research advances in cotton (gossypium spp.) · researchadvancesin cotton(gossypiumspp.)...

Research Advances in Cotton (Gossypium spp.)

Research

Advances in Cotton

(fwossypium spp.)

Ratikanta Maiti

&

Vidyasagar Parchuri'

TECHNISCHE>

TNFORMATIONSBIBUOTHEK

UNIVERSITATSBmLIOTHEKHANNOVER

New Delhi Publishers


Contents in Brief

Preface

Table of Contents

About the Author

List ofContributors

1. About Cotton Plants

2. Cotton Botany and Characterization

3. Cotton Seeds: Chemical Composition and Seed Physiology (Gossypium spp.)

4. Physiological basis ofGrowth and Development ofCotton

5. Roots and Mineral Nutrition in Cotton

6. Vegetative Growth and Productivity in Cotton

7. Insect PestProblems and control in Cotton

8. Cotton Diseases Research: Past one Decade

9. Cotton Plant and Fiber Biochemistry .Technology and Processing ofFabric

10. CottonAgronomy and Productivity

11. Cotton Microbiological Studies:A Review

12. Cotton MolecularBiology and Biotechnology

13. Perspectives ofCotton Research: General Comments


Table ofContents

1. About cotton plants 1 to 17

1.1. Utilization 1

1.2. Genetic Resource 1

1.3. Genetic Diversity 2

1.4. Ideotype Characteristics 5

1.5. Cotton Plant Ideotype Concept 5

1.5.1. Plant Type Characters 5

1.5.2. Boll Characters 6

1.5.3. Seed Characters 6

1.5.4. Fiber Characters 7

1.6. Biotechnology 8

1.7. Growing Conditions 9

1.8. Productivity 9

1.9. Importance of Bt-Cotton in World Agriculture 12

1.10. Reference Further References 13

2. Cotton Botany and Characterization 18 to 29

2.1. Introduction 18

2.2. Growth Habit '. 18

2.3. Stem ; 19

2.4. Branching Pattern 20

2.5. Leaf 20

2.6. Flower 22

2.7. Pollination 23

2.8. Boll 24

2.9. Structure 24

2.10. Growth 24

2.11. Seed 25

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2.12. Epidermal out Growths of Seed 26

