, winter‘‚south or southerly‘
SiarMM -t-óng ‚where the southeast trade comesfrom/against the southeast trade‘?
Etymological evidence
Reconstructions from Dempwolff (1938), Zorc (1994), Ross (2007)
-óng-óng
Historical evidence?
1894
Stephan & Graebner (1907)
Konomala
Kandas
LambelSiar
-óng
'towards Cape St George / Lambom Island'
‘just a little further than Cape St George’
‘continuing the path from Lambom’
-im
‘away from Cape St George’
‘opposite of –óng’
‘opposite of –óng’
2010
Lambel
Kandas
Siar
Kono-mala
-im
‘counterclockwisealong the coastline’
-óng
‘clockwise alongthe coastline’
↑N
Historical evidence?
First inconsistencies?
-im
-im
-im
-im
↑N
LamassaIsland
LambomIsland
counterclockwisemovement
opposite of -óng
-im
-im
New interpretations outside the Siar area
south, as far as Cape St George
downward2
from remote New Ireland to Siar area
from anywhere towards New Ireland
1
New inter-pretation
Original meaning
#
↑N
-im
-im
-im
-im
New interpretations outside the Siar area
from remote New Ireland / near East New Britaintowards Siar area
from anywhere towards New Ireland
1
New inter-pretation
Original meaning
south, as far as Cape St George
downward2
-sai ↑N
New interpretations outside the Siar area
?-im
movement across the bay / away-sai
clockwise movement along the coastline-óng
Analysis↑N
-óng -sai
-im
New interpretations outside the Siar area
- “(Here in Kokopo) it does not really matter which form you use.”
- destination / location is usually mentioned anyway if the destination is unclear
I inan *(ka-t-im) an Rabaul. ‘He went (down) to Rabaul.’ (uttered in Kokopo)
I kès *(t-óng) an Rabaul.‘He lives in (clockwise) Rabaul.’ (uttered in Kokopo)
- directionals only have a morphological function
Summary and conclusion
- three absolute directionals –im, -óng and –sai, each of which has more than meaning
- –im, -óng and –sai have been shaped by geographical and topographical factors
*Proto-Oceanic: *sake 'go upward (landward)'*(s,t)imuR 'island'*to a ‘southeasterly quadrant, southeast wind’
Post-*POc: -sai 'up (landward), away from New Ireland'-tim 'down (seaward), towards New Ireland,
away from Lambom Island'-óng 'towards Lambom Island'
Siar in 19th century: -sai 'up (landward), away from New Ireland'(and today) -tim 'down (seaward), towards New Ireland,
counterclockwise'-óng 'clockwise'
Summary and conclusion
- shaping of the (counter)clockwise directionals was triggered by Siar speakers migrating from the east coast to the west coast
- relative isolation between both coasts may have reinforced the inconsistent use of –im and –óng
- outside the Siar area the (counter)clockwise analysis does not apply
- -im, -óng and -sai only have a morphological function
References
Bennardo, Giovanni (ed) (2002). Representing space in Oceania: culture in language and mind. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics
Blust, Robert (1997). Semantic Change and the Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships in Austronesian Languages. In: Senft, Gunter (ed). Referring to Space – Studies in Austronesian and Papuan languages. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Bowden, John (2001). Taba – Description of a South Halmahera language. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics 521
Dempwolff, Otto (1938). Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes, Vol. 3: Austronesisches Wörterverzeichnis. in: Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen, supplement 19. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag
Dixon, R. M. W (1988). A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Florey, Margaret & Kelly, Barbara F. (2002). Spatial reference in Alune. In: Bennardo, Giovanni (ed).
François, Alexandre (2004). Reconstructing the Geocentric System of Proto-Oceanic. In: Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 43/1, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press
References
Lichtenberk, Frantisek (1983). A grammar of Manam. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 18, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press
Palmer, Bill (2002). Absolute spatial reference and the grammaticalisationof perceptually salient phenomena. In: Bennardo, Giovanni (ed)
Ross, Malcolm & Pawley, Andrew & Osmond, Meredith (2007). The Lexicon of Proto-Oceanic – The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics 545
Stephan, Emil & Graebner, Fritz (1907). Neu Mecklenburg (Bismarck-Archipel) – Die Küste von Umuddu bis Kap St. Georg –Forschungsergebnisse bei den Vermessungsfahrten von S.M.S. Möwe im Jahre 1904. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag
Zorc, R.D.P. (1994). Austronesian culture history through reconstructed vocabulary (an overview). In: Pawley, A. & Ross, M. (eds). Austronesian terminologies: community and change. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics