research article preparation of paper mulberry fibers and...

Research ArticlePreparation of Paper Mulberry Fibers and Possibility ofCottonPaper Mulberry Yarns Production

Manoon Jitjaicham1 and Boonsri Kusuktham2

1Division of Textile Engineering Faculty of Textile Industries Rajamangala University of Technology KrungthepBangkok 10120 Thailand2Division of Textile Chemical Engineering Faculty of Textile Industries Rajamangala University of Technology KrungthepBangkok 10120 Thailand

Correspondence should be addressed to Boonsri Kusuktham kuboonsriyahoocom

Received 15 March 2016 Accepted 25 July 2016

Academic Editor Kaustubha Mohanty

Copyright copy 2016 M Jitjaicham and B Kusuktham This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

The novelty of yarn production from cottonpaper mulberry fiber blends was reportedThe objective of this research was to preparethe paper mulberry fibers and study the possibility of production of yarns from cottonpaper mulberry fibers For preparation ofpaper mulberry fibers the inner bark was first immersed in water for 24 h Then the fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide atconcentration of 5ndash10 (wv) for 1ndash3 h After that the bleaching process was conducted with hydrogen peroxide at concentration of5ndash25 (vv) for different temperature and time Finally the fibers were washed with 10 (vv) of nonionic surfactant at temperatureof 90∘C for 30 minute to remove the residual gum from the fibers The results showed that optimum condition for scouring of thepaper mulberry fibers was 15 (wv) sodium hydroxide at 90∘C for 2 h The bleaching process with 15 (vv) H

2

O2

at 90∘C for90 minute was suitable The obtained fibers were blended with the cotton fibers to produce yarns by open-end spinning methodThe elongation and tenacity of the blended yarns increased with the increasing of the paper mulberry ratio Also the antifungalproperty of yarns was improved by the blending of cotton fibers with the paper mulberry fibers

1 Introduction

Natural cellulosic fibers are produced from various sourcesof plant such as bast seed and leaf These cellulosic fibersare jute flax ramie cotton and sisal The use of thesefibers is different for example cotton is used for appareljute for packing ramie for fabrics and ropes sisal for ropeand flax for linen Some of them like cotton and ramie arestrong and fine with high length to breadth aspect ratio forgood spinnability into yarn for fabric [1] The productionof yarns from the other plants is very interesting The plantfibers offer several advantages including low density low costbiodegradability and renewable nature

Paper mulberry is a tree in the family Moraceae [2] Theplant stalks of the paper mulberry are composed of bark andwoody xylem [3] After peeling off the outer barkmany fibersappear The components of paper mulberry fibers are similarto cotton fibers such as cellulose hemicelluloses lignin and

wax Unlike cotton fibers the paper mulberry fibers arecomposed of gum The fibers were separated from the outerbark by boiling the bark in an alkali solution such as sodaash or caustic soda to dissolve the lignin wax and gums[4] Fibers that are high in lignin are generally brown colorThis is the characteristic of the paper mulberry fibers Hencethe next step for preparation of the paper mulberry fibersis bleaching process The purpose of this step is to whitenthe fibers The major bleaching agents used in preparationof the paper mulberry fibers are sodium hypochlorite orcalcium hypochlorite [5] Also chlorine dioxide was used inthe studies of Lin et al [6] The derivative of chlorine wasclaimed to be toxic chemical and related to the greenhouseeffect [5] To reduce the environmental impact hydrogenperoxide is considered to be used instead of chlorine

The inner bark of the paper mulberry is composed ofvery strong fibers and can be used for making high qualitypaper The production of paper mulberry paper can be seen

Hindawi Publishing CorporationIndian Journal of Materials ScienceVolume 2016 Article ID 1498967 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520161498967

