research and data management for this project was

1

Research and data management for this project was conducted

through DesignConnect at Cornell University. The team

working on this project included: Inna Kitaychik, Vidhee Garg,

Lucy Foma, and Marjaneh Mottaghi.

2

Table of Contents

Introduction 3

Background 3

Research Question 5

Methods 5

Data/Sources 5

Data Preparation/Management 6

Limitations 6

Analysis: Water Contamination 9

Water Contamination Maps per Chemical

1,1 – Dichloroethane, Cis -1,2 – Dichloroethene, Trans-1,2– Dichlorethene, Tetrachloroethylene 10

1,1,1 – Trichloroethane, Trichloroethene, Vinyl chloride, Carbon Tetrachloride 12

Water Contamination Maps per Chemical using Graduated Symbols

1,1 – Dichloroethane, Cis -1,2 – Dichloroethene, Trans-1,2-Dichlorethene, Tetrachloroethylene 11

1,1,1 – Trichloroethane, Trichloroethene, Vinyl chloride, Carbon Tetrachloride 13

Analysis: Water Cross Contamination, Watershed/Elevation, Sewer Mains 14

Water Cross Contamination Map 15

Watershed/Elevation Map 16

Cross Contamination- Elevation QQ plots 17

Sewer Mains Map 18

Analysis: Soil Vapor/Air Contamination, Soil Vapor/ Air Cross Contamination 19

Contamination Maps per Contaminant

1_1_1 Trichloroethane Soil Vapor/ Air Contamination Maps 20

Trichloroethene Soil Vapor/ Air Contamination Maps 21

Tetrachloroethylene Soil Vapor/ Air Contamination Maps 22

Soil Vapor/ Air Cross Contamination Map 23

Analysis: Affected Populations/Schools 24

Population Map 25

Population of Children Map 26

Schools and Water Cross Contamination Map 27

Schools and Water Contamination over Threshold Map 28

Schools and Soil Vapor/Air Cross Contamination Map 29

Schools and Soil Vapor/Air Contamination over Threshold Map 30

Conclusion 31

Implications/Recommendations 31

Further Research 31

References 32

3

Introduction

Contamination on South Hill has been a source of concern for its residents since 1987 when

TCE, a known carcinogen, was first discovered on the Emerson site. Testing was done by the

Department of Environmental Conservation. Remediation efforts began in 1991 in order to begin

to remove contamination from the ground and bedrock. In 2004, it was discovered that despite

remediation efforts, TCE was still present in large quantities at the Emerson Site. The issue of

continued contamination featured in the New York State Assembly Committee on Environment

Conservation hearing report (2005/2006) and analysis was done in a ground water hydrology

class at Cornell in 2006.

Members of the Ithaca Community Advisory Group took it upon themselves to collect the

reports issued by DEC to individual households in South Hill to compile them into a

comprehensive report. This data ranges from 2004 to 2008. Once collected this data was

presented and is still housed at Ithaca-ship.org. Despite remediation efforts, it is clear that

contamination is still present on South Hill, Ithaca.

Background

Contamination Source Sites

South Hill has a history of industrial activity. Starting in 1906 to present day, industry involving

chemical solvents continues to be present in Ithaca, and especially South Hill. Below are the

three main areas of industry and sources of contamination in South Hill, Ithaca: National Cash

Registry (NCR), Emerson Power Transmission Facility, and Therm.

4

The National Cash Registry Company bought the Morse Chain Company, a company which built

the first large factory in Ithaca in 1906, after it had merged with Allen-Wales. In 1957, a new

plant was constructed on South Hill. This plant was taken over by Axiohm and was closed

around 2000.1 It is now known as the South Hill business campus.

The Emerson Power Transmission Facility originated as an industrial production facility for the

Borg-Warner Corporation. It switched owners in 1929 when Emerson purchased the facility.2 It

is currently an active manufacturer of steel roller chain.

