research article ecological features of cultivated...

Research ArticleEcological Features of Cultivated Stands of Aquilariamalaccensis Lam (Thymelaeaceae) a Vulnerable Tropical TreeSpecies in Assamese Homegardens

P Saikia1 and M L Khan2

1 Centre for Environmental Sciences Central University of Jharkhand Brambe Ranchi Jharkhand 835205 India2Department of Botany Dr Hari Singh Gour Central University Sagar Madhya Pradesh 470003 India

Correspondence should be addressed to P Saikia purabisaikiacujacin

Received 10 February 2014 Accepted 22 June 2014 Published 8 July 2014

Academic Editor Sunil Nautiyal

Copyright copy 2014 P Saikia and M L Khan This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Research was conducted in twenty-seven selected villages located in Jorhat and Golaghat districts of upper Assam northeast Indiafor population estimation quantitative ecological analysis and evaluation of Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) Vegetationsampling was done by quadrat method and A malaccensis is the most dominant tree species in all twenty-seven different studysites of upper Assam contributing 10ndash54 of the total tree density with a mean of 34plusmn2 Density of the species varied from 6236individuals haminus1 to 429 individuals haminus1 with a mean of 1609 individuals haminus1 plusmn 217 whereas frequency of occurrence is very highranging from 93 to 100 with a mean of 98 plusmn 053 in different study sites Distribution of A malaccensis is found contagious inall twenty-six study sites on the basis of abundance to frequency ratio except in KBG Golaghat where its distribution is randomwith 004 abundance to frequency ratio The widespread cultivation of A malaccensis in upper Assam northeast India offers apotential ex situ reservoir for the future conservation and management of this threatened tree

1 Introduction

Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) locally known asldquoSanchirdquo or ldquoAgarurdquo in Assamese is an evergreen tropicalforest tree highly priced for its resin or agarwoodThe speciesis valued in many cultures for centuries because of its dis-tinctive fragrance and used extensively in incense perfumeand traditional medicine Natural populations of Agaru aredistributed in south and southeast Asia and in India it occursmostly in foothills of northeastern region (Assam ArunachalPradesh Nagaland Meghalaya Mizoram Manipur andTripura) as well as West Bengal [1] However large scaleharvesting of the species from natural population causedrapid depletion in the wild and is listed in Appendix II of theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1994 [2] The speciesis ldquovulnerablerdquo globally according to the current IUCN redlist [3] On the other hand Agaru is extensively cultivated inhomegardens of upper Assam and contributes significantly

up to 20 of the total annual income of the family witha mean of 4 plusmn 046 to the economy of the local people[4] A good population stock of Agaru with highest densityand frequency in homegardens of upper Assam was alsoreported by Saikia et al [5] Two distinct morphs of Agaru(Bhola Sanchi and Jati Sanchi) are cultivated in homegardensof upper Assam with different life form characteristics [6]Bhola Sanchi is fast growing and less agarwood yieldingthan the other variant Jati Sanchi which is slow growing buthigh agarwood yielding and preferred for commercial culti-vation Nath and Saikia [7] also reported similar variationsamong the population of Agaru growing in homegarden andthey identified three ldquoracesrdquo from different areas of AssamAccording to them ldquovariant I (RRLJ 2729)rdquo is amedium sizedtree with slender trunk oblong-lanceolate leaves known asBhola Sanchi ldquovariant II (RRLJ 2726)rdquo is a large sized treewithobovate lanceolate leaves known as Sanchi ldquovariant III (RRLJ2730)rdquo is a much branched small to medium sized tree withlanceolate leaves known as Jati Sanchi

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Forestry ResearchVolume 2014 Article ID 140926 16 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014140926

2 International Journal of Forestry Research

Quantitative inventories help in identifying species thatare in different stages of vulnerability as well as various factorsthat influence the existing vegetation in any region [8 9]Considering the scarcity of information on Agaru cultivationin homegardens of upper Assam we attempted to study theecological features mainly the quantitative characteristicsof A malaccensis Lam in homegardens of upper Assamnortheast India

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Sites The study was conducted in twenty-sevenselected villages located in Jorhat and Golaghat districts ofupper Assam northeast India (25∘481015840 to 27∘101015840N and 93∘171015840to 94∘361015840 E) (Figure 1)The site is surrounded by Sibsagar andDibrugarh districts on the east Nagaon and Karbi Anglongdistricts on the west Lakhimpur and Sonitpur districts onthe north and the bordering state of Nagaland on thesouth The total numbers of villages of Jorhat and Golaghatdistricts are 855 and 1089 with population density of 354and 236 individuals per square kilometer respectively [10]The climate of the study area is classified as tropical typehaving distinct hot and humid summer (340∘C during June-July) and cool winter (100∘C during December-January)The mean annual rainfall of Golaghat and Jorhat districtsranges between 1200mmand 1900mmThe relative humidityremains very high throughout the year [11]

22 Vegetation Analysis A total of twenty-seven differentsites (16 from Golaghat and 11 from Jorhat district) of Jorhatand Golaghat districts of upper Assam northeast India wereselected randomly from the pool of Agaru cultivating areasbased on informal knowledge which roughly representedabout 30 of all Agaru growing areas in the site A totalof 135 homegardens (with a mean of 5 homegardens persite) were selected randomly and studied during 2007ndash2010(Table 1) Vegetation was studied using quadrat methodcovering a minimum of 30 of the area in each homegardenRandom quadrats of 10m times 10m size were used for trees andwithin the same 10m times 10m quadrat one 5m times 5m quadratfor shrubs and two 1m times 1m quadrats for herbs were used inthe studied homegardens Diameter at breast height (DBH)of all the individual trees was recorded during the study at137m above ground Plant species were identified on thebasis of vernacular names published field inventories florasand consulting available herbaria of the region Herbariumspecimens were collected and deposited in the Departmentof Forestry North Eastern Regional Institute of Science andTechnology (Deemed University) Arunachal Pradesh

23 Data Analysis Quantitative analysis of vegetation wasdone following Misra [12] Importance value index (IVI) wascomputed by summing up relative density relative frequencyand relative dominance The species richness was calculatedby using the method ldquoMargalef rsquos index of richnessrdquo (Dmg)[13]

Dmg = (119878 minus 1)ln 119899 (1)

Bhutan Arunachal Pradesh

Assam Nagaland

Meghalaya

Tripura Mizoram

Manipur

Sonitpur and Lakhimpur

Jorhat

Golaghat

Nagaon and Karbi Anglong

Nagaland

Sibsagar

Study areaDistrict boundary

25 125 0

++++ +

++

+

+++++++

++

+++

+

+

+

+

+

+++

N

25km

Figure 1 Map of Golaghat and Jorhat districts of upper Assam NEIndia showing the locations of the study sites

where 119878 = total number of species and 119899 = total number ofindividuals

The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index [14] was calculatedfrom the IVI values using the formula given byMagurran [13]

119867 = minus

119904

sum

119894=1

119901119894

ln119901119894

(2)

where 119901119894

is the proportion of the IVI of 119894th species and theIVI of all the species (119899

119894

119873)

International Journal of Forestry Research 3

Table 1 Number of studied homegardens and their mean size and number of associated species and dominant tree associate of differentstudied villages

Study sites (villages) HG studied(number) Mean HG area in ha (plusmnSE) Associated species

(numbers)Dominant tree

associateBuralikson (BS) 2 017 plusmn 004 63 Areca catechu LBhumuraguri Missing Gaon (BMG) 2 013 plusmn 000 62 Mesua ferrea LDoloigaon (DG) 2 011 plusmn 002 70 Areca catechu LDulakhariya (DK) 2 016 plusmn 011 74 Areca catechu LElengi Thekela Gaon (ETG) 5 024 plusmn 003 140 Areca catechu LGanakpukhuri (GP) 5 016 plusmn 003 99 Areca catechu LGayan Gaon (GG) 17 017 plusmn 002 187 Areca catechu LHabungia Bamun Gaon (HBG) 6 015 plusmn 004 117 Areca catechu LHatiyekhuwa (HK) 2 009 plusmn 001 68 Areca catechu LHensowa Chengkola Gaon (HCG) 4 023 plusmn 006 163 Areca catechu LJalukonibari Thengal Gaon (JTG) 6 021 plusmn 003 138 Areca catechu LJunakinagar (JN) 5 013 plusmn 004 110 Areca catechu LKabarugaon (KWG) 14 016 plusmn 001 168 Areca catechu LKakati Gaon (KG) 4 015 plusmn 003 95 Areca catechu LKamarbandha Bamun Gaon (KBG) 8 022 plusmn 002 159 Areca catechu LKamarbandha Namsonia Gaon (KNG) 8 017 plusmn 002 135 Areca catechu LKhumtai (KH) 3 018 plusmn 002 120 Areca catechu LKonhar Gaon (KHG) 2 023 plusmn 004 67 Areca catechu LNatun Gaon (NG) 3 011 plusmn 001 91 Areca catechu LNaharani Maj Gaon (NMG) 2 017 plusmn 010 85 Areca catechu LPohusora (PS) 4 012 plusmn 001 115 Areca catechu LPulibor (PB) 8 021 plusmn 002 138 Areca catechu LPuronimati Fatagaon (PFG) 2 022 plusmn 001 90 Areca catechu LSapani (SP) 3 016 plusmn 002 108 Areca catechu LSialekhati (SK) 3 018 plusmn 002 85 Areca catechu LSumoni Gaon (SMG) 9 021 plusmn 003 163 Areca catechu LSunari Gaon (SNG) 4 009 plusmn 002 106 Areca catechu L