2 Indian Journal of Materials Science

in Thai village In Chiang Mai Thailand the paper mulberryis manufactured into a wide variety of products for thebooming tourist industry [7] The paper-making from thepaper mulberry fibers has been made by hand The bark isfirst boiled to soften the fiber and soak overnight at roomtemperature Then the fibers are washed many times Afterthat the pulp is placed in the large container to dissipate ontoa bamboo frame with a cotton screenThe frame is immersedin the same container and small fibers are captured on thescreen The paper itself forms naturally on the frames whichare placed in the sun to dry before being peeled from thescreens in sheets Also this bark was widely used to maketapa cloth in Polynesian culture To make tapa the bark waspeeled from the cut stems to obtain a single long strip Theinner bark or bark was then separated from the outer barkand after being scraped and washed the strips were poundedto flatten them The resulting sheets were felted together toform tapa [8] Opoku-Asare and Yeboah studied exploringthe possibility of recycling waste fabrics into good qualitypaper For making paper the waste fabrics such as linennylon acetate cotton polyester and wool were mixed withthe paper mulberry fibers [4]

For using these fibers in textiles the extraction of thefibers from the inner bark is very important Also theextracted fibers will be spun into yarns The quality of thefibers has an effect on the mechanical properties of theproduced yarns

The present study was carried out in order to prepare thepaper mulberry fibers and to produce cottonpaper mulberryyarns The paper mulberry fibers were extracted from theinner bark with sodium hydroxide solution The obtainedfibers were bleached with hydrogen peroxide The whitenessindex and morphology of the fibers were examined Alsothe yarns were produced by open-end spinning methodThe mechanical and antifungal properties of the yarns wereinvestigated

2 Experimental

21 Materials The hydrogen peroxide (50 vv) was pur-chased fromStar TechChemical Industrial Co Ltd and usedas received The inner barks of paper mulberry (PM) werepurchased from ChiangMai provinceThailandThe scouredand bleached cotton fibers were obtained fromKongkiat Tex-tile Co Ltd Nonionic surfactant (aliphatic esters and fattyalcohol) was purchased from Star Tech Chemical IndustrialCo Ltd

22 Preparation of the PaperMulberry Fibers The inner barksof paper mulberry (PM) fibers were immersed in water for24 h Then the PM fibers were placed in solution of NaOH(5ndash20 wv) at 90∘C for 1ndash3 h After alkaline cooking thePM fibers were washed by distilled water and then air-dried

23 Bleaching of the Paper Mulberry Fibers Fibers bleachingprocesses involved variable of H

2O2concentration (5ndash25

vv) variable of temperature (70ndash90∘C) and bleaching time(10ndash120 minutes) The effect of temperature on the bleaching

was studied at 70 80 and 90∘C at H2O2concentration

10 vv After the bleaching process the fibers were washedwith 10 (vv) nonionic surfactant at 90∘C for 30 minutes toremove the residual gum in the fibers

24 Characterization of Paper Mulberry Fibers

241TheChemical Compositions of the PaperMulberry FibersThe hemicellulose and lignin contents of the PM fibers weretested according to standard TAPPI method (TAPPI T203cm-99 and TAPPI T222 om-06)

242 Morphology The morphological structures of the PMfibers before and after pretreatment were observed by JEOLJSM-5410LV Scanning Electron Microscope

243 FTIR Measurement Infrared spectra of the PM fibersbefore and after pretreatment were recorded using Perkin-Elmer FTIR Spectrophotometer System 2000

244 Quality of the Paper Mulberry Fibers The uniformityindex of PM fibers was tested with Vibromat single fiberfineness (Vibromat ME Textechno) The micronaire wasmeasured with theMicronaire Keisokki Also the short fiberindex was measured with classifiber sampler and measuring(Classifiber Keisokki)

245 Whiteness Measurements The bleaching effectivenesswas evaluated by measuring the whiteness index (WI) of thefiber samples with a spectrophotometer Datacolor 900 usingD65

illuminant and 10∘ observer Each sample was foldedtwice to give an opaque sample

246 Production of Yarns Cotton fibers and PM fibers weremixed together with mixing ratios 90 10 and 80 20 Thenthemachines required to process yarnwere carding drawingroving and open-end spinning Also themechanical proper-ties of yarn were tested under Uster Tensojet