2.13. Germination 26

2.14. Variability in Seedling traits in cotton breeding lines 27

2.14.1. Methodology 27

2.14.2. Result : 27

2.14.3. Table 2.1 27

2.15. Seedling traits favorable to establish under field 28

2.16. Conclusion 29

3. Cotton Seeds : Chemical Composition and Seed Physiology Gossypium spp 30 to 62


3.2. Seed Coat Structure 31

3.3. Seed Chemical Composition 32

3.4. Gossypol 32

3.5. Animal Feed 34

3.6. Seed Physiology 34

3.7. Factors affecting Germination and Seedling Vigor 35

3.7.1. Seed quality and viability 35

3.7.2. Germination 35

3.7.3. Chemical Treatment and Storage quality 36

3.7.4. Magnetic Field 37

3.7.5. Film Coat 37

3.7.6. Allelochemicals 37

3.7.7. Gamma(y) Radiation 37

3.7.8. Heavy Metals 37

3.7.9. Hormone '. 37

3.8. Emergence 38

3.8.1. Tillage Effect 38

3.8.2. Seed Density 38

3.8.3. Sowing Depth 38

3.8.4. Seed Ageing and Priming 39

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3.8.5. Osmotic Printing .42

3.9. Abiotic Factors 42

3.9.1. Temperature 42

3.9.2. Soil Moisture 43

3.9.3. Salinity tolerance : 44

3.9.4. Stress tolerance 46

3.10. Biotic Factors 47

3.10.1. Weed 47

3.10.2. Diseases 47

3.10.3. Fungal Infection 48

3.10.4. Virus Infection 50

3.10.5. Insects 50

3.10.6. Biotechnology 51

3.11. Discussion and Conclusions 52

3.11.1. Seed Production 52

3.11.2. Chemical Composition 52

3.11.3. Factors Affecting Germination, Seedling Emergence and Growth 52

3.11.4. Abiotic Factors • 53

3.11.5. Seed Treatment 54

3.11.6. Biotic Factors 54

3.12. References further references 55

4. Physiological basis of Growth and Development of Cotton 63 to 112

4.1. Basic Physiology 63

4.1.1. Leaf Physiology 63

4.1.1.1. Hyperspectral Characteristics 63

4.2. Canopy Temperature 64

4.3. Stomatal Conductance —64

4.4. Pigment gland morphogenesis 65

4.5. Evapotranspiration :66

4.6. Transpiration 66

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4.7. Photosynthesis 66

4.7.1. Variation in Photosynthesis 66

4.7.2. Photochemical Reaction 68

4.7.3. Carbon assimilation 69

4.7.4. Reddening Physiology 70

4.8. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 70

4.8.1. Chloroplast Pigments 70

4.8.2. UV Radiation 72

4.8.3. Soil Texture and radiation 74

4.8.4. Elevated CO, 74

4.8.5. Carbon Isotope 76

4.8.6. Ozone Stress 76

4.8.7. Ozone-root respiration 77

4.8.8. Insect Damage 77

4.8.9. Carbohydrate metabolism; 78

4.9. Growth Regulators 79

4.9.1. Naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) 79

4.9.2. Mepiquat Chloride (MC) 80

4.9.3. PGR-IV 81

4.9.4. Cycocel 81

4.9.5. Pix 82

4.9.6. ABA 82

4.9.7. Paraquat 82

4.9.8. Foliar Nitrogen 83

4.10. Stress Physiology 83

4.10.1. Temperature 83

4.10.2. Chilling 86

4.10.3. Physiology of Chilling Photo inhibition 87

4.11. Water Relations.- 88

4.11.1. Drought 88

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4.11.2. Water use efficiency 88

4.12. Effect on photosynthesis and yield 89

4.12.1. Photosynthesis '. 89

4.12.2. Yield and yield components 92

4.12.3. Physiology of water deficit 93

4.12.4. Biochemical basis of drought resistance 94

4.12.5. Biotechnology of drought resistance 95

4.12.6. Drought resistant gene .96

4.12.7. Salinity 96

4.12.8. Effect 97

4.12.9. Mechanism of salinity tolerance 97

4.13. Osmotic adjustments to salinity 100

4.14. NaCl stress-Bt protein content 100

4.15. ABA 101

4.16. Factors affecting yield 101

4.17. References Further references : 102

5. Roots and Mineral Nutrition in Cotton*

113 to 133

5.1. Nitrogen 114

5.1.1. Importance 114

5.1.2. Effects 114

5.1.3. Nitrate Uptake 118

5.1.4. Nitrogen metabolism 118

5.1.5. Potassium 119

5.1.6. Effect 119

5.1.7. Potassium deficiency 121

5.1.8. Phosphorus 122

5.1.9. Sulfur I24

5.1.10. Boron 124

5.1.11. Deficiency 12^

5.1.12. Zinc I25

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5.2. Heavy Metal 126

5.3. Nutrient Management 126

5.4. Mycorrhiza 129

5.5. References Further References 129

6. Vegetative Growth and Productivity in Cotton 134 to 176

6.1. Climate Change 134

6.2. Apical dominance 135

6.3. Growth 135

6.3.1. Root Elongation 135

6.3.2. Phenology 135

6.3.3. Movement 136

6.4. Methanol on growth 137

6.5. Waterlogging on growth , 137

6.6. Growth and dry matter partitioning 138

6.7. Shading on sink capacity 138

6.8. Model for Cotton growth and development 138

6.9. Leaf development and growth 138

6.10. LeafArea Index 140

6.11. Leaf Morphology 141

6.12. Leaf anatomy 141

6.13. Leaf Reddening 142

6.14. Cotton Re-Growth 142

6.15. Defoliation 142

6.16. Senescence 143

6.17. Flowering 144

6.18. Anther dehiscence 144

6.19. Pollination 145

6.20. Pollen viability and pollen Germination 145

6.21. Pollen Germination .• 146

6.22. Boll Formation 146

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6.23. Physiology ofFruit Abscission146

