10

National statistics of production and consumption of biogas for transportation applications in Finland during 2015 was released in June (news 9.6.2016) by the University of Eastern Finland (Lampinen 2016) as a part of annual Finnish biogas statistics publication (Huttunen & Kuittinen 2016). As the publication was written in Finnish, content of the traffic biogas section is reviewed here in English by the author of the original publication. Not all of the contents of the original publication are covered here. But some additional data, which was collected during the research, is given here, although it was not included in the original publication.

The main findings of the study are:• All biogas consumed in vehicles was produced from biowastes, as al-

ways during the whole history of traffic biogas utilization in Finland (since 1941).• Utilization of biogas as a vehicle fuel grew by 35% compared to previ-

ous year.• Biogas was consumed in vehicles only as CBG100.• CBG100 was the cheapest vehicle fuel available at public stations.• Biogas upgrading capacity grew by 18%. Final energy consumption of biogas in transportation was 23

GWh in 2015. All biogas consumed in vehicles was produced from biowastes, as always during the whole history of traffic biogas utilization in Finland (since 1941). Energy crops have never been used for this purpose. Therefore, all traffic biogas is eligible for double counting under the RES Directive (2009/28/EC). If all would be certified (this situation has not yet been achieved) the calculated amount would be 46 GWh for the purposes of the national obligations under the RES Directive and for the respective Eurostat statistics.

Utilization of biogas as a vehicle fuel grew by 35% compared to previous year. Within the last decade transportation consumption of biogas has grown 1200-fold. Graph in Figure 1 shows development of traffic biogas utilization since 1941, when it first began in Finland. Vertical axis label "Liikenteen loppuenergia" means end-use energy consumption for transportation, i.e. conversion losses during production and distribution are excluded.

Figure 1. Consumption of biogas as vehicle fuel in Finland during whole history of utilization of this technology in 1941-2015. Source: Lampinen (2016, 13).

Table 1. gives basic data of the RES-T methane sector in Finland in 2015 with comparisons to previous year. Additional information is available in article RES-T methane markets in Finland 1941-2014.

Table 1. Statistics of RES-T methane utilization in Finland in 2015. Extended version of table at Lampinen (2016, 13).

In 2015, like always, biogas was consumed in vehicles only as CBG100, i.e. 100% Compressed BioGas. There were 24 public CBG100 filling stations (operated by 7 companies listed in Table 2) and many different kind of private stations in operation. CBG100 was the cheapest vehicle fuel available at public stations. Locations of public CBG100 filling stations are found at the Map of biogas filling stations and upgrading plants in Finland. Biogas had 35% share of methane consumption in transportation and 70% share of methane consumption in road transportation. This difference is caused by absence of biogas utilization in water transportation.

Table 2. Public CBG100 filling station operators in 2015.

In 2014 the whole public CBG100 filling station network became open access. It means that operator specific contracts and fuel cards are no longer required by any operator (although 3 operators offer such option, too). Open access network is especially relevant for foreign visitors. It was one of the targets set by the Finnish Biogas Association in 2013 regarding qualitative development of CBG networks in Europe.

It is also included in the Directive on Clean Transport Infrastructure (2014/94/EU), which requires building EU wide open access public methane filling station network. Of the seven targets proposed by the Finnish Biogas Association three have now been completed in Finland:

1: Creation and maintenance of a CBG100 station map (achieved in 2013)2: Marking CBG100 availability at all stations (achieved in 2002)4: Open availability of CBG100 at all stations (achieved in 2014)

In addition, the following target is almost achieved:7: All CMG stations become CBG100 stations: All public stations selling

CBG already sell CBG100. Blends of CBG and CNG are not available. But there is still one public station selling CNG only. However, progress has been remarkable since 2011, when 16 CNG-only public stations were in operation. Considerable progress has in the last few years taken place in relation to public stations dedicated to selling CBG100 only (i.e. CNG not available in pure form or in blends). Until 2013 there was only one such station, but in 2015 there were six.

One of the targets was achieved, but lost in 2013: 3: Using RES language for RES fuels: Naturally, renewable fuels should never be

called fossil fuels. Until early 2013 this target was fulfilled in the whole CBG100 network, and in 2015 it was fulfilled by 6 operators out of 7. But one operator, which had originally fulfilled it, changed its policy in early 2013. However, they did not switch completely to fossil language (which is common in some countries), but to a mixture of RES and fossil language: biogas is called biogas (i.e. renewable fuel) in part of the station, but biogas is called natural gas (i.e. fossil fuel) in another part of the station.