247 Antifungal Studied The assay used for measuringantibacterial properties was based on ldquoAATCC Test Method30-1989 Antifungal Activity Assessment on Textile MaterialMidew and Rot Resistance of Textilerdquo The antimicrobialactivity of the cotton fibers paper mulberry fibers and thecottonpaper mulberry yarns was evaluated The observedgrowth of Aspergillus niger was evaluated in Table 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 Scouring of Paper Mulberry Fibers Scouring process wasconducted to remove many impurities for example hemi-celluloses lignins waxes and other impurities from the PMfibers The results of alkaline scouring on the hemicelluloseand lignin contents of the PM fibers are shown in Figures 1and 2 respectivelyThe results showed that the hemicellulosesand lignin decreased with increasing the concentration ofNaOH and constant at about 15 (wv) NaOH for 2 h

Indian Journal of Materials Science 3

Table 1

Observed growth GradeNone 0Growth only apparent under microscope 1Growth visible to the naked eye

Trace (less than 10) 2Light growth (10ndash30) 3Medium growth (30ndash60) 4Heavy growth (more than 60) 5

02468

101214161820

5 10 15 20

Hem

icel

lulo

se co

nten

t (

)

NaOH concentration ( wv)

Original1 h2 h

3 h

Figure 1 Hemicellulose content in paper mulberry fiber before andafter scouring at various NaOH concentration and time

The role of NaOH solution in scouring process was to swellthe fibers dissolve the impurities and saponify oil andwaxes [9] Thus the impurities were removed From theseresults the suitable condition for scouring the PM fibers was15 (wv) NaOH at 90∘C for 2 h

32 Bleaching of Paper Mulberry Fibers Natural fibers areoff-white in color due to color bodies present in the fibersThe conventional bleaching is a process that is used intextiles to improve the whiteness of thematerialsThe naturalcoloring of PM fibers is dark brown color The objectiveof the bleaching process was to destroy these color bodiesHydrogen peroxide was used as the bleaching agent in thisresearch

321 Effect of Temperature on Bleaching Rate The result onthe whiteness index of the bleached fibers is shown in Fig-ure 3 The result showed that the whiteness index increasedas the temperature increased In general hydrogen peroxidecould decompose to produce hydroxyl radical (HO∙) andsuperoxide radical (O

2

∙minus) [10] These radicals might react

with each other and give hydroxyl anions (OHminus) as shownin the following [11]

HO∙ +O2

∙

997888rarr O2+OHminus (1)

The OHminus accelerated the decomposition of H2O2as shown

below [12]

H2O2+OHminus 997888rarr HOOminus +H

2O (2)

Original1 h2 h

3 h

005

115

225

335

4

5 10 15 20

Lign

in co

nten

t (

)


Figure 2 Lignin content in paper mulberry fiber before and afterscouring at various NaOH concentration and time

0123456789

10

70 80 90

Whi

tene

ss in

dex

Temperature (∘C)

Figure 3 Whiteness index of the bleached paper mulberry fibers(10 H

2

O2

at 90 minutes) at various temperature

The decomposition products caused the oxidation oflignin structure and led to the cleavage of some interunitbonds and the dissolution of lignin and hemicelluloses[10] In addition during bleaching the chromophores wereconverted to nonchromophoric species [11 13] This resultedin increasing the whiteness of the bleached PM fibers As thebleaching temperature increased the whiteness increasedThis is caused by the increasing of the decomposition ofH

2O2

and the oxidation reaction of the PM fibers Therefore thetemperature had an effect on the bleaching of the PM fibers

322 Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration and ReactionTime of Bleaching Figure 4 shows the effects of hydrogenperoxide concentration and time of bleaching on the white-ness index of the PM fibers The result showed that thewhiteness index increased with increasing the concentrationof H2O2and constant at 15 H

2O2for 90 minutes With

increasing the H2O2concentration the oxidation reaction

between the PM fibers and H2O2tended to increaseThis led

to the destruction of color in the fibersFigure 5 shows the FTIR spectra of the original PM

fibers scoured and bleached fibers In the FTIR spectrumof the original PM fibers (see Figure 5(a)) the absorption


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 20 30 60 90 120

Whi

tene

ss in

dex

Time (min)

