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TRANSCRIPT
ERA-Fabric Map
First Edition
Authors:
Karel HAEGEMAN, Elisabetta MARINELLI,
Susana ELENA PEREZ, Gérard CARAT,
Alexander DEGELSEGGER, Gorazd WEISS and
Philine WARNKE
2012
EUR 25451 EN
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Tabl
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Con
tent
s Table of Contents
Executive summary 4
Acknowledgements 5
1. Introduction 6
2. The ERA in a wider perspective 72.1 How are responsibilities shared between the EU and its Member States? 7
2.2 European institutions, bodies and discussion fora involved in research policy in Europe 8
3. The ERA and Europe 2020 Strategy 113.1 Key policy documents 11
3.2 ERA dimensions and Europe 2020 12
Dimension 1. People: Realising a single labour market for researchers 13
Dimension 2. Infrastructure: World-class research infrastructures (RIs) 15
Dimension 3. Organisations: Excellent research institutions 19
Dimension 4. Funding: Well-coordinated research programmes and priorities 21
Dimension 5. Knowledge circulation: Effective knowledge sharing 25
Dimension 6. Global cooperation: A wide opening of the European Research Area to the world 28
4. Main current stakeholders and their roles 32
5. Conclusions 37
6. Bibliography 38
Annex I. Europe 2020 Flagship commitments and ERA dimensions 41
Annex II. Main stakeholders involved in a selected number of ERA instruments 59
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List of Tables
Figure 1. Division of responsibilities between the European Union and its Member States 7
Figure 2. Main European institutions, bodies and discussion fora for exchange among policy-makers involved in European research policy-making 10
Figure 3. ERA-Timeline 11
Figure 4. The European Research Area and its links with the 7 flagships of Europe 2020 13
Figure 5. Deployment and planning of Research Infrastructures for EU MS and AC 17
Table 1: Commitments related to Dimension 1 14
Table 2: Commitments related to Dimension 2 18
Table 3: Commitments related to Dimension 3 20
Table 4: Commitments related to Dimension 4 23
Table 5: Commitments related to Dimension 5 26
Table 6: Commitments related to Dimension 6 30
Table 7. Main stakeholders actively involved in the ERA 32
Table 8. Classification of the main stakeholders by category and scope of performance 34
Table 9. Stakeholders actively involved in the ERA instruments and their main roles 35
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s Executive summary
This ERA fabric map gives a snapshot of the ERA today. It looks at the division of responsibilities
between EU and Member States, and at institutions and bodies involved in the European research system.
Starting from the six ERA dimensions described in the ERA Green Paper, the report then looks where we
are today, and which direction the future is taking, given the policy context of Europe 2020. Involvement
of stakeholders in further building the ERA is looked at by analysing their involvement in a number of
existing ERA instruments, using a taxonomy of stakeholder roles and functions. The report has been written
as part of the FP7 project Forward Visions on the European Research Area (VERA). This first edition will be
updated twice as part of the VERA project.
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This report is the result of a collaboration between JRC-IPTS (Karel Haegeman, Elisabetta Marinelli,
Susana Elena Pérez and Gérard Carat), ZSI (Alexander Degelsegger and Gorazd Weiss) and Fraunhofer
ISI (Philine Warnke). The authors of this report would like to thank Mark Boden, Ales Gnamus, Mariana
Chioncel, Luisa Henriques and Nicholas Harrap from JRC-IPTS for their comments and contributions.
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s 1. Introduction
This report constitutes a formal deliverable,
namely D6.1 “Outline of ERA elements and
stakeholders”, of Work Package 6 “Stakeholder
Engagement and Communication Strategy” of the
VERA Project (Forward Visions on the European
Research Area).
The main objectives of this project are
both to provide relevant strategic knowledge
for the governance and priority-setting of
the research, technology, development and
innovation (RTDI) system in Europe, and to set
up a strategic conversation across the European
Research Area (ERA).
In line with them, this report aims to provide
the first edition of the map of ERA as it is today,
taking into account its history and the current
policy context. The proposed ERA fabric map
aims to provide a point of reference for the
whole implementation of the VERA project by
giving a snapshot of the ERA today in support
of developing alternative future scenarios for its
evolution and by mapping current involvement of
stakeholders in ERA. This ERA fabric map will be
updated in Deliverable 6.4 and Deliverable 6.5
in months 20 and 28 of the Project respectively.
The report is structured as follows. In
section 2 the ERA is looked at from a wider
perspective. Section 3 explores the state of the
art of ERA, building on the ERA dimensions
from the ERA Green Paper, and putting them
in the context of Europe 2020. Section 4 looks
at current involvement of stakeholders in a
selected number of ERA instruments and the
roles they take. Main findings are summarised in
a concluding section.
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2.1 How are responsibilities shared between the EU and its Member States?
When looking at the European RTDI system,
not only research, technology and innovation
policies are important. A wide set of other
policies interact with this system too, many of
which lie not in the (sole) responsibility of the
European Union. In general, the responsibilities
for policy-making within the European Union can
be divided into three categories, as illustrated in
figure 1 below. In a limited number of areas, such
as the customs union, the European Union alone
is responsible for policy-making. For a second
set of areas, such as research, technological
development and space, the European Union
and its Member States share responsibilities.
Finally, for areas such as education, the Member
States remain responsible. In those areas, the
European Union can only play a supporting or
co-ordinating role.
From this overview it becomes clear that
responsibilities for the RTDI system are shared ones.
Many related policies, such as economic and social
cohesion, energy, transport, etc are also shared ones.
In addition some key responsibilities connected
to research and innovation, such as education, lie
with Member States only. This means that policies
shaping European research and innovation are,
given the current institutional context, bound to be
based on collaboration and voluntary engagement
of the Member States and its actors.
Figure 1. Division of responsibilities between the European Union and its Member States
Source: Based on Fontaine (2010)
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European policy making in the field of
research policy (the part that is developed by the
European institutions) is adopted under the co-
decision procedure: the Council of the European
Union (Council of Ministers) and the European
Parliament amend, adopt or reject legislation
proposed by the Commission. The negotiation
process is long and complex and characterised by
considerable informal exchange of views. For the
European Parliament, the “Industry, Research and
Energy” committee (ITRE) does the preparatory
work. For the Council, work is prepared by the
Council’s Research Working Party, the Permanent
Representative’s Committee (Coreper) and
the Competitiveness Council. Finally, also the
European Economic and Social Committee are
involved (Source: ERAWATCH, 2012)1.
Regarding the co-ordination activities on
the Member State level, the open method of
coordination was introduced by Lisbon European
Council (2000) as a “means of spreading best
practise and achieving greater convergence
towards the main EU goals”. The method
includes:
• Fixing guidelines and timetables for
achieving short, medium and long-term
goals;
• Establishing quantitative and qualitative
indicators and benchmarks, tailored to the
needs of Member States and sectors involved,
as a means of comparing best practices;
• Translating European guidelines into national
and regional policies, by setting specific
measures and targets; and
1 For a detailed description of the decision making process in the field of research policy, see ERAWATCH: http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.
• Periodic monitoring of the progress achieved
in order to put in place mutual learning
processes between Member States.
The most important official advisory bodies
and fora for discussion among policy-makers
involved in research policies are the following2:
• The European Research Area Committee
(ERAC), before CREST, is the advisory body
assisting the Council of the European Union
and the European Commission in the field
of research and technological development.
A number of candidate and associated
countries participate as observers in ERAC3.
ERAC has several dedicated configurations.
o The High Level Group for Joint
Programming (GPC4) is a dedicated
configuration of ERAC responsible for
identifying themes for joint programming.
Members are senior officials from
the European Member States and the
European Commission. Associated
countries can participate in the GPC.
o The Strategic Forum for International
Cooperation (SFIC) is a dedicated
configuration of ERAC. Its objective
is to facilitate the development,
implementation and monitoring of ERA’s
international dimension by information
sharing and joint priority identification.
Associated countries are involved as
observers. Countries selected for the
SFIC pilot initiatives (India, US, China)
are invited to dedicated discussions.
o The Knowledge Transfer Group is a
working group of ERAC established to
2 Source: ERAWATCH3 Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Faroe Islands,
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Israel, Liechtenstein, Moldavia, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey.
4 GPC=Groupe de haut niveau pour la Programmation Conjointe
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take up and support the implementation
of the EC’s Recommendation on the
management of intellectual property in
knowledge transfer activities and Code
of Practice for universities and other
public research organisations5
• The Steering Group on Human Resources
and Mobility (SGHRM) has been active
since 2002 and has been recognised by
the Council in 2008 to be the appropriate
forum for promoting and monitoring the
implementation of the European Partnership
for Researchers.
• The European Research Advisory Board
(ERAB), previously EURAB, is a high-level,
independent, advisory committee created
by the Commission to provide advice on the
design and implementation of EU research
policy, and consists of 45 top experts from
EU countries and beyond.
• The European Strategy Forum on Research
Infrastructures (ESFRI) aims to support a
coherent and strategy-led approach to policy-
making on research infrastructures in Europe,
and to facilitate multilateral initiatives leading
to the better use and development of research
infrastructures, at EU and international level.
Associate country research ministry delegates
participate as well.
• The Science and Technology Options
Assessment (STOA) unit advises the European
Parliament on research related issues.
• In support of its policy formulation remit,
the Commission often sets up expert groups
which focus on particular European research
policy challenges and/or issues such as the
Lisbon expert group or the Knowledge for
Growth expert group.
5 COM(2008)1329
• On specific thematic themes relating
to research policy there are numerous
advisory councils and groups that provide a
sounding board for policy and programme
development. These include advisory
councils which addresses particular themes
or sectors (ACARE and ERTRAC), advisory
groups for the 7th Framework Programme
(FP7) such as ISTAG and standing committees
on thematic issues such as SCAR.
• There are also permanent expert groups on
women in science and ethics.
• As regards ERA’s interaction with science
policy-making actors from third countries,
two components can be identified:
o In an outgoing perspective, the
European Commission and European
Member States are participating in
regular high-level dialogue meetings
e.g. with the Western Balkan countries
(in the Steering Platform on Research
for the Western Balkan Countries) or
Southeast Asia (in the ASEAN-EU S&T
Dialogue Meetings)
o With regard to bi-lateral S&T agreements
of the European Commission with
currently 19 countries, there are
regular Joint Steering and Cooperation
Committee meetings.
• When understanding ERA as increasingly
incorporating aspects of innovation, actors
like EUREKA have to be taken into account
when thinking about ERA governance.
Founded in 1985 as an intergovernmental
initiative6, EUREKA is an RTD funding and
coordination organisation bringing together
39 member countries and the European
6 The political guidance for EUREKA is coming from regular Ministerial Conferences bringing together member countries science and research ministers and the responsible European Commissioner.
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to promote international, market-oriented
research and innovation. Coordination
between the EU and EUREKA is considered
important for ERA.
Apart from these institutions, bodies and
fora for discussion among policy-makers, there is
also a wide set of other European actors linked
to ERA policy-making. Examples are Science
Europe (grouping 49 European Research Funding
Organisations (RFO) and Research Performing
Organisations (RPO)), the European University
Association (EUA), the European Federation of
National Academies Sciences and Humanities
(ALLEA), associations of research performing
private sector actors, and associations at
subnational governance level. Involvement of
stakeholders in ERA is looked at in more detail in
section 4.
The main European institutions, bodies and
discussion fora involved in European research
policy are presented in figure 2.
Figure 2. Main European institutions, bodies and discussion fora for exchange among policy-makers involved in European research policy-making
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3.1 Key policy documents
Research in Europe has a long history. Several
universities in Europe even date back to the Middle
Ages. The ERA as a concept is very recent, and was
first launched at the Lisbon European Council in
March 2000. The Barcelona European Council set a
3% of GDP target for EU R&D investment intensity.
The ERA concept was given new impetus in 2007
with the European Commission’s Green Paper on
ERA. In 2008, the Council set in motion the Ljubljana
Process to improve the political governance of ERA
and adopted a shared ERA 2020 vision. Furthermore,
concrete progress has been made via a series of new
partnership initiatives proposed by the Commission
in 2008 whereby Member States collaborated to
further the ERA in five key areas, namely: (a) working
conditions and mobility of researchers; (b) the joint
design and operation of research programmes;
(c) the creation of world-class European research
infrastructures; (d) the transfer of knowledge and
cooperation between public research and industry
and (e) international cooperation in science and
technology. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty made the
realisation of the ERA an explicit EU objective. Since
2010, seven flagship initiatives – under the Europe
2020 strategy – have been launched, and in 2011, the
European Council of February 2011 stated that the
ERA must be completed by 2014. To further support
the ERA, the European Commission (EC) has recently
announced the launch of ERA Pacts between the EC
itself and major research stakeholders. Such pacts, in
the words of the Commissioner Geoghegan-Quinn,
´will contain a clear roadmap, based on common
objectives, with precise, realistic deliverables for
research actors and for the Commission, and clear
deadlines for achieving them` (Geoghegan-Quinn,
2012).
Figure 3. ERA-Timeline7
7 For more information about the key milestones of the ERA visit: http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/index_en.htm
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In this ERA fabric map, we start from the 6
pillars of ERA as established in the ERA Green
Paper, and look at how those pillars are given
new impetus with the Europe 2020 strategy.
3.2 ERA dimensions and Europe 2020
The ERA Green Paper (European
Commission, 2007) establishes the following 6
dimensions for the ERA:
1. People: An adequate flow of competent
researchers
2. Infrastructure: World-class research
infrastructures
3. Organisations: Excellent research institutions
4. Funding: Well-coordinated research
programmes and priorities
5. Knowledge circulation: Effective knowledge
sharing
6. Global cooperation: A wide opening of the
European Research Area to the world
In addition, three important concerns cut
across all dimensions of the ERA:
• European research policy should be deeply
rooted in European society.
• The right balance should be found between
competition and cooperation.
• Full benefit should be derived from Europe’s
diversity which has been enriched with
recent EU enlargements.
The ERA Green Paper is an EC document,
but obviously, ERA countries play a crucial
role in realising the ERA. Chioncel and Cuntz
(2012) have analysed the impact of ERA on
policy developments in Member States, based
on information provided by the ERAWATCH
country correspondents in the ERAWATCH
Country Reports 2010 (ERAWATCH, 2012)
and the country questionnaire. They identify 2
specific ERA dimensions that are seemingly more
important (in particular the dimensions 1 and
2 - People and Infrastructures) than others from
national perspectives of MS8. They also conclude
that ERA progress and integration takes place at
different speed. This seems particularly relevant
for the (primarily national driven) dimensions
3 and 4 (Organisations and Funding). Thirdly,
they conclude that dimension 5 (Knowledge
circulation) is an area of potential policy failure
for countries with lower innovation performance,
both, on EU and national levels. By tapping
further into these policy fields as rent-seeking EU
funds, MS may face increased systemic failure
due to limited absorptive capacities of their
businesses and continue developing science base
on national levels.
• Since 2007, the ERA has obviously evolved.
The most recent policy changes with
regard to the ERA and its dimensions relate
to the Europe 2020 strategy (European
Commission, 2010), which has proposed the
launch of 7 flagship initiatives:Innovation
Union (European Commission, 2010a)
• Youth on the Move (European Commission,
2010b)
• Digital Agenda (European Commission,
2010c)
• New Skills for New Jobs (European
Commission, 2008)
• Industrial Policy (European Commission,
2010d)
8 These dimensions also largely lend themselves to financial incentives on EU levels and have already a certain history of financial support, in particular the one on infrastructures, i.e. this likely leading into path-dependency and overweighting/importance of specific ERA dimensions.
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• A resource-efficient Europe (European
Commission, 2011)
• European Platform against Poverty and Social
Exclusion (European Commission, 2010e)
This chapter of the report departs from the
6 ERA dimensions as defined in the ERA Green
Paper, and analyses how they relate to the new
policy context of Europe 2020. Figure 4 illustrates
this by putting ERA and its dimensions in the
wider context of the 7 flagship initiatives. The
tables in Annex I give a more detailed analysis
of the commitments and action areas of each
flagship initiative, and how they impact on the
ERA dimensions. In the centre of figure 4 also
some policies (´other ERA policies`) relevant to
Europe 2020 are mentioned that may also impact
on ERA, but that do not relate to a specific ERA
dimension.
Below each dimension is looked at in more
detail. For each dimension it is explained what
it is about, where we are now, and where we
are going, taking into account recent policy
developments.
Dimension 1. People: Realising a single labour
market for researchers
What is it about?
The ERA Green Paper (European Commission,
2007) states that researchers should be stimulated
by a single labour market with attractive working
conditions for both men and women, involving
notably the absence of financial or administrative
obstacles to trans-national mobility. There should
be full opening of academic research positions
and national research programmes across
Europe, with a strong drive to recruit researchers
internationally, and easy movement between
Figure 4. The European Research Area and its links with the 7 flagships of Europe 2020
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disciplines and between the public and private
sectors – such mobility becoming a standard
feature of a successful research career.
Where are we now?
The ERA Green Paper identified several barriers
to the European single market for researchers. These
include the limited extent and lack of harmonised
rules and conditions for open recruitment in public
research institutions, the lack of recognition in
the labour market law of the research profession
and its specificities, its poor working conditions
and the existence of barriers to easily transferable
pension funds. Furthermore, mobility across sectors
or borders is often penalised in terms of career
advancement and consolidation and, in general, the
private sector is not sufficiently active in research.
In this context, procedures for facilitating access
to the EU for third country researchers are still
cumbersome and lengthy. Doctoral education in EU
is fragmented and lacks critical size at the expense
of excellence and attractiveness These barriers
are further reinforced by some demographic and
social trends: on the one hand, women are under
represented in top scientific positions; young PhDs
emigrate from Europe to the US; many of the old
researchers close to retirement will not be replaced
resulting in loss of competences. These barriers
have not been substantially overcome in the recent
years and the Innovation Union flagship initiative
has identified further obstacles. For instance, it has
pointed out that the research profession suffers from
a lack of a common understanding of researchers’
competences, which hinders the match of demand
and supply and thus the effective allocation of
resources.
Where are we going?
The commitments or action areas which relate
to this dimension are identified (see table below).
Table 1: Commitments related to Dimension 1
Commitments DescriptionInnovation Union
1Member States strategies for researchers’ training and employment conditions
“By the end of 2011, Member States should have strategies in place to train enough researchers to meet their national R&D targets and to promote attractive employment conditions in public research institutions. Gender and dual career considerations should be fully taken into account in these strategies.“
2BKnowledge Alliances and Skills for Innovation
“The Commission will also support business-academia collaborations through the creation of “Knowledge Alliances” between education and business to develop new curricula addressing innovation skills gaps (see also commitment 3 on e-skills). They will help universities to modernise towards inter-disciplinarity, entrepreneurship and stronger business partnerships.”
3 E-Skills
“In 2011, the Commission will propose an integrated framework for the development and promotion of e-skills for innovation and competitiveness, based on partnerships with stakeholders. This will be based on supply and demand, pan-European guidelines for new curricula, quality labels for industry-based training and awareness-raising activities.”
4European Research Area Framework
“In 2012, the Commission will propose a European Research Area framework and supporting measures to remove obstacles to mobility and cross-border co-operation, aiming for them to be in force by end 2014. They will notably seek to ensure through a common approach: quality of doctoral training, attractive employment conditions and gender balance in research careers; mobility of researchers across countries and sectors, including through open recruitment in public research institutions and comparable research career structures and by facilitating the creation of European supplementary pension funds; cross-border operation of research performing organisations, funding agencies and foundations, including by ensuring simplicity and mutual coherence of funding rules and procedures, building on the work of stakeholders, funding agencies and their representative organisations; dissemination, transfer and use of research results, including through open access to publications and data from publicly funded research;”
4. 1 Comparable Research Career Structures (European Framework for Research Careers)4.2 ERA Framework- Quality of Doctoral Training 4. 3Creation of Pan-European Pension Funds for Researchers
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9European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)
By mid-2011, the EIT should set out a Strategic Innovation Agenda to expand its activities as a showcase for Innovation in Europe. This should map out its long term development within the Innovation Union, including the creation of new KICs, close links with the private sector and a stronger role in entrepreneurship. It should also build on the EIT Foundation being set up in 2010 and on the introduction in 2011 of the “EIT degree” as an internationally recognised label of excellence.
30Retaining and Attracting International Talent
“By 2012, the European Union and its Member States should put into place integrated policies to ensure that the best academics, researchers and innovators reside and work in Europe and to attract a sufficient number of highly skilled third country nationals to stay in Europe.”