Concentration of dominance was assessed by SimpsonrsquosIndex [15]

CD =119904

sum

119894=1

(119901119894

)2

(3)

where 119901119894

is the same as for the Shannon-Wiener informationfunction

Evenness index was calculated from Shannon-WienerDiversity Index using the formula

119864 =1198671015840

1198671015840max (4)

where1198671015840 is Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and1198671015840max =ln 119878 (where 119878 = total number of species)

Soslashrensenrsquos similarity index was calculated using the for-mula given by Sorenson [16]

Soslashrensenrsquos similarity index = 2119862119860 + 119861times 100 (5)

where 119862 is the number of species common to two sites 119860 isthe total number of species in site119860 and119861 is the total numberof species in site 119861

The ratio of abundance to frequency was used to interpretthe distribution pattern of the species [17] The ratio of abun-dance to frequency indicates regular distribution if below0025 random distribution if between 0025 and 005 andcontagious distribution if gt005 [18]

Statistical analysis (Standard error and 119905-test) has beendone using statistical software like MS-Excel and ORIGIN

3 Results

31 Ecological Features of Amalaccensis Amalaccensis is themost dominant tree species in twenty-seven different studysites of upper Assam contributing 10ndash54of total tree densitywith a mean of 34 plusmn 2 Density of the species varied from429 individuals haminus1 to 6236 individuals haminus1 with a meanof 1609 individuals haminus1 plusmn 217 Areca catechu L is the mostdominant tree associate in twenty-six different study sites


Table 2 Community characteristics of different study sites of upper Assam northeast India

Studysites

Number offamilies

Number ofgenera

Speciesrichness

Speciesrichnessindex

Density(individuals haminus1)

Basal area(m2haminus1)

Diversity(Shannonrsquos1198671015840) CD Evenness

index

BS 39 57 64 427 4410 108 301 006 091BMG 39 54 63 516 1400 078 289 009 088DG 43 63 71 353 3100 065 252 012 084DK 41 64 75 413 8000 125 297 007 088ETG 64 113 141 822 3625 248 337 007 082GP 52 85 100 772 3197 174 344 005 086GG 73 150 188 949 3332 211 358 006 082HBG 53 99 118 778 3239 214 341 005 086HK 44 63 69 415 6100 076 294 007 091HCG 67 136 164 830 5341 309 356 005 086JTG 67 122 139 686 7947 223 337 007 084JN 52 96 111 939 2384 099 362 005 087KWG 71 141 169 1054 4370 229 366 006 082KG 53 83 96 620 3710 093 322 006 086KBG 64 135 160 769 4133 258 378 003 093KNG 60 116 136 760 3531 381 310 010 077KH 52 103 121 647 10381 163 326 008 084KHG 38 58 68 458 4043 059 311 006 092NG 52 82 92 549 4455 054 321 005 090NMG 52 78 86 521 13418 099 322 007 088PS 58 95 116 527 6200 105 310 008 086PB 67 119 139 923 2731 219 350 007 083PFG 49 82 91 610 3885 179 327 006 089SP 63 97 109 562 4033 237 307 007 085SK 52 79 86 714 2380 071 328 006 086SMG 65 132 164 777 5205 440 329 007 079SNG 59 94 107 547 5577 078 322 006 089

whereasMesua ferrea L was themost dominant tree associatein BMG Jorhat (Table 1) SimilarlyA malaccensis is themostfrequent species followed by A catechu and Bambusa pallidaL and frequency of occurrence ofAmalaccensis ranged from93 to 100 with a mean of 98 plusmn 053 in different studysites 100 frequency was recorded at most of the study sitesincluding BS BMG DG DK ETG HK HCG JTG KWGKNG KG KBG NG NMG PS PFG SMG and SNG Totalbasal cover was the highest (125 cm2 haminus1) in NG Jorhat andthe lowest (034 cm2 haminus1) in JN Golaghat Among differentsites IVI of A malaccensis ranged between 1794 and 7263with a mean of 4936plusmn264 On the other hand abundance ofthe species in different study sites ranged from 4 to 62 with amean of 16plusmn 2 and it was the highest in NMG Golaghat andthe lowest in KBG Golaghat Distribution of A malaccensisis found contagious in all twenty-six study sites on the basisof abundance to frequency ratio except in KBG Golaghatwhere its distribution is random with 004 abundance tofrequency ratio (Table 2)

32 Floristic Composition of Study Sites A total of 323 plantspecies belonging to 241 genera under 95 families consistingof 106 (33) herbs 61 (19) shrubs and 156 (48) trees

were recorded from twenty-seven study sites of upper Assam(Table 5) Although the number of documented trees washigher than that of herbs and shrubs differences were notstatistically significant Overall data showed that familyEuphorbiaceae had the highest number of species (15)followed by Moraceae (13) and Poaceae (12) Species richnesswas very high at all study sites ranging from 63 to 188species with a mean of 113 plusmn 7 but the highest richness wasrecorded from GG Jorhat and the lowest from BMG Jorhat(Table 3) A high variability in density of plant species wasalso noticed in different study sites Tree density was thehighest in NMG Golaghat (13418 individuals haminus1) andthe lowest in BMG Jorhat (1400 individuals haminus1) On theother hand basal area of tree species was the highest inSMG Golaghat (440m2 haminus1) and the lowest in NG Jorhat(054m2 haminus1)

Peak richness index of tree species of 1054 was recordedin KWG Golaghat whereas it was the lowest in DG Jorhat(353) Concentration of dominance (Simpsonrsquos Index) anddiversity (Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index) of tree specieswere showing reverse trend in study sites Concentrationof dominance (Simpsonrsquos Index) of tree species was thehighest in DG Jorhat (012) and the lowest in KBG Golaghat


Table 3 Ecological parameters of different populations of A malaccensis (gt318 cm DBH)

Study sites Frequency () Density (individuals haminus1) TBC (cm2haminus1) Abundance IVI Density share () 119860119865 ratioBS 100 1140 063 11 3926 2585 011BMG 100 709 064 7 7263 5065 007DG 100 1686 065 17 7245 5438 017DK 100 3273 093 33 5912 4091 033ETG 100 1792 053 18 6646 4943 018GP 93 647 048 7 3457 2023 007GG 97 1261 077 13 5571 3785 013HBG 96 896 050 9 4242 2767 010HK 100 1700 057 17 3719 2787 017HCG 100 1972 069 20 5045 3692 020JTG 100 1700 057 17 3507 2139 017JN 94 858 034 9 5056 3599 010KWG 100 1563 069 16 5226 3577 016KNG 100 1793 070 18 6841 5079 018KG 100 965 075 10 4244 2601 010KBG 100 429 064 4 1794 1037 004KHG 93 1121 077 12 4350 2774 013KH 94 1756 068 19 3005 1692 020NG 100 927 125 9 3522 2082 009NMG 100 6236 040 62 5846 4648 062PS 100 3080 061 31 6378 4968 031PB 96 1275 072 13 6547 4669 014PFG 100 1254 069 13 4664 3228 013SP 93 1467 108 16 5054 3636 017SK 95 905 042 10 5542 3803 010SMG 100 1425 078 14 4302 2708 014SNG 100 1623 068 16 4366 2910 016

(003) on the other hand the highest diversity of treespecies (Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index) was found inKBG Golaghat (378) and it was the lowest in DG Jorhat(252) However species evenness index of tree species rangedfrom 077 to 093 with amean of 086plusmn001 and it was peak inKBG Golaghat and the lowest in KNG Golaghat Soslashrensenrsquossimilarity indices showed a high degree of similarity witha range from 3425 to 7538 among different study sites(Table 4)

4 Discussion

Floristic inventory survey and diversity studies help us tounderstand the species composition and diversity status ofany community [19] A malaccensis is one of the mostdominant tree species in study sites of upper Assam rep-resenting 10ndash54 of the total tree density (with a meanof 34 plusmn 2) showing a trend towards monoculture Ingeneral monoculture has a great impact on species diversityIntroduction of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) into homegardensresulted in a reduction of species diversity in homegardensof Kerela [20] But this is not evident in the present studyand may be due to the fact that owners tried to produce all

the possible species of common household utilities in theirhomegarden itself

Density of a species provides an index to competitionbetween individuals of the species Higher densities can causegreater competitive stresses leading to poor growth andlower reproductive capacityWe recordedAmalaccensiswithhigh density (429 to 6236 individuals haminus1 with a meanof 1609 individuals haminus1 plusmn 217) frequency (93 to 100with a mean of 98 plusmn 053) and abundance (4 to 62 with amean of 16 plusmn 2) One potential explanation of higher densityfrequency and abundance could be extensive cultivation ofthe species in study sites because of its high commercialvalue Total basal cover of trees (gt318 cm DBH) is verylow and ranged from 034 cm2 haminus1 to 125 cm2 haminus1 with amean of 067 cm2 haminus1 plusmn 004 may be because of the highestdensity of lower diameter class individuals of A malaccensisImportance value index (IVI) of the species represents theecological success of any species in a community and it givesan excellent idea about varying environmental factors [21]It provides a complete picture of sociological structure of aspecies because the frequency provides information aboutthe dispersal of a species in an area density gives numericalstrength of the species and dominance represents the basalarea In almost all study sites the highest IVI is contributed