Therm established a new facility in 1935 and is still active. Therm creates turbine components to

all major Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and specializes in the production of LP and

HP blades and vanes for aerospace and industrial gas turbines.3

Contaminants

Although many chemicals were analyzed at the testing sites, the following chemicals are

considered to be the most dangerous and were therefore chosen by the Ithaca Community

Advisory Board to be studied as part of the Design Connect Contamination Map Project.

Contaminant Type Carcinogen

1,1 – Dichloroethane

Industrial solvent, Volatile

organic compound

No

Cis -1,2 – Dichloroethene


organic compound

No

Trans-1,2 – Dichlorethene


organic compound

Not available

Tetrachloroethylene


organic compound

Yes

1,1,1 – Trichloroethane


organic compound

No

Trichloroethene (TCE)


organic compound

Yes

Vinyl chloride


organic compound Yes

Carbon Tetrachloride


organic compound

Yes

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov

1 Ithaca-ship.org/history.htm

2 Ithaca-ship.org/history.htm

3 Therm.com

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/

http://www.ithaca-ship.org/history.htm


5

Prior Research

Research exists pointing to the idea that contaminants travel through sewer lines and other

manmade infrastructure such as pipes and wells, and through geological features such as

fractures and bedding planes (Ithaca-ship.org).

Research Question

This report seeks to answer the following questions:

How contaminants can potentially be traveling:

o Do they travel through sewer lines?

o Do they travel as a result of downhill runoff?

What are some of the potentially effected populations:

o Are children at high risk in South Hill and surrounding area?

Methods

Data Sources

Data Source

Infrastructure shapefiles:

Tompkins Country parcels; buildings; roads; water

Geographic shapefiles:

DEMs

Cornell University CUGIR

Census block group shapefiles TIGER

Block Group Data for 2010 Tompkins Country

Census Tracts 1, 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13:

Population, Age (0-19 year)

United States 2010 Census- Summary

File 14

4 Group Quarters Population by Sex, Age, and Type of Group Quarters: 2010, 2010 Census Summary File 1

6

Contamination Points Roux Associates: Site Evaluation

Report5

EA Engineering P.C: Appendix G6

EA Engineering P.C: Supplemental VI

Summary Report7

Geologic: First Quarter 2011 Post

Remediation Monitoring8

WSP Environment & Energy:

Supplemental Pre-Design Investigation

Fire Water Reservoir9

WSP Environment & Energy:

Maintenance of Monitoring Report #410

Data Preparation/Management

The data was prepared in the following way:

1. Data Inputting:

a. Jpeg maps from each report which showed the locations of testing areas were

isolated

b. Images of South Hill maps were input into GIS and georeferenced the images

according to building contours or street intersections

c. New point shapefiles were created, (point and polyline) according to the

georeferenced maps:

i. Contamination testing sites

ii. Sewer Mains, where available

d. An attribute tables was created for all points to including: location, date tested,

identification as labeled on georeferenced map, units, and values of contamination

for each of the eight contaminants.

e. The data was then able to be queried out by units which delineated three kinds of

contaminated matter: water, soil vapor/air, and soil. The most data was available

for water.

f. Thresholds were located, when possible, for each contaminant. Points with values

above that threshold were queried out. (The threshold for water was converted

from PPM to Ug/L).

5 Site Evaluation Report. Table 1: CVOCs in manhole and soil vapor samples. Ithaca, New York: Roux Associates, 2008. 6 Appendix G: Supplemental Soil Vapor Investigation Summary Report- Addendum: Off-Site Former Axiohm Facility

(C75501A). Ithaca, New York: EA Engineering P.C. and Its Affiliates EA Science and Technology, May 2010. 7 Supplemental VI Summary Report: Off-Site Former Axiohm Facility (C755012A). Ithaca, New York: EA Engineering P.C. and

Its Affiliates EA Science and Technology, April 2011. 8 South Hill Business Campus, First Quarter 2011 Post Remediation Monitoring. New York: Geologic, NY, Inc., 2011. 9 Supplemental Pre-Design Investigation Fire Water Reservoir, Emerson Power Transmission Facility, Site. No. 7-55-010. Ithaca,

New York: WSP Environment & Energy, June 2011. 10

Maintenance of Monitering Report #4, Dual Phase Extraction System Operation July to December 2010, Emerson Power

Transmission, Site No. 7-55-010. Ithaca, New York: WSP Environment & Energy, August 2011.