Youth on the move
Developing modern education and training systems to deliver key competences and excellence
Raise the attractiveness, provision and quality of Vocational Education and Training (VET) Propose a quality framework for traineeships Propose a draft Council Recommendation on the promotion and validation of non-formal and informal learning (2011)
Promoting the attractiveness of higher education for the knowledge economy
Support the reform and modernisation of higher education, by presenting a Communication (2011)
Supporting a strong development of transnational learning and employment mobility for young people - promoting learning mobility
Set up a dedicated Youth on the Move website for information on EU learning and mobility opportunities (2010) Propose a draft Council Recommendation on promoting the learning mobility of young people (2010) Develop a Youth on the Move card to facilitate mobility for all young people Publish guidance on the European Court of Justice rulings on the rights of mobile students (2010) (on issues such as access, recognition and portability of grants) Propose a European Skills Passport (2011)
Supporting a strong development of transnational learning and employment mobility for young people - promoting employment mobility
Develop a new initiative: ‘Your first EURES job’ Create in 2010 a ‘European Vacancy Monitor’ Monitor the application of the EU legislation on freedom of workers and identify, in 2010, areas for action to promote youth mobility with Member States
Exploiting the full potential of EU funding programmes
Undertake a review of all relevant EU programmes fostering learning mobility and education, including via an open consultation of stakeholders, to be launched in September 2010, and make proposals in 2011 for the new Financial Framework.Examine the feasibility for the creation of an EU-level student loan facility, in cooperation with the EIB Group and other financial institutions.
New skills for new jobsAddressing mismatches All actions (see annex I)
Mobilising Community instruments All actions (see annex I)
Dimension 2. Infrastructure: World-class
research infrastructures (RIs)
What is it about?
Regarding Research Infrastructures (RIs), the
ERA Green Paper (European Commission, 2007)
specified the following issues to be addressed:
• How could the EU effectively decide on pan-
European RIs and their funding, involving
the EC, possible synergies with EU cohesion
policy instruments, Member States, Industry,
the European Investment Bank and other
financial institutions?
• European legal framework: What other
policy and legal changes are necessary to
encourage the private sector to invest more
in research infrastructure?
• Is there a need to define common and
transparent principles for the management
of, and access to, infrastructures of European
interest?
• How can the longer-term continuous
improvement of RIs be ensured, e.g. through
S&T programmes associated with them and
European electronic infrastructures?
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• Should a global forum on RI be created,
involving third countries and international
organisations, where Europeans could speak
with one voice (as they did in the ITER
project on nuclear fusion research)?
Where are we now?
Progress has been made through ESFRI9, who
identified 50 new RIs (or major upgrades of existing
ones) to be developed until the 2020 horizon
timeframe10. Their costs will require pooling of
resources from several MS, associated countries
and also third countries for some of them.
Challenges linked to the realisation of
these projects include (Source: I³S platform,
commitment 5):
1. The high total investment costs (~20 B€
+operational costs of over 2 bn€ per year)
and the large number of projects (~50) that
are being discussed at the same time;
2. The difficulty of countries to overcome a
purely national perspective in their decision
to participate and invest and make long term
commitment to European projects;
3. The complexity of realising the projects in
partnerships between several countries and
with variable geometry;
4. The work still to be completed to bring the
projects to the technical, organisational,
legal and financial maturity level where
decisions on their funding can be taken;
5. The difficulty of gathering sufficient
European funding to co-finance the projects
and complement national contributions.
9 The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (RIs) was created in 2002 at the behest of the European Council. It is an advisory body, seeking to identify RIs of pan-European relevance and to promote the development of RIs at EU and international level.
10 The Competitiveness Council of 25-25 November 2004 concluded that “this roadmap should describe the scientific needs for Research Infrastructures for the next 10-20 years”
The current deployment or planning of RIs
implemented by Members States and Associated
countries is shown in Figure 5.
Considering the current implementation and
the objectives, a number of remarks can be made.
Keeping up the momentum of the first four
years (2006-2010) over the next five years should
allow the realisation of about 60% of the ESFRI
projects by 2015.
At EU level this means (Source: I³S platform,
commitment 5):
1. To continue mobilising the EU resources
(FP7, Structural Funds, RSFF11)
2. To continue catalysing and supporting the
national efforts for the allocation of sufficient
resources
3. To assess the effectiveness of the existing
actions in view of their reinforcement in the
next FP.
Through FP7, the EU provides mainly
catalytic support to an initial Preparatory Phase
(~220 M€) to address legal, governance, financial
and technical issues in order to launch the
projects. The EU contracts provide a framework
allowing all necessary stakeholders to cooperate.
FP7 funds to support to the actual Construction
Phase is much more limited (90 M€). Additional
financial resources (200 M€) are devoted to the
RSFF to make available loans from the European
Investment Bank (EIB). In view of the overall
financial needs (~ 20 B€), the contribution of
11 RSFF (Risk Sharing Financial Facility) was jointly developed by the European Commission and the EIB and launched in mid-2007. It is a debt facility providing loan finance to private and public entities for the support of additional investments in RDI in the order of EUR 10 bn for the period 2007-2013. FP7 contribution to the RSFF amounts to a maximum of EUR 1 billon for the period 2007-2013 and has to be matched by an equivalent amount from the EIB.
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FP7 of ~ 500 M€ is rather limited (Source: I³S
platform, commitment 5).
The EU Structural Funds can provide
a substantial support to some research
infrastructures. Under the current Financial
Perspectives from 2007 to 2013, 10 B€ are
earmarked for “R&TD infrastructure and centers
of competence”. This support is particularly
important for the 12 new MS. The projects need
to meet requirements of scientific excellence and
impact on the regional economy. For some ESFRI
projects, industrial partners have already been
identified and letters of interest from companies
received, demonstrating the potential impact
on the economy (partnership with innovative
industries, large companies, SMEs and start-ups;
links with innovative incubators for the creation
of spin-offs) (Source: I³S platform, commitment
5). After 2013, as part of Horizon 2020, Research
Infrastructures (including e-infrastructures) will
be funded under the priority ‘Excellent Science’
(European Commission, 2011g).
Among the other coordination / legal
instruments which have been set up to address
the remaining aspects mentioned in the Green
Paper, the main ones are (Report of the Expert
Group on Research Infrastructures (2010):
• The Community legal framework for a
European Research Infrastructure Consortium
(ERIC) entered into force in 2009. This is an
article 187 legal form designed to facilitate
the joint establishment and operation of
research infrastructures of (pan-) European
interest. This legal status would allow such
RIs to benefit from specific taxation and
employment rules. An unresolved issue is
that the current ERIC regulation is related
to Public-Public Partnership. A new legal
framework at Community level allowing
the creation of Public-Private Partnership to
serve industrial research in the long term is
therefore needed.
• The e-Infrastructure Reflection Group
(e-IRG) recom mends best practices for the
pan-European electronic infrastructure
efforts (to support the creation of a political,
technological and administrative framework
for a shared use of e-resources). It consists
of official government delegates from
all the EU countries and produces white
Figure 5. Deployment and planning of Research Infrastructures for EU MS and AC
Source: European Commission (2010f).
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papers, roadmaps & recommendations. The
themes addressed are: (i) e-infrastructures
in FP7 (ii) a policy for resource sharing (iii)
a registry/repository for European resources
(iv) coordination of new national and
EU funding programs (v) better links and
synergies between Europe and other regions
engaged in similar activities.
Where are we going?
The commitments or action areas which relate
to this dimension are identified (see table below).
Table 2: Commitments related to Dimension 2
Commitments Description
Innovation Union
4 European Research Area Framework
In 2012, the Commission will propose a European Research Area framework and supporting measures to remove obstacles to mobility and cross-border co-operation, aiming for them to be in force by end 2014.
5European Research Infrastructures
By 2015, Member States together with the Commission should have completed or launched the construction of 60% of the priority European research infrastructures currently identified by the European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures (ESFRI). The potential for innovation of these (and ICT and other) infrastructures should be increased. The Member States are invited to review their Operational Programmes to facilitate the use of cohesion policy money for this purpose
18 Eco-InnovationBy early 2011 the Commission will present an eco-innovation action plan building on the Innovation Union and focusing on the specific bottlenecks, challenges and opportunities for achieving environmental objectives through innovation
32Towards Global Research Infrastructures
The European Union should step up its cooperation on the roll-out of the global research infrastructures. By 2012, agreement should be reached with international partners on the development of research infrastructures which owing to cost and/or complexity, can only be developed on a global scale.
Digital Agenda
Action Area Research and InnovationEC action: Ensure sufficient financial support to joint ICT research infrastructures and innovation clusters, develop further eInfrastructures and establish an EU strategy for cloud computing notably for government and science.
A resource-efficient Europe
Long-term framework
Outline what the EU needs to do to create a low-carbon economy in 2050, cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95%, as part of global efforts to fight climate change, while improving energy security and promoting sustainable growth and jobs.Analyse how the EU can create an energy system by 2050 which is low-carbon, resource-efficient, secure and competitive. This should provide the necessary certainty for investors, researchers, policy makers and regulators.Present a vision for a low-carbon, resource-efficient, secure and competitive transport system by 2050 that removes all obstacles to the internal market for transport, promotes clean technologies and modernises transport networks.
Medium-term measures
Proposals to reform the Common Agricultural Policy, the Common Fisheries Policy, Cohesion Policy, energy infrastructure and trans-European networks for transport in the context of the next EU budget to align these areas with the requirements of a resource-efficient, low-carbon economy.
Industrial policy
Innovative industry
Pooling scarce resources to help to achieve critical mass in bringing innovation to the market; and by increasing cooperation in innovation to create large scale demonstration projects and pilot test facilities, for example using the model of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI).
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Dimension 3. Organisations: Excellent research
institutions
What is it about?
Another of the six dimensions necessary
to make the European Research Area a reality
is related to research organisations. Research
institutions are at the core of the production
process of research and innovation and should
be able to attract human capital and financial
resources from all over the word. To do that,
as stated in the ERA Green paper (European
Commission, 2007), research institutions across
Europe should be able to cooperate while
competing, be embedded in the social and
economic life, and interact with the business
community in sustainable public-private
partnerships.
Moreover, networking of existing centres
of excellence and the creation of virtual
centres is crucial to avoid fragmentation. “Their
reach should be amplified through ‘virtual
research communities’ created by pooling and
integrating activities and resources from different
locations in Europe and beyond, using powerful
computing and communication tools” (European
Commission, 2007).
Where are we now?
With regard to research organisations in
Europe, concrete actions have been initiated at
EU level on new ways of working together, new
instruments and new bodies to better integrate
the innovation cycle and bring together the key
stakeholders:
• The Marie Curie Industry-Academia
Partnerships and Pathways12, aiming
explicitly at creating bridges between the
academic world and enterprises. Under this
programme, 50 % of businesses participating
in the projects are SMEs (European
Commission, 2011c).
12 http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/people/industry-academia_en.html
• In September 2011, the Commission
presented a reform strategy for modernising
higher education, including through
increasing graduate numbers; improving
teaching quality and adapting curricula
and delivery of education programmes to
the changing needs of the wider economy;
training more researchers; and improving
the links between research, education and
innovation (European Commission, 2011c).
• With the objective of bringing together
business and academia to address innovation
skills gaps, the Commission launched
in 2011 the Pilot Project for Knowledge
Alliances13. Out of 94 proposals received
the three projects that were selected aim
at designing new curricula and courses,
developing innovative ways of delivering
education and knowledge, and will help
universities to modernise by moving towards
inter-disciplinarity, entrepreneurship and
stronger business partnerships (European
Commission, 2011c).
• The European Institute of Innovation and
Technology (EIT)14, created in March 2008,
brings together higher education institutions,
research organisations and businesses in
new types of partnerships — Knowledge
and Innovation Communities (KICs) —
operating in the areas of sustainable energy
(KIC InnoEnergy), climate change adaptation
and mitigation (Climate-KIC) and future
information and communication society
(EIT ICT Labs). The first results of the EIT are
already visible in terms of business creation
(five start-ups since January 2011) and a
first EIT-backed Masters’ course organised
by KIC InnoEnergy, with 155 students.
At the end of 2011, the Commission has
proposed a Strategic Innovation Agenda
13 http:/ /ec.europa.eu/education/higher-education/knowledge_en.htm
14 Innovation Union commitment No. 9: The EIT should set out a Strategic Innovation Agenda (SIA) to expand its activities as a showcase for Innovation in Europe.
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for the EIT to the European Parliament and
the Council. It focuses on consolidating the
three existing KICs and gradually setting
up new ones, which will address major
societal challenges in line with the Horizon
2020 objectives (European Commission,
2011c). The following thematic areas were
identified as those where the establishment
of a new KIC has greatest potential to add
value to existing activities and bring about
a real boost to innovation: for the launch
of KICs between 2014-2018: food4future -
sustainable supply chain from resources to
consumers; innovation for healthy living and
active ageing; raw materials – sustainable
exploration, extraction, processing, recycling
and substitution; for the launch of KICs after
2018: added-value manufacturing; smart
secure societies; urban mobility (European
Commission, 2011a).
Other initiatives are still under preparation,
such as the initiative to design and implement
an independent multi-dimensional international
university ranking system15, with first results
expected in 2013. It will allow to benchmark
university performance and, thus, to identify best
performing European universities. A feasibility
study was launched in May 2009 to design
and test the feasibility of a multi-dimensional.
It finished in June 2011 and prepared the
ground for the introduction of a personalised
ranking concept, both by taking account and
influencing the debate on rankings, contributing
to further improve and sophisticate existing
ranking systems. It carried out a pilot phase
including a sample of 159 institutions in and
outside the EU. This feasibility study concluded
that the implementation of this ranking is
possible, although continuous work will be
required in some indicators and dimensions.
The Commission is currently preparing the next
phase leading to the implementation of the multi-
dimensional ranking instrument, so that this
broader implementation is publicly available for
the first time by mid-2013.
Where are we going?
The commitments or action areas which relate
to this dimension are identified (see table below).
Table 3: Commitments related to Dimension 3
Commitments Description
Innovation Union
Commitment 2.A: “Personalised” University Ranking
In 2011 the Commission will, on the basis of the current preparatory work11, support an independent multi-dimensional international ranking system to benchmark university performance. This will allow the best performing European universities to be identified. In 2011 further steps will be proposed in a Communication on the reform and modernisation of higher education.
Commitment 2.B: Knowledge Alliances and Skills for Innovation
The Commission will also support business-academia collaborations through the creation of “Knowledge Alliances” between education and business to develop new curricula addressing innovation skills gaps (see also commitment 3 on e-skills).They will help universities to modernise towards inter-disciplinarity, entrepreneurship and stronger business partnerships
Commitment 4: European Research Area Framework
In 2012, the Commission will propose a European Research Area framework and supporting measures to remove obstacles to mobility and cross-border co-operation, aiming for them to be in force by end 2014.
Commitment 9: European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)
By mid-2011, the EIT should set out a Strategic Innovation Agenda to expand its activities as a showcase for Innovation in Europe. This should map out its long term development within the Innovation Union, including the creation of new KICs, close links with the private sector and a stronger role in entrepreneurship. It should also build on the EIT Foundation being set up in 2010 and on the introduction in 2011 of the “EIT degree” as an internationally recognised label of excellence.
15 Innovation Union commitment No. 2. For more information about the ranking see van Vugh & Ziegele (2011).
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Dimension 4. Funding: Well-coordinated research
programmes and priorities
What is it about?
According to the ERA Green Paper (European
Commission, 2007), coherence should be ensured
of national and regional research programmes
and priorities on issues of European interest. This
includes a significant volume of jointly programmed
public research investment at European level,
involving common priorities, coordinated
implementation and joint evaluation. This requires
cross-border operation of research actors. Hurdles
to cross-border collaboration exist at three levels
(Source: I³S platform, commitment 6):
• Political level: insufficient political will to
pool national resources into joint European
initiatives, as Member States are facing
pressure on public budgets;
• Structural level: incompatibility between
national research and innovation systems,
and hesitance of Member States to commit
to teaming up resources into “joint”
schemes; insufficient funding at national
level to address major challenges alone
and - in some Member States - absence of
national programmes or adequate top-down
governance;
• Managerial/implementation level: absence
of a simple set of common definitions /
principles between the EU and Member
States, which would allow assembling better
the various national actors for the design,
selection and implementation of cross-
border projects, programmes and funding
arrangements.
Another aspect of co-ordination in research
is the issue of societal challenges. Research and
innovation policies have always been looking for
ways to solve societal concerns, but using these
challenges as a driving factor for developing
research and innovation policy is a recent
Commitment 21: Facilitating Effective Collaborative Research and Knowledge Transfer
The Commission will facilitate effective collaborative research and knowledge transfer within the research Framework Programmes and beyond. It will work with stakeholders to develop a set of model consortium agreements with options ranging from traditional approaches to protect IP through to more open ones. Mechanisms are also needed to further strengthen knowledge transfer offices in public research organisations, in particular through trans-national collaboration
Commitment 31: Scientific Cooperation with third Countries
The European Union and its Member States should treat scientific cooperation with third countries as an issue of common concern and develop common approaches. This should contribute to global approaches and solutions to societal challenges and to the establishment of a level-playing field. In 2012 together with the ERA Framework, the Commission will propose common EU / Member States priorities in S&T as a basis for coordinated positions or joint initiatives vis-à-vis third countries, building on the work of the Strategic Forum for International Cooperation. In the meantime, the EU and Member States should act in a concerted manner when engaging in S&T agreements and activities with third countries. The potential scope for “umbrella” agreements between the EU and Member States with third countries will be explored.
Youth of the move
Promoting the attractiveness of higher education for the knowledge economy
- Support the reform and modernisation of higher education, by presenting a Communication (2011)- Benchmark higher education performance and educational outcomes- Propose a multiannual Strategic Innovation Agenda (2011)
New skills for new jobs
Addressing mismatches
Promote dialogue between business and education and training providers, for the establishment of partnerships to meet medium-term skills needs; and provide insight on the expectations of employers with respect to students and graduates, through qualitative prospective studies such as ‘Tuning Educational Structures in Europe’.
European platform against poverty and social exclusion
Developing an evidence-based approach to social innovations and reforms
Launch in 2011 an initiative to pool a range of European funds to promote evidence-based social innovation, possibly initially concentrating on social assistance schemes: A European research excellence network to promote capacity building for the design and evaluation of social innovation programmes.
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development. What has caused this development
is a combination of factors (Source: I³S platform,
commitment 6), including:
• increasing demand from society to get
‘value for public money’ in terms of societal
benefits;
• the threatened competitive position of
Europe on the global stage which is forcing
policy makers at the highest political level
to reflect on new modes of stimulating
sustainable growth;
• the continued fragmentation and lack
of coordination in Europe across policy
domains and policy levels which an
approach based on grand challenges could
help to address
Where are we now?
Estimations indicate that around 85% of
public R&D in the EU is programmed, financed,
monitored and evaluated at national level, with
too little collaboration or coordination between
countries (European Commission, 2008b). In
2011 an EC Communication on Partnering in
Research and Innovation was launched aiming
to simplify the existing partnering landscape in
research and innovation (European Commission,
2011b). A wide set of co-ordination instruments
is currently available:
• Existing EU-level Public-Public Partnership
(P2P) instruments (European Commission,
2011b): ERA-NETs16 (100 since 2002)
aim to coordinate national research
programmes in a selected area. ERA-NET
Plus projects (9 since 2007) enhance
joint funding by MS and EU in a selected
area. Article 185 Initiatives (5 since 2003)
integrate national and European research
programmes in a selected area. Joint
16 For an interactive map of countries participating in ERA-NETs, see http://netwatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/nw/index.cfm/info/Countries.
Programming Initiatives (10 have been
launched since 200817) aim to coordinate/
integrate national research programmes to
address a societal challenge. The Strategic
Energy Technology plan started in 2007
and aims to accelerate development of
low carbon energy technologies and
streamline national research programmes
in strategic technology areas at EU level.
Europe INNOVA/PRO INNO Europe (25
pilot projects since 2008, targeted at Eco-
innovation/innovation in services and
clusters) focuses on joint policy learning
and development of better innovation
support.
• Existing EU-level Public-Private Partnership
(PPP) instruments (European Commission,
2011b): Joint Technology Initiatives (5
since 2007) aim to strengthen European
industrial leadership in well defined
areas. European Industrial Initiatives (EIIs)
under the SET Plan (7 EIIs since 2010)
address the demonstration/market rollout
bottleneck in the innovation chain of low
carbon energy technologies. Recovery Plan
PPPs (3 since 2008) focus on maintaining
and strengthening industry sectors hit by
the economic crisis. Future Internet PPP
(since 2011) aims to ensure future Internet
development at the service of society.
COLIPA (since 2009) helps industry
comply with EU legislation. SESAR aims to
modernise European air traffic management.
• European Innovation Partnerships (EIPs - 2
up until now) aim to “act across the entire
Research and Innovation cycle to ensure that
ideas can be turned into successful products
or services to tackle societal challenges
whilst also generating growth and jobs”.
Knowledge and Innovation Communities
(KICs - 3 up until now) are structured
partnerships integrating education, research
17 For an overview of countries involved in each JPI: http://www.era.gv.at/space/11442/directory/11767.html.
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and business actors to address major societal
challenges (European Commission, 2011b).
Additional EIPs and KICs are in the pipeline.
• According no NETWATCH data, there were 7
active networks in 2011 receiving no funding
from FP7. They were all self-sustaining
networks, which were actually former ERA-
NETs, and which continued without EU
support (Harrap and Özbolat, 2011).
• In addition there are currently 11 INCO-
NETs, aiming to support bilateral dialogue
with Third Countries in the context of FP7
(European Commission, 2011f)18.
Research programming of universities in
Europe is currently not co-ordinated across
borders in a systematic way. With regard to co-
ordination between research institutes, two
initiatives exist to date: the European Energy
Research Alliance (EERA) and the European
Climate Research Alliance (ECRA).
Where are we going?