Traffic biogas was produced at 10 biogas upgrading plants (by 8 operators), of which 9 plants

were in operation at the end of the year (Table 3). One plant was taken off-line for product development and to be relocated later. One new plant was taken into use. Upgrading capacity grew by 18% and was 3220 Nm3/h at the end of 2015. Locations of upgrading plants are found at the Map of biogas filling stations and upgrading plants in Finland.

IN 2015 BIOGAS (BG) WAS THE ONLY FORM OF RENEWABLE METHANE UTILIZED IN TRANSPORTATION (RES-T METHANE) IN FINLAND AND ALL OF IT WAS REACTOR BIOGAS. LANDFILL GAS HAS NOT YET BEEN USED FOR THIS PURPOSE, ALTHOUGH IT IS CONSUMED IN ELECTRICITY AND HEAT PRODUCTION PLANTS. OTHER FORMS OF RES METHANE HAVE NEVER BEEN PRODUCED IN FINLAND. THERE ARE PLANS FOR BEGINNING PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC BIOGAS (SBG) AND WIND METHANE, BUT INVESTMENT DECISIONS HAVE NOT BEEN MADE.

RES-T methane market in Finland 2015

11

cont. on p.12 ►

►

25

20

15

10

5

0

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Liike

nteen

lopp

uene

rgia

[GW

h]

RES-T methane production and consumption in 2015 change from 2014RES-T methane consumption 23 GWh + 35 %Biogas consumption in transportation 23 GWh + 35 %RES-T methane consumption by RES Directive rules 46 GWh + 35 %Consumption of purified biogas in transportation 0 0Consumption of upgraded biogas in transportation 23 GWh + 35 %Share of domestic biogas in RES-T methane consumption 100 % 0Share of reactor biogas in RES-T methane consumption 100 % 0Share of biowastes in consumed RES-T methane 100 % 0Share of energy crops in consumed RES-T methane 0 % 0Share of transportation of total biogas consumption 4 % + 30 %Share of transportation of upgraded biogas consumption 23 % - 46 %Share of CBG100 in vehicle fuel utilization 100 % 0Amount of public CBG100 filling stations 24 0Amount of public CBG100 station operators 7 0Share of CBG100 stations of public RES-T100 stations 82 % - 15 %Share of public methane stations offering CBG100 96 % 0Amount of traffic biogas production plants 9 (10) 0Amount of traffic biogas producers 8 + 14 %Annual traffic biogas production capacity 150 GWh + 18 %Production of upgraded biogas 98 GWh + 146 %RES share of methane in transportation 35 % + 15 %RES share of methane in road transportation 70 % + 75 %

Public CBG100 station operator Since

Open access public station

CBG100 mark-ing at pump

RESlanguage at pump Transport of biogas

Metener 2002 Yes, since 2004 Yes Yes Local biogas pipeGasum 2011 Yes, since 2014 Yes No (was until 2013) National gas gridHaminan Energia 2013 Yes, since 2013 Yes Yes Municipal gas gridEnvor Biotech 2013 Yes, since 2014 Yes Yes Local biogas pipeJoutsan Ekokaasu 2014 Yes, since 2014 Yes Yes Local biogas pipeJeppo Biogas 2014 Yes, since 2014 Yes Yes Local biogas pipeMäntsälän Sähkö 2014 Yes, since 2014 Yes Yes National gas grid

MAP OF BIOGAS FILLING STATIONS AND UPGRADING PLANTS IN FINLAND

◄ cont. from p. 11

12

ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONAll 24 public biogas filling stations are CBG100 stations, i.e. they sell

100% biogas (blends with natural gas are not available). For foreign visitors it is very important to note that all stations are open, i.e. accessible to all customers (operator specific fuel cards and contracts are not required). Payment options vary between operators, including cash, credit cards, bank cards, billing and fuel cards. All stations are automatic and always open (24/7). In 6 stations only biogas is sold. In 18 stations also natural gas is available: customer chooses either 100% biogas or 100% natural gas at the pump on those stations. In addition, there is one public station where only CNG is sold: unlike all public CBG stations, it is not an open station (i.e. a contract with the operator is required) so it is not an option for occasional foreign visitors.

Standard fueling connector NGV1 is available in all public stations. International visitors coming by buses or trucks may also utilize

heavy duty connector NGV2 in 2 public filling stations. Price of biogas varies between 1.20 and 1.45 euros/kg corresponding

to 0.77-0.93 euros for gasoline equivalent litre.

The graph shows energetic distribution of resources used for producing CBG (Compressed BioGas) for filling stations. All was waste based consisting of biowastes (99.99%) and lignocellulosic plant wastes (0.01%). Energy crops were not used. It means that all CBG is eligible for double counting in the national renewable energy statistics according to the rules of the RES Directive. Since energy use does not affect nutrient recycling in biogas processes, nutrients could be recycled independently.