7

2. Creation of elevation contours and watershed using Spatial Analyst Tools

a. DEMs of East and West Ithaca were imported. Flow direction and flow

accumulation were then created in GIS. Flow direction and a pour point were then

designated to create a watershed.

b. Contours were also created with the DEMs

3. Sewer Main service areas were created for the contamination points over threshold as

well as for Ithaca schools by using the roads shapefile and the Network Analysis tool.

4. Network analysis was conducted to determine the actual distance traveled by

contaminants through sewer mains

Limitations

CUGIR

Limitations in CUGIR data were most apparent in the DEMs of elevation downloaded for west

and east Ithaca. Although both DEMs are in the same projection, when merged, the files do not

align properly. Thereafter, the direction of flow does not match on both sides and as a result, the

flow accumulation only connects at one point along the borders, which makes analysis on

contamination of flow and creation of a true watershed difficult. This error in base data is

particularly unfortunate in this map since a number of contaminants appear to not fall within the

watershed.

In addition, there are no shapefiles or maps of sewer lines, as this information is not disseminated

to the public by the city of Ithaca (for reasons associated with terrorism). The information

available was limited to South Hill. Therefore, analysis was done based on the roads shapefile as

it most closely aligns with the sewer shapefiles. This is not 100% accurate but is fairly close

given the limitation of information.

ASTDR and DOH

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry has set standards thresholds in water for

7 of 8 of the contaminants. There are no standard threshold for 1,1 – Dichloroethane. The same

agency does not provide most of the thresholds for these contaminants in soil vapor/air.

Thresholds, in general, span a wide range of values depending on the state. The Department of

Health of New York State was deferred to for values for air/vapor thresholds where ASTDR did

not provide values. In total, five thresholds are missing.

8

The Threshold used for this report:

Contaminant Water Threshold Value

(ASTDR)


Soil Vapor/Air Threshold Value

http://ship.no-ip.org

1,1 –

Dichloroethane

No data No data

Cis -1,2 –

Dichloroethene

70 ug/L No data

Trans-1,2-

Dichlorethene

100 ug L No data

Tetrachloroethene 5 ug/L No data

1_1_1

Trichloroethane

200 ug/L 100 ug/cu.m (DOH)

Trichloroethene

(TCE)

5 ug/L 5 ug/cu.m (DOH)

Vinyl chloride 2 ug/L 77 ug/cu.m (ASTDR)

Carbon

tetrachloride

5 ug/L 271 ug/cu.m (ASTDR)

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov

Contamination Reports

Gaps in Data: Not all of the reports from the houses on south hill were collected since not

everyone was willing to disclose the contamination status of their homes.

Another limitation is small scope of testing, even within South Hill. The reports focused on

targeted areas which have histories of contaminations due to previously sited industrial facilities.

Therefore most of the data is clustered in two areas.. For example, there are no test sites north

west of the site. In addition, no studies have been done to determine a buffer of contained

contamination.

The data created for this analysis is limited due to the lack of time and people for data imputing.

Only the most recent available data was input, although data from previous years is available in

PDF form. Data from previous mitigations was not included in this data set. Therefore, analysis

cannot be conducted on changes in contamination over time.

Census Data

The smallest unit of measurement in the census is block groups. Therefore it is very difficult to

do any analysis on a neighborhood level unless parcel data is available. No parcel data was

available for population and age in Tompkins Country.