6.24. Seed Development147

6.25. Seed Growth ,

147

6.26. Boll Maturation147

6.27. Maturity Stability149

6.28. Fruit Abscission149

6.29. Physiology of Fiber cell Development and growth 150

6.29.1. Fiber cell development150

6.29.2. Fiber cell initiation150

6.30. Fiber cell elongation and development153

6.30.1. Fiber Elongation153

6.31. Biotechnology160

632. Fiber yield and quality and influencing factors160

6.32.1. Spacing165

6.32.2! Tillage165

6.32.3. Phenology166

6.32.4. Fertilizer167

6.33. References Further References168

7. Insect Pest Problems and their control ».-«.177 to 262

7.1. Insect Problems177

. 7.2 Sucking Pests177

7.2.1. Aphid (Aphisgossypii, Hemiptera: Aphididae) ....

I77

7.2.1.1. Occurrence and abundance177

7.2.1.2. Aphid-Predator InteractionI78

7.2.1..3. Aphid Distribution Model179

7.2.1.4. Biotic and abiotic factors on aphid abundance180

7.2.1.5. Cotton Lint contamination180

7.2.1.6. Mechanism ofresistanceI80

7.2.1.7. Biological Control^

7.2.1.8. Biotechnology .,

182

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7.3. Whitefly 182

7.3.1. Occurrence 182

7.3.2. Metabolites on whitefly abundance 183

7.3.3. Resistance 184

7.3.4. Management and Control 185

7.3.5. Biological Control 186

7.4. Thrips 186

7.4.1. Occurrence and Distribution 186

7.4.2. Tolerence 187

7.4.3. Effect 187

7.4.4. Control 187

7.4.5. Leafhoppers 187

7.4.6. Bollworms 188

7.4.6.1. American Bollworm 188

7.4.6.2, Survival 188

7.5. Predator Boll- Worm 189

7.6. Parasitoid 190

7.7. Boll worm host crop 190

7.8. Effect 191

7.9. Resistance 191

7.10. Control 192

7.11. Bio control 193

7.12. Bt-Cotton 194

7.13. Pink Bollworm '. 196

7.13.1. Occurrence and distribution 196

7.13.2. Control '. 197


7.14. Other Important Pest 198

7.14.1. Leaf worm (SpodopteTa spp.) 198

7.14.2. Effect

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7.14.3. Control 198

7.14.4. Development-spodoptera on Gland Cotton 199


7.14.6. Armyworm 200

7.14.7. Spider Mite 200

7.14.8. Mites Association ,200

7.14.9. Predator interaction 201

7.14.10. Resistance 201

7.14.11. Boll Weevil(Anthonomus grandis Boheman) 202

7.14.11.1. Occurrence and abundance 202

7.14.11.2. Effect and survival 202

7.14.11.3. Management and Control 203

7.14.11.4. Biological Control 204

7.14.1L5. Biotechnology 204

7.14.11.6. Lygus spp 205

7.14.11.7. Host Plants 205

7.14.11.8. Effect 205

7.14.11.9. Control 206

7.14.11.10. Brown stink Bug 206

7.15. Green Stink Bug 207

7.16. Flower Bug 208

7.17. FIeahopper 208

7.18. Asian Corn Borer 208

7.19. Spiders 208

7.20. Big-Eyed Bug 208

7.21. Soybean Looper 208

7.22. Leafminers 208

7.23. Silver Leaf whitefly 209

7.24. Other Athropods 209

7.24.1. Occurrence and Distribution 209

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7.24.2. Arthropod Predator interaction 209

7.24.3. Effect of Chemicals 211

7.24.4. Nematode 211

7.24.5. Trichogramma 212

7.24.6. Insect Pests Management Strategies and Role of Bt cotton 213

7.24.7. Crop Management 213

7.24.8. Use of Pesticides 215

7.24.9. Biological Control 218

7.24.10. Resistance Mechanism 220

7.25. Role of Bt-cotton 220

7.26. Bollgard Cotton Use 220

7.27. Insect Nectar Production 225

7.28. Weeds 226

7.28.1. Occurrence 226

7.28.2. Effect;

226

7.28.3. Weed management and control 227

7.28.4. Herbicide translocation 228

7.28.5. Herbicide Effect on cotton growth 229

7.28.6. Herbicide Control on Weeds 229

7.28.7. Glyfosate 230

•

7.29. Bromoxyl 231

7.30. Malathion 232

7.31. Fmmaxazin 232


8. Cotton Diseases Research: Past one Decade 263 to 291


8.2. Wilts 264

8.2.1. Fusarium 264

8.2.2. Damping off or Wet Rot,

265

8.2.3. Root Knot 265

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8.2.4. Disease Management265