1015

2025

5 H2O2

Figure 4 Whiteness index of the bleached paper mulberry fibers atvarious H

2

O2

concentrations and time

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

4000 3672 3344 3016 2688 2360 2032 1704 1376 1048 720

3434

29241634

14301374

1323 1064

897

781(a)

(b)

(c)T

(cmminus1)

Figure 5 FTIR spectra of original paper mulberry fibers (a)scoured paper mulberry fibers (b) and bleached paper mulberryfibers (c)

band at 3434 cmminus1 was attributed to the absorbance of -OHfunctional groups of cellulose and at 2924 cmminus1 was due to-CH2- groups Also it showed the spectrum of hemicellulose

In general hemicellulose was composed of various type ofsugars at 1000ndash1300 cmminus1 it was typical of xylan The peak at1318 was attributed to -CH

2blending [10] In this spectrum

it showed the spectrum of lignin vibration of aromatic ringof lignin at 1513 cmminus1 at 1368 was attributed to OH in-planebending [14]

In the spectrum of the scoured PM fibers (see Fig-ure 5(b)) the absorption peaks between 1000 and 1700 cmminus1were changed The absence of the peak at 1318 cmminus1 impliedthat hemicellulose was removed In addition the characteris-tic peaks of lignin at 1625 cmminus1 decreased This might be dueto the removal of lignin in scouring process

In the spectrum of the bleached PM fibers (see Fig-ure 5(c)) the intensity peak of -C=O at 1634 cmminus1 decreasedThis indicated that some impurities were removed from thefibers In addition it showed the absorption spectrum ofcellulose the bending of C-H at 1430 1374 and 1323 cmminus1and also stretching of C-O-C at 1159 1064 and 897 cmminus1After the bleaching process the gum in the fibers was

Table 2 Quality parameters of paper mulberry fibers

Quality parameters DataUniformity index 613Micronair 736 micronairShort fiber index 96

Table 3 Mechanical properties of yarn

Cotton PM fibersratio (by weight) elongation Tenacity (cNTex)

90 10 607 120380 20 676 1276

removed with nonionic surfactant resulting in increasing thesoftness of the PM fibers and leading to the possibility ofcarding process

33 Morphologies of Paper Mulberry Fibers The SEMmicro-graphs of the original scoured and bleached PM fibers arepresented in Figure 6 It appeared that the coating materialson the surface of the original PM fiber were removed inthe scouring and bleaching processes Also the cross sectionof the PM fiber showed sheath-core structure as shown inFigure 6(e)

34 Quality of PaperMulberry Fibers Thequality parametersof the PM fibers are shown in Table 2 Uniformity indexcontributes significantly towards hair severity From thisresult the PM fibers had a good uniformity This indicatedthat the fiber length of the PM fibers was uniform

Fiber fineness is considered as themost important param-eter impacting the yarn quality The result showed that thePM fibers were the coarse fibers

Short fiber content was an indication of fiber qualitydefined as a percentage of fibers less than 127mm Rawmaterial with higher short fibers content was inferior as it ledto high waste in the process and yarn produced from thisfibers had low strength more unevenness and high hairiness[15] FromTable 2 it is shown that the PMfibers had the shortfiber index about 96 This indicated that it was possible toproduce yarns from the PM fibers mixed with cotton fibers

35 The Yarns Production from CottonPaper Mulberry FibersBlended In general the PMfibers have stickymaterials in thefibers unlike cotton fibersHence yarn production from 100PM fibers was not produced due to the attachment of thePM fibers on the carding machine In this research the yarnsfrom cottonPM fibers blended were produced with open-end spinning The sliver and open-end spinning machine areshown in Figures 7 and 8 respectively The production ofyarns from cottonPM fibers was possible The mechanicaland antifungal properties of yarns are shown in Tables 3 and4 respectively The mechanical properties of the producedyarns indicated that these yarns would be used in textileapplication Also the PM fibers improved the antifungalproperty of yarns


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

Figure 6 SEM micrographs of original paper mulberry fibers (a) scoured paper mulberry fibers with 15 (wv) NaOH solution for 2 h (b)scoured and bleached paper mulberry fibers with 15 (vv) H