In addition, the data provided on the population of children may be flawed. According to the

2010 census data, there are very few children living in the census block groups surrounding


http://ship.no-ip.org/


9

South Hill. It is difficult to imagine that there are only 21 children living around South Hill out

of a population of 5124.

Census

Tract

Block Group

#

Total

Population

Population of

Children under 18

1 1 116 4

2 1 519 7

2 2 138 0

2 3 0 0

8 2 0 0

8 1 109 5

10 2 0 0

10 3 14 1

10 1 0 0

11 3 915 0

11 1 0 0

11 2 58 0

12 1 3255 4

13 1 0 0

13 4 0 0

13 5 0 0

13 2 0 0

13 3 0 0

Total:

5124 21

http://www.census.gov/

Water Contamination Maps, Point and Graduated Symbol

The contamination maps are shown to designate specific contamination sites. The contamination

maps with graduate symbols are additional maps which also show the level of contamination in

each site.

The data shows that water contamination is still present around the factories, most notably, the

Emerson Power Transmission Facility. Six of the eight contaminants are present in the water

beyond threshold. All of the contaminants are present in the water to some degree with one

exception. As points get further away from the Emerson the level of contamination significantly

decreases. There is no significant movement of contaminants north, away from the sites.


10

Observations on chemicals as demonstrated my maps on the following pages:

1,1 – Dichloroethane

There is no specified threshold for this contaminant. Contamination above zero is present.

Cis -1,2 – Dichloroethene

There are extremely high cases of Cis -1,2 – Dichloroethene contamination very well beyond

threshold levels at Emerson and NRC.

Trans-1,2 – Dichlorethene

There are cases of Trans-1,2-Dichlorethene contamination beyond threshold levels at Emerson.

Tetrachloroethylene

There is no contamination of Tetrachloroethylene at the NRC.

1,1,1–Trichloroethane

There is one point of 1,1,1–Trichloroethane water contamination over threshold. It is the point

furthest away from NRC. This could be due to the effectiveness of mitigation measures on site.

Trichloroethene (TCE)

TCE is extremely present in the water at both sites in quantities astronomically beyond threshold.

Vinyl chloride

Vinyl Chloride is extremely present in the water at both sites in quantities beyond threshold.

Carbon Tetrachloride

There is no water contamination of Carbon Tetrachloride on South Hill.

15

Water Cross Contamination

It is clear that the sources of most water contamination concentration are still closest to Emerson,

at the very end of South Cayuga Street. This is particularly concerning since this location has

proven to impact the indoor air in surrounding structures in previous tests conducted by the

NYSDOH and it is reasonable to believe that since contaminant levels are still high, the location

continues to affect its neighborhood.11

The remediation efforts in and around the National Cash Registry seem to be effective as

concentration around the site is significantly less than further west of the site. This is not an

indication that the contaminants on site are not beyond threshold, but simply that many

contaminants have been eradicated through remediation efforts. Half of the points are

contaminated by three to six contaminants.

Watershed Elevation Map Analysis

The Watershed map shows the direction of runoff. It shows how elevation is instrumental in

moving the contaminants. It is clear for both the dissemination of both soil vapor/ air and water

contaminants that they are traveling downhill from the contamination source sites.

That there is a point with six contaminants further away from NCR, as seen in the Cross

Contamination in Water Map, potentially supports that runoff is carrying contaminants in the

water downhill.

This is supported by the QQplots on page 17 which show the relationship between elevation and

number of contaminants. The contaminants are concentrated at the contamination sources and

then exist in smaller concentrations as the elevation decreases.

Sewer Map Analysis

That sewer mains are a means for transporting contaminants was a conclusion stipulated in the

Roux Report of the Emerson Site (Roux Associates, 48). This map shows how contamination,

specifically TCE, travels along the sewer lines. TCE contamination can be seen along the sewer

main in the area between Emerson and NRC. Since this location is not downhill from the

contaminated NRC or Emerson site, it can be logically concluded that it reached its destination

through the sewer main originating at the Therm site.