EU level funding will be drastically changed
after 2013. Horizon 2020 brings together all existing
Union research and innovation funding, including
the Framework Programme for Research, the
innovation related activities of the Competitiveness
and Innovation Framework Programme and the
European Institute of Innovation and Technology
(EIT) (European Commission, 2011g). Resources
will be focused on three priorities: ‘Excellent
Science’, ‘Industrial Leadership’, and ‘Societal
Challenges’. Funding will be focussed on the
following challenges: Health, demographic
change and wellbeing; Food security, sustainable
agriculture, marine and maritime research and the
bio-economy; Secure, clean and efficient energy;
Smart, green and integrated transport; Climate
action, resource efficiency and raw materials;
Inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
The commitments or action areas which relate
to this dimension are identified (see table below).
18 For a list of currently active INCO-NETs, see http://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/index.cfm?lg=en&pg=inconet.
Table 4: Commitments related to Dimension 4
Commitments DescriptionInnovation Union
4 European Research Area Framework
In 2012, the Commission will propose a European Research Area framework and supporting measures to remove obstacles to mobility and cross-border co-operation, aiming for them to be in force by end 2014.
6EU Research and Innovation Programmes
Future EU research and innovation programmes will focus on Europe 2020 objectives and particularly the Innovation Union. In 2011, looking ahead to the next financial perspectives, the Commission will set out ways for future programmes to focus more on societal challenges, streamline funding instruments and radically simplify access through a better balance between a control-based and a trust-based system.
8
Strengthen the Science Base for Policy Making, “European Forum on Forward Looking Activities”
The Commission will create a “European Forum on Forward Looking Activities” bringing together existing studies and data and involving public and private stakeholders to improve the evidence base of policies.
9European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)
By mid-2011, the EIT should set out a Strategic Innovation Agenda (SIA) to expand its activities as a showcase for Innovation in Europe. This should map out its long-term development within the Innovation Union, including the creation of new Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs), close links with the private sector and a stronger role in entrepreneurship. It should also build on the EIT Foundation set up in 2010 and on the introduction in 2011 of the “EIT degree” as an internationally recognized label of excellence.”
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18 Eco-InnovationBy early 2011 the Commission will present an eco-innovation action plan building on the Innovation Union and focusing on the specific bottlenecks, challenges and opportunities for achieving environmental objectives through innovation.
21Facilitating Effective Collaborative Research and Knowledge Transfer
The Commission will facilitate effective collaborative research and knowledge transfer within the research Framework Programmes and beyond. It will work with stakeholders to develop a set of model consortium agreements with options ranging from traditional approaches to protect IP through to more open ones. Mechanisms are also needed to further strengthen knowledge transfer offices in public research organisations, in particular through transnational collaboration.
24-25 Maximising Social and Territorial Cohesion
Commitment 24: Starting in 2010: Member States should considerably improve their use of existing Structural Funds for research & innovation projects, helping people to acquire the necessary skills, improving the performance of national systems and implementing smart specialisation strategies and trans-national projects. This should also apply to the pre-accession funding for EU candidate countries. The Commission stands ready to assist and will use its regional research and cluster initiatives to support this change and establish a “smart specialisation platform” by 2012, including further support for the emergence of world class clusters. Commitment 25: Member States should initiate the preparation of post 2013 Structural Fund programmes with an increased focus on innovation and smart specialisation. Future regulations governing the operation of the European Regional Development Fund should further commit substantial financial resources to support innovation initiatives within the regions of the European Union.“
27-BResearch Programme on Public Sector and Social Innovation
Starting in 2011, the Commission will support a substantial research programme on public sector and social innovation, looking at issues such as measurement and evaluation, financing and other barriers to scaling up and development. As an immediate step, it will pilot a European Public Sector Innovation Scoreboard as a basis for further work to benchmark public sector innovation.
29 European Innovation Partnerships
The Council, Parliament, Member States, industry and other stakeholders are invited to support the innovation partnership concept and to indicate the specific commitments they will undertake to make the concept work. The Commission invites all key stakeholders to commit themselves to pooling efforts and resources to achieve the partnership’s intended objectives.
Digital Agenda
Action Area Research and Innovation
EC Key Action 9: Leverage more private investment through the strategic use of pre-commercial procurement and public-private partnerships, by using structural funds for research and innovation and by maintaining a pace of 20% yearly increase of the ICT R&D budget at least for the duration of FP7.EC action: Reinforce the coordination and pooling of resources with Member States and industry, and put greater focus on demand- and user-driven partnerships in EU support to ICT research and innovation.EC action: Starting in 2011 propose measures for ‘light and fast’ access to EU research funds in ICT, making them more attractive notably to SMEs and young researchers in view of a wider implementation within the revision of the EU RTD Framework.EC action: Ensure sufficient financial support to joint ICT research infrastructures and innovation clusters, develop further eInfrastructures and establish an EU strategy for cloud computing notably for government and science.EC Action: Work with stakeholders to develop a new generation of web-based applications and services, including for multilingual content and services, by supporting standards and open platforms through EU-funded programmes.MS action: By 2020, double annual total public spending on ICT research and development spending from €5.5bn to €11bn (which includes EU programmes), in ways that leverage an equivalent increase in private spending from € 35 billion to € 70 billion.MS action: Engage in large scale pilots to test and develop innovative and interoperable solutions in areas of public interest that are financed by the CIP.
Youth on the movePromoting the attractiveness of higher education for the knowledge economy
Propose a multiannual Strategic Innovation Agenda (2011)
Exploiting the full potential of EU funding programmes
Undertake a review of all relevant EU programmes fostering learning mobility and education, including via an open consultation of stakeholders, to be launched in September 2010, and make proposals in 2011 for the new Financial Framework
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Dimension 5. Knowledge circulation: Effective
knowledge sharing
What is it about?
The ERA Green Paper (European Commission,
2007) states that generation, diffusion and
exploitation of knowledge are at the core of the
research system. In particular it stresses that access
to knowledge generated by the public research
base and its use by business and policymakers lie
at the heart of the European Research Area, where
knowledge must circulate without barriers.
Such effective circulation of knowledge
should consist of: open and easy access to the
public knowledge base; a simple and harmonised
regime for Intellectual Property Rights, including
a cost-efficient patenting system and shared
principles for knowledge transfer and cooperation
between public research and industry; innovative
communication channels to give the public at
large access to scientific knowledge, the means
to discuss research agendas and the curiosity to
learn more about science.
Along the same line, it is also essential to
improve the education and continuous training of
researchers: researchers trained in Europe should
be confident that their qualifications will allow
a rewarding career. For that to happen European
doctoral programmes and further training should
meet stringent quality standards, fulfil the needs of
both academia and business, and be recognised
across Europe. Finally researchers at all levels
should be trained in cross-disciplinary work and
S&T administration, including knowledge transfer
and dialogue with society.
Where are we now?
The High Level Expert Group on Scientific
Data (2010) submitted a report to the European
Commission in 2010, recognising that important
work has been done: funding by the European
Commission of several projects to develop
distributed computing environments, databases
for discipline-specific content, and libraries for
new types of online communications. They also
note that much debate19 – from the Commission,
the Council and the Parliament – has taken place
about the need to speed development of scientific
e-infrastructure, and that many other public bodies
have begun considering these matters. At the same
time the High Level Expert Group on Scientific
19 For a description of the e-Infrastructure Reflection Group (e-IRG), see the section on Dimension 2.
A resource-efficient Europe
Long-term framework
Outline what the EU needs to do to create a low-carbon economy in 2050; analyse how the EU can create an energy system by 2050 which is low-carbon, resource-efficient, secure and competitive; present a vision for a low-carbon, resource-efficient, secure and competitive transport system by 2050; define medium and long-term objectives and means for achieving them with the main aim to decouple economic growth from resource use and its environmental impact.
Medium-term measures
An energy efficiency plan with a time horizon of 2020; proposals to reform the Common Agricultural Policy, the Common Fisheries Policy, Cohesion Policy, energy infrastructure and trans-European networks for transport; a new EU biodiversity strategy for 2020; measures to tackle the challenges in commodity markets and on raw materials; A strategy to make the EU a ‚circular economy‘; early action on adaptation to climate change; a water policy.
Industrial policy
Innovative industry
Reducing the fragmentation of innovation support systems, facilitating bringing innovative solutions to the market, and increasing the market focus of research projects. Denmark and Austria have successfully reduced the fragmentation and the United Kingdom has schemes to bring innovative solutions to the market.European platform against poverty and social exclusion
Making EU funding deliver on the social inclusion and social cohesion objectives
The Commission will aim at facilitating access to global grants for small organisations and an improved access to funding for groups with multiple disadvantages and at high risk of poverty.
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Data offers a short-list of action by various EU
institutions – building on work already begun
across the EU in recent years, and complementing
efforts in the US, Japan and elsewhere in the
world. The actions proposed concern:
1. Develop an international framework for a
Collaborative Data Infrastructure
2. Earmark additional funds for scientific
e-infrastructure
3. Develop and use new ways to measure data
value, and reward those who contribute it
4. Train a new generation of data scientists, and
broaden public understanding
5. Create incentives for green technologies in
the data infrastructure
6. Establish a high-level, inter-ministerial
group on a global level to plan for data
infrastructure
An important obstacle to an effective
circulation of knowledge is the fragmented
patent system. Patenting remains excessively
complicated and costly in Europe, and
fragmented litigation fails to provide sufficient
legal certainty. Recently the European
Commission proposed a regulation for an
enhanced cooperation in the area of the
creation of unitary patent protection (European
Commission, 2011e).
Where are we going?
The above issues are targeted by the Europe
2020 strategy and below we identify the relevant
commitments/actions for each flagship initiative
of the strategy.
Table 5: Commitments related to Dimension 5
Commitments DescriptionInnovation Union
2BKnowledge Alliances and Skills for Innovation
“The Commission will also support business-academia collaborations through the creation of „Knowledge Alliances“ between education and business to develop new curricula addressing innovation skills gaps (see also commitment 3 on e-skills). They will help universities to modernise towards inter-disciplinarity, entrepreneurship and stronger business partnerships.“
4European Research Area Framework
“In 2012, the Commission will propose a European Research Area framework and supporting measures to remove obstacles to mobility and cross-border co-operation, aiming for them to be in force by end 2014.
9European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)
“By mid-2011, the EIT should set out a Strategic Innovation Agenda (SIA) to expand its activities as a showcase for Innovation in Europe. This should map out its long-term development within the Innovation Union, including the creation of new Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs), close links with the private sector and a stronger role in entrepreneurship. It should also build on the EIT Foundation set up in 2010 and on the introduction in 2011 of the “EIT degree” as an internationally recognized label of excellence.”
14 EU Patent “The European Parliament and Council should take the necessary steps to adopt the proposals on the EU patent, its linguistic regime and the unified system of dispute settlement.”
18 Eco-Innovation “By early 2011 the Commission will present an eco-innovation action plan building on the Innovation Union and focusing on the specific bottlenecks, challenges and opportunities for achieving environmental objectives through innovation.”
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Open Access to Research Results / Research Information Services
“The Commission will promote open access to the results of publicly funded research. It will aim to make open access to publications the general principle for projects funded by the EU research Framework Programmes. The Commission will also support the development of smart research information services that are fully searchable and allow results from research projects to be easily accessed.”
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Facilitating Effective Collaborative Research and Knowledge Transfer
“The Commission will facilitate effective collaborative research and knowledge transfer within the research Framework Programmes and beyond. It will work with stakeholder to develop a set of model consortium agreements with options ranging from traditional approaches to protect IP through to more open ones. Mechanisms are also needed to further strengthen knowledge transfer offices in public research organisations, in particular through transnational collaboration.”
22Develop a European Knowledge Market for Patents and Licensing
“By the end of 2011, working closely with Member States and stakeholders, the Commission will make proposals to develop a European knowledge market for patents and licensing. This should build on Member State experience in trading platforms that match supply and demand, market places to enable financial investments in intangible assets, and other ideas for breathing new life into neglected intellectual property, such as patent pools and innovation brokering.”
23
Role of Competition Policy in safeguarding Against the Use of IPRs for Anti-Competitive Purposes
“The Commission will examine the role of Competition Policy in safeguarding against the use of intellectual property rights for anti-competitive purposes. It will analyse the implications of collaborative IPR agreements as part of its review of the application of its anti-trust rules to horizontal agreements between competing companies.”
29European Innovation Partnerships
“The Council, Parliament, Member States, industry and other stakeholders are invited to support the innovation partnership concept and to indicate the specific commitments they will undertake to make the concept work. The Commission invites all key stakeholders to commit themselves to pooling efforts and resources to achieve the partnership’s intended objectives.
Digital Agenda
Action Area Research and Innovation
EC Key Action 9: Leverage more private investment through the strategic use of pre-commercial procurement and public-private partnerships, by using structural funds for research and innovation and by maintaining a pace of 20% yearly increase of the ICT R&D budget at least for the duration of FP7.EC action: Reinforce the coordination and pooling of resources with Member States and industry, and put greater focus on demand- and user-driven partnerships in EU support to ICT research and innovation.
EC action: Starting in 2011 propose measures for ‘light and fast’ access to EU research funds in ICT, making them more attractive notably to SMEs and young researchers in view of a wider implementation within the revision of the EU RTD Framework.
EC action: Ensure sufficient financial support to joint ICT research infrastructures and innovation clusters, develop further eInfrastructures and establish an EU strategy for cloud computing notably for government and science.EC Action: Work with stakeholders to develop a new generation of web-based applications and services, including for multilingual content and services, by supporting standards and open platforms through EU-funded programmes.MS action: Engage in large scale pilots to test and develop innovative and interoperable solutions in areas of public interest that are financed by the CIP.
Youth on the movePromoting the attractiveness of higher education for the knowledge economy
Propose a multiannual Strategic Innovation Agenda (2011)
A resource-efficient Europe
Long-term framework
Outline what the EU needs to do to create a low-carbon economy in 2050; analyse how the EU can create an energy system by 2050 which is low-carbon, resource-efficient, secure and competitive; present a vision for a low-carbon, resource-efficient, secure and competitive transport system by 2050; define medium and long-term objectives and means for achieving them with the main aim to decouple economic growth from resource use and its environmental impact.
Medium-term measures
An energy efficiency plan with a time horizon of 2020; proposals to reform the Common Agricultural Policy, the Common Fisheries Policy, Cohesion Policy, energy infrastructure and trans-European networks for transport; a new EU biodiversity strategy for 2020; measures to tackle the challenges in commodity markets and on raw materials; A strategy to make the EU a ‚circular economy‘; early action on adaptation to climate change; a water policy.
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Dimension 6. Global cooperation: A wide
opening of the European Research
Area to the world
What is it about?
As the Green Paper (European Commission,
2007) states, “science knows no boundaries and
the issues that research is asked to deal with
are increasingly global”. There are no adequate
national or even European solutions to these
global problems (climate change, epidemics,
loss of biodiversity, energy security, cyber threats,
etc.). Moreover, the global research landscape is
changing rapidly. As an example, new players like
the BRICS countries are expanding their research
base with growing numbers of researchers,
amounts of public and private R&D funding, etc.
This requires the European Research Area to
be open and to reach out to the world. Science
is and has ever been global in its setup and
self-understanding. International cooperation
is happening bottom-up, driven by researchers
looking for knowledge and the best partners.
However, in order to address the right issues at
the right time, the Green Paper considers that
international S&T cooperation has to be steered
in a coherent manner and driven by policy.
Where are we now?
Europe is increasingly involved in
international activities, not least in the area
of the global challenges. However, the Green
Paper considers that this engagement has to be
coordinated better with Member States’ activities.
At the same time, a common and coordinated
approach has to take into account the varying
geometries on the side of Europe’s partners:
The Green Paper differentiates neighbouring
countries, developing countries and industrialised
and emerging economies.
In this direction, the 2008 Communication
from the European Commission to the Council
and the European Parliament on “A Strategic
European Framework for International Science and
Technology Cooperation” has to be mentioned as
an important step (European Commission, 2008a).
Among its guiding principles are the idea to widen
the ERA and make it more open to the world, to
ensure policy coherence and complementarity of
programmes, to foster cooperation with key third
countries and to develop the attractiveness of
Europe as a research partner. Some flashlight on
the current situation:
• The recent Framework Programmes for
Research and Technological Development
have established a series of instruments in
order to support international cooperation
horizontally (INCO-Nets, horizontal ERA-
Nets, BILATS, EUROAXESS) or thematically
(coordinated calls in the thematic work
programmes, etc) as well as to coordinate
with national policies and programmes of
international S&T cooperation (horizontal
ERA-Nets).
• Participation of third-country researchers in
the Framework Programme has increased
significantly. The success varies depending
on the country and there is still room for
improvement.
• Mobility of European researchers to third
countries and of third-country researchers
to Europe is supported through different
instruments, for instance the Marie Curie
actions in the Framework Programme.
European policy efforts like the Scientific
Visa Package for third country citizens are
moving forward, though at different speed in
different Member States.
• Particularly since the 2012 work
programmes, European-level efforts also
intend to facilitate innovation cooperation
and the joint exploitation of research results
(going beyond cooperation between public
research labs). It is too early to evaluate the
results of this process.
• Output-wise, for instance, the number of
international co-publications of European
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scientists with colleagues from third
countries is on the rise. It is difficult to
estimate however to what extent this rise is
part of a general trend or an expression of
the success of European and/or Member
State efforts in internationalisations.
The International Cooperation Directorate of
DG Research & Innovation is working on a new
Strategy for the European-level international S&T
policy – publication is foreseen in the second half
of 2012.
Where are we going?
One of the goals (and challenges) of efforts
related to this dimension is, according to the
Green Paper (European Commission, 2007), to
make sure that international S&T cooperation
contributes to stability, security and prosperity
in the world. Global cooperation should and has
to make sure that solutions to global challenges
are found and shared. Europe’s international
S&T policy also aims at supporting European
competitiveness through strategic partnerships
and to facilitate contacts providing access to
research carried out elsewhere.
The Communication on the Strategic
Framework for International Cooperation states
the following orientations for future action
(European Commission, 2008a):
• strengthening the international dimension of
ERA
o integrating Europe’s neighbours into the
ERA
o fostering strategic cooperation with key
third countries through geographic and
thematic targeting
• improving the framework conditions for
international S&T cooperation
o tackling scientific challenges through
global research infrastructures
o mobility of researchers and global
networking
o more open research programmes
o good management of intellectual
property issues
o pre-standardization
Within Horizon 2020 the focus of
international cooperation will be on
cooperation with three major country groupings:
industrialised and emerging economies;
enlargement and neighbourhood countries;
and developing countries. Where appropriate,
Horizon 2020 will promote cooperation
at regional or multilateral level (European
Commission, 2011g).
The commitments or action areas which
relate to this dimension are identified (see Table 6).
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Commitments DescriptionInnovation Union
4European Research Area Framework
“In 2012, the Commission will propose a European Research Area framework and supporting measures to remove obstacles to mobility and cross-border co-operation, aiming for them to be in force by end 2014.
30Retaining and Attracting International Talent
“By 2012, the European Union and its Member States should put into place integrated policies to ensure that leading academics, researchers and innovators reside and work in Europe and to attract a sufficient number of highly skilled third country nationals to stay in Europe.” (linked to this is the Scientific Visa Directive (Council Directive 2005/71/EC)
31Scientific Cooperation with third Countries
“The European Union and its Member States should treat scientific cooperation with third countries as an issue of common concern and develop common approaches. This should contribute to global approaches and solutions to societal challenges and to the establishment of a level-playing field (removing barriers to market access, facilitating standardisation, IPR protection, access to procurement etc.). In 2012 together with the ERA Framework, the Commission will propose common EU / Member States priorities in S&T as a basis for coordinated positions or joint initiatives vis-à-vis third countries, building on the work of the Strategic Forum for International Cooperation.”
From the Report of the EC on the State of the Innovation Union 2011 (European Commission, 2011c):
“In line with these commitments the EU and Member States have developed in the Strategic Forum for International Science and Technology Cooperation (SFIC) three pilot initiatives (with India, China and the US).
• A joint EU/Member States initiative aims to raise the attractiveness of Europe as a destination for research, particularly compared to the US. Attracting top talent from the US to Europe, offering excellence and capitalising on advanced European technology centres ought to redress transatlantic mobility.
• With India a Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is under preparation to leverage existing bilateral S&T cooperation. A central element is aimed at building strong links between European and Indian centres of excellence to develop viable and innovative solutions for societal challenges in fields like water, bio-mass, energy or health.
• With regard to China, common priorities for EU and Member States are currently being identified for purposes of more coordinated multilateral cooperation with China and to improve interoperability of bilateral programmes, funding schemes and rules (including IPR issues).”
32Towards Global Research Infrastructures
“The European Union should step up its cooperation on the roll-out of the global research infrastructures. By 2012, agreement should be reached with international partners on the development of research infrastructures, including ICT infrastructures, which owing to cost, complexity and/or interoperability requirements can only be developed on a global scale.”
Youth on the move
Promoting the attractiveness of higher education for the knowledge economy
Propose a multiannual Strategic Innovation Agenda (2011)
Resource-efficient Europe
Rationale
“Given the global dimension of key environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity, land use, deforestation, external impacts of consumption and production patterns, competitiveness, security of supply and access, the EU needs to address resource efficiency issues internationally and to cooperate closely with key partners, including with candidate countries and those in our neighbourhood.”