2

O2

for 90 minutes (c-d) and cross section of paper mulberry fibers (e)

Figure 7 Sliver of cottonpaper mulberry fiber blends Figure 8 Spinning of cottonpaper mulberry yarns


Table 4 Antifungal property of cotton fibers papermulberry fibersand cottonpaper mulberry yarns

Materials Observed fungalgrowth Grade

Cotton fibers Heavy growth (morethan 60) 5

Paper mulberry fibers Light growth(10ndash30) 3

Cottonpaper mulberry yarns Light growth(10ndash30) 3

4 Conclusions

Scouring and bleaching processes were used to prepare papermulberry fibers for spinning of cottonpaper mulberry yarnsThe papermulberry fibers were scouredwithNaOH solutionThe suitable condition for scouring of the paper mulberryfibers was 15 (wv) NaOH at 90∘C for 2 h The removal ofhemicellulose lignin and other impurities increased withincreasing the concentration of NaOH Also the optimumbleaching process of the papermulberry fibers was 15H

2O2

at 90∘C for 90minutes Factors affecting the bleaching processof the paper mulberry fibers were concentration of H

2O2

temperature and reaction time From the quality of papermulberry fibers the spinning of cottonpapermulberry yarnswas possible The mechanical properties of produced yarnsindicated that these yarns could be used in textile field Inaddition blending of the paper mulberry fibers with thecotton fibers improved the antifungal property of yarns

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Acknowledgments

This research is supported by a grant from the RajamangalaUniversity of Technology Krungthep

References

[1] P K Das D Nag S Debnath and L K Nayak ldquoMachineryfor extraction and traditional spinning of plant fibresrdquo IndianJournal of Traditional Knowledge vol 9 no 2 pp 386ndash393 2010

[2] A C Dweck ldquoA review of the paper muberryrdquo Personal Care2004

[3] Z Jin G Jin S Shao and K S Katsumata ldquoLignin character-istics of bast fiber and core in kenaf bark and wood of papermulberry and mulberryrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 58 no 2pp 144ndash152 2012

[4] N A Opoku-Asare and R Yeboah ldquoHand papermaking withwaste fabrics and paper mulberry fibrerdquo Online InternationalJournal of Arts and Humanities vol 2 no 3 pp 71ndash82 2013

[5] T Tawonpanich P Srinophakun and T Srinophakun New Eraof Cleaner Production in Mulberry Paper Industry ChemicalEngineering Department Kasetsart University

[6] L-D Lin F-C Chang C-H Ko C Y Wang and Y-N WangldquoProperties of enzyme pretreated Wikstroemia sikokiana and

Broussonetia papyrifera bast fiber pulpsrdquo BioResources vol 10no 2 pp 3625ndash3637 2015

[7] A Neef P Suebpongsang C Manythong W Tacheena and OKazuo ldquoCan paper mulberry contribute to building sustainablerural livelihoods in northern Laosrdquo Southeast Asian Studiesvol 47 no 4 pp 403ndash423 2010

[8] WAWhister andC R ElevitchBroussonetia papyrifera (PaperMulberry) Ayroforestry Net pp 8-9 April 2000

[9] C Tomasino Fabric Preparation amp Finishing Department ofTextile Engineering Chemistry and Science North CarolinaState University pp 61ndash63 1992

[10] R C Sun J Tomkinson P L Ma and S F Liang ldquoComparativestudy of hemicelluloses from rice straw by alkali and hydrogenperoxide treatmentsrdquo Carbohydrate Polymers vol 42 no 2 pp111ndash122 2000

[11] C W Dence and D W Reeve Pulp Bleaching Priciple andPractice TAPPI Press Atlanta Ga USA 1996

[12] J M Gould ldquoAlkaline peroxide delignification of agriculturalresidues to enhance enzymatic saccharificationrdquo Boitechnologyand Bioengineering vol 26 no 1 pp 46ndash52 1984