Table4Soslashrensenrsquossim

ilarityindex(

)for

different

study

sites

ofup

perA

ssam

northeastIndia

BSBM

GDG

DK

ETG

GP

GG

HBG

HK

HCG

JTG

JNKW

GKN

GKG

KBG

KHG

KHNG

NMG

PSPB

PFG

SPSK

SMG

BS000

BMG

4724

000

DG

563

4925

000

DK

4173

3478

4932

000

ETG

4780

4608

5377

4815

000

GP

4878

4908

5263

4686

5726

000

GG

4365

4940

4942

4563

6079

7506

000

HBG

4505

3425

4868

5181

6178

8387

5490

000

HK

5263

4545

5429

4583

5143

8912

4436

4813

000

HCG

4474

3877

4340

4603

6295

7311

6080

6525

4635

000

JTG

5123

4455

5143

4393

6357

6910

6728

5603

5385

6601

000

JN5029

4828

5385

4731

6032

7844

5552

4978

5333

5455

6480

000

KWG46

35

4483

5000

4180

6968

6000

6667

5714

4790

6246

6623

7000

000

KNG

5100

4422

5217

5024

6498

7731

6049

6614

5171

6267

6545

6397

7148

000

KG4750

5535

5749

4678

5907

7920

6197

5234

5091

5308

5532

6280

6264

6034

000

KBG

5179

4126

4935

4340

6711

6468

6379

5755

5415

6790

7157

6125

6809

6959

5703

000

KHG

5152

3664

7482

4615

4689

9843

4609

4624

4526

3793

4638

4581

4726

4804

5122

4035

000

KH46

49

43478

5625

5102

6412

7957

5825

6109

6105

6175

5769

6034

6138

6226

5622

6192

4974

000

NG

5513

5419

6135

4790

5751

8330

5429

5429

5466

5234

5801

5911

5747

5877

5957

5397

5125

5540

000

NMG5200

4161

4841

4596

4758

9661

4745

5196

5677

5040

5156

5685

5569

5045

5495

5366

4416

5604

5169

000

PS5222

3911

5241

4817

6070

7935

5658

5812

5189

5857

6196

5727

5895

5873

5660

6159

4891

5823

5192

4752

000

PB4926

4356

5143

4486

6286

7137

6177

6381

5192

6601

6978

6880

7013

6836

6298

6689

4541

6154

5541

5689

6118

000

PFG

5419

4545

5185

4819

5862

8221

5448

4976

5375

4706

6087

5347

5846

5639

5882

5578

5786

5377

5792

5311

5797

5565

000

SP4971

5233

5778

4457

6160

7235

6263

5286

5506

5641

6129

5818

6115

5959

6732

6245

4972

5652

6169

5538

5511

6129

5500

000

SK5067

4698

4841

4720

5022

9400

4891

4706

5548

5360

5156

6599

5569

5315

5824

5528

4026

5024

5393

5233

4950

5956

4972

5846

000

SMG

4737

4670

5021

5021

6754

7434

6591

62415064

4024

6667

6109

6547

6667

5385

6852

4483

6737

5781

5440

6143

6469

5412

5861

5040

000

SNG

5380

5059

5955

4176

6210

6725

5627

5689

5909

5756

6179

6239

6377

6173

6404

6442

4914

5702

7538

5389

5561

6179

5960

6667

5389

6125


Table 5 Density (individuals haminus1) frequency () abundance and IVI of tree (gt318 cm DBH) shrub and herb species in studiedhomegardens of upper Assam northeast India

Species Family Density (individuals haminus1) Frequency () Abundance IVITrees

Acacia auriculiformis Cunn ex Benth Mimosaceae 106 066 2 176Adenanthera pavonina L Mimosaceae 238 211 1 094Aegle marmelos Corr Rutaceae 264 251 1 100Ailanthus grandis Prain Simaroubaceae 013 013 1 087Albizia lebbeck (L) Benth Mimosaceae 211 132 2 230Albizia lucida (Roxb) Benth Mimosaceae 753 528 1 168Albizia procera (Roxb) Benth Mimosaceae 066 066 1 068Alstonia scholaris (L) R Br Apocynaceae 1585 1189 1 290Amoora wallichii King Meliaceae 066 053 1 042Anacardium occidentale L Anacardiaceae 026 026 1 071Annona reticulata L Annonaceae 106 106 1 039Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam) Rich exWalp Rubiaceae 581 449 1 222

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaert Euphorbiaceae 040 040 1 021Aquilaria malaccensis Lam Thymelaeaceae 144267 9802 15 4950Arabongalilowast 026 026 1 021Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb) Franco Araucariaceae 053 053 1 032Areca catechu L Arecaceae 55429 7437 7 2494Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb Moraceae 225 159 1 146Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam Moraceae 3487 2457 1 549Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb Moraceae 304 277 1 183Averrhoa carambola L Averrhoaceae 449 423 1 119Azadirachta indica Juss Meliaceae 119 119 1 043Baccaurea sapida (Roxb) Mull Arg Euphorbiaceae 132 119 1 036Bambusa balcooa Roxb Poaceae 21493 304 71 553Bambusa nutans G C Wall ex Munro Poaceae 225 013 17 007Bambusa pallidaMunro Poaceae 115760 1123 103 2896Bambusa tulda Roxb Poaceae 5099 053 97 128Bauhinia purpurea L Caesalpiniaceae 026 026 1 046Beilschmiedia brandisiiHook f Lauraceae 145 079 2 048Bixa orellana L Bixaceae 238 172 1 054Bombax ceiba L Malvaceae 383 343 1 175Borassus flabellifer L Arecaceae 013 013 1 174Bridelia retusa (L) A Juss Euphorbiaceae 066 040 2 066Butea monosperma (Lam) Taubert Papilionaceae 040 026 2 095Callistemon lanceolatus DC Myrtaceae 053 040 1 029Canarium strictum Roxb Burseraceae 053 053 1 107Carallia lucida Roxb ex Kurz Rhizophoraceae 172 159 1 052Carica papaya L Caricaceae 3448 1863 2 395Caryota urens L Arecaceae 198 159 1 113Cassia fistula L Caesalpiniaceae 1215 779 2 204Cassia siamea Lam Caesalpiniaceae 185 172 1 086Castanopsis indica (Roxb ex Lindl) A DC Fagaceae 119 066 2 044Chukrasia tabularis Juss Meliaceae 106 079 1 092Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall) Meisn Lauraceae 026 026 1 110Cinnamomum tamala (Buch-Ham) Neesand Eberm Lauraceae 528 436 1 105


Table 5 Continued

Species Family Density (individuals haminus1) Frequency () Abundance IVICitrus limon (L) Burmf Rutaceae 779 476 2 097Citrus maxima (Merr) Rutaceae 1044 925 1 191Citrus medica L Rutaceae 092 053 2 013Citrus reticulata Blanco Rutaceae 713 476 2 097Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck Rutaceae 106 066 2 018Citrus sp Rutaceae 238 185 1 038Cocos nucifera L Arecaceae 2576 1783 1 438Cordia grandis Roxb Boraginaceae 264 211 1 082Crataeva nurvalaHam Capparidaceae 132 119 1 053Dalhousiea bracteata (Roxb) Baker Papilionaceae 013 013 1 030Delonix regia (Boj ex Hook) Raf Caesalpinaceae 238 185 1 087Dillenia indica L Dilleniaceae 066 066 1 300Diospyros embryopteris Pers Ebenaceae 053 040 1 124Dysoxylum binectariferum (Roxb) Hook fex Bedd Meliaceae 264 198 1 108

Ehretia acuminata RBr Boraginaceae 106 106 1 071Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume Elaeocarpaceae 555 502 1 156Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb Elaeocarpaceae 013 013 1 129Erythrina stricta Roxb Papilionaceae 251 159 2 067Eucalyptus citriodoraHook Myrtaceae 079 079 1 095Eugenia fruticosa Roxb Myrtaceae 159 132 1 057Eugenia jambolana Lam Myrtaceae 555 449 1 139Eugenia jambolana Lam var caryophyllifoliaDuthie Myrtaceae 040 040 1 063

Eugenia jambos L Myrtaceae 304 291 1 073Evodia meliaefolia Benth Rutaceae 277 238 1 113Ficus benghalensis L Moraceae 026 026 1 966Ficus cyrtophylla Moraceae 053 013 1 003Ficus fistulosa Reinw ex Blume Moraceae 053 053 2 966Ficus hirta Vahl Moraceae 106 013 1 004Ficus hispida L Moraceae 528 396 25 089Ficus racemosa L Moraceae 040 040 3 039Ficus religiosa L Moraceae 053 053 4 656Garcinia lanceaefolia Roxb Clusiaceae 026 026 1 043Garcinia morella (Gaertn) Desr Clusiaceae 145 106 7 044Garcinia paniculata Roxb Clusiaceae 026 026 2 02Garcinia pedunculata Roxb Engl Clusiaceae 079 079 6 096Garcinia xanthochymusHook f exAnderson Engl Clusiaceae 040 040 3 039

Gmelina arborea Roxb Verbenaceae 1030 687 36 202Grevillea robusta Cunn ex RBr Proteaceae 172 132 8 137Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb) Seem Araliaceae 476 304 11 116Ilex umbellulata (Wall) Loes Aquifoliaceae 132 119 8 038Lagerstroemia flos reginae Retz Lythraceae 608 489 24 153Litchi chinensis Sonn Sapindaceae 634 555 36 143Litsea elongataWall Lauraceae 079 053 3 032Litsea monopetala (Roxb) Pers Lauraceae 1030 819 45 201Litsea nitidaHook f Lauraceae 1229 806 37 186