11

http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8669.html


18

Water Cross Contamination and Elevation QQPlot

Soil Vapor/ Air Cross Contamination and Elevation QQPlot

Emerson

NRC

Emerson

Therm

20

Analysis: Soil Vapor/ Air Contamination

1,1,1 Trichloroethane Soil Vapor/ Air Contamination Maps

There is no 1,1,1 Trichloroethane contamination above threshold; although levels of

contamination are approaching the threshold in soil vapor and sub slab air at both the NRC and

Therm sites. It is also clear that the contaminant is moving along the sewer lines as it is present

in smaller amount in the adjoining neighborhood and along the road served by the sewer mains.

It is clear that once 1,1,1 Trichloroethane reaches open air it volatilizes and disburses since it was

not detected in outdoor air measurements.

Trichloroethene (TCE) Soil Vapor/ Air Contamination Maps

Trichloroethene (TCE) is extremely present soil vapor at the Therm site and along the sewer

main in the area between NRC and Emerson. It is also extremely present in the South Hill

neighborhood north of the Therm site in the sub slab air. There are some small amounts of TCE

in the basement air in the South Hill neighborhood and almost no TCE in outdoor air with one

exception close to the Therm site.

Once TCE hits outdoor air, it also seems to volatilize.

Tetrachloroethylene Soil Vapor/ Air Contamination Maps

Tetrachloroethylene is present is extremely high quantities in soil vapor in the South Hill

neighborhood as well as in quantities below threshold in the sub slab air in the same area. As this

contaminant is a carcinogen the presence of this contamination in such large quantities in a

residential neighborhood is particularly concerning.

Once Tetrachloroethylene hits outdoor air, it also seems to volatilize except at one point as can

be seen in the Outdoor Air map on page 22. The contamination could potentially have traveled

downhill through the sewer main.

*There was no indoor air contamination for the NRC site (Geologic, Summary Table 4)

Soil Vapor/ Air Cross Contamination

From the Cross Contamination Vapor/Air map it seems that contamination follows an erratic

pattern. For example, there a point with 6 contaminants right next to a point with 1-2

contaminants. However, according to the elevation and soil cross contamination QQ plot,

elevation and number of contaminants seems to be related, with higher number of contaminants

at higher elevation. This shows that contamination is disseminating downhill and that

concentrations downhill are lower than those at the source. The Kriging map of South Hill

supports this by showing that areas in low elevation have less contamination than those in higher

areas.

25

Affected Populations/ Areas

Population in general

The Population map on page 25 is meant to give insight to the number of people affected by the

South Hill contamination. A 1000ft., 2000ft. and 3000ft. service area was created based on sewer

mains merged with the roads shapefile since sewer mains usually closely follow roads since no

sewer main information existed for the entire city of Ithaca. Population was downloaded for

census block groups and then these groups were clipped to each service area. The areas

designated by a star are more representative of population since these census blocks were

considerably small and fit within the 3000 ft. service area zone. Therefore, approximately a

population of 210-300 is directly affected by the contamination.12

Children

According to census data, there are less than 10 children living in the census tracts surrounding

South Hill and practically none in the 1000 ft. service area of the contamination. This may or

may not be true based on possible inaccuracies in census data. However, to better gage whether

the contamination would affect children, a service area of the schools near South Hill served by

sewer mains/roads was conducted.

Schools

The Distance from Schools to Water Cross Contamination Map shows that a concentration of

areas with 6 or more contaminants is within the 3000 ft. service area of both T-S-T Community

School and South Hill School. Cross contamination at the NRC site is not within the service

areas of any of the schools near South Hill. The same pattern can be seen for water

contamination over threshold, with the exception that there is one point of contamination over

threshold within the 2000ft service area of South Hill School.