Long-term framework
Outline what the EU needs to do to create a low-carbon economy in 2050; analyse how the EU can create an energy system by 2050 which is low-carbon, resource-efficient, secure and competitive; present a vision for a low-carbon, resource-efficient, secure and competitive transport system by 2050; define medium and long-term objectives and means for achieving them with the main aim to decouple economic growth from resource use and its environmental impact.
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Medium-term measures
An energy efficiency plan with a time horizon of 2020; proposals to reform the Common Agricultural Policy, the Common Fisheries Policy, Cohesion Policy, energy infrastructure and trans-European networks for transport; a new EU biodiversity strategy for 2020; measures to tackle the challenges in commodity markets and on raw materials; A strategy to make the EU a ‚circular economy‘; early action on adaptation to climate change; a water policy.
From the EC Communication on security of energy supply and international cooperation (European Commission, 2011d):
“The Energy 2020 strategy identified strengthening the external dimension of the EU energy policy as one of the key priorities in the coming years. […] Accordingly, this Communication proposes to further develop an external energy policy with the following priorities:
− Building up the external dimension of our internal energy market; − Strengthening partnerships for secure, safe, sustainable and competitive energy;− Improving access to sustainable energy for developing countries; and − Better promoting EU policies beyond its borders.”
An agenda for new skills and jobs
Deepening international cooperation
Actively participate in the OECD’s new Programme for the Assessment of Adult Competences (PIAAC), alongside the ongoing PISA and AHELO Programmes on student and higher education outcomes. The Commission will also co-operate with the OECD in the development of qualitative studies on the evolution of skills demand and indicators of mismatches.Cooperate with the International Labour Organisation (ILO), particularly with a view to developing a knowledge sharing platform and to assess the global impact of climate change policies on skills and jobs;Enhance the current bilateral dialogues with third countries, particularly with China, India, the USA and Canada, leading to joint research and cooperation on forecasting and methodology.Develop the policy dialogue with neighbourhood countries and within the Eastern Partnership and the Union for the Mediterranean supported by the European Training Foundation, notably to develop the vocational education and training sector (VET) and national qualifications frameworks.
Mobilising Community instruments
The European Fund for the integration of third country nationals can also contribute – complementing the ESF - in upgrading and adapting immigrants’ skills, in particular by supporting pre-travel measures (e.g. vocational and language training) in the country of origin, and language courses in the Member State of residence.
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The section aims to identify the main
stakeholders actively taking part in the
ERA today and their main roles. To do so
we have examined systematically 13 key
ERA instruments20, described in detail in
Annex II.21 As a result, table 7 shows the
main stakeholders indentified as active
participants in the evolving ERA. In addition,
some explanatory notes on each of them are
included.
Table 7. Main stakeholders actively involved in the ERA
Stakeholder Definition
European Commission (EC)
The EC is, needless to say, a key-stakeholder of the ERA as it is in charge to implement the decisions taken by the European Council and Parliament. The European Commission designs, in consultation with other stakeholders, and implements the framework programmes; furthermore, it is a funder or co-funder of many of the key instruments of the ERA (Including the different programmes of the FP7).
European Research Council (ERC)
The main goal of the ERC is to encourage high quality research in Europe through competitive funding. The ERC consists of a Scientific Council (which sets up the strategy to foster research excellence) and an Executive Agency (which implements it). The ERC is independent from the European Commission though it received its funds as part of the FP7.
European Institute of Technology (EIT) and the EIT Foundation (EITF)
The EIT is a body of the European Union established in March 2008 whose mission is to increase European sustainable growth and competitiveness by reinforcing its innovation capacity. To do so, the EIT has created integrated structures (Knowledge and innovation Communities - KICs), which link the higher education, research and business sectors to one another in order to boost innovation and entrepreneurship. Much of the EIT’s efforts to date have been focused on establishing the current three KICs. The EIT and the EIT Foundation are two separate legal entities.
The EIT Foundation (EITF) was established in September 2010 as a philanthropic foundation registered in the Netherlands. It is a not-for-profit entity whose primary purpose is to attract and channel funding for EIT activities that fall outside the scope of its regular funding, but which can bring the benefits of the EIT closer to EU citizens. Accordingly, it is responsible for fundraising and the subsequent financial administration of external donations.
Universities
Universities are a crucial stakeholder of the ERA. They have a prominent role in knowledge production and dissemination (education, training and innovation) and are also one of the most important employers of researchers. Within the ERA they are receivers of funds (and co-funders) for research, infrastructure and also coordination of research related activities. This is respectively the case, for instance, for the cooperation programme of the FP7, the capacities programme of the FP7, or the ERA-NET scheme.
European University Association (EUA)
The EUA1 represents and supports Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in 47 countries, providing them with a forum to cooperate and update them trends in higher education and research policies. It is the result of a merger between the Association of European Universities (CRE) and the Confederation of European Union Rectors‘ Conferences, which took place in Salamanca, Spain on 31 March 2001.
EUA plays an essential role in shaping tomorrow’s European higher education and research landscape thanks to its unique knowledge of the sector and the diversity of its members. The Association’s mandate in the Bologna process, contribution to EU research policy-making and relations with intergovernmental organisations, European institutions and international associations, ensure its capacity to debate issues which are crucial for universities in relation to higher education, research and innovation.
20 Information on instruments available at: http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/instruments/era_instruments_en.htm
21 Stakeholders in the wider sense of actors with a stake in the evolution of ERA will be identified in the VERA communication Strategy.
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European Association of Research Managers and Administrators (EARMA)
EARMA represents the community of Research Managers and Administrators within Europe. It acts as interface between research funding organisations and the scientific community, bridging cultural and legal differences between countries, and between academia and industry, contributing to policy consultations, and managing the smooth running of research projects.
Research and Technology Organisations (RTOs) and The European Association of Research and Technology Organisations (EARTO)
RTOs are organisations “which as their predominant activity provide research and development, technology and innovation services to enterprises, governments and other clients” (as defined by EARTO2, the European trade association representing RTOs).
The have a key role in performing research and innovation, working with enterprises, governments, universities and others to support socio-economic development and public policy.
RTOs perform R&D and provide related technology services in the public interest. They generate innovation from research funded by government through a range of mechanisms.
RTOs also support public policy (and, increasingly, pre-policy debate through participation in consultation processes for instance) through research and state-of-the-art advice as well as through condition monitoring and technical service work (assaying, certification, norms and standards).
Individual researchersIndividual researchers are the ultimate stakeholder of the ERA. They are targeted, indirectly by all instruments, but directly as beneficiaries for infrastructure, research and mobility grants.
Large firmsLarge firms, as universities, can be receivers of different funding streams for both research and innovation programmes. As such they are a critical stakeholder of the ERA. For instance, they can be part of FP7 consortia, they can be involved in mobility schemes within the People programme, or take part in the EIT KICs.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
SMEs can, in the first place, be involved in research consortia together with universities, research centres, or larger firms. However, as a category, they are also the targets of specific policy measures. In particular under the Capacities programme of the FP7, some initiative are aimed specifically at allowing SMEs to outsource their R&D activities to larger institutions (e.g. universities) either as individual firms or in networks, favouring intersectoral knowledge transfer. Other programmes aim at improving SMEs access to finance for research and innovation, providing key business services and innovation policy support, as well as piloting market tests.
European business associations
A number of European business associations play an important role in the ERA by facilitating the exchange of best practices, experience sharing and networking. They are also important as ‘agenda setter’ in the areas of their interest. Some examples are: European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA), The European Manufacturing and Innovation Research Association and The European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises.
European Investment Fund (EIF)
The EIF is the European Investment Bank Group’s specialist provider of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) risk finance across Europe. It is owned by the European Investment Bank (EIB), the European Commission and a wide range of public and private banks and financial institutions. The EIF supports innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe through a variety of instruments.
Programme managers and owners
While “programme managers” are national or regional research councils and funding agencies managing research programmes, “programme owners” are national ministries and regional authorities defining research programmes.
They are a critical ERA stakeholder not only in their capacity of research managers and policy makers, but also for strategic reasons. Currently, the vast bulk of research programmes in Europe are run in an isolated way, leading to unwanted fragmentation or ineffectiveness. However, major societal challenges require a more coordinated action, national programme managers and owners, therefore, are crucial to pool national research efforts and resources to tackle common European challenges more effectively in a few key areas. Thus, programme managers and owners of the different Member States play a crucial role if the development of joint programming initiatives and in the ERA-NETs and ERA-NETs +. Furthermore they can also be beneficiaries of the calls for proposals organised by the Joint Technology Initiatives (JTIs).
Professional associations
Professional Associations can be eligible to be part of the call for proposals organised by the JTIs.
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The mentioned stakeholders can be further
classified following a broader category as shown
in the Table 8.
Table 9 provides a synopsis of the key
stakeholders identified and their main roles
within the analysed instruments of the ERA.
Stakeholders can be further classified
regarding the following general functions within
the ERA:
Policy-formulation is the development of
effective and acceptable courses of action for
addressing what has been placed on the policy
agenda. The process of policy formulation goes
from the definition of principles of departure to
the design of the implementation plan and the
monitoring and evaluation systems. The EC and
programme owners of the national ministries and
regional authorities are the main stakeholders
involved in the policy formulation. Business
associations, associations of universities and
research managers and administrators also play
an important role as “agenda setters” and try to
influence the policy formulation process in the
areas of their interest. The ERC and the EIT also
play a role in this stage.
Policy-implementation represents the
stage of execution of the defined policy.
Implementation involves translating the goals and
objectives of a concrete policy into an operating,
on going program. The EC implements the FP and
other European initiatives. The ERC and EIT have
their own programmes and initiatives. At national/
regional level, ministries and research councils
implement and manage the programmes.
Regulatory bodies Regulatory bodies can be eligible to be part of the call for proposals organised by the JTIs.
Not-for-profit organisations
They can be present in the Innovation Communities (KICs) created by the EIT. A non-for-profit-led association is typically part of a JTI. They are also eligible to be part of the call for proposals organised by the JTIs.
Institutions from associated countries
Institutions from Associated Countries can participate in a large majority of instruments and can also be beneficiary of the calls.
Institutions from third countries
Participation of institutions from Third Countries is not always possible in all the instruments. For instance in the JTIs, applications from organisations based in third countries are assessed on a case-by-case basis.
Table 8. Classification of the main stakeholders by category and scope of performance
European level National level
Policy - making institutions EC, ERC, EIT, EIF , EARTOProgramme managers, programme owners, regulatory bodies
Academia EUA and EARMA Universities, RTOs, individual researchers
Business enterprise sector Business associations Large firms, SMEs
Societal organisations / third-sectorProfessional associations, non-for profit organisations
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Policy-evaluation. The effectiveness of
the policy needs to be assessed after a certain
period of time, and steps must be taken to
ensure that there are resources and means to
maintain a successful policy. Policy evaluation
is conducted for checking the effects of the
policies and for evaluating the policies in
terms of necessity, efficiency, validity, etc. to
improve the planning and implementation
process. The EU, ERC, EIT and EIF are
responsible for monitoring and evaluating
Table 9. Stakeholders actively involved in the ERA instruments and their main roles
Main roles in the ERA instruments
Designer of instruments
Provider of funds
(funder or co-funder)
Part of the governance of instruments
Research performer
Beneficiary of research/
infrastructure funds
Beneficiary of funds for
coordination/administration of research or
innovationExternal Observer
European Commission x x x
ERC x x x
EIT & EIT Foundationxx
x
Universities x x x x
European University Association (EUA)European Association of Research Managers and Administrators (EARMA)Research and Technology Organisations (RTOs)
x x x x x
European Association of Research and Technology Organisations (EARTO)
Large firms x x x
SMEs x x x
Business association
Venture capital and Finance for innovation
x
Individual researchers x x
Professional associations
Regulatory bodies x x
Not-for-profit organisations
x x
Programme owners x x x x Programme managers x x x x Institutions from associated countries
x x x x
Institutions from third countries
x x x x
the ongoing programmes and instruments. At
project level, also universities, RTOs, business
and other partners should put in place
monitoring mechanisms to steer the project
development.
Research performance refers to the
execution of the research. Universities, RTOs,
individual researchers, large firms and SMEs are
the key actors of this function. In some cases, the
EUA also performs research projects.
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organisations. Professional associations (of
business, universities, managers, etc.) are typically
intermediary organisations which facilitate the
exchange of information, good practices and
network between partners and act also as links
between the stakeholders involved din the policy
formulation and those involved in the policy
implementation and research performance.
Use of research results: we refer to the
final users of the research results which can
be business, research centres, not-for-profit
organisations and society in general.
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This ERA fabric map provides a snapshot
of the ERA today in support of developing
alternative future scenarios for its evolution under
the VERA project. It shows that responsibilities
for research and innovation and related policy
domains are shared between the EU and its
Member States, and that the landscape of
European institutions, bodies and discussion fora
involved in research policy in Europe is quite
complex. Progress has been made with regard
to the 6 ERA dimensions as described in the ERA
Green Paper, and the European Commission is
aiming to complete the ERA by 2014, mainly
by implementing the Europe 2020 Strategy and
its 7 flagship initiatives. Implications of Europe
2020 for each ERA dimension have been looked
at in this report, showing the direction the ERA
is planned to take.
Many stakeholders participate in ERA
in a diversity of roles. Some of them will be
increasingly involved with the introduction
of the planned ERA Pacts. This initial
stakeholder mapping will serve as input for the
communication plan, which will, amongst others,
identify potential stakeholders, to be involved in
the VERA project.
This ERA Fabric Map will be updated twice
as part of the VERA project.
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6. B
iblio
grap
hy 6. Bibliography
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41
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Ann
ex I
. Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
Inno
vatio
n Un
ion
- CO
M(2
010)
546
fina
lRe
leva
nt fo
r
Com
mitm
ent
Com
mitm
ent t
itle
Resp
onsi
ble
ERA
Dim
ensi
on 1
Pe
ople
Dim
ensi
on 2
In
fras
truc
ture
sDi
men
sion
3
Inst
itutio
nsDi
men
sion
4
Fund
ing
Dim
ensi
on 5
Kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
Dim
ensi
on
6 Gl
obal
co
oper
atio
nPr
omot
ing
exce
llenc
e in
edu
catio
n an
d sk
ills
deve
lopm
ent
1M
embe
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te s
trate
gies
for r
esea
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train
ing
and
empl
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ondi
tions
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2A“P
erso
nalis
ed”
Univ
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ty R
anki
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ECx
x2B
Know
ledg
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lianc
es a
nd S
kills
for I
nnov
atio
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xx
xx
3E-
Skill
s EC
xx
Deliv
erin
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rope
an R
esea
rch
Area
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rope
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esea
rch
Area
Fra
mew
ork
ECx
xx
xx
xx
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Com
para
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Rese
arch
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truct
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(Eur
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Care
ers)
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x
4.2
ERA
Fram
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tora
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xx
4.3
Crea
tion
of P
an-E
urop
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Fund
s fo
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EC
xx
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rope
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esea
rch
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stru
ctur
es
ECx
xFo
cusi
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ndin
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stru
men
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nova
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Res
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Prog
ram
mes
EC
xx
x7
SMEs
in R
esea
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and
Inno
vatio
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ogra
mm
es
ECx
8St
reng
then
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Scie
nce
Base
for P
olic
y M
akin
g, “
Euro
pean
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rum
on
Forw
ard
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ing
Activ
ities
” EC
xx
Prom
otin
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e Eu
rope
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stitu
te o
f Inn
ovat
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and
Tech
nolo
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IT) a
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f inn
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ce in
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ope
9Eu
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stitu
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f Inn
ovat
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and
Tech
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gy (E
IT)
ECx
xx
xx
Enha
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cess
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pani
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EC10
RSF
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sk-S
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cilit
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SFF)
EC
11Ac
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EC12
Acce
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Mid
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ECx
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arke
t14
EU P
aten
t EC
xx
15Sc
reen
ing
of th
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gula
tory
fram
ewor
k EC
x
42
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
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sion
s
16St
anda
rdis
atio
n St
rate
gy fo
r Eur
ope
2020
EC
x17
Publ
ic P
rocu
rem
ent -
Com
mis
sion
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port
EC17
(con
t)Jo
int P
ublic
Pro
cure
men
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18Ec
o-In
nova
tion
ECx
xx
xPr
omot
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open
ness
and
cap
italis
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on E
urop
e’s
crea
tive
pote
ntia
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-ACr
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dust
ries
EC19
-BEu
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esig
n Le
ader
ship
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rd
EC
20Op
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cces
s to
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sults
/ Re
sear
ch In
form
atio
n Se
rvic
es
ECx
x
21Fa
cilit
atin
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fect
ive
Colla
bora
tive
Rese
arch
and
Kno
wle
dge
Tran
sfer
EC
xx
xx
22De
velo
p a
Euro
pean
Kno
wle
dge
Mar
ket f
or P
aten
ts a
nd
Lice
nsin
g EC
xx
23Ro
le o
f Com
petit
ion
Polic
y in
saf
egua
rdin
g Ag
ains
t the
Use
of
IPRs
for A
nti-C
ompe
titiv
e Pu
rpos
es
ECx
x
Spre
adin
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e be
nefit
s of
inno
vatio
n ac
ross
the
Unio
n24
-25
Max
imis
ing
Soci
al a
nd T
errit
oria
l Coh
esio
n EC
xx
Incr
easi
ng s
ocia
l ben
efits
26Eu
rope
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ocia
l Inn
ovat
ion
Pilo
t EC
27-A
Publ
ic S
ecto
r Inn
ovat
ion
Scor
eboa
rd
EC27
-BRe
sear
ch P
rogr
amm
e on
Pub
lic S
ecto
r and
Soc
ial I
nnov
atio
n EC
xx
28Co
nsul
tatio
n of
Soc
ial P
artn
ers
on In
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n th
e Kn
owle
dge
Econ
omy
and
the
Labo
ur M
arke
t EC
x
Pool
ing
forc
es to
ach
ieve
bre
akth
roug
hs: E
urop
ean
Inno
vatio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
ps
29Eu
rope
an In
nova
tion
Partn
ersh
ips
ECx
xx
Leve
ragi
ng o
ur p
olic
ies
exte
rnal
ly
30Re
tain
ing
and
Attra
ctin
g In
tern
atio
nal T
alen
t EC
xx
x31
Scie
ntifi
c Co
oper
atio
n w
ith th
ird C
ount
ries
ECx
xx
32To
war
ds G
loba
l Res
earc
h In
frast
ruct
ures
EC
xx
xRe
form
ing
rese
arch
and
inno
vatio
n sy
stem
s33
Mem
ber S
tate
s R&
I Sys
tem
s M
Sx
Mea
surin
g Pr
ogre
ss34
-ADe
velo
pmen
t of a
n In
nova
tion
Head
line
Indi
cato
r EC
34-B
Inno
vatio
n Un
ion
Scor
eboa
rd
ECx
43
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Digi
tal A
gend
a -
COM
(201
0) 2
45 fi
nal/2
Rele
vant
for
Actio
n ar
eaAc
tion
Resp
onsi
ble
ERA
Dim
ensi
on 1
Pe
ople
Dim
ensi
on 2
In
fras
truc
ture
sDi
men
sion
3
Inst
itutio
nsDi
men
sion
4
Fund
ing
Dim
ensi
on 5
Kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
Dim
ensi
on
6 Gl
obal
co
oper
atio
n
Rese
arch
and
in
nova
tion
EC K
ey A
ctio
n 9:
Lev
erag
e m
ore
priv
ate
inve
stm
ent t
hrou
gh th
e st
rate
gic
use
of p
re-c
omm
erci
al p
rocu
rem
ent a
nd p
ublic
-priv
ate
partn
ersh
ips,
by
usin
g st
ruct
ural
fund
s fo
r res
earc
h an
d in
nova
tion
and
by m
aint
aini
ng
a pa
ce o
f 20%
yea
rly in
crea
se o
f the
ICT
R&D
budg
et a
t lea
st fo
r the
du
ratio
n of
FP7
.
ECx
x
x
EC a
ctio
n: R
einf
orce
the
coor
dina
tion
and
pool
ing
of re
sour
ces
with
M
embe
r Sta
tes
and
indu
stry
, and
put
gre
ater
focu
s on
dem
and-
and
us
er-d
riven
par
tner
ship
s in
EU
supp
ort t
o IC
T re
sear
ch a
nd in
nova
tion.
ECx
x
x
EC a
ctio
n: S
tarti
ng in
201
1 pr
opos
e m
easu
res
for ‘
light
and
fast
’ acc
ess
to E
U re
sear
ch fu
nds
in IC
T, m
akin
g th
em m
ore
attra
ctiv
e no
tabl
y to
SM
Es a
nd y
oung
rese
arch
ers
in v
iew
of a
wid
er im
plem
enta
tion
with
in
the
revi
sion
of t
he E
U RT
D Fr
amew
ork
ECx
x
x
EC a
ctio
n: E
nsur
e su
ffici
ent fi
nanc
ial s
uppo
rt to
join
t ICT
rese
arch
in
frast
ruct
ures
and
inno
vatio
n cl
uste
rs, d
evel
op fu
rther
eIn
frast
ruct
ures
an
d es
tabl
ish
an E
U st
rate
gy fo
r clo
ud c
ompu
ting
nota
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for g
over
nmen
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d sc
ienc
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ECx
x
x
x
EC A
ctio
n: W
ork
with
sta
keho
lder
s to
dev
elop
a n
ew g
ener
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n of
w
eb-b
ased
app
licat
ions
and
ser
vice
s, in
clud
ing
for m
ultil
ingu
al c
onte
nt
and
serv
ices
, by
supp
ortin
g st
anda
rds
and
open
pla
tform
s th
roug
h EU
-fu
nded
pro
gram
mes
.