Table 5 Continued

Species Family Density (individuals haminus1) Frequency () Abundance IVILitsea sebifera Pers Lauraceae 119 119 7 047Livistona jenkinsiana Griff Arecaceae 172 145 7 12Macaranga peltata (Roxb) Mueller Euphorbiaceae 013 013 1 022Magnolia sphenocarpa Roxb Magnoliaceae 476 317 16 099Mallotus philippinensisMuell Arg Euphorbiaceae 357 343 24 084Mangifera indica L Anacardiaceae 6248 3580 115 779Manilkara zapota (L) van Royen Sapotaceae 013 013 1 107Melia azedarach L Meliaceae 938 727 37 161Mesua ferrea L Clusiaceae 515 357 24 101Michelia champaca L Magnoliaceae 225 119 6 075Mimusops elengi L Sapotaceae 066 066 5 142Moringa oleifera Lam Moringaceae 462 410 29 115Morus alba L Moraceae 225 132 9 056Morus laevigataWall Moraceae 013 013 1 02Murraya koenigii (L) Sprengel Rutaceae 238 185 12 049Murraya paniculata (L) Jack Rutaceae 013 013 1 019Musa acuminata Colla Musaceae 6433 1242 57 364Musa balbisiana Colla Musaceae 13738 2483 92 74Musa calosperma F Muell Musaceae 7226 1440 62 414Musa paradisiaca L Musaceae 053 026 2 019Musa sp Musaceae 1242 304 17 098Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham ex D Don Myricaceae 264 198 12 07Oroxylum indicum (L) Kurz Bignoniaceae 502 436 24 113Pachylarnax pleiocarpa Dandy Magnoliaceae 092 079 5 096Persea bombycina (King ex Hook f) Kost Lauraceae 304 225 15 086Phoebe goalparensisHutch Lauraceae 013 013 1 019Phoenix dactylifera L Arecaceae 053 040 2 104Phyllanthus acidus (L) Skeels Phyllanthaceae 106 106 8 035Phyllanthus emblica L Phyllanthaceae 515 502 31 126Plumeria rubra L Apocynaceae 026 013 1 024Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn) Thw Annonaceae 687 264 14 076Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre Papilionaceae 172 145 10 071Premna bengalensis Cl Verbenaceae 555 449 25 114Prunus cerasifera Ehrh Rosaceae 159 132 8 046Prunus jenkinsiiHook f andThoms Rosaceae 053 053 3 021Prunus persica (L) Batsch Rosaceae 092 092 6 031Psidium gujava L Myrtaceae 1664 1242 63 25Pyrus communis L Rosaceae 106 079 4 026Salix tetrasperma Roxb Salicaceae 449 211 10 084Samanea saman (Jacq) Merr Mimosaceae 026 026 2 403Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Sapindaceae 185 172 10 064Sapium baccatum Roxb Euphorbiaceae 132 106 4 063Sapium eugeniaefolium Ham Euphorbiaceae 053 053 4 053Schimawallichii (DC) Korth Theaceae 476 291 16 112Shorea robusta Gaertn f Dipterocarpaceae 013 013 1 292Spondias mangiferaWild Anacardiaceae 119 092 7 054Stereospermum chelonoides DC Sterculiaceae 092 066 5 038


Table 5 Continued

Species Family Density (individuals haminus1) Frequency () Abundance IVIStreblus asper Lour Moraceae 370 211 12 073Symplocos grandifloraWall Symplocaceae 013 013 1 022Talauma hodgsoniiHook f andThomson Magnoliaceae 013 013 1 465Talauma rabanianaHkef andTh Magnoliaceae 040 040 2 206Tamarindus indica L Caesalpiniaceae 026 026 2 043Tectona grandis L Verbenaceae 2536 978 40 283Terminalia arjuna (Roxb ex DC) Wight andArn Combretaceae 026 026 2 057

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn) Roxb Combretaceae 013 013 1 016Terminalia catappa L Combretaceae 040 040 3 089Terminalia chebula Retz Combretaceae 1466 1242 64 295Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck andMuell Arg Combretaceae 026 026 2 039

Toona ciliata Roem Meliaceae 1387 1030 45 288Tricalysia singularis (Korth) K Schum Rubiaceae 066 040 3 066Vernonia travancorica J Hk Asteraceae 013 013 1 004Vitex negundo L Verbenaceae 079 079 6 04Walsura robusta Roxb Meliaceae 040 040 3 038Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb) DC Rutaceae 119 106 8 071Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Rhamnaceae 462 436 27 126Ziziphus sp Rhamnaceae 013 013 1 042

ShrubsAcacia farnesiana (L) Willd Mimosaceae 740 172 108 041Adhatoda vasica Nees Acanthaceae 7926 410 484 152Bisalyakaranilowast 528 013 1000 007Bougainvillea spectabilisWild Nyctaginaceae 581 132 110 032Caesalpinia pulcherrima L Caesalpiniaceae 211 053 100 013Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp Papilionaceae 2801 172 408 059Calamus tenuis Roxb Arecaceae 4333 238 456 086Callicarpa arborea Roxb Verbenaceae 1110 079 350 026Calotropis procera (Ait) Ait f Asclepiadaceae 476 092 129 023Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze Theaceae 195878 2114 2317 2123Capsicum annum L Solanaceae 6711 542 310 168Capsicum annum L var longum Solanaceae 8613 674 320 212Capsicum chinense Jacq Solanaceae 6129 621 247 180Cassia alata L Caesalpinaceae 1110 092 300 028Cassia sophera L Caesalpinaceae 528 079 167 021Cassia tora L Caesalpinaceae 793 053 375 018Chromolaena odorata (L) King and HERobins Asteraceae 52840 1823 725 828

Clerodendrum colebrookianumWall Verbenaceae 3382 251 337 080Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb) Sweet Verbenaceae 2272 185 307 057Clerodendrum viscosum Vent Verbenaceae 98494 2959 832 1454Codiaeum variegatum (L) Juss Euphorbiaceae 5601 713 196 194Coffea benghalensis Roxb ex Schult Rubiaceae 1849 159 292 048Dracaena steudneri Engl Dracaenaceae 528 079 167 021Euonymus japonicusThunb Celastraceae 14425 687 525 265Euphorbia neriifolia L Euphorbiaceae 845 172 123 042Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb ex Willd Flacourtiaceae 1110 238 117 058


Table 5 Continued

Species Family Density (individuals haminus1) Frequency () Abundance IVIFlemingia strobilifera (L) R Br Papilionaceae 2219 238 233 068Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Rubiaceae 4122 594 173 157Glochidion arborescens Bl Euphorbiaceae 106 026 100 006Gossypium arboreum L Malvaceae 2536 462 137 116Hibiscus mutabilis L Malvaceae 423 092 114 023Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L Malvaceae 7609 925 206 254Hibiscus sabdariffa L Malvaceae 5707 330 432 117Ixora javanica (Blume) DC Rubiaceae 2272 264 215 074Jasminum officinale L Oleaceae 687 145 118 036Jatropha gossypiifolia L Euphorbiaceae 528 079 167 021Justicia gendarussa Blanco Acanthaceae 5654 211 669 092Lawsonia inermis L Lawsoniaceae 1057 225 118 055Leea indica (Burm f) Merr Leeaceae 1162 145 200 040Malvaviscus arboreus Cav var drummondii(Torr and Gray) Schery Malvaceae 1427 198 180 053

Melastoma normale D Don Melastomataceae 7081 449 394 153Mussaenda frondosa L Rubiaceae 2801 357 196 097Nerium indicumMill Apocynaceae 1110 211 131 053Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L Oleaceae 2695 568 119 139Ocimum gratissimum L Lamiaceae 845 106 200 029Ocimum sanctum L Lamiaceae 6764 621 272 185Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Roxb) Nees Acanthaceae 3804 211 450 076Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm f) OKuntze Lamiaceae 2061 066 780 031

Punica granatum L Punicaceae 1215 264 115 064Ravenala madagascariensis Sonnerat Strelitziaceae 687 040 433 014Ricinus communis L Euphorbiaceae 17279 555 779 262Rosa alba L Rosaceae 3329 317 263 093Saccharum officinarum L Poaceae 23937 370 1618 282Sida cordifolia L Malvaceae 1585 053 750 024Solanum indicum L Solanaceae 528 079 167 021Solanum melongena L Solanaceae 9300 608 383 204Solanum subtrucatum Solanaceae 053 013 100 003Solanum torvum Swartz Solanaceae 1110 159 175 042Tabernaemontana divaricata G Don Apocynaceae 6394 727 220 203Thuja occidentalis L Cupressaceae 317 066 120 016Urena lobata L Malvaceae 17279 647 667 281

HerbAbelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench Malvaceae 244 040 617 011Achyranthes aspera L Amaranthaceae 18032 2602 693 783Acorus calamus L Araceae 185 013 1400 006Ageratum conyzoides L Asteraceae 22120 3752 590 1048Alocasia odora (Lindl) Koch Araceae 2583 746 346 171Alpinia allughas L Zingiberaceae 20 007 300 001Alternanthera sessilis (L) R Br ex DC Amaranthaceae 5713 1017 562 278Amaranthusblitum L var oleraceaHook f Amaranthaceae 535 099 540 027Amaranthus caudatus L Amaranthaceae 145 073 200 014


Table 5 Continued

Species Family Density (individuals haminus1) Frequency () Abundance IVIAmaranthus spinosus L Amaranthaceae 264 059 444 015Amaranthus viridis L Amaranthaceae 7345 958 767 303Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb) Blex Decne Araceae 304 079 383 019