South Hill School is at most risk for being affected by soil vapor/ air contamination. The

Distance from Schools to Soil Vapor Map shows that there is a point with 6 contaminants within

the 2000 ft. service area of the school and that one point with 5 contaminants and five points

with 4 contaminants are within the 1000ft. service area of South Hill School. The Distance from

Schools to Soil Vapor/ Air over Threshold map shows that there are three points with

contamination over threshold within the 1000ft. service area of South Hill School and four points

of contamination over threshold within the 2000 ft. service area. There is one point of

contamination over threshold within the 3000 ft. service area.

12

Calculation adjustments: The darker red areas are representative of much larger block groups—calculations in

these area were done by dividing the census block population by the area covered by the 3000ft. service area;

adjustments were made taking into consideration that the left. side of the 1000 ft. service area is mostly industrial.

30

Conclusion

Elevation and sewer lines play a major role in the transportation of contaminants in South Hill.

Based on the Watershed and Direction of Flow of Contaminants map, it is clear that

contamination flows down and decreases with elevation. However, there is harder evidence to

show that contamination actually flows through the sewer mains as can be seen in the Sewer

Mains and TCE Contamination Flow Map.

The contamination is affecting nearby populations as high levels of cross contamination and

levels over threshold can be found in the neighborhood adjacent and downhill of Therm.

There are extremely high levels of Trichloroethene (TCE), Vinyl Chloride and Cis -1,2 –

Dichloroethene still present in the water at the Emerson site. It is also very possible that the

sewer mains are carrying this contamination into the adjacent neighborhood.

Levels of Trichloroethene (TCE) and Tetrachloroethylene are particularly high in soil vapor/ air.

This is very concerning considering that these contaminants were found in residential

neighborhoods and are known carcinogens.

Although census data finds the population of children in South Hill to be very low, it is

reasonable to assume that a number of children spend time in South Hill School which is

extremely close to sites with cross contamination and contamination over threshold.

Implications/Recommendations

Further research on the location and values of contamination in South Hill would better serve to

give a wider picture of the dispersion of contamination in the area. Water contamination testing

can be done in the residential portion of south hill.

Another round of mitigation of Trichloroethene (TCE), Tetrachloroethylene, and Vinyl Chloride

is in order. It is extremely necessarily that this be conducted as these contaminants are still

present in large quantities on South Hill and have been designated as carcinogens.

Further Research

An analysis of fractures and bedding planes on South Hill may be useful to explain why some

points, right next to each other, differ in levels of cross contamination and threshold levels.

Further scientific studies are called for to determine the accurate threshold levels for

contamination as well as to determine which contaminants are, in fact, carcinogens.

Analysis can be conducted for cross contamination and points past threshold values for soil. Data

for soil contamination is available but was not analyzed in this report.

31

References

Cornell University Geospacial Information Repository (CUGIR). Cornell University. 2011.

Accessed September 2011. < http://cugir.mannlib.cornell.edu/>.

Department of Environmental Conservation. Emerson Power Transmission Environmental

Investigation. DEC. Syracuse, NY, 2011. Accessed December 2011.

<http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8669.html>.

EA Engineering P.C. Appendix G: Supplemental Soil Vapor Investigation Summary Report-

Addendum: Off-Site Former Axiohm Facility (C75501A). Ithaca, New York: EA

Engineering P.C. and Its Affiliates EA Science and Technology, May 2010.

Figure 1: Historical Soil Vapor Sampling Locations and South Hill Sewer Lines

Table 1: Summary of Volatile Organic Compounds in Soil Vapor Samples

EA Science and Technology. Supplemental VI Summary Report: Off-Site Former Axiohm

Facility (C755012A). Ithaca, New York: EA Engineering P.C. and Its Affiliates EA

Science and Technology, April 2011.