ECx
x
x
MS
actio
n: B
y 20
20, d
oubl
e an
nual
tota
l pub
lic s
pend
ing
on IC
T re
sear
ch
and
deve
lopm
ent s
pend
ing
from
€5.
5bn
to €
11bn
(whi
ch in
clud
es E
U pr
ogra
mm
es),
in w
ays
that
leve
rage
an
equi
vale
nt in
crea
se in
priv
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spen
ding
from
€ 3
5 bi
llion
to €
70
billi
on.
MS
x
x
MS
actio
n: E
ngag
e in
larg
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ale
pilo
ts to
test
and
dev
elop
inno
vativ
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d in
tero
pera
ble
solu
tions
in a
reas
of p
ublic
inte
rest
that
are
fina
nced
by
the
CIP.
MS
x
xx
44
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
Yout
h on
the
mov
e -
COM
(201
0) 4
77 fi
nal
Rele
vant
for
Line
of a
ctio
nAc
tion
Resp
onsi
ble
ERA
Dim
ensi
on
1 Pe
ople
Dim
ensi
on 2
In
fras
truc
ture
sDi
men
sion
3
Inst
itutio
nsDi
men
sion
4
Fund
ing
Dim
ensi
on 5
Kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
Dim
ensi
on
6 Gl
obal
co
oper
atio
n
Deve
lopi
ng m
oder
n ed
ucat
ion
and
train
ing
syst
ems
to d
eliv
er
key
com
pete
nces
and
ex
celle
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Prop
ose
a dr
aft C
ounc
il Re
com
men
datio
n on
redu
cing
Ear
ly
Scho
ol le
avin
g (2
010)
EC
Laun
ch a
Hig
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vel E
xper
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up o
n Li
tera
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010)
EC
Rais
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tract
iven
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pro
visi
on a
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ualit
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Voc
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Educ
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aini
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ET)
ECx
x
Prop
ose
a qu
ality
fram
ewor
k fo
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inee
ship
sEC
xx
Prop
ose
a dr
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ounc
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com
men
datio
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the
prom
otio
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d va
lidat
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of n
on-f
orm
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nd in
form
al le
arni
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011)
ECx
x
Prom
otin
g th
e a t
tract
iven
ess
of
high
er e
duca
tion
for t
he k
now
ledg
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onom
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Supp
ort t
he re
form
and
mod
erni
satio
n of
hig
her e
duca
tion,
by
pres
entin
g a
Com
mun
icat
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(201
1)EC
xx
x
Benc
hmar
k hi
gher
edu
catio
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rform
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and
edu
catio
nal
outc
omes
ECx
x
Prop
ose
a m
ultia
nnua
l Stra
tegi
c In
nova
tion
Agen
da (2
011)
ECx
xx
xx
Supp
ortin
g a
stro
ng
deve
lopm
ent o
f tra
nsna
tiona
l lea
rnin
g an
d em
ploy
men
t m
obili
ty fo
r you
ng
peop
le -
pro
mot
ing
lear
ning
mob
ility
Set u
p a
dedi
cate
d Yo
uth
on th
e M
ove
web
site
for i
nfor
mat
ion
on E
U le
arni
ng a
nd m
obili
ty o
ppor
tuni
ties
(201
0)EC
xx
Prop
ose
a dr
aft C
ounc
il Re
com
men
datio
n on
pro
mot
ing
the
lear
ning
mob
ility
of y
oung
peo
ple
(201
0)EC
xx
Deve
lop
a Yo
uth
on th
e M
ove
card
to fa
cilit
ate
mob
ility
for a
ll yo
ung
peop
leEC
xx
Publ
ish
guid
ance
on
the
Euro
pean
Cou
rt of
Jus
tice
rulin
gs o
n th
e rig
hts
of m
obile
stu
dent
s (2
010)
(on
issu
es s
uch
as a
cces
s,
reco
gniti
on a
nd p
orta
bilit
y of
gra
nts)
ECx
x
Prop
ose
a Eu
rope
an S
kills
Pas
spor
t (20
11)
ECx
x
Supp
ortin
g a
stro
ng
deve
lopm
ent o
f tra
nsna
tiona
l lea
rnin
g an
d em
ploy
men
t m
obili
ty fo
r you
ng
peop
le -
pro
mot
ing
empl
oym
ent m
obili
ty
Deve
lop
a ne
w in
itiat
ive:
‘You
r firs
t EUR
ES jo
b’EC
xx
Cr
eate
in 2
010
a ‘E
urop
ean
Vaca
ncy
Mon
itor’
ECx
x
Mon
itor t
he a
pplic
atio
n of
the
EU le
gisl
atio
n on
free
dom
of
wor
kers
and
iden
tify,
in 2
010,
are
as fo
r act
ion
to p
rom
ote
yout
h m
obili
ty w
ith M
embe
r Sta
tes
EC/M
Sx
x
45
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
A fra
mew
ork
for y
outh
em
ploy
men
t
In o
rder
to a
ddre
ss p
ublic
spe
ndin
g co
nstra
ints
, wor
k w
ith
Mem
ber S
tate
s to
iden
tify
the
mos
t effe
ctiv
e su
ppor
t mea
sure
sEC
Esta
blis
h a
syst
emat
ic m
onito
ring
of th
e si
tuat
ion
of y
oung
pe
ople
not
in e
mpl
oym
ent,
educ
atio
n or
trai
ning
(NEE
Ts)
EC
Esta
blis
h, w
ith th
e su
ppor
t of t
he P
ROGR
ESS
prog
ram
me,
a
new
Mut
ual L
earn
ing
Prog
ram
me
for E
urop
ean
Publ
ic
Empl
oym
ent S
ervi
ces
(201
0)EC
Stre
ngth
en b
ilate
ral a
nd re
gion
al p
olic
y di
alog
ue o
n yo
uth
empl
oym
ent
EC
Enco
urag
e th
e gr
eate
r use
of s
uppo
rt to
pot
entia
l you
ng
entre
pren
eurs
via
the
new
Eur
opea
n Pr
ogre
ss M
icro
-fina
nce
Faci
lity
EC
Ensu
ring
that
all
youn
g pe
ople
are
in a
job,
furth
er e
duca
tion
or
activ
atio
n m
easu
res
with
in fo
ur m
onth
s of
leav
ing
scho
ol a
nd
prov
idin
g th
is a
s a
‘You
th G
uara
ntee
’M
S
Offe
ring
a go
od b
alan
ce b
etw
een
right
s to
ben
efits
and
ta
rget
ed a
ctiv
a tio
n m
easu
res
base
d up
on m
utua
l obl
igat
ion
MS
Expl
oitin
g th
e fu
ll po
tent
ial o
f EU
fund
ing
prog
ram
mes
Exam
ine
ESF
inte
r ven
tions
and
mak
e a
prop
osal
to in
crea
se
awar
enes
s of
and
max
imis
e th
e po
tent
ial o
f the
ESF
to s
uppo
rt yo
ung
peop
leEC
/MS
Mem
ber S
tate
s sh
ould
ens
ure
that
ESF
sw
iftly
sup
ports
you
ng
peop
le a
nd th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of E
urop
e 20
20 ta
rget
s.M
S
Unde
rtake
a re
view
of a
ll re
leva
nt E
U pr
ogra
mm
es fo
ster
ing
lear
ning
mob
ility
and
edu
catio
n, in
clud
ing
via
an o
pen
cons
ulta
tion
of s
take
hold
ers,
to b
e la
unch
ed in
Sep
tem
ber
2010
, and
mak
e pr
opos
als
in 2
011
for t
he n
ew F
inan
cial
Fr
amew
ork
ECx
x
x
Exam
ine
the
feas
ibili
ty fo
r the
cre
atio
n of
an
EU-le
vel s
tude
nt
loan
faci
lity,
in c
oope
ratio
n w
ith th
e EI
B Gr
oup
and
othe
r fin
anci
al in
stitu
tions
EC x
x
46
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
A re
sour
ce-e
ffici
ent E
urop
e -
COM
(201
1) 2
1Re
leva
nt fo
r
Line
of a
ctio
nAc
tion
Resp
onsi
ble
ERA
Dim
ensi
on 1
Pe
ople
Dim
ensi
on 2
In
fras
truc
ture
sDi
men
sion
3
Inst
itutio
nsDi
men
sion
4
Fund
ing
Dim
ensi
on 5
Kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
Dim
ensi
on
6 Gl
obal
co
oper
atio
n
Long
-ter
m
fram
ewor
k
Outli
ne w
hat t
he E
U ne
eds
to d
o to
cre
ate
a lo
w-c
arbo
n ec
onom
y in
20
50, c
uttin
g gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons
by 8
0-95
%, a
s pa
rt of
glo
bal
effo
rts to
figh
t clim
ate
chan
ge, w
hile
impr
ovin
g en
ergy
sec
urity
and
pr
omot
ing
sust
aina
ble
grow
th a
nd jo
bs.
ECX
X
X
XX
Anal
yse
how
the
EU c
an c
reat
e an
ene
rgy
syst
em b
y 20
50 w
hich
is lo
w-
carb
on, r
esou
rce-
effic
ient
, sec
ure
and
com
petit
ive.
Thi
s sh
ould
pro
vide
th
e ne
cess
ary
certa
inty
for i
nves
tors
, res
earc
hers
, pol
icy
mak
ers
and
regu
lato
rs
ECX
X
XX
X
Pres
ent a
vis
ion
for a
low
-car
bon,
reso
urce
-effi
cien
t, se
cure
and
co
mpe
titiv
e tra
nspo
rt sy
stem
by
2050
that
rem
oves
all
obst
acle
s to
th
e in
tern
al m
arke
t for
tran
spor
t, pr
omot
es c
lean
tech
nolo
gies
and
m
oder
nise
s tra
nspo
rt ne
twor
ks.
ECX
X
XX
X
Defin
e m
ediu
m a
nd lo
ng-t
erm
obj
ectiv
es a
nd m
eans
for a
chie
ving
them
w
ith th
e m
ain
aim
to d
ecou
ple
econ
omic
gro
wth
from
reso
urce
use
and
its
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
.EC
X
X
XX
47
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Med
ium
-ter
m
mea
sure
s
An e
nerg
y ef
ficie
ncy
plan
with
a ti
me
horiz
on o
f 202
0 w
hich
will
iden
tify
mea
sure
s to
ach
ieve
ene
rgy
savi
ngs
of 2
0% a
cros
s al
l sec
tors
, and
w
hich
will
be
follo
wed
by
legi
slat
ion
to e
nsur
e en
ergy
effi
cien
cy a
nd
savi
ngs.
ECX
X
XX
Prop
osal
s to
refo
rm th
e Co
mm
on A
gric
ultu
ral P
olic
y, th
e Co
mm
on
Fish
erie
s Po
licy,
Cohe
sion
Pol
icy,
ener
gy in
frast
ruct
ure
and
trans
-Eu
rope
an n
etw
orks
for t
rans
port
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he n
ext E
U bu
dget
to
alig
n th
ese
area
s w
ith th
e re
quire
men
ts o
f a re
sour
ce-e
ffici
ent,
low
-ca
rbon
eco
nom
y.
ECX
X
XX
X
A ne
w E
U bi
odiv
ersi
ty s
trate
gy fo
r 202
0 to
hal
t fur
ther
loss
to a
nd
rest
ore
biod
iver
sity
and
eco
syst
em s
ervi
ces
in th
e lig
ht o
f pre
ssur
es o
n ec
osys
tem
s.EC
X
X
XX
Mea
sure
s to
tack
le th
e ch
alle
nges
in c
omm
odity
mar
kets
and
on
raw
m
ater
ials
whi
ch w
ill, a
mon
gst o
ther
s, p
erio
dica
lly a
sses
s cr
itica
l raw
m
ater
ials
and
defi
ne a
trad
e po
licy
to e
nsur
e su
stai
nabl
e su
pplie
s of
ra
w m
ater
ials
from
glo
bal m
arke
ts. T
hese
mea
sure
s w
ill h
elp
ensu
re
cohe
renc
e be
twee
n th
e EU
‘s ra
w m
ater
ials
and
ext
erna
l pol
icie
s,
incl
udin
g th
e pr
omot
ion
of g
ood
gove
rnan
ce, t
rans
pare
ncy
of a
ctiv
ities
an
d cr
eatio
n of
loca
l val
ued
adde
d in
dev
elop
ing
coun
tries
. It w
ill
prom
ote
extra
ctio
n, re
cycl
ing,
rese
arch
, inn
ovat
ion
and
subs
titut
ion
insi
de th
e EU
.
ECX
XX
X
A st
rate
gy to
mak
e th
e EU
a ‚c
ircul
ar e
cono
my‘
, bas
ed o
n a
recy
clin
g so
ciet
y w
ith th
e ai
m o
f red
ucin
g w
aste
gen
erat
ion
and
usin
g w
aste
as
a re
sour
ce.
ECX
XX
X
Early
act
ion
on a
dapt
atio
n to
clim
ate
chan
ge to
min
imis
e th
reat
s to
ec
osys
tem
s an
d hu
man
hea
lth, s
uppo
rt ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent a
nd h
elp
adju
st o
ur in
frast
ruct
ures
to c
ope
with
una
void
able
clim
ate
chan
ge.
ECX
XX
X
A w
ater
pol
icy
that
mak
es w
ater
sav
ing
mea
sure
s an
d in
crea
sing
wat
er
effic
ienc
y a
prio
rity,
in o
rder
to e
nsur
e th
at w
ater
is a
vaila
ble
in s
uffic
ient
qu
antit
ies,
is o
f app
ropr
iate
qua
lity,
is u
sed
sust
aina
bly
and
with
m
inim
um re
sour
ce in
put,
and
is u
ltim
atel
y re
turn
ed to
the
envi
ronm
ent
with
acc
epta
ble
qual
ity.
ECX
X
XX
48
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
New
ski
lls fo
r new
jobs
- C
OM(2
008)
868
fina
lRe
leva
nt fo
r
Actio
n ar
eaAc
tion
Resp
onsi
ble
ERA
Dim
ensi
on 1
Pe
ople
Dim
ensi
on 2
In
fras
truc
ture
sDi
men
sion
3
Inst
itutio
nsDi
men
sion
4
Fund
ing
Dim
ensi
on 5
Kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
Dim
ensi
on
6 Gl
obal
co
oper
atio
n
Addr
essi
ng
mis
mat
ches
Esta
blis
h as
of 2
009
a “E
urop
ean
Labo
ur M
arke
t Mon
itor”
ECx
x
Deve
lop
as o
f 200
9 a
stan
dard
mul
tilin
gual
dic
tiona
ry o
f oc
cupa
tions
and
ski
llsEC
xx
Crea
te in
200
9 M
atch
and
Map
, a u
ser-
frien
dly,
trans
pare
nt
onlin
e se
rvic
e fo
r citi
zens
, pro
vidi
ng q
ualit
ativ
e in
form
atio
n on
occ
upat
ions
, ski
lls, l
earn
ing
and
train
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
acro
ss th
e EU
.
ECx
x
Esta
blis
h a
regu
lar,
syst
emat
ic a
sses
smen
t of l
ong-
term
su
pply
and
dem
and
in E
U la
bour
mar
kets
up
to 2
020,
ECx
x
Incr
ease
EU
met
hodo
logi
cal,
anal
ytic
al a
nd m
utua
l lea
rnin
g ca
paci
ties
for s
kills
and
jobs
ant
icip
atio
n. A
s of
200
9, th
e Co
mm
issi
on w
ill c
once
ntra
te e
fforts
und
er th
e PR
OGRE
SS
and
Life
long
Lea
rnin
g pr
ogra
mm
es to
dev
elop
new
way
s of
m
easu
ring
com
pete
nces
.
ECx
x
Incr
ease
EU
capa
city
for a
sses
sing
the
empl
oym
ent e
ffect
s of
a tr
ansi
tion
to a
low
car
bon
econ
omy.
ECx
x
Prom
ote
dial
ogue
bet
wee
n bu
sine
ss a
nd e
duca
tion
and
train
ing
prov
ider
s, fo
r the
est
ablis
hmen
t of p
artn
ersh
ips
to m
eet m
ediu
m-t
erm
ski
lls n
eeds
; and
pro
vide
insi
ght o
n th
e ex
pect
atio
ns o
f em
ploy
ers
with
resp
ect t
o st
uden
ts a
nd
grad
uate
s, th
roug
h qu
alita
tive
pros
pect
ive
stud
ies
such
as
‚Tun
ing
Educ
atio
nal S
truct
ures
in E
urop
e‘.
EC/B
usin
ess/
ed
ucat
ion
& tra
inin
g pr
ovid
ers
xx
x
Enha
nce
know
ledg
e, a
war
enes
s an
d in
volv
emen
t of
busi
ness
es in
fore
cast
ing
skill
s ne
eds,
thro
ugh
an
empl
oyer
s‘ s
urve
y to
ol a
nd q
ualit
ativ
e st
udie
s on
the
skill
s ne
eds
of b
usin
ess,
not
ably
SM
Es.
EC/B
usin
ess
xx
Supp
ort p
latfo
rms
of c
ompa
nies
, tra
inin
g pr
ovid
ers
and
recr
uitm
ent s
peci
alis
ts to
join
tly d
esig
n ta
rget
ed tr
aini
ng
cour
ses
and
orga
nise
an
annu
al „
Partn
ersh
ip fo
r ski
lls
and
empl
oym
ent“
eve
nt, t
o re
cogn
ize
the
mos
t inn
ovat
ive
partn
ersh
ips
mat
chin
g sk
ills
supp
ly a
nd d
eman
d.
EC/B
usin
ess/
ed
ucat
ion
& tra
inin
g pr
ovid
ers/
recr
uitm
ent
spec
ialis
ts
xx
49
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Prov
ide
an a
naly
sis
of th
e sk
ills
and
labo
ur m
arke
t nee
ds o
f ke
y se
ctor
s. C
ompr
ehen
sive
resu
lts fo
r 16
sect
ors
cove
ring
75%
of t
otal
EU
priv
ate
sect
or jo
bs w
ill b
e av
aila
ble
in
mid
-200
9, p
rovi
ding
a fu
ll pi
ctur
e of
labo
ur d
eman
d an
d its
im
plic
atio
ns fo
r res
truct
urin
g.
ECx
x
Disc
uss
with
sta
keho
lder
s, n
otab
ly th
e ex
istin
g se
ctor
so
cial
dia
logu
e co
mm
ittee
s, th
e po
ssib
ility
of e
stab
lishi
ng
“sec
tor c
ounc
ils o
n em
ploy
men
t and
ski
lls”
at E
U le
vel,
to
colle
ct in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
in M
embe
r Sta
tes
and
regi
ons
and
prov
ide
guid
ance
dra
wn
from
sta
keho
lder
s an
d fro
m
educ
atio
n an
d tra
inin
g sy
stem
s.
EC/S
ecto
r di
alog
ue
com
mitt
ees/
MS/
Regi
ons
xx
Deep
enin
g in
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
Activ
ely
parti
cipa
te in
the
OECD
‘s n
ew P
rogr
amm
e fo
r the
As
sess
men
t of A
dult
Com
pete
nces
(PIA
AC),
alon
gsid
e th
e on
goin
g PI
SA a
nd A
HELO
Pro
gram
mes
on
stud
ent a
nd h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion
outc
omes
. The
Com
mis
sion
will
als
o co
-ope
rate
w
ith th
e OE
CD in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f qua
litat
ive
stud
ies
on
the
evol
utio
n of
ski
lls d
eman
d an
d in
dica
tors
of m
ism
atch
es.
ECx
x
Coop
erat
e w
ith th
e In
tern
atio
nal L
abou
r Org
anis
atio
n (IL
O),
parti
cula
rly w
ith a
vie
w to
dev
elop
ing
a kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
plat
form
and
to a
sses
s th
e gl
obal
impa
ct o
f clim
ate
chan
ge
polic
ies
on s
kills
and
jobs
;
ECx
x
Enha
nce
the
curr
ent b
ilate
ral d
ialo
gues
with
third
cou
ntrie
s,
parti
cula
rly w
ith C
hina
, Ind
ia, t
he U
SA a
nd C
anad
a, le
adin
g to
join
t res
earc
h an
d co
oper
atio
n on
fore
cast
ing
and
met
hodo
logy
.
ECx
x
Deve
lop
the
polic
y di
alog
ue w
ith n
eigh
bour
hood
cou
ntrie
s an
d w
ithin
the
East
ern
Partn
ersh
ip a
nd th
e Un
ion
for
the
Med
iterr
anea
n su
ppor
ted
by th
e Eu
rope
an T
rain
ing
Foun
datio
n, n
otab
ly to
dev
elop
the
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
n an
d tra
inin
g se
ctor
(VET
) and
nat
iona
l qua
lifica
tions
fram
ewor
ks.