8.3. Verticllium Wilt266

8.3.1. Occurrence and Effect266

8.3.2. Management267

8.3.3. Tolerance267

8.3.4. Biotechnology268

8.3.5. Damping off or Wet rot269

8.3.6. Root Rots270

8.3.6.1. Rhizoctonia root rot270

8.3.6.2. Seedling Stem Canker270

8.3.6.3. Texas Root Rot271

8.3.6.4. Black Root Rot271

8.3.6.5. Leafspots271

8.3.6.6. Altemaria leaf spot271

8.3.6.7. Cercospora leaf spot-272

8.4. Corynesporium Leaf Spot272

8.5. Helminthosporium Leaf Spot272

8.6. Myrothecium Leaf Spot272

8.7. Leaf Blight273

8.8. Rust273

8.9. Mycorrhizal diseases (Glomus)273

8.10. Boll rot273

8.11. Powdery mildew273

8.12. Grey mildew274

8.13. Sclerotinia root rot•

274

8.14. Angular leaf spot or Bacterial LeafBlight274

8.14.1. Occurrence and Effect274

8.14.2. Tolerance276

8A43.Stemphylium276

8.15. Gemini Virus277

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8.15.1. Cotton leaf Curl (CLCrV) 277

8.15.2. Cotton Leaf Crumble Virus(CLCuV) 279

8.16. Streak Virus 280

8.17. Stenosis or small leaf spot 281

8.18. Seed Borne Fungi 281

8.19. Red leaf 282

8.20. Biological Control 282

8.21. Genetic Diversity 282

8.22. Comments and conclusion 283

8.23. Seedling Diseases,

283


9. Cotton Plant and Fiber Biochemistry , Technology and Processing of Fabric 292 to 316

9.1. Cotton Biochemistry 292

9.1.1. Germination Stimulants 292

9.1.2. Cotton Plant Cells 292

9.1.3. Gossypol 292

9.2. Terpenoid 293

9.3. Glycans 294

9.4. Carbonic anhydrase 294

9.5. Polygalacturonase 295

9.6. Cellulase enzymes 295

9.7. Scavenging Enzymes 296

9.8. Chitinase 296

9.9. Marker compounds 297

9.10. Cotton Pesticide 297

9.11. Aflatoxin contamination 297

9.12. Delta cadinene synthase 298

9.13. Sesquiterpene glycosides 298

9.14. Nematode '. 298

9.15. Compounds in Cotton Defense Mechanism 298

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9.16. Phytoalexins 299

9.17. Hytoalexin 299

9.18. Insect resistance 299

9.19. Herbicide Resistance •. 300

9.20. Compounds related to herbicide resistance 301

9.20.1. Shikimic acid 301

9.20.2. Nutrition resistance 301

9.20.3. Bt-Cotton Protein 302

9.20.4. Transformation 302

9.20.5. GMOs 303

9.21. Cotton Fiber Chemistry 304

9.21.1. Cotton fiber cellulose bonds 304

9.21.2. Cotton Thifensulfuron 304

9.21.3. Fiber cDNAs 305

9.21.4. Lipid Profiles of Cotton Fiber 305

9.21.5. Elastase 305

9.21.6. Enzymatic degradation of Cotton fabric 306

9.22. Cotton organic chemistry-Polymer Science 306

9.22.1. Fiber Characterization 306

9.22.2. Chemical modification of Cotton 306

9.22.3. Composition of Cotton Gin Residue 306

9.22.4. Bye-product306

9.23. Annexin 307

9.24. Cotton Fabric 307

9.24.1. Pretreatment307

9.24.2. Pretreatment Process 308

9.24.3. Starch 308

9.24.4. Chitosan Treatment308

9.24.5. Wettability or raw cotton fabric 309

9.24.6. Wax removal from fabric- pretreatment 309

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9.25. Dyeing 309

9.26. Back Staining 309