Ananas comosus (L) Merr Bromeliaceae 7999 978 818 320Asparagus racemosusWilld Asparagaceae 26 013 200 003Atriplex hortensis L Chenopodiaceae 277 046 600 013Axonopus sp Poaceae 60885 3428 1776 1807Bacopa monnieri (L) Pennell Scrophulariaceae 383 040 967 014Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn Cucurbitaceae 178 092 193 018Borreria articularis (L f) F N Will Rubiaceae 18336 2391 767 757Borreria hispida (L) K Schum Rubiaceae 2272 462 491 120Brassica juncea (L) Czern and Cross varcuneifolia (Roxb) Kitam Brassicaceae 2067 165 1252 069

Brassica oleracea L var botrytis L Brassicaceae 515 059 867 020Brassica oleracea L var capitata L Brassicaceae 608 073 836 024Brassica oleracea L var gongylodes L Brassicaceae 872 112 776 036Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam Crassulaceae 1849 443 418 108Cannabis sativa L Cannabaceae 661 152 435 038Carex sp Cyperaceae 211 046 457 012Catharanthus roseus L Apocynaceae 211 079 267 017Celosia sp Amaranthaceae 159 053 300 012Centella asiatica (L) Urban Apiaceae 7325 1380 531 369Chenopodium album L Chenopodiaceae 251 086 292 019Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz) Trin Poaceae 6532 376 1735 195Cleome viscosa L Capparaceae 192 079 242 016Clitoria ternatea L Papilionaceae 46 040 117 007Coccinia cordifolia (L) Cogn Cucurbitaceae 185 092 200 018Coleus sp Lamiaceae 159 033 480 008Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott Araceae 13349 2094 638 606Commelina benghalensis L Commelinaceae 4505 872 517 230Coriandrum sativum L Apiaceae 1572 059 2644 042Costus speciosus (Koen ex Retz) Smith Costaceae 159 066 240 014Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth) Moore Asteraceae 462 125 368 029Cucumis sativus L Cucurbitaceae 159 046 343 011Cucurbita pepo L Cucurbitaceae 297 132 225 027Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq) JF Macbr Lythraceae 1955 383 510 101Curcuma longa L Zingiberaceae 4914 343 1431 156Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers Poaceae 20086 1929 1041 721Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb) Endl ex Hassk Cyperaceae 3554 608 585 169Cyperus rotundus L Cyperaceae 14650 2034 720 624Cyperus sp Cyperaceae 6968 1341 520 355Daucus carota L var sativa DC Apiaceae 1770 099 1787 052Desmodium elegans DC Papilionaceae 26 013 200 003Dioscorea alata L Dioscoreaceae 476 211 225 043Dioscorea deltoideaWall Dioscoreaceae 40 026 150 005Diplazium esculentum (Retz) Sw Athyriaceae 1830 476 385 113Dolichos lablab L Papilionaceae 132 079 167 015


Table 5 Continued

Species Family Density (individuals haminus1) Frequency () Abundance IVIDrymaria cordata (L) Wild ex Roemer andSchultes Caryophyllaceae 7919 951 833 314

Dryopteris sp Dryopteridaceae 12450 1823 683 545Eclipta prostrata L Asteraceae 139 086 162 016Eryngium foetidum L Apiaceae 489 106 463 027Houttuynia cordataThunb Saururaceae 1836 165 1112 064Impatiens balsamina L Balsaminaceae 1440 251 574 069Imperata cylindrica (L) Raeusch Poaceae 264 007 4000 007Justicia simplex D Don Acanthaceae 8303 1691 491 438Lagenaria siceraria (Mol) Standl Cucurbitaceae 244 125 195 025Leucas aspera (Willd) Spreng Lamiaceae 2715 674 403 162Longbonlowast Rubiaceae 1030 244 422 060Luffaacutangula (L) Roxb Cucurbitaceae 462 145 318 032Luffa cylindrica (L) Roem Cucurbitaceae 304 132 230 027Lycopersicon esculentumMill Solanaceae 601 165 364 038Mentha viridis L Lamiaceae 416 053 788 017Mikania micrantha Kunth ex HBK Asteraceae 6559 1592 412 386Momordica charantia L Cucurbitaceae 79 033 240 007Momordica dioica Roxb ex Willd Cucurbitaceae 410 145 282 031Mimosa pudica L Mimosaceae 244 099 247 021Mirabilis jalapa L Nyctaginaceae 462 106 438 026Oldenlandia corymbosa L Rubiaceae 4287 575 746 179Oplismenus sp Poaceae 37457 2893 1295 1234Oryza sativa L Poaceae 449 026 1700 014Oxalis corniculata L Oxalidaceae 4822 779 619 222Oxalis debilisHBK var corymbosa (DC)Lour Oxalidaceae 5588 839 666 248

Paederia foetida L Rubiaceae 198 046 429 011Panicum sp Poaceae 38573 3864 998 1409Passiflora foetida L Passifloraceae 119 066 180 013Peperomia pellucida L Piperaceae 5033 779 646 227Phyllanthus fraternusWebster Euphorbiaceae 6420 1473 436 364Piper betle L Piperaceae 4868 1262 386 299Piper nigrum L Piperaceae 1856 535 347 122Piper sylvaticum Roxb Piperaceae 627 092 679 028Pollia sp Commelinaceae 165 033 500 009Polygonum chinense L Polygonaceae 205 020 1033 007Polygonum hydropiper L Polygonaceae 1777 185 961 066Polygonum microcephalum D Don Polygonaceae 159 013 1200 005Potentilla indica (Andrews) Wolf Rosaceae 403 079 508 021Pteris sp Pteridaceae 1110 284 391 068Raphanus sativus L Brassicaceae 1004 086 1169 034Rhynchostylis retusa (L) Blume Orchidaceae 99 059 167 011Scoparia dulcis L Scrophulariaceae 1982 443 448 111Selaginella sp Selaginellaceae 1096 066 1660 033Sirallowast Cucurbitaceae 13 007 200 001Solanum nigrum L Solanaceae 178 092 193 018


Table 5 Continued

Species Family Density (individuals haminus1) Frequency () Abundance IVISolanum tuberosum L Solanaceae 1202 046 2600 032Spilanthes paniculataWall ex DC Asteraceae 10416 1664 626 478Spinacia oleracea L Chenopodiaceae 852 125 679 037Tagetes patula L Asteraceae 1466 376 389 089Vigna sinensis (L) Savi ex Hassk Papilionaceae 218 086 254 018Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae 1731 112 1541 054lowastLocale name

by A malaccensis which is ranged from 1794 to 7263 witha mean of 4936 plusmn 264 Dispersal limitation is an importantecological factor for controlling species distribution pattern[22] Contagious distribution has been accepted as a char-acteristic pattern of plant occurrence in nature [23] and itis an indication of clusteredness Contagious distribution ofA malaccensis is found in all study sites except in KBGGolaghat where its distribution is random with abundanceto frequency ratio of 004 Contagious distribution of allthe species irrespective of their habit in homegardens ofnortheast India is also reported by Sahoo et al [24]

Ecological and socioeconomic factors including geo-graphic location climate water availability garden sizeand history agricultural policy market needs food cultureand household preferences influence the species diversityof traditional homegardens [25ndash27] Needs and interest ofhomegarden owners may also play a vital role in regulatingfloristic compositions of homegardens apart from edaphiccultural and socioeconomic factors [5] Species richnessprovides an easily comprehensible expression of diversitywhich is affected by long term factors like community stabilityand evolutionary time as the heterogeneity of micro- andmacroenvironments impact on the diversification of differentcommunities [28] Our investigation recorded 323 plantspecies (156 trees 61 shrubs and 106 herbs) indicating ahigh species richness of the study site It is much higherthan the earlier reports from Assam [29] as well as otherparts of the world [30 31] This may be due to the diversecultural practices of the region and prevailing microclimaticconditions which provide suitable growing conditions fordifferent plant species Constituent of high floristic diversity isperhaps the potential of homegardens to serve as repositoriesof genetic diversity [5] Very high species richness at allstudy sites is recorded in the present study ranging from63 to 188 species with a mean of 113 plusmn 7 which is muchhigher than the earlier report from other parts of the world[25 32] Although tree density (1400 to 13418 individualshaminus1) in different study sites was much higher than therecorded tree density in homegardens of other parts of India[29 31] the basal cover of tree species (054 to 440m2 haminus1)was much lesser than earlier report from Assam [29] Thismay be due to the dominance of narrow range diameterclass species in the study sites of upper Assam northeastIndia

Higher species richness indices (353 to 1054) and speciesevenness indices (077 to 093) represent the floristic richness

of all the study sites of upper Assam northeast IndiaShannon-Wiener diversity index is generally high for tropicalforests of Indian subcontinent and ranged from 081 to 41[33ndash36] Shannon-Wiener diversity indices ranging from 252to 378 represent the same structure of study sites of upperAssam and tropical forests of Indian subcontinent Differ-ences in species diversity between communities generallyresulted from variations in site specificity [37] Moreover itis often correlated with rainfall and nutrient status of the site[38] Although species diversity was high the high similarityindices (3425 to 7538) among different study sitesindicate that floristic composition is characteristically similarin the region may be because of common cultural interestof household owners High diversity and low concentrationdominance in study sites may be due to different levels ofanthropogenic pressure in different sites

5 Conclusions

Thewidespread cultivation ofAmalaccensis in upper Assamnortheast India offers a potential ex situ reservoir for thefuture conservation and management of this threatened treeHowever genetic diversity of such rare species of forest originmay be affected in managed ecosystems due to limited geneflow inbreeding and selection pressure A thorough investi-gation of the genetic variation of the A malaccensis cultiva-tions investigated here is needed before their potential valueto the ex situ conservation of this species can be confirmed