ECx
x
50
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
Mob
ilisi
ng
Com
mun
ity
inst
rum
ents
The
Grow
th a
nd J
obs
Stra
tegy
and
the
Mut
ual L
earn
ing
prog
ram
mes
with
in th
e Op
en M
etho
d of
Co-
ordi
natio
n pr
ovid
e an
ove
rall
polic
y fra
mew
ork
for t
he N
ew S
kills
for
New
Job
s in
itiat
ive.
ECx
x
The
Com
mis
sion
’s R
ecov
ery
Plan
und
erlin
es th
at a
stro
nger
em
phas
is o
n fle
xicu
rity
polic
ies,
with
a fo
cus
on a
ctiv
atio
n m
easu
res,
retra
inin
g an
d sk
ills
upgr
adin
g, is
ess
entia
l to
prom
ote
empl
oyab
ility
and
rein
tegr
atio
n in
to th
e la
bour
m
arke
t.
ECx
x
The
upda
ted
stra
tegi
c fra
mew
ork
for c
oope
ratio
n in
ed
ucat
ion
and
train
ing
can
stim
ulat
e in
nova
tive
partn
ersh
ips
betw
een
educ
atio
n an
d tra
inin
g pr
ovid
ers
and
soci
al a
nd
econ
omic
act
ors,
to p
rom
ote
mor
e fle
xibl
e an
d de
man
d-le
d sy
stem
s.
ECx
x
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Euro
pean
Qua
lifica
tions
Fr
amew
ork
shou
ld in
crea
se th
e tra
nspa
renc
y of
qu
alifi
catio
ns a
nd fa
cilit
ate
acce
ss to
furth
er le
arni
ng. T
he
Cope
nhag
en p
roce
ss o
n co
oper
atio
n in
VET
will
incl
ude
a ne
w p
riorit
y to
impr
ove
the
links
with
the
labo
ur m
arke
t.
ECx
x
The
„Fift
h Fr
eedo
m“
– th
e fre
edom
of m
ovem
ent o
f kn
owle
dge
- ca
lled
for b
y th
e 20
08 S
prin
g Eu
rope
an C
ounc
il,
will
sup
port
the
depl
oym
ent o
f the
New
Ski
lls fo
r New
Job
s in
itiat
ive.
It w
ill fo
ster
the
mob
ility
of k
now
ledg
e w
orke
rs
acro
ss b
orde
rs a
nd s
ecto
rs a
nd th
us h
elp
mat
ch d
eman
d an
d su
pply
at t
he h
igh
skill
leve
l.
ECx
x
51
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
The
New
Ski
lls fo
r New
Job
s in
itiat
ive
is fu
lly w
ithin
th
e sc
ope
of th
e Eu
rope
an S
ocia
l Fun
d (E
SF).
Seve
ral
Mem
ber S
tate
s ha
ve a
lread
y id
entifi
ed a
s a
prio
rity
in
thei
r 200
7-20
13 E
SF p
rogr
amm
ing
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f po
licie
s an
d se
rvic
es to
add
ress
ski
lls n
eeds
and
labo
ur
mar
ket m
ism
atch
es, i
nclu
ding
act
ions
aim
ing
at a
bet
ter
gend
er b
alan
ce a
nd g
uida
nce
on e
duca
tiona
l cho
ices
. The
Co
mm
issi
on w
ill p
rovi
de p
olic
y gu
idan
ce fo
r Mem
ber S
tate
s on
an
optim
al u
se o
f ESF
fund
s.
ECx
x
The
Euro
pean
Reg
iona
l Dev
elop
men
t Fun
d (E
RDF)
can
al
so c
ontri
bute
to d
evel
opin
g sk
ills
and
antic
ipat
ion,
by
prom
otin
g te
chno
logy
fore
cast
ing,
inno
vatio
n, re
sear
ch a
nd
deve
lopm
ent a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n in
frast
ruct
ure
and
thro
ugh
cros
s-bo
rder
coo
pera
tion
betw
een
educ
atio
n an
d tra
inin
g or
gani
zatio
ns.
ECx
x
The
Euro
pean
Agr
icul
tura
l Fun
d fo
r Rur
al D
evel
opm
ent
(EAF
RD) i
nves
ts in
inno
vatio
n, n
ew te
chno
logi
es, r
esea
rch
and
deve
lopm
ent,
and
supp
orts
the
skill
s up
grad
ing
of
farm
ers,
fore
ster
s an
d fo
od p
roce
ssor
s as
wel
l as
of th
e br
oade
r rur
al p
opul
atio
n th
roug
h tra
inin
g, in
form
atio
n an
d di
ffusi
on o
f kno
wle
dge
actio
ns.
ECx
x
The
Com
mis
sion
’s p
ropo
sal t
o am
end
the
Euro
pean
Gl
obal
isat
ion
adju
stm
ent F
und
(EGF
) Reg
ulat
ion
will
allo
w fo
r st
reng
then
ing
skill
s up
grad
ing
activ
ities
.EC
xx
The
Euro
pean
Fun
d fo
r the
inte
grat
ion
of th
ird c
ount
ry
natio
nals
can
als
o co
ntrib
ute
– co
mpl
emen
ting
the
ESF
- in
up
grad
ing
and
adap
ting
imm
igra
nts‘
ski
lls, i
n pa
rticu
lar
by s
uppo
rting
pre
-tra
vel m
easu
res
(e.g
. voc
atio
nal a
nd
lang
uage
trai
ning
) in
the
coun
try
of o
rigin
, and
lang
uage
co
urse
s in
the
Mem
ber S
tate
of r
esid
ence
.
ECx
xx
52
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
Indu
stria
l pol
icy
- CO
M(2
011)
642
fina
lRe
leva
nt fo
r
Com
mitm
ent
Com
mitm
ent t
itle
Resp
onsi
ble
ERA
Dim
ensi
on 1
Pe
ople
Dim
ensi
on 2
In
fras
truc
ture
sDi
men
sion
3
Inst
itutio
nsDi
men
sion
4
Fund
ing
Dim
ensi
on 5
Kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
Dim
ensi
on
6 Gl
obal
co
oper
atio
n
Inno
vativ
e in
dust
ry
Pool
ing
scar
ce re
sour
ces
to h
elp
to a
chie
ve c
ritic
al
mas
s in
brin
ging
inno
vatio
n to
the
mar
ket;
and
by
incr
easi
ng c
oope
ratio
n in
inno
vatio
n to
cre
ate
larg
e sc
ale
dem
onst
ratio
n pr
ojec
ts a
nd p
ilot t
est f
acili
ties,
for e
xam
ple
usin
g th
e m
odel
of t
he E
urop
ean
Stra
tegy
For
um o
n Re
sear
ch In
frast
ruct
ures
(ESF
RI).
X
Redu
cing
the
fragm
enta
tion
of in
nova
tion
supp
ort s
yste
ms,
fa
cilit
atin
g br
ingi
ng in
nova
tive
solu
tions
to th
e m
arke
t, an
d in
crea
sing
the
mar
ket f
ocus
of r
esea
rch
proj
ects
. Den
mar
k an
d Au
stria
hav
e su
cces
sful
ly re
duce
d th
e fra
gmen
tatio
n an
d th
e Un
ited
King
dom
has
sch
emes
to b
ring
inno
vativ
e so
lutio
ns to
the
mar
ket.
X
X
Sust
aina
ble
indu
stry
Favo
urin
g en
ergy
and
raw
mat
eria
l effi
cien
cy a
nd
prom
otin
g in
nova
tion
and
depl
oym
ent o
f cle
aner
te
chno
logi
es a
long
val
ue c
hain
s w
ith th
e us
e of
long
-ter
m
ince
ntiv
es th
at e
ncou
rage
mar
ket c
reat
ion
and
faci
litat
e th
e pa
rtici
patio
n of
SM
Es in
thes
e pr
oces
ses.
As
outli
ned
abov
e, m
any
Mem
ber S
tate
s ha
ve m
ade
cons
ider
able
pr
ogre
ss w
ith th
ese
issu
es.
Ensu
re fa
ir an
d un
dist
orte
d pr
icin
g of
ene
rgy,
and
cont
inue
to
wor
k on
upg
radi
ng a
nd in
terc
onne
ctin
g en
ergy
di
strib
utio
n ne
twor
ks.
Favo
urin
g an
d pr
omot
ing
soci
al e
ntre
pren
eurs
hip
in
Euro
pe, i
n pa
rticu
lar i
n en
hanc
ing
its p
ublic
pro
file
and
its
acce
ss to
pub
lic a
nd p
rivat
e fin
ance
(esp
ecia
lly th
roug
h So
cial
inve
stm
ent F
unds
).
Busi
ness
en
viro
nmen
t
Redu
cing
the
adm
inis
trativ
e bu
rden
on
busi
ness
es b
y ev
alua
ting
the
curr
ent b
urde
n (in
clud
ing
that
due
to th
e ta
x co
de) a
nd ra
pidl
y re
duci
ng b
urde
ns to
targ
ets.
Prom
otin
g co
mpe
titio
n am
ong
serv
ice
prov
ider
s th
at u
se
the
infra
stru
ctur
es in
bro
adba
nd, e
nerg
y an
d tra
nspo
rt.
53
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Prom
otin
g in
dust
ry a
nd
serv
ices
Deve
lopi
ng s
uppo
rt fo
r inn
ovat
ive
serv
ices
bas
ed o
n m
easu
reab
le o
utco
mes
; and
by
parti
cipa
ting
in th
e In
nova
tion
Partn
ersh
ips
and
in la
rge-
scal
e de
mon
stra
tion
proj
ects
.
Fully
impl
emen
ting
the
Sing
le M
arke
t leg
isla
tion,
in
parti
cula
r the
Ser
vice
s Di
rect
ive
and
prom
otin
g bu
sine
ss
serv
ices
.
Smal
l and
m
ediu
m-s
ized
en
terp
rises
F aci
litat
ing
the
grow
th o
f SM
Es b
y en
surin
g th
at
regu
latio
ns d
o no
t pos
e ob
stac
les
to e
xpan
sion
; by
favo
urin
g ac
cess
to a
ppro
pria
te fi
nanc
e; a
nd b
y pr
ovid
ing
supp
ort s
ervi
ces
for a
cces
sing
new
mar
kets
, and
pu
blic
isin
g th
ese.
Ensu
ring
tha t
pub
lic a
dmin
istra
tions
redu
ce p
aym
ent t
imes
an
d ad
here
stri
ctly
to th
e La
te P
aym
ents
Dire
ctiv
e.
Gene
ral E
C ac
tions
Stre
ngth
en th
e co
ordi
natio
n of
Mem
ber S
tate
s’ in
dust
rial
polic
ies
by p
rom
otin
g an
d m
onito
ring
grow
th-e
nhan
cing
st
ruct
ural
impr
ovem
ents
to a
chie
ve th
e ta
rget
s of
the
Euro
pe 2
020
stra
tegy
.
EC
By fi
rst q
uarte
r of 2
012
prov
ide
a fo
rum
for i
dent
ifyin
g an
d di
scus
sing
goo
d pr
actic
es in
pro
mot
ing
gro w
th th
roug
h in
dust
rial p
olic
ies.
EC
54
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
Euro
pean
pla
tform
aga
inst
pov
erty
and
soc
ial e
xclu
sion
- C
OM(2
010)
758
fina
l
Actio
n Ar
eaAc
tion
Rele
vant
for
Actio
n ar
eaRe
spon
sibl
eER
ADi
m. 1
Pe
ople
Dim
. 2 In
fra-
stru
ctur
esDi
m. 3
In
stitu
tions
Dim
. 4
Fund
ing
Dim
. 5
Know
ledg
e sh
arin
g
Dim
. 6 G
loba
l co
oper
atio
n
Deliv
erin
g ac
tion
to fi
ght
pove
rty a
nd
excl
usio
n ac
ross
th
e po
licy
spec
trum
Acce
ss to
em
ploy
men
t
Pres
ent i
n 20
12 a
Com
mun
icat
ion
prov
idin
g an
in-d
epth
as
sess
men
t of t
he im
plem
enta
tion
of a
ctiv
e in
clus
ion
stra
tegi
es
at n
atio
nal l
evel
, inc
ludi
ng th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of m
inim
um in
com
e sc
hem
es a
nd o
f the
way
EU
prog
ram
mes
can
be
used
to s
uppo
rt ac
tive
incl
usio
n.
EC/M
Sx
Soci
al p
rote
ctio
n an
d ac
cess
to
esse
ntia
l ser
vice
s
Pres
ent i
n 20
11 a
Whi
te P
aper
on
Pens
ions
to jo
intly
add
ress
su
stai
nabi
lity
and
adeq
uacy
of p
ensi
ons
in th
e po
st-c
risis
con
text
.EC
Laun
ch a
Eur
opea
n In
nova
tion
Partn
ersh
ip (E
IP) o
n ac
tive
and
heal
thy
agei
ng in
201
1 an
d su
ppor
t ini
tiativ
es fo
r act
ive
agei
ng a
t al
l lev
els
in th
e co
ntex
t of a
Eur
opea
n Ye
ar fo
r Act
ive
Agei
ng in
201
2.EC
Deve
lop
the
Volu
ntar
y Eu
rope
an Q
ualit
y Fr
amew
ork
on s
ocia
l se
rvic
es a
t sec
tora
l lev
el, i
nclu
ding
in th
e fie
ld o
f lon
g-te
rm c
are
and
hom
eles
snes
s.EC
Unde
rtake
an
asse
ssm
ent o
f the
effi
cien
cy a
nd e
ffect
iven
ess
of
heal
th e
xpen
ditu
re, i
nclu
ding
in re
latio
n to
the
issu
es h
ighl
ight
ed
in th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n on
„So
lidar
ity in
Hea
lth: r
educ
ing
heal
th
ineq
ualit
ies
in th
e EU
“
EC
Pres
ent i
n 20
11 a
legi
slat
ive
initi
ativ
e to
ens
ure
acce
ss to
cer
tain
ba
sic
bank
ing
serv
ices
and
cal
l on
the
bank
ing
sect
or to
sub
mit
a se
lf-re
gula
tory
initi
ativ
e ge
ared
tow
ards
impr
ovin
g th
e tra
nspa
renc
y an
d co
mpa
rabi
lity
of b
ank
char
ges.
EC
Educ
atio
n an
d yo
uth
polic
ies
Pres
ent i
n 20
11 a
Com
mun
icat
ion
and
a pr
opos
al fo
r a C
ounc
il Re
com
men
datio
n on
pol
icie
s to
com
bat e
arly
sch
ool l
eavi
ng
and
laun
ch a
wid
e-ra
ngin
g in
itiat
ive
to p
rom
ote
mor
e ef
fect
ive
inte
rven
tions
at a
ll le
vels
of e
duca
tion
agai
nst t
he c
ycle
of
disa
dvan
tage
.
ECx
Prop
ose
in 2
012
a Re
com
men
datio
n on
chi
ld p
over
ty o
utlin
ing
com
mon
prin
cipl
es a
nd e
ffect
ive
mon
itorin
g to
ols
to c
omba
t and
pr
even
t pov
erty
in e
arly
age
.EC
55
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Mig
ratio
n an
d in
tegr
atio
n of
m
igra
nts
Pres
ent i
n 20
11 a
„Ne
w E
urop
ean
Agen
da o
n In
tegr
atio
n“ to
be
tter s
uppo
rt th
e ef
forts
of M
embe
r Sta
tes
in p
rom
otin
g th
ird-
coun
try
natio
nals
of d
iver
se c
ultu
ral,
relig
ious
, lin
guis
tic a
nd e
thni
c ba
ckgr
ound
s to
par
ticip
ate
activ
ely
in E
urop
ean
econ
omie
s an
d so
ciet
ies.
EC/M
Sx
Soci
al
incl
usio
n an
d an
tidis
crim
inat
ion
Pres
ent a
n EU
Fra
mew
ork
for N
atio
nal R
oma
Inte
grat
ion
Stra
tegi
es
in 2
011.
EC
Step
up
effo
rts to
pro
mot
e th
e ec
onom
ic in
depe
nden
ce o
f wom
en,
whi
ch is
the
first
of t
he fi
ve p
riorit
ies
of it
s St
rate
gy o
n eq
ualit
y be
twee
n w
omen
and
men
for 2
010-
2015
.EC
x
Ensu
re a
ppro
pria
te fo
llow
up
to th
e Eu
rope
an D
isab
ility
Stra
tegy
20
10-2
020,
targ
etin
g in
par
ticul
ar c
ircum
stan
ces
and
barr
iers
that
pr
even
t peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties
from
enj
oyin
g th
eir r
ight
s fu
lly.
EC
Iden
tify
met
hods
and
mea
ns to
bes
t con
tinue
the
wor
k it
has
star
ted
on h
omel
essn
ess
and
hous
ing
excl
usio
n, ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
outc
ome
of th
e co
nsen
sus
conf
eren
ce o
f Dec
embe
r 201
0.EC
Mai
nstre
amin
g
soci
al o
bjec
tives
in
sec
tora
l po
licie
s an
d in
in
tern
al m
arke
t an
d co
nsum
er
polic
ies
Acce
ssib
le u
se o
f Inf
orm
atio
n an
d Co
mm
unic
atio
n Te
chno
logi
esEC
Addr
ess
the
risks
of e
nerg
y po
verty
EC
Acce
ss to
fina
ncia
l ser
vice
s fo
r the
mos
t vul
nera
ble
EC
Exte
rnal
di
men
sion
Empl
oym
ent a
nd s
ocia
l pol
icie
sEC
56
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
Soci
al Im
pact
As
sess
men
t
Cont
inue
to re
fine
and
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f its
impa
ct a
sses
smen
t to
ens
ure
that
atte
ntio
n is
pai
d to
the
soci
al d
imen
sion
. It
is im
porta
nt th
at o
ther
EU
Inst
itutio
ns w
hen
mod
ifyin
g th
e Co
mm
issi
on‘s
pro
posa
ls a
nd th
e M
embe
r Sta
tes
at n
atio
nal l
evel
as
sess
the
soci
al d
imen
sion
of t
heir
own
prop
osal
s.
EC/o
ther
EU
Inst
itutio
ns/
MS
x
Mak
ing
EU
fund
ing
deliv
er o
n th
e so
cial
in
clus
ion
and
soci
al
cohe
sion
ob
ject
ives
The
Euro
pean
Soc
ial F
und
shou
ld b
e us
ed to
sus
tain
Mem
ber S
tate
s‘ e
fforts
to a
chie
ve
the
Euro
pe 2
020
obje
ctiv
es, i
nclu
ding
the
pove
rty re
duct
ion
targ
et. T
his
impl
ies
that
the
nece
ssar
y re
sour
ces
wou
ld b
e de
vote
d to
soc
ial i
nclu
sion
whi
le m
akin
g th
e ac
cess
of
the
rele
vant
sta
keho
lder
s to
thos
e re
sour
ces
easi
er.
EC
The
Com
mis
sion
will
aim
at f
acili
tatin
g ac
cess
to g
loba
l gra
nts
for s
mal
l org
anis
atio
ns
and
an im
prov
ed a
cces
s to
fund
ing
for g
roup
s w
ith m
ultip
le d
isad
vant
ages
and
at h
igh
risk
of p
over
ty.
ECx
x
The
Com
mis
sion
will
put
forw
ard
prop
osal
s in
201
1 fo
r the
new
Coh
esio
n Po
licy
regu
lato
ry fr
amew
ork
for t
he p
erio
d po
st-2
013
whi
ch w
ill s
impl
ify a
cces
s to
the
stru
ctur
al fu
nds
for l
ocal
gro
ups
and
ensu
re g
reat
er c
ompl
emen
tarit
y an
d sy
nerg
ies
betw
een
EU fu
nds
to p
rom
ote
com
mun
ity-b
ased
app
roac
hes,
incl
udin
g fo
r urb
an
rege
nera
tion.
ECx
The
Com
mis
sion
will
pro
pose
for t
he n
ew C
ohes
ion
Polic
y po
st-2
013
a Co
mm
on
Stra
tegi
c Fr
amew
ork
(CSF
) tha
t will
ens
ure
cohe
renc
e an
d co
mpl
emen
tarit
y be
twee
n th
e Eu
rope
an R
egio
nal D
evel
opm
ent F
und,
the
Euro
pean
Soc
ial F
und,
the
Euro
pean
Ag
ricul
tura
l Fun
d fo
r Rur
al D
evel
opm
ent a
nd th
e Eu
rope
an F
ishe
ries
Fund
. The
CSF
w
ould
iden
tify
EU p
riorit
ies
to a
ddre
ss th
e Eu
rope
an p
over
ty ta
rget
and
the
actio
ns s
et
out i
n th
is fl
agsh
ip in
itiat
ive.
ECx
57
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Deve
lopi
ng
an e
vide
nce-
base
d ap
proa
ch
to s
ocia
l in
nova
tions
an
d re
form
s
Laun
ch in
201
1 an
initi
ativ
e to
po
ol a
rang
e of
Eu
rope
an fu
nds
to p
rom
ote
evid
ence
-bas
ed
soci
al in
nova
tion,
po
ssib
ly in
itial
ly
conc
entra
ting
on
soci
al a
ssis
tanc
e sc
hem
es.