9.27. Finishing 310

9.28. Cotton scouring 310

9.29. Peptide Libraries 310

9.30. Textile Finish 310

9.31. Yarn Spinning Efficiency 311


10. Cotton Agronomy and Productivity 317 to 381

10.1. General Agronomy 317

10.2. Planting Time 317

10.3. Planting Method 319

10.4. Planting Density 321

10.5. Tillage Systems 323

10.6. Effect on Soil Compaction and Field Properties 324

10.7. Tillage and Nitrogen 328

10.8. Tillage and Water Management 328

10.9. Nutrition 331

10.9.1. Manures 331

10.9.2. Crop residues 332

10.9.3. Gin Compost 333

10.9.4. Municipal Solid waste (MSW) Compost 333

10.9.5. Poultry Litter 333

10.10. Fertilizers 335

10.10.1. N-P-Fertilizers 335

10.10.2. Nitrogen use efficiency 336

10.10.3. Potassic fertilizer 337

10.10.4. Planting date-potassium fertility 339

10.11. Ion movement : 339

10.12. Fertilization Method 341

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Research Advances in Cotton (Gossypium spp.J

10.13. Foliar Fertilization 341

10.14. Soil Microorganisms 342

10.15. Irrigation 342

10.16. Surface Irrigation 342

10.17. Subsurface Irrigation 345

10.17.1. Drip 345

10.17.2. Trickle Irrigation 348

10.17.3. Quality of Irrigation water 349

10.18. Weed management 350

10.19. Allelopathy 350

10.20. Growth Regulator 350

10.21. Cotton defoliation 351

10.22. Cropping Systems 351

10.23. Intercropping Yield 352

10.24. Soil Quality 352

10.25. Repellent action 353

10.26. Catch Crop 353

10.27. Crop rotation 353

10.27.1. Soil nutrient and quality 353

10.28. Dryland intercropping 356

10.29. Socio-Economic issue- A Survey 356

10.30. Cotton Physiology and Productivity 357

10.31. Leaf 357

10.32. Flower 357

10.33. Boll 358

10.33.1. Influence of boll openers 358

10.33.2. Influence of Fertilization 358

10.33.3. Productivity 359

10.33.4. Seeds 361

10.34. Precision techniques ^

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10.35. Harvesting, ginning, Fiber quality and Economics 365

10.36. Harvesting method and equipment 365

10.37. Harvesting time 366

10.38. Ginning 366

10.39. Fiber Parameters 367

10.40. Economics 368

10.41. References further references 369

11. Cotton Microbiological Studies : A Review 382 to 395


11.2. Bio-finishing 382

11.3. Processing 383

11.4. Cellulose binding domains ofcotton fabrics 385

11.5. Cotton gin residue 386

11.6. Waste Water digestion 387

11.7. Seed Cake 388

11.8. Associated Fungi 388

11.9. Associated Bacteria 388

11.10. Associated Virus 389


12. Cotton Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 396 to 496

12.1. Molecular Biology 396

12.1.1. Nucleic Acid : DNA 396

12.1.2. Phylogeny 396

12.1.3. Cotton Phyllody 397

12.1.4. Cell Division 397

12.1.5. cDNA 398

12.1.6. cDNA cloning 400

12.1.7. Gene encoding 401

12.1.8. DNA sequence 402

12.1.9. DNA characterization in different fungal pathogens 402

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12.1.10. Insect resistance 403