Conflict of Interests

The authors (Dr P Saikia and Professor M L Khan) declarethat there is no conflict of interests regarding the publicationof this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitudetowards the people of upper Assam for the free access to theirhomegardens for their cooperation during the survey andinterviews and for the permission to collect plant samplesFinancial support from DBT Govt of India through theproject ldquoMapping and quantitative assessment of geographicdistribution and population status of plant resources ofEastern Himalayan regionrdquo is highly acknowledged


References

[1] Anonymous ldquoReview of Significant Trade Aquilaria malac-censisrdquo httpwwwcitesorgsitesdefaultfilesengcompc14E-PC14-09-02-02-A2pdf

[2] CITES ldquoResolutionrdquo in Proceedings of the 9th Meeting of theConference of the Parties (COP rsquo94) Fort Lauderdale Fla USANovember 1994

[3] IUCN Asian Regional Workshop (Conservation amp SustainableManagement of Trees Viet Nam) 1998 Aquilaria malaccensisIn IUCN 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version20092 2010 httpwwwiucnredlistorg

[4] P Saikia and M L Khan ldquoAgar (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam)a promising crop in the homegardens of Upper Assam North-eastern Indiardquo Journal of Tropical Agriculture vol 50 pp 8ndash142011

[5] P Saikia B I Choudhury and M L Khan ldquoFloristic compo-sition and plant utilization pattern in homegardens of UpperAssam Indiardquo Tropical Ecology vol 53 no 1 pp 105ndash118 2012

[6] P Saikia and M L Khan ldquoAquilaria malaccensis Lam a Red-listed and highly exploited tree species in the Assamese homegardenrdquo Current Science vol 102 no 4 pp 546ndash547 2012

[7] S C Nath and N Saikia ldquoIndigenous knowledge on utility andutilitarian aspects of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk in northeastIndiardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge vol 1 no 1 pp47ndash58 2002

[8] N Parthasarathy ldquoTree diversity and distribution in undis-turbed and human-impacted sites of tropical wet evergreenforest in southern Western Ghats Indiardquo Biodiversity and Con-servation vol 8 no 10 pp 1365ndash1381 1999

[9] H Padalia N Chauhan M C Porwal and P S Roy ldquoPhytoso-ciological observations on tree species diversity of AndamanIslands IndiardquoCurrent Science vol 87 no 6 pp 799ndash806 2004

[10] Census of India Census Report Ministry of Home AffairsGovernment of India 2001

[11] P Saikia Population structure and conservation practices ofAquilaria malaccensis Lam in homegardens of upper Assamand its prospects in socio-economic development [PhD thesis]Department of Forestry NERIST (DeemedUniversity) Aruna-chal Pradesh India 2011

[12] R Misra Ecology Workbook Oxford amp IBH Publishing Com-pany Calcutta India 1968

[13] A F Magurran Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement Prin-ceton University Press Princeton NJ USA 1988

[14] C E Shannon andWWienerTheMathematicalTheory of Com-munities University of Illinois Press Urbana Ill USA 1963

[15] E H Simpson ldquoMeasurement of diversityrdquo Nature vol 163article 688 1949

[16] T Soslashrenson ldquoA method of establishing groups of equal ampli-tude on similarity of species contentrdquo Biologiske Skrifter KDanske Videnskbernes Selskab vol 5 pp 1ndash34 1948

[17] W GWhitford ldquoDistribution of woodland plants in relation tosuccession and clonal growthrdquo Ecology vol 30 no 2 pp 199ndash208 1949

[18] J T Curtis andG CottamPlant EcologyWork Book LaboratoryField Reference Manual Burgess Minneapolis Minn USA1956

[19] J E Gordon and A C Newton ldquoEfficient floristic inventory forthe assessment of tropical tree diversity a comparative test of

four alternative approachesrdquo Forest Ecology and Managementvol 237 no 1ndash3 pp 564ndash573 2006

[20] D Jose ldquoStructure and productivity of the homegardens ofKerala a case studyrdquo in Proceeding of the 4th Kerala ScienceCongress C G R Nair Ed pp 17ndash19 Science Technology andEnvironmentDepartment Government of KeralaThiruvanan-thapuram India 1992

[21] E P Odum Ecology Holt Reinhart and Winston New YorkNY USA 2005

[22] S PHubbell R B Foster S T OrsquoBrien et al ldquoLight-gap disturb-ances recruitment limitation and tree diversity in a neotropicalforestrdquo Science vol 283 no 5401 pp 554ndash557 1999

[23] H T Odum Fundamentals of Ecology WB Saunders Phiadel-phia Pa USA 1971

[24] U K Sahoo P Rocky K Vanlalhriatpuia and K UpadhyayaldquoStructural diversity and functional dynamism of traditionalhome gardens of North-East IndiardquoThe Bioscan vol 1 pp 159ndash171 2010

[25] L N Trinh J W Watson N N Hue et al ldquoAgrobiodiversityconservation and development in Vietnamese home gardensrdquoAgriculture Ecosystems and Environment vol 97 no 1ndash3 pp317ndash344 2003

[26] K Kehlenbeck and B L Maass ldquoCrop diversity and classifi-cation of homegardens in Central Sulawesi Indonesiardquo Agro-forestry Systems vol 63 no 1 pp 53ndash62 2005

[27] O T Coomes and N Ban ldquoCultivated plant species diversity inhome gardens of an amazonian peasant village in NortheasternPerurdquo Economic Botany vol 58 no 3 pp 420ndash434 2004

[28] R K Verma K S Kapoor S P Subramani and R S RawatldquoEvaluation of plant diversity and soil quality under plantationraised in surfacemined areasrdquo Indian Journal of Forestry vol 27no 2 pp 227ndash233 2004

[29] T Das and A K Das ldquoInventorying plant biodiversity in home-gardens a case study in Barak Valley Assam North East IndiardquoCurrent Science vol 89 no 1 pp 155ndash163 2005

[30] C Padoch and W de Jong ldquoThe house gardens of Santa Rosadiversity and variability in an amazonian agricultural systemrdquoEconomic Botany vol 45 no 2 pp 166ndash175 1991

[31] BM Kumar S J George and S Chinnamani ldquoDiversity struc-ture and standing stock of wood in the homegardens of Keralain peninsular IndiardquoAgroforestry Systems vol 25 no 3 pp 243ndash262 1994

[32] Z L Dao W S Chen H J Guo H L Duan and J G DuanldquoHousehold based agrobiodiversity assessment (HH-ABA) ofhouse garden inHanlong village of Baosha east slope of Gaolig-ong Mountainsrdquo Acta Botanica Yunnanica supplement 12 pp102ndash112 2000 (Chinese)

[33] P Bhuyan M L Khan and R S Tripathi ldquoTree diversityand population structure in undisturbed and human-impactedstands of tropical wet evergreen forest in Arunachal PradeshEastern Himalayas Indiardquo Biodiversity and Conservation vol12 no 8 pp 1753ndash1773 2003

[34] N Parthasarathy V Kinhal and L P Kumar ldquoPlant speciesdiversity and human impacts in the tropical wet evergreenforests of southern Western Ghatsrdquo in Proceedings of the Indo-French Workshop on Tropical Forest Ecosystems Natural Func-tioning and Anthropogenic Impact pp 26ndash27 French InstitutePuducherry India November 1992

[35] J S Singh Y S Rawat and O P Chaturvedi ldquoReplacement ofoak forest with pine in the Himalaya affects the nitrogen cyclerdquoNature vol 311 no 5981 pp 54ndash56 1984


[36] NVisalakshi ldquoVegetation analysis of two tropical dry evergreenforests in southern IndiardquoTropical Ecology vol 36 no 1 pp 117ndash127 1995

[37] J S Denslow ldquoGap partitioning among tropical rainforest treesrdquoBiotropica vol 12 no 2 pp 47ndash55 1980

[38] G S Hartshorn ldquoNeotropical forest dynamicsrdquo Biotropica vol12 no 2 supplement pp 23ndash30 1980

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of

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EcologyInternational Journal of


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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Advances in


Environmental Chemistry

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of



Waste ManagementJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics


Geological ResearchJournal of

EarthquakesJournal of


BiodiversityInternational Journal of


ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


ClimatologyJournal of


Quantitative inventories help in identifying species thatare in different stages of vulnerability as well as various factorsthat influence the existing vegetation in any region [8 9]Considering the scarcity of information on Agaru cultivationin homegardens of upper Assam we attempted to study theecological features mainly the quantitative characteristicsof A malaccensis Lam in homegardens of upper Assamnortheast India

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Sites The study was conducted in twenty-sevenselected villages located in Jorhat and Golaghat districts ofupper Assam northeast India (25∘481015840 to 27∘101015840N and 93∘171015840to 94∘361015840 E) (Figure 1)The site is surrounded by Sibsagar andDibrugarh districts on the east Nagaon and Karbi Anglongdistricts on the west Lakhimpur and Sonitpur districts onthe north and the bordering state of Nagaland on thesouth The total numbers of villages of Jorhat and Golaghatdistricts are 855 and 1089 with population density of 354and 236 individuals per square kilometer respectively [10]The climate of the study area is classified as tropical typehaving distinct hot and humid summer (340∘C during June-July) and cool winter (100∘C during December-January)The mean annual rainfall of Golaghat and Jorhat districtsranges between 1200mmand 1900mmThe relative humidityremains very high throughout the year [11]