A Eu
rope
an re
sear
ch e
xcel
lenc
e ne
twor
k to
pro
mot
e ca
paci
ty
build
ing
for t
he d
esig
n an
d ev
alua
tion
of s
ocia
l inn
ovat
ion
prog
ram
mes
.EC
xx
A Eu
rope
an re
sear
ch p
roje
ct in
the
area
of s
ocia
l inn
ovat
ion
aim
ed
at d
evis
ing
wor
kabl
e m
etho
ds a
nd c
oncr
ete
impa
ct m
easu
rem
ents
.EC
x
The
defin
ition
of c
omm
on p
rinci
ples
on
the
desi
gn, i
mpl
emen
tatio
n an
d ev
alua
tion
of s
mal
l sca
le p
roje
cts
desi
gned
to te
st p
olic
y in
nova
tions
(or r
efor
ms)
bef
ore
adop
ting
them
mor
e w
idel
y (s
ocia
l ex
perim
ents
).
EC
Com
mun
icat
ion
and
awar
enes
s ra
isin
g ab
out o
ngoi
ng s
ocia
l in
nova
tion.
EC
A “h
igh-
leve
l ste
erin
g co
mm
ittee
” w
hich
will
pro
vide
adv
ice
and
guid
ance
on
deve
lopi
ng a
ctio
ns.
EC
Prom
otin
g a
partn
ersh
ip
appr
oach
and
th
e so
cial
ec
onom
y
Supp
ort t
hrou
gh th
e PR
OGRE
SS p
rogr
amm
e re
gula
r exc
hang
es a
nd p
artn
ersh
ips
betw
een
a w
ider
set
of s
take
hold
ers
in s
peci
fic p
riorit
y ar
eas,
suc
h as
act
ive
incl
usio
n,
child
pov
erty
, Rom
a in
clus
ion,
hom
eles
snes
s an
d fin
anci
al in
clus
ion.
ECx
Elab
orat
e vo
lunt
ary
guid
elin
es o
n st
akeh
olde
rs’ i
nvol
vem
ent i
n th
e de
finiti
on a
nd th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of p
olic
y ac
tions
and
pro
gram
mes
to a
ddre
ss p
over
ty a
nd e
xclu
sion
, an
d w
ill p
rom
ote
thei
r im
plem
enta
tion
at n
atio
nal,
regi
onal
and
loca
l lev
el.
ECx
58
Ann
ex I.
Eur
ope
2020
Fla
gshi
p co
mm
itm
ents
and
ER
A d
imen
sion
s
Harn
essi
ng
the
pote
ntia
l of
the
soci
al
econ
omy
Supp
ort t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f the
soc
ial e
cono
my
as a
tool
for a
ctiv
e in
clus
ion
by p
ropo
sing
mea
sure
s to
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f the
lega
l stru
ctur
es re
latin
g to
fo
unda
tions
, mut
ual s
ocie
ties
and
coop
erat
ives
ope
ratin
g in
a E
urop
ean
cont
ext,
prop
osin
g a
„Soc
ial B
usin
ess
Initi
ativ
e“ in
201
1, a
s w
ell a
s fa
cilit
atin
g ac
cess
to
rele
vant
EU
finan
cial
pro
gram
mes
.
ECx
Step
ping
up
pol
icy
coor
dina
tion
betw
een
the
Mem
ber
Stat
es
Base
d on
the
expe
rienc
e of
the
first
Eur
opea
n Se
mes
ter o
f Eur
ope
2020
, the
Co
mm
issi
on w
ill d
iscu
ss w
ith M
embe
r Sta
tes
and
othe
r ins
titut
iona
l and
non
-in
stitu
tiona
l act
ors,
how
to b
est a
dapt
the
wor
king
met
hods
of t
he S
ocia
l Ope
n M
etho
d of
Coo
rdin
atio
n to
the
new
gov
erna
nce
of E
urop
e 20
20. T
he C
omm
issi
on w
ill p
rese
nt a
re
port
befo
re th
e en
d of
201
1 su
mm
aris
ing
the
orie
ntat
ions
em
erge
d an
d th
e fo
llow
up
it w
ill g
ive
to it
.
EC/M
S/ O
ther
Build
ing
on
the
lega
c y o
f th
e Eu
rope
an
year
201
0 ag
ains
t po
verty
and
ex
clus
ion
Wor
k w
ith o
ther
EU
inst
itutio
ns a
nd b
odie
s to
tran
sfor
m th
e An
nual
Rou
nd T
able
on
Pove
rty a
nd E
xclu
sion
into
a w
ider
Ann
ual C
onve
ntio
n of
the
Euro
pean
Pla
tform
des
igne
d to
brin
g to
geth
er a
ll re
leva
nt a
ctor
s.
EC/o
ther
EU
Inst
itutio
ns
and
bodi
es
59
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Ann
ex I
I. M
ain
stak
ehol
ders
invo
lved
in a
sel
ecte
d nu
mbe
r of
ER
A in
stru
men
ts
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Era-
Net a
nd E
ra-N
et +
ERA-
NET
sche
me:
dev
elop
and
stre
ngth
en
the
coor
dina
tion
of n
atio
nal a
nd re
gion
al
rese
arch
pro
gram
mes
. ER
A-NE
T Pl
us
actio
ns a
im a
t fac
ilita
ting
the
laun
ch o
f jo
int c
alls
for p
ropo
sals
Desi
gn o
f the
inst
rum
ent,
orga
nise
ca
ll fo
r pro
posa
l, ev
alua
tion
of th
e in
stru
men
t, su
ppor
t of t
he e
xist
ing
ERA-
NETs
, cov
er a
dditi
onal
cos
ts
rela
ted
to th
e co
ordi
natio
n up
to 1
00%
. ER
A-NE
T +
: the
Com
mis
sion
pro
vide
s an
ince
ntiv
e fo
r the
org
anis
atio
n of
jo
int c
alls
bet
wee
n na
tiona
l or r
egio
nal
rese
arch
pro
gram
mes
, by
‘topp
ing-
up’ j
oint
tran
snat
iona
l fun
ding
with
Co
mm
unity
fund
ing
The
Com
mis
sion
sta
keho
lder
con
sulta
tion
on th
e fu
ture
of E
urop
ean
rese
arch
re
veal
ed a
stro
ng s
uppo
rt fo
r mor
e co
ordi
natio
n of
nat
iona
l res
earc
h pr
ogra
mm
es fr
om a
ll ca
tego
ries
of
cont
ribut
ors
Prog
ram
me
‘ow
ners
’ (n
atio
nal m
inis
tries
or
regi
onal
aut
horit
ies
defin
ing
rese
arch
pro
gram
mes
) and
pr
ogra
mm
e ‘m
anag
ers’
(re
sear
ch c
ounc
ils o
r oth
er
rese
arch
fund
ing
agen
cies
m
anag
ing
rese
arch
pr
ogra
mm
es. A
lso
EC
(add
ition
al c
osts
).
Prog
ram
me
man
ager
s an
d ow
ner (
addi
tiona
l cos
t) Un
iver
sitie
s, re
sear
ch
cent
res,
larg
e co
mpa
nies
, SM
Es (o
f the
ope
n ca
lls).
In s
ome
case
s al
so
inte
rnat
iona
l org
anis
atio
ns
parti
cipa
te
Each
ERA
-NET
is c
oord
inat
ed b
y a
natio
nal p
rogr
amm
e ow
ner o
r m
anag
er. T
he E
C al
so h
elps
to
coor
dina
te a
nd p
uttin
g to
geth
er
diffe
rent
ERA
-NET
(ERA
-NET
s o
n st
age
wor
ksho
ps, d
evel
opm
ent o
f NE
TWAT
CH)
Dim
ensi
on
4: F
undi
ng:
coor
dina
ted
rese
arch
pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd
prio
ritie
s
ERC
Gran
t Sch
eme
(Idea
Pro
gram
me)
Euro
pean
Res
earc
h Co
unci
l (ER
C)
gran
ts s
uppo
rt in
divi
dual
rese
arch
ers
of a
ny n
atio
nalit
y an
d ag
e w
ho w
ish
to
purs
ue th
eir f
ront
ier r
esea
rch.
Tw
o m
ain
sche
mes
: one
for e
arly
car
eer r
esea
rche
rs
(2 to
12
year
s po
st P
hd) f
or a
max
of 2
m
ln; o
ne fo
r old
er re
sear
cher
s fo
r a m
ax
of 3
.5 m
ln
The
sche
me
is im
plem
ente
d by
the
ERC
whi
ch is
inde
pend
ent f
rom
the
com
mis
sion
Th
e ER
C is
the
Fund
er
The
dire
ct b
enefi
ciar
y of
th
e fu
nd c
an b
e a
priv
ate
or
publ
ic re
sear
ch in
stitu
tion.
Th
e ap
plic
atio
n fo
r the
gr
ant i
s m
ade
by a
prin
cipa
l in
vest
igat
or o
n be
half
of th
e in
stitu
tion
whi
ch w
ill th
en
host
her
/him
.
The
gran
ts a
re a
lloca
ted
by a
pan
el
of e
xper
ts.
Dim
ensi
on 1
: Pe
ople
: An
adeq
uate
flo
w o
f com
pete
nt
rese
arch
ers
60
Ann
ex II
. Mai
n st
akeh
olde
rs in
volv
ed in
a s
elec
ted
num
ber
of E
RA
inst
rum
ents
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Mar
ie C
urie
(Peo
ple)
A se
t of a
ctio
ns th
at s
uppo
rt re
sear
cher
m
obili
ty a
nd c
aree
r dev
elop
men
t, w
ithin
and
out
side
the
Euro
pean
Uni
on.
Som
e ac
tions
are
targ
eted
to in
divi
dual
re
sear
cher
s, o
ther
to h
ost i
nstit
utio
ns,
or to
hos
t-ne
twor
ks/p
artn
ersh
ips
of
inst
itutio
ns.
Fund
er o
r co-
fund
er. C
osts
cov
ered
are
pe
rson
nel a
s w
ell a
s ne
twor
k ac
tiviti
es
and
othe
r res
earc
h co
sts
Rese
arch
fund
ing
orga
nisa
tions
(in
som
e ac
tions
). It
seem
s th
at a
ll st
akeh
olde
rs m
ay b
e in
volv
ed
in th
e fu
ndin
g.
Indi
vidu
al M
arie
Cur
ie
Fello
ws,
net
wor
ks/
partn
ersh
ips
of re
sear
ch
and
busi
ness
es, a
ny
rese
arch
per
form
ing
inst
itutio
ns, r
esea
rch
fund
ing
orga
nisa
tions
.
Diffe
rent
type
s of
act
ion
are
fore
seen
: 1. C
reat
ion
of n
etw
orks
fo
r tra
inin
g 2.
Cre
atio
n of
pub
lic
partn
ersh
ip 3
. Dire
ct p
artic
ipat
ion
of
rese
arch
ers
in n
ew in
stitu
tions
.
Dim
ensi
on 1
: Pe
ople
: An
adeq
uate
flo
w o
f com
pete
nt
rese
arch
ers
E-In
frast
ruct
ure
(Cap
aciti
es)
The
prog
ram
me
focu
ses
on th
e fu
rther
de
velo
pmen
t and
evo
lutio
n of
the
high
-cap
acity
and
hig
h-pe
rform
ance
co
mm
unic
atio
n ne
twor
k (G
ÉANT
), di
strib
uted
com
putin
g in
frast
ruct
ures
(g
rids
and
clou
ds),
supe
rcom
pute
r in
frast
ruct
ures
, sim
ulat
ion
softw
are,
sc
ient
ific
data
infra
stru
ctur
es, e
-Sci
ence
se
rvic
es a
s w
ell a
s on
the
adop
tion
of
e-In
frast
ruct
ures
by
user
com
mun
ities
.
Fund
er o
f the
infra
stru
ctur
e
Diffe
rent
rese
arch
de
partm
ents
aro
und
Euro
pe
and
the
wor
ld m
ake
use
of
this
infra
stru
ctur
e. I
assu
me
firm
s ar
e in
volv
ed in
bu
ildin
g th
is in
frast
ruct
ure.
A n
ot fo
r pro
fit c
ompa
ny m
anag
es
the
fund
s of
the
EC. I
t is
gove
rned
by
NRE
N (N
atio
nal R
esea
rch
and
Educ
atio
n Ne
twor
ks).
Dim
ensi
on 2
: In
frast
ruct
ure:
W
orld
-cla
ss re
sear
ch
infra
stru
ctur
es
61
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Rese
arch
for t
he
Bene
fit o
f SM
Es
(Cap
aciti
es)
The
aim
is to
stre
ngth
en th
e ‘in
nova
tion
capa
city
’ of s
mal
l and
med
ium
-siz
ed
ente
rpris
es (S
MEs
) in
Euro
pe a
nd th
eir
cont
ribut
ion
to th
e de
velo
pmen
t of n
ew
tech
nolo
gy b
ased
pro
duct
s an
d m
arke
ts.
The
prog
ram
me
will
hel
p th
em o
utso
urce
re
sear
ch, i
ncre
ase
thei
r res
earc
h ef
forts
, ext
end
thei
r net
wor
ks, b
ette
r ex
ploi
t res
earc
h re
sults
and
acq
uire
te
chno
logi
cal k
now
how
, brid
ging
the
gap
betw
een
rese
arch
and
inno
vatio
n.
The
prog
ram
me
supp
ort a
ims
at S
MEs
or
SME
asso
ciat
ions
in n
eed
of o
utso
urci
ng
rese
arch
to p
rovi
ders
of r
esea
rch
serv
ices
(‘RT
D pe
rform
ers’
) suc
h as
un
iver
sitie
s, re
sear
ch c
entre
s or
oth
er,
mor
e sp
ecia
lised
SM
Es. T
he p
rogr
amm
e al
so p
rovi
des
deve
lopi
ng a
nd c
oord
inat
ing
supp
ort t
o SM
Es a
t nat
iona
l lev
el a
nd
othe
r sup
port
mea
sure
s (s
tudi
es, e
tc.).
Fund
er/C
o-fu
nder
/ Man
ager
of t
he
proj
ect.
the
SMEs
and
oth
er
orga
nisa
tions
that
par
ticip
ate
to th
e pr
ojec
ts h
ave
to
co-f
und
SMEs
, Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
. Fu
nds
can
cove
r SM
Es, o
r SM
Es
Netw
orks
.
Dim
ensi
on 3
. Or
gani
satio
ns:
Exce
llent
rese
arch
in
stitu
tions
; Di
men
sion
4 Fu
ndin
g: W
ell-
coor
dina
ted
rese
arch
pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd
prio
ritie
s; D
imen
sion
5
Know
ledg
e ci
rcul
atio
n: E
ffect
ive
know
ledg
e sh
arin
g
62
Ann
ex II
. Mai
n st
akeh
olde
rs in
volv
ed in
a s
elec
ted
num
ber
of E
RA
inst
rum
ents
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Com
petit
iven
ess
and
Inno
vatio
n Fr
amew
ork
Prog
ram
me
The
EIP,
one
of th
e sp
ecifi
c pr
ogra
mm
es
unde
r the
CIP,
see
ks to
sup
port
inno
vatio
n an
d sm
all a
nd m
ediu
m e
nter
pris
es
(SM
Es) i
n th
e EU
, foc
usin
g on
(1) A
cces
s to
fina
nce
(2) B
usin
ess
Serv
ices
(3)
Supp
ort f
or im
prov
ing
inno
vatio
n po
licy
(4) P
ilot a
nd m
arke
t tes
ting
for i
nnov
ativ
e pr
oduc
ts/p
roce
sses
/ser
vice
s (5
) Sup
port
for i
nnov
atio
n an
d SM
E po
licy-
mak
ing
thou
gh c
ontra
cts
and
gran
ts, a
naly
tical
w
ork
and
awar
enes
s ra
isin
g ac
tiviti
es
Fund
er/C
o-fu
nder
/ Man
ager
of t
he p
roje
ct.
Bank
s, g
uara
ntee
, m
icro
finan
ce p
rovi
ders
, pr
ivat
e eq
uity
and
ven
ture
ca
pita
l fun
ds th
roug
h th
e EI
F
Mos
t fun
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces
are
addr
esse
d to
SM
Es.
It de
pend
s on
the
type
of a
ctio
ns.
For s
uppo
rt to
rese
arch
the
mec
hani
sm is
nor
mal
ly th
at o
f an
ope
n co
mpe
titio
n. H
owev
er,
a no
tabl
e in
itiat
ive
is th
at o
f the
En
terp
rise
Euro
pe N
etw
ork
in w
hich
a
varie
ty o
f org
anis
atio
ns (c
ham
bers
of
com
mer
ce a
nd in
dust
ry,
tech
nolo
gy c
entre
s, re
sear
ch
inst
itute
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t ag
enci
es) p
rovi
de fr
ee s
ervi
ces
to
SMEs
bus
ines
s de
velo
pmen
t.
63
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
EIT
(Eur
opea
n In
stitu
te
of T
echn
olog
y)
The
EIT
is a
bod
y of
the
Euro
pean
Uni
on
esta
blis
hed
in M
arch
200
8. It
s m
issi
on is
to
gro
w a
nd c
apita
lise
on th
e in
nova
tion
capa
city
and
cap
abili
ty o
f act
ors
from
hi
gher
edu
catio
n, re
sear
ch, b
usin
ess
and
entre
pren
eurs
hip
from
the
EU a
nd b
eyon
d th
roug
h th
e cr
eatio
n of
hig
hly
inte
grat
ed
Know
ledg
e an
d In
nova
tion
Com
mun
ities
(K
ICs)
.
The
EIT
con
cept
was
pro
pose
d by
th
e EC
and
its
visi
on a
nd a
ppro
ach
wer
e fir
st s
ubm
itted
in a
Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
on C
omm
unic
atio
n in
Fe
brua
ry 2
006
Wid
e pu
blic
con
sulta
tion
taki
ng in
to
acco
unt m
ore
than
700
con
tribu
tions
by
expe
rts a
nd th
e ge
nera
l pub
lic
EU
budg
et (p
rovi
de th
e su
ppor
t stru
ctur
e an
d th
e co
nditi
ons
nece
ssar
y fo
r in
tegr
ated
kno
wle
dge
trans
fer a
nd n
etw
orki
ng).E
IT
annu
al g
rant
will
be
allo
cate
d on
a c
ompe
titiv
e ba
sis
and
may
not
exc
eed
25 %
of t
he
KICs
’ glo
bal e
xpen
ditu
re In
ad
ditio
n to
pub
lic fu
ndin
g vi
a th
e EU
bud
get,
the
EIT
aim
s to
attr
act s
igni
fican
t priv
ate
sect
or fu
nds
for i
ts a
ctiv
ities
(E
IT F
ound
atio
n ).
Kno
wle
dge
and
Inno
vatio
n Co
mm
uniti
es
(KIC
s). T
hey
incl
ude
busi
ness
es (i
nclu
ding
SM
Es);
entre
pren
eurs
; re
sear
ch a
nd te
chno
logy
or
gani
satio
ns; h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion
inst
itutio
ns;
inve
stm
ent c
omm
uniti
es
(priv
ate
inve
stor
s an
d ve
ntur
e ca
pita
l); re
sear
ch
fund
ers,
incl
udin
g ch
ariti
es
and
foun
datio
ns; l
ocal
, re
gion
al a
nd n
atio
nal
gove
rnm
ents
. The
EIT
gr
ant t
o th
e KI
C w
ill a
ct a
s le
vera
ge. K
ICs
will
dra
w o
n a
varie
ty o
f sou
rces
in o
rder
to
ens
ure
a so
und
finan
cial
ba
se (N
atio
nal/R
egio
nal
fund
ing
– e.
g. g
rant
s fro
m N
atio
nal e
duca
tiona
l or
rese
arch
cou
ncils
Co
mm
unity
(non
-EIT
) fu
ndin
g -
e.g.
FP7
rese
arch
gr
ant o
r stru
ctur
al fu
ndin
g;
Priv
ate
fund
ing
– e.
g. g
rant
fro
m a
priv
ate
foun
datio
n or
con
tribu
tion
from
priv
ate
busi
ness
. ; T
he p
artic
ipan
t’s
own
reso
urce
s -
e.g.
cas
h fro
m th
e pa
rtici
pant
’s
own
treas
ury
or in
-kin
d co
ntrib
utio
ns s
uch
as th
e us
e of
bui
ldin
gs (t
each
ing
faci
litie
s, la
bora
torie
s,
offic
es) o
r sta
ff th
at th
e pa
rtner
s pl
ace
at th
e di
spos
al o
f the
KIC
with
out
char
ge).