Table 2: Vapor Intrusion Analytical Data

Figure 6A: Vapor Intrusion and Soil Vapor Sampling Results

Figure 6B: Vapor Intrusion and Soil Vapor Sampling Results

Geologic, Inc.South Hill Business Campus, First Quarter 2011 Post Remediation Monitoring.

New York: Geologic, NY, Inc., 2011.

Tables 1: 1st Quarter 2011: Groundwater Sampling Field Observations

Table 2: 1st Quarter 2011: Summary of March 2011 Groundwater Analytical Results,

VOCs, COD, TOC

Table 3: Overburden Wells: Summary of Historic Ground Water VOC Analytical Results

Pre- and Post-ISCO Implementation

Table 4: Summary of Pre- and Post- Mitigation Air Sample Analysis Results

Table 5: Summary of BRW-1S Analytical Results

Post-Remediation Monitering Well Locations, South Hill Business Campus, 950 Danby

Road, Ithaca, New York. Drawing Number 2.

Air Sample Locations, South Hill Business Campus, 950 Danby Road, Ithcac, New York.

Drawing Number 3.

Overburden Groundwater Flow for 02/23/2011, South Hill Business Campus, 950 Danby


Bedrock Groundwater Flow for 02/23/2011, South Hill Business Campus, 950 Danby


Groundwater Chlorinated VOC Concentrations, South Hill Business Campus, 950 Danby


Roux Associates. Site Evaluation Report. Table 1: CVOCs in manhole and soil vapor samples.

Ithaca, New York: Roux Associates, 2008.

Emerson Power Transmission Facility and Surrounding Areas: Historical Sanitary

Sewers. Plate 1.

http://cugir.mannlib.cornell.edu/


32

Emerson Power Transmission Facility and Surrounding Areas: Historical Sanitary

Sewers and Soil Vapor and Manhole Sample Locations. Plate 1A.

Therm.com. Therm. 2011. Accessed December 2011. <Therm.com>.

Weber, Timothy. Ithaca South Hill Industrial Pollution: History. Ithaca-Ship.Org. 2009.

Accessed November 2011. < http://www.ithaca-ship.org/history.htm>.

WSP. Maintenance of Monitering Report #4, Dual Phase Extraction System Operation July to

December 2010, Emerson Power Transmission, Site No. 7-55-010. Ithaca, New York:

WSP Environment & Energy, August 2011.

WSP. Supplemental Pre-Design Investigation Fire Water Reservoir, Emerson Power

Transmission Facility, Site. No. 7-55-010. Ithaca, New York: WSP Environment &

Energy, June 2011.

Figure 5: Fire Water Reservoir, Existing Pipe Investigation

Figure 6: Fire Water Reservoir, Pre-Design Investigation Results

Figure 7: Fire Water Reservoir: Existing Pipe Investigation

Figure 8: Fire Water Reservoir: Existing Pipe Investigation: Detailed Plan View

Table 1: Reservoir Wall Seepage- Groundwater Results

Table 2: Sediment and Water Characterization Results

Table 3: Horizontal and Monitoring Points- Groundwater Results

Table 4: Trench Samples- Groundwater Results

Table 5: Test Pits- Soil Results

Table 7: Test Pit Seepage- Water Results

Table 8: Groundwater Sampling Results of New Wells

Table 9: Rock Core Grab Sample Results

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease

Registry (ATSDR).Atlanta, Georgia, 2011. Accessed on December 2011.

<http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/>.

United States Census Bureau. 2010 Census Bureau. TIGER/Line Shapefiles. US Census Bureau,

2010. Accessed September 2011.

<http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/tgrshp2010/tgrshp2010.html>.

United States Census Bureau. Group Quarters Population by Sex, Age, and Type of Group

Quarters: 2010, 2010 Census Summary File 1. US Government, 2011. Accessed

December 2011. < http://www.census.gov/>.



http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/tgrshp2010/tgrshp2010.html


research and data management for this project was

Documents