[13] X-J Pan Y Sano and T Ito ldquoAtmospheric acetic acid pulpingof rice straw II behavior of ash and silica in rice straw duringatmospheric acetic acid pulping and bleachingrdquo Holzforschungvol 53 no 1 pp 49ndash55 1999

[14] Suhas P J M Carrott and M M L Ribeiro Carrott ldquoLigninmdashfrom natural adsorbent to activated carbon a reviewrdquo Biore-source Technology vol 98 no 12 pp 2301ndash2312 2007

[15] V Srinivasan and S Balamurugan ldquoHair severity a new yarnhariness parametermdashpart IIrdquo p 7 httpwwwscribdcomdocument97265330Hair-Severity-A-New-Yarn-Hairiness-Parameter-Part-II

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



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CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


in Thai village In Chiang Mai Thailand the paper mulberryis manufactured into a wide variety of products for thebooming tourist industry [7] The paper-making from thepaper mulberry fibers has been made by hand The bark isfirst boiled to soften the fiber and soak overnight at roomtemperature Then the fibers are washed many times Afterthat the pulp is placed in the large container to dissipate ontoa bamboo frame with a cotton screenThe frame is immersedin the same container and small fibers are captured on thescreen The paper itself forms naturally on the frames whichare placed in the sun to dry before being peeled from thescreens in sheets Also this bark was widely used to maketapa cloth in Polynesian culture To make tapa the bark waspeeled from the cut stems to obtain a single long strip Theinner bark or bark was then separated from the outer barkand after being scraped and washed the strips were poundedto flatten them The resulting sheets were felted together toform tapa [8] Opoku-Asare and Yeboah studied exploringthe possibility of recycling waste fabrics into good qualitypaper For making paper the waste fabrics such as linennylon acetate cotton polyester and wool were mixed withthe paper mulberry fibers [4]

For using these fibers in textiles the extraction of thefibers from the inner bark is very important Also theextracted fibers will be spun into yarns The quality of thefibers has an effect on the mechanical properties of theproduced yarns

The present study was carried out in order to prepare thepaper mulberry fibers and to produce cottonpaper mulberryyarns The paper mulberry fibers were extracted from theinner bark with sodium hydroxide solution The obtainedfibers were bleached with hydrogen peroxide The whitenessindex and morphology of the fibers were examined Alsothe yarns were produced by open-end spinning methodThe mechanical and antifungal properties of the yarns wereinvestigated

2 Experimental

21 Materials The hydrogen peroxide (50 vv) was pur-chased fromStar TechChemical Industrial Co Ltd and usedas received The inner barks of paper mulberry (PM) werepurchased from ChiangMai provinceThailandThe scouredand bleached cotton fibers were obtained fromKongkiat Tex-tile Co Ltd Nonionic surfactant (aliphatic esters and fattyalcohol) was purchased from Star Tech Chemical IndustrialCo Ltd

22 Preparation of the PaperMulberry Fibers The inner barksof paper mulberry (PM) fibers were immersed in water for24 h Then the PM fibers were placed in solution of NaOH(5ndash20 wv) at 90∘C for 1ndash3 h After alkaline cooking thePM fibers were washed by distilled water and then air-dried

23 Bleaching of the Paper Mulberry Fibers Fibers bleachingprocesses involved variable of H

2O2concentration (5ndash25

vv) variable of temperature (70ndash90∘C) and bleaching time(10ndash120 minutes) The effect of temperature on the bleaching

was studied at 70 80 and 90∘C at H2O2concentration

10 vv After the bleaching process the fibers were washedwith 10 (vv) nonionic surfactant at 90∘C for 30 minutes toremove the residual gum in the fibers

24 Characterization of Paper Mulberry Fibers

241TheChemical Compositions of the PaperMulberry FibersThe hemicellulose and lignin contents of the PM fibers weretested according to standard TAPPI method (TAPPI T203cm-99 and TAPPI T222 om-06)

242 Morphology The morphological structures of the PMfibers before and after pretreatment were observed by JEOLJSM-5410LV Scanning Electron Microscope

243 FTIR Measurement Infrared spectra of the PM fibersbefore and after pretreatment were recorded using Perkin-Elmer FTIR Spectrophotometer System 2000