EIT
has
a fu
lly in
depe
nden
t go
vern
ing
body
: pre
stig
ious
pr
ofes
sion
als
from
bus
ines
s an
d ac
adem
ic b
ackg
roun
ds. T
he K
ICs
are
an in
depe
nden
t but
ope
ratio
nal
part
of th
e EI
T (T
hey
have
gre
at
degr
ee o
f aut
onom
y to
the
KICs
to
defi
ne th
eir o
wn
lega
l sta
tus,
in
tern
al o
rgan
isat
ion
and
wor
king
m
etho
ds)
Dim
ensi
on: 1
: Pe
ople
; Dim
ensi
on
3: O
rgan
isat
ions
: Ex
celle
nt re
sear
ch
inst
itutio
ns;
Dim
ensi
on 4
: Fu
ndin
g W
ell-
coor
dina
ted
rese
arch
pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd
prio
ritie
s
64
Ann
ex II
. Mai
n st
akeh
olde
rs in
volv
ed in
a s
elec
ted
num
ber
of E
RA
inst
rum
ents
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Artic
le 1
85 (e
x 16
9)
Supp
ort t
he in
tegr
atio
n of
nat
iona
l re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
that
goe
s be
yond
co
ordi
natio
n, a
nd to
ach
ieve
crit
ical
m
ass.
Impl
emen
ting
Artic
le 1
85 T
FEU
in th
e Se
vent
h Fr
amew
ork
Prog
ram
me
impl
ies
that
the
parti
cipa
ting
EU M
embe
r St
ates
inte
grat
e th
eir r
esea
rch
effo
rts b
y de
finin
g an
d co
mm
ittin
g th
emse
lves
to a
jo
int r
esea
rch
prog
ram
me,
in w
hich
the
EU p
rom
otes
the
volu
ntar
y in
tegr
atio
n of
sci
entifi
c, m
anag
eria
l and
fina
ncia
l as
pect
s.
Art.
185
enab
les
the
Com
mun
ity
to p
artic
ipat
e in
new
join
t res
earc
h pr
ogra
mm
es u
nder
take
n by
sev
eral
m
embe
r sta
tes,
as
wel
l as
to p
artic
ipat
e in
the
dedi
cate
d im
plem
enta
tion
stru
ctur
es
Co-
fund
ing
by th
e M
embe
r St
ates
and
the
Com
mun
ity,
and
prin
cipl
e of
add
ition
ality
ar
e re
spec
ted
Par
ticip
ants
: Mem
ber
Stat
es (t
hrou
gh re
spec
tive
natio
nal R
&D p
rogr
amm
es).
Othe
r cou
ntrie
s, in
pa
rticu
lar F
P7 A
ssoc
iate
d Co
untri
es, m
ay jo
in th
e jo
int
prog
ram
mes
. Ben
efici
ary
of c
alls
: res
earc
h or
gani
satio
ns, b
usin
ess
sect
or, e
tc. (
depe
nds
on
the
calls
)
The
reci
pien
t of t
he E
U fu
ndin
g in
ea
ch A
rticl
e 18
5 TF
EU (e
x Ar
ticle
16
9 TE
C) in
itiat
ive
is a
Ded
icat
ed
Impl
emen
tatio
n St
ruct
ure
(DIS
). Th
e DI
S is
resp
onsi
ble
for t
he
adm
inis
trativ
e, fi
nanc
ial a
nd
cont
ract
ual m
anag
emen
t of t
he jo
int
rese
arch
pro
gram
me
Dim
ensi
on 4
: Fu
ndin
g W
ell-
coor
dina
ted
rese
arch
pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd
prio
ritie
s
65
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Join
t Tec
hnol
ogy
Initi
ativ
es (J
TIs)
JTIs
are
a m
echa
nism
for p
erfo
rmin
g re
sear
ch a
t EU
leve
l in
area
s w
here
the
tradi
tiona
l ins
trum
ents
of t
he F
ram
ewor
k Pr
ogra
mm
e (e
.g. c
olla
bora
tive
rese
arch
) ar
e no
t ade
quat
e. J
TIs
supp
ort l
arge
-sca
le
mul
tinat
iona
l res
earc
h ac
tiviti
es in
are
as
of m
ajor
inte
rest
to E
urop
ean
indu
stria
l co
mpe
titiv
enes
s an
d is
sues
of h
igh
soci
etal
rele
vanc
e.
The
Com
mis
sion
(and
the
Mem
ber
Stat
es in
thos
e ca
ses
whe
re th
ey a
re
part
of th
e Jo
int U
nder
taki
ngs)
ann
ually
co
mm
its fu
nds
from
the
rese
arch
bu
dget
. Ind
ustr
y co
mm
its m
atch
ing
in-
kind
(i.e
. non
-mon
etar
y) c
ontri
butio
ns
and
fund
s, a
mou
ntin
g to
50%
or
mor
e of
the
tota
l cos
ts o
f the
pro
ject
s un
derta
ken
to c
arry
out
the
rese
arch
.
The
Com
mis
sion
(and
the
Mem
ber S
tate
s in
thos
e ca
ses
whe
re th
ey a
re p
art
of th
e Jo
int U
nder
taki
ngs)
an
nual
ly c
omm
its fu
nds
from
the
rese
arch
bud
get.
Indu
stry
com
mits
mat
chin
g in
-kin
d (i.
e. n
on-m
onet
ary)
co
ntrib
utio
ns a
nd fu
nds,
am
ount
ing
to 5
0% o
r mor
e of
th
e to
tal c
osts
of t
he p
roje
cts
unde
rtake
n to
car
ry o
ut th
e re
sear
ch.
Who
is p
art o
f a J
TI?
T ypi
cally
the
Euro
pean
Co
mm
issi
on a
nd a
not
-fo
r-pr
ofit i
ndus
try-
led
asso
ciat
ion.
In th
e so
me
case
s, s
ome
Mem
ber
Stat
es a
re a
lso
foun
ding
m
embe
rs o
f the
se J
oint
Un
derta
king
s. S
MEs
, re
sear
ch o
rgan
isat
ions
(in
clud
ing
univ
ersi
ties)
an
d co
rpor
ate
mem
bers
ar
e al
l wel
com
e to
join
the
indu
stria
l ass
ocia
tion.
Cal
ls
for p
ropo
sals
: aca
dem
ia,
busi
ness
sec
tor (
larg
e an
d SM
Es),
prof
essi
onal
as
soci
atio
ns, r
egul
ator
y bo
dies
, pro
gram
me
man
ager
s an
d ow
ners
, in
terg
over
nmen
tal
orga
nisa
tions
, non
-for
pr
ofit o
rgan
isat
ions
. Or
gani
satio
ns in
cou
ntrie
s as
soci
ated
to th
e Se
vent
h Fr
amew
ork
Prog
ram
me
are
also
elig
ible
to a
pply
fo
r fun
ding
. App
licat
ions
fro
m o
rgan
isat
ions
bas
ed
in o
ther
cou
ntrie
s ar
e as
sess
ed o
n a
case
-by-
case
bas
is.
JTIs
are
long
-ter
m P
ublic
-Priv
ate
Partn
ersh
ips
and
are
man
aged
w
ithin
ded
icat
ed s
truct
ures
bas
ed
on A
rticl
e 18
7 TF
EU (e
x Ar
ticle
171
TE
C). T
hey
are
inde
pend
ent l
egal
en
titie
s th
at m
anag
e re
sear
ch
proj
ects
in a
n in
tegr
ated
way
, w
ith in
dust
ry jo
inin
g fo
rces
with
ot
her s
take
hold
ers.
hey
org
anis
e ca
lls fo
r pro
posa
ls, o
vers
ee
sele
ctio
n pr
oced
ures
and
put
in
plac
e co
ntra
ctua
l arr
ange
men
ts
for p
roje
cts
set u
p to
impl
emen
t th
e JT
I res
earc
h ag
enda
. The
y th
us a
llow
fund
s fro
m d
iffer
ent
sour
ces
to b
e jo
intly
man
aged
an
d th
ey a
re re
spon
sibl
e fo
r th
e re
late
d co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d di
ssem
inat
ion
activ
ities
. Eac
h JT
I in
clud
es a
Gov
erni
ng B
oard
, an
Exec
utiv
e Di
rect
or a
s w
ell a
s ot
her
bodi
es, i
nclu
ding
adv
isor
y bo
dies
, de
pend
ing
on it
s sp
ecifi
c op
erat
iona
l an
d go
vern
ance
nee
ds.
Dim
ensi
on
3. R
esea
rch
orga
nisa
tions
an
d Di
men
sion
4.
Fun
ding
Wel
l-co
ordi
nate
d re
sear
ch
prog
ram
mes
and
pr
iorit
ies
66
Ann
ex II
. Mai
n st
akeh
olde
rs in
volv
ed in
a s
elec
ted
num
ber
of E
RA
inst
rum
ents
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Join
t Pro
gram
min
g In
itiat
ives
(JPI
s)
To p
ool n
atio
nal r
esea
rch
effo
rts in
or
der t
o m
ake
bette
r use
of E
urop
e’s
prec
ious
pub
lic R
&D re
sour
ces
and
to
tack
le c
omm
on E
urop
ean
chal
leng
es
mor
e ef
fect
ivel
y in
a fe
w k
ey a
reas
. It
follo
ws
a st
ruct
ured
stra
tegi
c pr
oces
s w
here
by M
embe
r Sta
tes
agre
e co
mm
on
visi
ons
and
stra
tegi
c re
sear
ch a
gend
as to
ad
dres
s m
ajor
soc
ieta
l cha
lleng
es.
The
Com
mis
sion
mad
e pr
opos
als
to
laun
ch J
oint
Pro
gram
min
g in
rese
arch
in
Jul
y 20
08 in
a C
omm
unic
atio
n en
title
d To
war
ds J
oint
Pro
gram
min
g in
Re
sear
ch: W
orki
ng to
geth
er to
tack
le
com
mon
cha
lleng
es m
ore
effe
ctiv
ely.
The
Com
mis
sion
reco
mm
ends
a li
mite
d nu
mbe
r of a
reas
in w
hich
to im
plem
ent
Join
t Pro
gram
min
g. T
he C
omm
issi
on
faci
litat
es th
e id
entifi
catio
n pr
oces
s an
d, if
they
so
wis
h su
ppor
t Mem
ber
Stat
es fo
r Joi
nt P
rogr
amm
ing
as
nece
ssar
y.
Thes
e pr
opos
als
mad
e by
the
EC w
ere
base
d no
tabl
y on
the
resu
lts o
f the
pub
lic
cons
ulta
tion
follo
win
g th
e Co
mm
issi
on
Gree
n Pa
per o
f Apr
il 20
07
Mem
ber S
tate
s pa
rtici
patin
g an
d EC
(Fin
anci
ng s
uppo
rt ac
tions
to th
eir m
anag
emen
t)
Parti
cipa
tion
of M
embe
r St
ates
in e
ach
initi
ativ
e “à
la c
arte
”, b
ased
on
volu
ntar
y co
mm
itmen
ts
lead
ing
to p
artn
ersh
ips
com
pose
d of
var
iabl
e gr
oups
of c
ount
ries
High
Lev
el G
roup
for J
oint
Pr
ogra
mm
ing
(GPC
’s m
embe
rs a
re
seni
or o
ffici
als
from
Mem
ber S
tate
s an
d th
e Co
mm
issi
on. C
ount
ries
asso
ciat
ed to
the
Fram
ewor
k Pr
ogra
mm
e m
ay p
artic
ipat
e in
th
e gr
oup.
The
GPC
is c
haire
d by
a m
embe
r rep
rese
ntin
g th
e Pr
esid
ency
-in-o
ffice
). Ea
ch J
PI is
ty
pica
lly m
anag
ed b
y M
anag
emen
t Bo
ard,
Exe
cutiv
e Bo
ard,
Sci
entifi
c Ad
viso
ry B
oard
and
a S
ecre
taria
t
Dim
ensi
on 4
. Fu
ndin
g W
ell-
coor
dina
ted
rese
arch
pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd
prio
ritie
s
67
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Inte
rnat
iona
l Co
oper
atio
n (C
apac
ities
)
Link
ERA
to o
ther
rese
arch
are
as in
the
wor
ld;
Coor
dina
te S
&T p
olic
ies
and
coop
erat
ion
incl
udin
g pr
iorit
y se
tting
Desi
gn a
nd fu
nd th
e in
stru
men
t; pa
rtici
pate
in a
nd u
se th
e po
licy
dial
ogue
; fol
low
-up
on
E
urop
ean
Com
mis
sion
(via
th
e Fr
amew
ork
Prog
ram
me)
Bene
ficia
ries
rece
ivin
g th
e gr
ant:
typi
cally
con
sorti
a of
Min
istri
es, f
undi
ng
agen
cies
, age
ncie
s su
ppor
ting
the
Min
istri
es in
ex
tern
al s
cien
ce p
olic
ies,
NC
P bo
dies
; Ta
rget
gro
up (t
arge
ted
by
the
INCO
-Net
s):
Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
on;
Euro
pean
Mem
ber S
tate
s (m
ostly
sci
ence
min
istri
es);
Partn
er re
gion
cou
ntrie
s
(sci
ence
min
istri
es);
Thro
ugh
mor
e co
ordi
natio
n an
d a
bette
r fun
ding
su
ppor
t,
bene
ficia
ries
are
ultim
atel
y:
prog
ram
me
owne
rs a
nd
man
ager
s;
scie
ntis
ts/u
nive
rsiti
es/
RTOs
/SM
Es
The
Euro
pean
Com
mis
sion
fund
s IN
CO-N
ets
as C
oord
inat
ion
and
Supp
ort A
ctio
ns w
ithin
FP7
; The
pr
ojec
ts th
emse
lves
are
coo
rdin
ated
by
Mem
ber S
tate
Min
istri
es
or a
genc
ies
with
a m
anda
te
to re
pres
ent t
he M
inis
try
and
impl
emen
t/sup
port
natio
nal s
cien
ce
polic
y.
Dim
ensi
on 5
. In
tern
atio
nal
Coop
erat
ion:
A
wid
e op
enin
g of
the
ERA
to th
e w
orld
; Di
men
sion
4. W
ell
coor
dina
ted
rese
arch
pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd
prio
ritie
s; D
imen
sion
1.
Peo
ple:
An
adeq
uate
flow
of
com
pete
nt
rese
arch
ers
68
Ann
ex II
. Mai
n st
akeh
olde
rs in
volv
ed in
a s
elec
ted
num
ber
of E
RA
inst
rum
ents
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Euro
pean
Reg
iona
l De
velo
pmen
t Fun
d (E
RDF)
The
ERDF
aim
s to
stre
ngth
en e
cono
mic
an
d so
cial
coh
esio
n in
the
Euro
pean
Un
ion
by c
orre
ctin
g im
bala
nces
bet
wee
n its
regi
ons.
It fi
nanc
es: d
irect
aid
to
inve
stm
ents
in c
ompa
nies
(in
parti
cula
r SM
Es) t
o cr
eate
sus
tain
able
jobs
; in
frast
ruct
ures
link
ed n
otab
ly to
rese
arch
an
d in
nova
tion,
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
, en
viro
nmen
t, en
ergy
and
tran
spor
t; fin
anci
al in
stru
men
ts (c
apita
l ris
k fu
nds,
lo
cal d
evel
opm
ent f
unds
, etc
.) to
sup
port
regi
onal
and
loca
l dev
elop
men
t and
to
fost
er c
oope
ratio
n be
twee
n to
wns
an
d re
gion
s; te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e m
easu
res.
The
ERD
F ca
n in
terv
ene
in
the
thre
e ob
ject
ives
of r
egio
nal p
olic
y:
conv
erge
nce,
regi
onal
com
petit
iven
ess
and
empl
oym
ent;
and
Euro
pean
terr
itoria
l co
oper
atio
n
Co-f
unde
r. Co
hesi
on p
olic
y do
es n
ot
fund
indi
vidu
al p
roje
cts.
Inst
ead,
it
fund
s m
ulti-
annu
al n
atio
nal
prog
ram
mes
alig
ned
on E
U ob
ject
ives
an
d pr
iorit
ies.
The
Com
mis
sion
pay
s th
e ce
rtifie
d ex
pend
iture
to e
ach
coun
try.
The
Com
mis
sion
mon
itors
eac
h op
erat
iona
l pro
gram
me,
alo
ngsi
de th
e co
untr
y co
ncer
ned.
Com
pani
es, S
MEs
, reg
iona
l an
d lo
cal o
rgan
isat
ions
and
au
thor
ities
from
Mem
ber
Stat
es, s
ocia
l par
tner
s an
d or
gani
satio
ns fr
om c
ivil
soci
ety
(this
fund
is h
eavi
ly
conc
entra
ted
in th
e re
gion
s w
ith lo
wes
t GDP
/hea
d).
Prin
cipl
es o
f sha
red
man
agem
ent.
Regi
onal
pol
icy
invo
lves
all
leve
ls o
f sc
ale
from
EU
to lo
cal.
Each
cou
ntry
pr
oduc
es a
nat
iona
l stra
tegi
c re
fere
nce
fram
ewor
k (N
SRF)
, whi
ch
outli
nes
the
coun
try’
s st
rate
gy
and
prop
oses
a li
st o
f ope
ratio
nal
prog
ram
mes
(OP)
. The
Com
mis
sion
va
lidat
es th
e NS
RF a
nd th
e OP
s.
The
oper
atio
nal p
rogr
amm
es a
re
impl
emen
ted
by th
e m
embe
r co
untri
es a
nd th
eir r
egio
ns. T
his
wor
k is
org
anis
ed b
y ‘m
anag
emen
t au
thor
ities
’ in
each
cou
ntry
and
/or
regi
on
All
dim
ensi
ons(
cohe
sion
po
licy)
69
ERA
Fab
ric M
ap -
Firs
t Edi
tion
Stak
ehol
ders
Nam
e of
the
Inst
rum
ent
Obje
ctiv
eRo
le o
f Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
onCo
nsul
tatio
n pr
oces
s (if
any
)Fu
nder
sBe
nefic
iary
Gove
rnan
ceER
A di
men
sion
Euro
pean
Soc
ial F
und
(ESF
)
The
ESF
sets
out
to im
prov
e em
ploy
men
t an
d jo
b op
portu
nitie
s in
the
Euro
pean
Un
ion.
It in
terv
enes
in th
e fra
mew
ork
of th
e Co
nver
genc
e an
d Re
gion
al
Com
petit
iven
ess
and
Empl
oym
ent
obje
ctiv
es. T
he E
SF s
uppo
rts a
ctio
ns in
M
embe
r Sta
tes
in th
e fo
llow
ing
area
s:
adap
ting
wor
kers
and
ent
erpr
ises
: lif
elon
g le
arni
ng s
chem
es, d
esig
ning
an
d sp
read
ing
inno
vativ
e w
orki
ng
orga
nisa
tions
; acc
ess
to e
mpl
oym
ent f
or
job
seek
ers,
the
unem
ploy
ed, w
omen
an
d m
igra
nts;
soc
ial i
nteg
ratio
n of
di
sadv
anta
ged
peop
le a
nd c
omba
ting
disc
rimin
atio
n in
the
job
mar
ket
stre
ngth
enin
g hu
man
cap
ital b
y re
form
ing
educ
atio
n sy
stem
s an
d se
tting
up
a ne
twor
k of
teac
hing
est
ablis
hmen
ts.
Co-f
unde
r
EU fi
nanc
ial s
uppo
rt al
way
s ru
ns a
long
side
nat
iona
l pu
blic
or p
rivat
e fin
anci
ng
(co-
fund
ing)
. The
leve
l of E
U in
terv
entio
n is
link
ed w
ith
the
situ
atio
n on
the
grou
nd.
Depe
ndin
g on
a n
umbe
r of
soc
io-e
cono
mic
fact
ors,
th
e co
-fina
ncin
g m
ay v
ary
betw
een
50%
and
85%
of t
he
tota
l cos
t of i
nter
vent
ions
.
Parti
cipa
nts
in E
SF p
roje
cts
are
peop
le w
ho ta
ke p
art
in p
roje
cts
and
bene
fit
from
them
, for
exa
mpl
e by
re
ceiv
ing
train
ing
in n
ew
skill
s or
gui
danc
e on
how
to
get
a jo
b. O
rgan
isat
ions
an
d bu
sine
sses
can
als
o be
pa
rtici
pant
s in
ESF
pro
ject
s,
for e
xam
ple
thro
ugh
train
ing
cour
ses
on n
ew
skill
s fo
r the
ir w
orkf
orce
, or
hel
p fo
r man
agem
ent
on n
ew w
orki
ng p
ract
ices
. Pu
blic
adm
inis
tratio
ns,
NGOs
and
soc
ial p
artn
ers
activ
e in
the
field
of
empl
oym
ent a
nd s
ocia
l in
clus
ion.
Prin
cipl
es o
f sha
red
man
agem
ent.
Regi
onal
pol
icy
invo
lves
all
leve
ls o
f sc
ale
from
EU
to lo
cal.
Each
cou
ntry
pr
oduc
es a
nat
iona
l stra
tegi
c re
fere
nce
fram
ewor
k (N
SRF)
, whi
ch
outli
nes
the
coun
try’
s st
rate
gy
and
prop
oses
a li
st o
f ope
ratio
nal
prog
ram
mes
(OP)
. The
Com
mis
sion
va
lidat
es th
e NS
RF a
nd th
e OP
s.
The
oper
atio
nal p
rogr
amm
es a
re
impl
emen
ted
by th
e m
embe
r co
untri
es a
nd th
eir r
egio
ns. T
his
wor
k is
org
anis
ed b
y ‘m
anag
emen
t au
thor
ities
’ in
each
cou
ntry
and
/or
regi
on