12.1.11. DNA controlling fiber development 404

12.1.12. RNA 406

12.1.13. Molecular Genetics 407

12.1.13.1. Pollen irradiation on Karyotype 407

12.1.13.2. Cotton Genomes 408

12.1.13.3. Mitochondrial Genome 409

12.1.13.4. Genome analysis of polyploidy 409

12.1.13.5. Inter specific Chromosome 413

12.1.13.6. Genetic analysis of Various traits 413

12.2. Genes for Specific Function 415

12.2.1. Genes for harness ofvelvet okra 415

12.2.2. Gene for fuzz seed locus 416

12.3. Gene for Fiber cell development 416

12.4. Gene for leaf shape 421

12.5. Gene for glandless leaf 421

12.6. Gene for pigment glands • 421

12.7. Antigens 422

12.8. Genes for terpenoid compounds Vertillium 422

12.9. Glucose oxidase gene-Diseases 422

12.10. Applied Biotechnology 422

12.10.1. Marker Assisted selection 422

12.10.2. Amplified fragment length polymorphism(RAPD) 422

12.11. QTL 425

12.11.1. Fiber Yield 425

12.11.2. Genetic analysis of tetraploid 425

12.11.3. Fiber Quality 426

12.11.4. Fuzzless ED Locus 427

12.11.5. Germplasm Enhacement 427

12.11.6. Stress Adaptatation 427

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12.12. PAGE428

12.13. AFLP Marker 428

12.13.1. Pest resistance 428

12.13.2. RFLP linkage relationship 428

12.13.3. Genetic Diversity 429

12.13.4. RFLP linkage 429

12.13.5. RFLP-QTL- interspecific 429

12.13.6. RFLP-Allotetraploid 430

12.13.7. RFLP-SSR-AFLP Map 430

12.13.8. AFLP Markers-Transgenic 431

12.13.9. RFLP-Genetic Map 431

12.13.10. RFLP-Fusarium 432

12.13.11. RFLP-QTL 432

12.13.12. Genome organization SSR Market 433

12.13.13. RAPD-SSR 436

12.13.14. EST PCR-Based Marker 436

12.13.15. EST-SSR 438

12.13.16. Biotechnology of tolerance to Abiotic and Abiotic Stresses 438

12.13.16.1. Temperature 438

12.13.16.1.1. Gene Encoding-Thermotolemnce 438

12.13.16.1.2. Tolerance to chilling Seedlings 439

12.13.17. Drought 439

12.13.17.1. Seedling Drought Tolerance 439

12.13.17.2. Drought Tolerant Gene 440

12.14. Bt-Protein : Salinity-Seedling 440

12.15. Drought and Salinity 440

12.16. Agrpbacterium- mediated Transformation 441

12.17. Transcription Diversity 442

12.18. Genetic Transformation 443

12.19. Transgenic Cotton 443

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12.20. Bt- Protein 443

12.21. Transgenic Expression 444

12.22. Exogenous Genes-Transgenic 444

12.23. Transgenic Cotton- a Promoter 444

12.24. Translocation 445

12.25. Silencing of Genes 445

12.26. Molecular Cloning 445

12.27. GeneticAnalysis of Terpenoids 447

12.28. Gene Mapping and Library 447

12.29. Molecular Mapping for Pubescence and Insect Resistance 448

12.30. Genome Hybrid Mapping 449

12.31. Cotton Genome Mapping 449

12.32. Chromosome Library 450

12.33. Genomic Library 451

12.34. BAC Library 451

12.35. Genetic Model 451

12.36. Gene cloning and Recombinant DNA technology 452

12.36.1. Gene Encoding 452

12.36.2. Gene Cloning 452

12.36.3. Markergene Encoding 452

12.36.4. Gene Encoding 453

12.36.5. Gene Expression 453

12.37. Silencing of Genes 454

12.38. DNA Sequence PCR-GM 455

12.39. Molecular Cloning 456

12.40. Cloning Expression 456

12.41. Molecular Cloning-Cotton Leaf Curl 457

12.42. Cloning Expression 457

12.43. Genomic Dissection 458

12.44. Resistance Transfer-Herbicide 458

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12.45. Diseases458

\2.45A. Vertillium •

458

12.45.2. Xanthosomonas 459

12;46. Transgenic Line-Resistant to Wilt 459

12.47. Fusarium Genes Assoiciated with Pathogenecity 460

12.48. Cotton DNA Bacterial Blight 460

12.49. DNA for leafCrupled fungus 461

12.50. Virus 461

12.51. Resistance to Leaf Curl Disease ..' 461

12.52. Nematode Host Resistance-Root-Knot 462

12.53. Insect Resistance 462

12.54. Root Specific Gene-Nematode Infection 463

12.55. In Vitro Tissue Culture 463

12.55.1. Tissue Culture 463

12.55.2. Suspension Culture 464

12.55.3. Protoplast '. 464

12.55.4. Ovule Culture 464

12.55.5. Somatic Embryogenesis 466

12.55.6. Hypocotyls 469

12.55.7. Shoot Organogenesis 470

12.55.8. Meristem Culture 470

12.55.9. Disease Resistance 471

12.55.10. In Vitro fiber Production 471

12.55.11. in Vitro AbH: cDNA 472

12.55.12. Genetic Transformation 472

12.55.13. References Further References 473

13. Perspectives of Cotton Research : General Comments 497 to 508

13.1. Genetic Variability 499

13.2. Stress -. 499

13.3. Pests 500

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13.4. Breeding 501

13.5. Biotechnology 502

13.6. Future perspectives 504

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research advances in cotton (gossypium spp.) · researchadvancesin cotton(gossypiumspp.)...

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