22 Vegetation Analysis A total of twenty-seven differentsites (16 from Golaghat and 11 from Jorhat district) of Jorhatand Golaghat districts of upper Assam northeast India wereselected randomly from the pool of Agaru cultivating areasbased on informal knowledge which roughly representedabout 30 of all Agaru growing areas in the site A totalof 135 homegardens (with a mean of 5 homegardens persite) were selected randomly and studied during 2007ndash2010(Table 1) Vegetation was studied using quadrat methodcovering a minimum of 30 of the area in each homegardenRandom quadrats of 10m times 10m size were used for trees andwithin the same 10m times 10m quadrat one 5m times 5m quadratfor shrubs and two 1m times 1m quadrats for herbs were used inthe studied homegardens Diameter at breast height (DBH)of all the individual trees was recorded during the study at137m above ground Plant species were identified on thebasis of vernacular names published field inventories florasand consulting available herbaria of the region Herbariumspecimens were collected and deposited in the Departmentof Forestry North Eastern Regional Institute of Science andTechnology (Deemed University) Arunachal Pradesh

23 Data Analysis Quantitative analysis of vegetation wasdone following Misra [12] Importance value index (IVI) wascomputed by summing up relative density relative frequencyand relative dominance The species richness was calculatedby using the method ldquoMargalef rsquos index of richnessrdquo (Dmg)[13]

Dmg = (119878 minus 1)ln 119899 (1)

Bhutan Arunachal Pradesh

Assam Nagaland

Meghalaya

Tripura Mizoram

Manipur

Sonitpur and Lakhimpur

Jorhat

Golaghat

Nagaon and Karbi Anglong

Nagaland

Sibsagar

Study areaDistrict boundary

25 125 0

++++ +

++

+

+++++++

++

+++

+

+

+

+

+

+++

N

25km

Figure 1 Map of Golaghat and Jorhat districts of upper Assam NEIndia showing the locations of the study sites

where 119878 = total number of species and 119899 = total number ofindividuals

The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index [14] was calculatedfrom the IVI values using the formula given byMagurran [13]

119867 = minus

119904

sum

119894=1

119901119894

ln119901119894

(2)

where 119901119894

is the proportion of the IVI of 119894th species and theIVI of all the species (119899

119894

119873)







CD =119904

sum

119894=1

(119901119894

)2

(3)

where 119901119894



119864 =1198671015840

1198671015840max (4)







3 Results




Studysites

Number offamilies

Number ofgenera

Speciesrichness





index










4 Discussion






ilarityindex(

)for

different

study

sites

ofup

perA

ssam

northeastIndia

BSBM

GDG

DK

ETG

GP

GG

HBG

HK

HCG

JTG

JNKW

GKN

GKG

KBG

KHG

KHNG

NMG

PSPB

PFG

SPSK

SMG

BS000

BMG

4724

000

DG

563

4925

000

DK

4173

3478

4932

000

ETG

4780

4608

5377

4815

000

GP

4878

4908

5263

4686

5726

000

GG

4365

4940

4942

4563

6079

7506

000

HBG

4505

3425

4868

5181

6178

8387

5490

000

HK

5263

4545

5429

4583

5143

8912

4436

4813

000

HCG

4474

3877

4340

4603

6295

7311

6080

6525

4635

000

JTG

5123

4455

5143

4393

6357

6910

6728

5603

5385

6601

000

JN5029

4828

5385

4731

6032

7844

5552

4978

5333

5455

6480

000

KWG46

35

4483

5000

4180

6968

6000

6667

5714

4790

6246

6623

7000

000

KNG

5100

4422

5217

5024

6498

7731

6049

6614

5171

6267

6545

6397

7148

000

KG4750

5535

5749

4678

5907

7920

6197

5234

5091

5308

5532

6280

6264

6034

000

KBG

5179

4126

4935

4340

6711

6468

6379

5755

5415

6790

7157

6125

6809

6959

5703

000

KHG

5152

3664

7482

4615

4689

9843

4609

4624

4526

3793

4638

4581

4726

4804

5122

4035

000

KH46

49

43478

5625

5102

6412

7957

5825

6109

6105

6175

5769

6034

6138

6226

5622

6192

4974

000

NG

5513

5419

6135

4790

5751

8330

5429

5429

5466

5234

5801

5911

5747

5877

5957

5397

5125

5540

000

NMG5200

4161

4841

4596

4758

9661

4745

5196

5677

5040

5156

5685

5569

5045

5495

5366

4416

5604

5169

000

PS5222

3911

5241

4817

6070

7935

5658

5812

5189

5857

6196

5727

5895

5873

5660

6159

4891

5823

5192

4752

000

PB4926

4356

5143

4486

6286

7137

6177

6381

5192

6601

6978

6880

7013

6836

6298

6689

4541

6154

5541

5689

6118

000

PFG

5419

4545

5185

4819

5862

8221

5448

4976

5375

4706

6087

5347

5846

5639

5882

5578

5786

5377

5792

5311

5797

5565

000

SP4971

5233

5778

4457

6160

7235

6263

5286

5506

5641

6129

5818

6115

5959

6732

6245

4972

5652

6169

5538

5511

6129

5500

000

SK5067

4698

4841

4720

5022

9400

4891

4706

5548

5360

5156

6599

5569

5315

5824

5528

4026

5024

5393

5233

4950

5956

4972

5846

000

SMG

4737

4670

5021

5021

6754

7434

6591

62415064

4024

6667

6109

6547

6667

5385

6852

4483

6737

5781

5440

6143

6469

5412

5861

5040

000

SNG

5380

5059

5955

4176

6210

6725

5627

5689

5909

5756

6179

6239

6377

6173

6404

6442

4914

5702

7538

5389

5561

6179

5960

6667

5389

6125







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued



Table 5 Continued







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics




















CD =119904

sum

119894=1

(119901119894

)2

(3)

where 119901119894



119864 =1198671015840

1198671015840max (4)