244 Quality of the Paper Mulberry Fibers The uniformityindex of PM fibers was tested with Vibromat single fiberfineness (Vibromat ME Textechno) The micronaire wasmeasured with theMicronaire Keisokki Also the short fiberindex was measured with classifiber sampler and measuring(Classifiber Keisokki)

245 Whiteness Measurements The bleaching effectivenesswas evaluated by measuring the whiteness index (WI) of thefiber samples with a spectrophotometer Datacolor 900 usingD65

illuminant and 10∘ observer Each sample was foldedtwice to give an opaque sample

246 Production of Yarns Cotton fibers and PM fibers weremixed together with mixing ratios 90 10 and 80 20 Thenthemachines required to process yarnwere carding drawingroving and open-end spinning Also themechanical proper-ties of yarn were tested under Uster Tensojet

247 Antifungal Studied The assay used for measuringantibacterial properties was based on ldquoAATCC Test Method30-1989 Antifungal Activity Assessment on Textile MaterialMidew and Rot Resistance of Textilerdquo The antimicrobialactivity of the cotton fibers paper mulberry fibers and thecottonpaper mulberry yarns was evaluated The observedgrowth of Aspergillus niger was evaluated in Table 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 Scouring of Paper Mulberry Fibers Scouring process wasconducted to remove many impurities for example hemi-celluloses lignins waxes and other impurities from the PMfibers The results of alkaline scouring on the hemicelluloseand lignin contents of the PM fibers are shown in Figures 1and 2 respectivelyThe results showed that the hemicellulosesand lignin decreased with increasing the concentration ofNaOH and constant at about 15 (wv) NaOH for 2 h


Table 1



02468

101214161820

5 10 15 20

Hem

icel

lulo

se co

nten

t (

)


Original1 h2 h

3 h





2



HO∙ +O2

∙



below [12]


2O (2)

Original1 h2 h

3 h

005

115

225

335

4

5 10 15 20

Lign

in co

nten

t (

)



0123456789

10

70 80 90

Whi

tene

ss in

dex

Temperature (∘C)


2

O2



2O2









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 20 30 60 90 120

Whi

tene

ss in

dex

Time (min)

1015

2025

5 H2O2


2

O2


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

4000 3672 3344 3016 2688 2360 2032 1704 1376 1048 720

3434

29241634

14301374

1323 1064

897

781(a)

(b)

(c)T

(cmminus1)












90 10 607 120380 20 676 1276








(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)


2

O2









4 Conclusions


2O2


2O2


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References
























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




Table 1



02468

101214161820

5 10 15 20

Hem

icel

lulo

se co

nten

t (

)


Original1 h2 h

3 h





2



HO∙ +O2

∙



below [12]


2O (2)

Original1 h2 h

3 h

005

115

225

335

4

5 10 15 20

Lign

in co

nten

t (

)



0123456789

10

70 80 90

Whi

tene

ss in

dex

Temperature (∘C)


2

O2



2O2









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 20 30 60 90 120

Whi

tene

ss in

dex

Time (min)

1015

2025

5 H2O2


2

O2


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

4000 3672 3344 3016 2688 2360 2032 1704 1376 1048 720

3434

29241634

14301374

1323 1064

897

781(a)

(b)

(c)T

(cmminus1)












90 10 607 120380 20 676 1276








(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)


2

O2









4 Conclusions


2O2


2O2


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References
























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 20 30 60 90 120

Whi

tene

ss in

dex

Time (min)

1015

2025

5 H2O2


2

O2


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

4000 3672 3344 3016 2688 2360 2032 1704 1376 1048 720

3434

29241634

14301374

1323 1064

897

781(a)

(b)

(c)T

(cmminus1)












90 10 607 120380 20 676 1276








(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)


2

O2









4 Conclusions


2O2


2O2


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References
























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)


2

O2









4 Conclusions


2O2


2O2


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References
























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials









4 Conclusions


2O2


2O2


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References
























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


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CeramicsJournal of







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CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

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research article preparation of paper mulberry fibers and...

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