3 Results




Studysites

Number offamilies

Number ofgenera

Speciesrichness





index










4 Discussion






ilarityindex(

)for

different

study

sites

ofup

perA

ssam

northeastIndia

BSBM

GDG

DK

ETG

GP

GG

HBG

HK

HCG

JTG

JNKW

GKN

GKG

KBG

KHG

KHNG

NMG

PSPB

PFG

SPSK

SMG

BS000

BMG

4724

000

DG

563

4925

000

DK

4173

3478

4932

000

ETG

4780

4608

5377

4815

000

GP

4878

4908

5263

4686

5726

000

GG

4365

4940

4942

4563

6079

7506

000

HBG

4505

3425

4868

5181

6178

8387

5490

000

HK

5263

4545

5429

4583

5143

8912

4436

4813

000

HCG

4474

3877

4340

4603

6295

7311

6080

6525

4635

000

JTG

5123

4455

5143

4393

6357

6910

6728

5603

5385

6601

000

JN5029

4828

5385

4731

6032

7844

5552

4978

5333

5455

6480

000

KWG46

35

4483

5000

4180

6968

6000

6667

5714

4790

6246

6623

7000

000

KNG

5100

4422

5217

5024

6498

7731

6049

6614

5171

6267

6545

6397

7148

000

KG4750

5535

5749

4678

5907

7920

6197

5234

5091

5308

5532

6280

6264

6034

000

KBG

5179

4126

4935

4340

6711

6468

6379

5755

5415

6790

7157

6125

6809

6959

5703

000

KHG

5152

3664

7482

4615

4689

9843

4609

4624

4526

3793

4638

4581

4726

4804

5122

4035

000

KH46

49

43478

5625

5102

6412

7957

5825

6109

6105

6175

5769

6034

6138

6226

5622

6192

4974

000

NG

5513

5419

6135

4790

5751

8330

5429

5429

5466

5234

5801

5911

5747

5877

5957

5397

5125

5540

000

NMG5200

4161

4841

4596

4758

9661

4745

5196

5677

5040

5156

5685

5569

5045

5495

5366

4416

5604

5169

000

PS5222

3911

5241

4817

6070

7935

5658

5812

5189

5857

6196

5727

5895

5873

5660

6159

4891

5823

5192

4752

000

PB4926

4356

5143

4486

6286

7137

6177

6381

5192

6601

6978

6880

7013

6836

6298

6689

4541

6154

5541

5689

6118

000

PFG

5419

4545

5185

4819

5862

8221

5448

4976

5375

4706

6087

5347

5846

5639

5882

5578

5786

5377

5792

5311

5797

5565

000

SP4971

5233

5778

4457

6160

7235

6263

5286

5506

5641

6129

5818

6115

5959

6732

6245

4972

5652

6169

5538

5511

6129

5500

000

SK5067

4698

4841

4720

5022

9400

4891

4706

5548

5360

5156

6599

5569

5315

5824

5528

4026

5024

5393

5233

4950

5956

4972

5846

000

SMG

4737

4670

5021

5021

6754

7434

6591

62415064

4024

6667

6109

6547

6667

5385

6852

4483

6737

5781

5440

6143

6469

5412

5861

5040

000

SNG

5380

5059

5955

4176

6210

6725

5627

5689

5909

5756

6179

6239

6377

6173

6404

6442

4914

5702

7538

5389

5561

6179

5960

6667

5389

6125







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued



Table 5 Continued







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics
















Studysites

Number offamilies

Number ofgenera

Speciesrichness





index










4 Discussion






ilarityindex(

)for

different

study

sites

ofup

perA

ssam

northeastIndia

BSBM

GDG

DK

ETG

GP

GG

HBG

HK

HCG

JTG

JNKW

GKN

GKG

KBG

KHG

KHNG

NMG

PSPB

PFG

SPSK

SMG

BS000

BMG

4724

000

DG

563

4925

000

DK

4173

3478

4932

000

ETG

4780

4608

5377

4815

000

GP

4878

4908

5263

4686

5726

000

GG

4365

4940

4942

4563

6079

7506

000

HBG

4505

3425

4868

5181

6178

8387

5490

000

HK

5263

4545

5429

4583

5143

8912

4436

4813

000

HCG

4474

3877

4340

4603

6295

7311

6080

6525

4635

000

JTG

5123

4455

5143

4393

6357

6910

6728

5603

5385

6601

000

JN5029

4828

5385

4731

6032

7844

5552

4978

5333

5455

6480

000

KWG46

35

4483

5000

4180

6968

6000

6667

5714

4790

6246

6623

7000

000

KNG

5100

4422

5217

5024

6498

7731

6049

6614

5171

6267

6545

6397

7148

000

KG4750

5535

5749

4678

5907

7920

6197

5234

5091

5308

5532

6280

6264

6034

000

KBG

5179

4126

4935

4340

6711

6468

6379

5755

5415

6790

7157

6125

6809

6959

5703

000

KHG

5152

3664

7482

4615

4689

9843

4609

4624

4526

3793

4638

4581

4726

4804

5122

4035

000

KH46

49

43478

5625

5102

6412

7957

5825

6109

6105

6175

5769

6034

6138

6226

5622

6192

4974

000

NG

5513

5419

6135

4790

5751

8330

5429

5429

5466

5234

5801

5911

5747

5877

5957

5397

5125

5540

000

NMG5200

4161

4841

4596

4758

9661

4745

5196

5677

5040

5156

5685

5569

5045

5495

5366

4416

5604

5169

000

PS5222

3911

5241

4817

6070

7935

5658

5812

5189

5857

6196

5727

5895

5873

5660

6159

4891

5823

5192

4752

000

PB4926

4356

5143

4486

6286

7137

6177

6381

5192

6601

6978

6880

7013

6836

6298

6689

4541

6154

5541

5689

6118

000

PFG

5419

4545

5185

4819

5862

8221

5448

4976

5375

4706

6087

5347

5846

5639

5882

5578

5786

5377

5792

5311

5797

5565

000

SP4971

5233

5778

4457

6160

7235

6263

5286

5506

5641

6129

5818

6115

5959

6732

6245

4972

5652

6169

5538

5511

6129

5500

000

SK5067

4698

4841

4720

5022

9400

4891

4706

5548

5360

5156

6599

5569

5315

5824

5528

4026

5024

5393

5233

4950

5956

4972

5846

000

SMG

4737

4670

5021

5021

6754

7434

6591

62415064

4024

6667

6109

6547

6667

5385

6852

4483

6737

5781

5440

6143

6469

5412

5861

5040

000

SNG

5380

5059

5955

4176

6210

6725

5627

5689

5909

5756

6179

6239

6377

6173

6404

6442

4914

5702

7538

5389

5561

6179

5960

6667

5389

6125







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued



Table 5 Continued







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


















4 Discussion






ilarityindex(

)for

different

study

sites

ofup

perA

ssam

northeastIndia

BSBM

GDG

DK

ETG

GP

GG

HBG

HK

HCG

JTG

JNKW

GKN

GKG

KBG

KHG

KHNG

NMG

PSPB

PFG

SPSK

SMG

BS000

BMG

4724

000

DG

563

4925

000

DK

4173

3478

4932

000

ETG

4780

4608

5377

4815

000

GP

4878

4908

5263

4686

5726

000

GG

4365

4940

4942

4563

6079

7506

000

HBG

4505

3425

4868

5181

6178

8387

5490

000

HK

5263

4545

5429

4583

5143

8912

4436

4813

000

HCG

4474

3877

4340

4603

6295

7311

6080

6525

4635

000

JTG

5123

4455

5143

4393

6357

6910

6728

5603

5385

6601

000

JN5029

4828

5385

4731

6032

7844

5552

4978

5333

5455

6480

000

KWG46

35

4483

5000

4180

6968

6000

6667

5714

4790

6246

6623

7000

000

KNG

5100

4422

5217

5024

6498

7731

6049

6614

5171

6267

6545

6397

7148

000

KG4750

5535

5749

4678

5907

7920

6197

5234

5091

5308

5532

6280

6264

6034

000

KBG

5179

4126

4935

4340

6711

6468

6379

5755

5415

6790

7157

6125

6809

6959

5703

000

KHG

5152

3664

7482

4615

4689

9843

4609

4624

4526

3793

4638

4581

4726

4804

5122

4035

000

KH46

49

43478

5625

5102

6412

7957

5825

6109

6105

6175

5769

6034

6138

6226

5622

6192

4974

000

NG

5513

5419

6135

4790

5751

8330

5429

5429

5466

5234

5801

5911

5747

5877

5957

5397

5125

5540

000

NMG5200

4161

4841

4596

4758

9661

4745

5196

5677

5040

5156

5685

5569

5045

5495

5366

4416

5604

5169

000

PS5222

3911

5241

4817

6070

7935

5658

5812

5189

5857

6196

5727

5895

5873

5660

6159

4891

5823

5192

4752

000

PB4926

4356

5143

4486

6286

7137

6177

6381

5192

6601

6978

6880

7013

6836

6298

6689

4541

6154

5541

5689

6118

000

PFG

5419

4545

5185

4819

5862

8221

5448

4976

5375

4706

6087

5347

5846

5639

5882

5578

5786

5377

5792

5311

5797

5565

000

SP4971

5233

5778

4457

6160

7235

6263

5286

5506

5641

6129

5818

6115

5959

6732

6245

4972

5652

6169

5538

5511

6129

5500

000

SK5067

4698

4841

4720

5022

9400

4891

4706

5548

5360

5156

6599

5569

5315

5824

5528

4026

5024

5393

5233

4950

5956

4972

5846

000

SMG

4737

4670

5021

5021

6754

7434

6591

62415064

4024

6667

6109

6547

6667

5385

6852

4483

6737

5781

5440

6143

6469

5412

5861

5040

000

SNG

5380

5059

5955

4176

6210

6725

5627

5689

5909

5756

6179

6239

6377

6173

6404

6442

4914

5702

7538

5389

5561

6179

5960

6667

5389

6125







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued



Table 5 Continued







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics
















ilarityindex(

)for

different

study

sites

ofup

perA

ssam

northeastIndia

BSBM

GDG

DK

ETG

GP

GG

HBG

HK

HCG

JTG

JNKW

GKN

GKG

KBG

KHG

KHNG

NMG

PSPB

PFG

SPSK

SMG

BS000

BMG

4724

000

DG

563

4925

000

DK

4173

3478

4932

000

ETG

4780

4608

5377

4815

000

GP

4878

4908

5263

4686

5726

000

GG

4365

4940

4942

4563

6079

7506

000

HBG

4505

3425

4868

5181

6178

8387

5490

000

HK

5263

4545

5429

4583

5143

8912

4436

4813

000

HCG

4474

3877

4340

4603

6295

7311

6080

6525

4635

000

JTG

5123

4455

5143

4393

6357

6910

6728

5603

5385

6601

000

JN5029

4828

5385

4731

6032

7844

5552

4978

5333

5455

6480

000

KWG46

35

4483

5000

4180

6968

6000

6667

5714

4790

6246

6623

7000

000

KNG

5100

4422

5217

5024

6498

7731

6049

6614

5171

6267

6545

6397

7148

000

KG4750

5535

5749

4678

5907

7920

6197

5234

5091

5308

5532

6280

6264

6034

000

KBG

5179

4126

4935

4340

6711

6468

6379

5755

5415

6790

7157

6125

6809

6959

5703

000

KHG

5152

3664

7482

4615

4689

9843

4609

4624

4526

3793

4638

4581

4726

4804

5122

4035

000

KH46

49

43478

5625

5102

6412

7957

5825

6109

6105

6175

5769

6034

6138

6226

5622

6192

4974

000

NG

5513

5419

6135

4790

5751

8330

5429

5429

5466

5234

5801

5911

5747

5877

5957

5397

5125

5540

000

NMG5200

4161

4841

4596

4758

9661

4745

5196

5677

5040

5156

5685

5569

5045

5495

5366

4416

5604

5169

000

PS5222

3911

5241

4817

6070

7935

5658

5812

5189

5857

6196

5727

5895

5873

5660

6159

4891

5823

5192

4752

000

PB4926

4356

5143

4486

6286

7137

6177

6381

5192

6601

6978

6880

7013

6836

6298

6689

4541

6154

5541

5689

6118

000

PFG

5419

4545

5185

4819

5862

8221

5448

4976

5375

4706

6087

5347

5846

5639

5882

5578

5786

5377

5792

5311

5797

5565

000

SP4971

5233

5778

4457

6160

7235

6263

5286

5506

5641

6129

5818

6115

5959

6732

6245

4972

5652

6169

5538

5511

6129

5500

000

SK5067

4698

4841

4720

5022

9400

4891

4706

5548

5360

5156

6599

5569

5315

5824

5528

4026

5024

5393

5233

4950

5956

4972

5846

000

SMG

4737

4670

5021

5021

6754

7434

6591

62415064

4024

6667

6109

6547

6667

5385

6852

4483

6737

5781

5440

6143

6469

5412

5861

5040

000

SNG

5380

5059

5955

4176

6210

6725

5627

5689

5909

5756

6179

6239

6377

6173

6404

6442

4914

5702

7538

5389

5561

6179

5960

6667

5389

6125







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued



Table 5 Continued







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics




















Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued



Table 5 Continued







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Table 5 Continued



Table 5 Continued







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Table 5 Continued







Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Table 5 Continued






Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Table 5 Continued





Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Table 5 Continued






5 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















References













































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics






















Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














research article ecological features of cultivated...

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