Until 2016 all biogas sold in public CBG100 stations was produced domestically from biowastes. In 2014 (see graph) sewage had 75% share, solid biowaste 22%, dung 3% and straw 0.01%. In 2016 one station sells biogas, which partly originates from energy crops. The rest of the stations sell 100% biowaste based biogas.

As biogas was sold for vehicles only in pure form, as CBG100 (100% Compressed BioGas), it had by far the lowest average lifecycle greenhouse gas intensity of all energy sources available in public filling/charging stations for vehicle use in Finland.

And biogas was also available at lower price than any other energy

form in public filling/charging stations. Combination of highest environmental quality and lowest price was

complemented by highest technical quality (octane number 130-150) of fuels suitable for Otto engines. Suitability for Otto engine, i.e. the most common and the cheapest vehicle engine, also means that cars able to utilize it are in the same cost range with conventional gasoline and diesel cars in the Finnish market. As a result of extension of the public CBG100 filling station network, personal renewable energy transition in transportation energy consumption became possible in practice and without financial burdens for about a third of the Finnish population.

Key statistics of the Finnish traffic biogas infrastructure and related manufacturing industry:• Public biogas filling stations (CBG100 stations): 24• Private biogas filling stations: > 20 (not shown on the map)• Number of commercial biogas filling station operators: 7• Commercial biogas upgrading plants: 9 (in addition, there are dem-

onstration and research plants)• Number of biogas upgrading plant operators: 7• Biogas upgrading capacity: 3230 Nm3/h• LBG has not yet been taken into use, but infrastructure has already

been built for it: 1 liquefaction plant, filling stations, transport trucks and vehicles are available

• Number of vehicle producers: 10 (factory manufacturing 4, conver-sion 6); cars, vans, trucks, buses, special vehicles, light vehicles, of-froad vehicles, mobile working engines and ships

• Number of vehicle engine manufacturers: 2 (mobile working engines, road vehicles, ships and locomotives)

• Number of upgrading plant manufacturers: 4• Number of liquefaction plant manufacturers: 1• Number of filling station manufacturers: 2

References (in Finnish):• Lampinen A (2016) Liikennebiokaasun tuotanto ja käyttö vuonna 2015.

In: Huttunen MJ & Kuittinen V (eds.): Suomen biokaasulaitosrekisteri n:o 19 – Tiedot vuodelta 2015. Publications of the University of Eastern Finland, Reports and Studies in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 24, School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, 12-15.

• Huttunen MJ & Kuittinen V (2016) Suomen biokaasulaitosrekisteri n:o 19 – Tiedot vuodelta 2015. Publications of the University of Eastern Finland, Reports and Studies in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 24, School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, 42 p.

ABOUT THE FINNISH NATIONAL BIOGAS STATISTICS:Collection, analysis and publication of Finnish biogas statistics and

state of the Finnish biogas industry was an initiative of the Finnish Biogas Association in 1994. This information, including statistics since 1994, has been published in a series of Biogas Plant Registries, which now contain 19 volumes. The first three volumes included 3 years each, and the rest of the volumes include 1 year each. All of the volumes, which now cover years 1994-2015, are available at the Biogas Plant Registry archive of

the Finnish Biogas Association. They have been written in Finnish, with an English abstract. In addition to statistics, which is based on surveys sent annually to biogas plant operators, they include analysis of statistics and trends of the biogas industry. In 2011 the Finnish Biogas Association initiated collection and analysis of traffic biogas statistics, which require dedicated surveys. They have been included in the Registries since 2011, when data for the year 2010 was published. The traffic biogas section covers the whole history of biogas utilization in transportation, which began in 1941. Since 2010 the Registries have been published by the University of Eastern Finland. Surveys, analysis and publication of the Registries are a result of co-operation between University of Eastern Finland, Finnish Environment Institute and the Finnish biogas industry. These publications deliver biogas statistics for the official Finnish energy statistics collected and published by Statistics Finland.

Source: Ari Lampinen, CBG100 Suomi, June 2016, www.cbg100.net/products/res-t-methane-market-2015, www.cbg100.net/in-english/map-of-

filling-stations/

In operation Location Operator Technology Manufacturer Upgraded biogas transport2002 - Farm scale biogas plant in Laukaa Kalmari farm Water scrubber Metener, Finland Local biogas pipe2011 - Biogas plant of Kouvolan Vesi at municipal sewage treatment plant in Kouvola Kouvolan Vesi Water scrubber Greenlane, New Zealand National gas grid2012 - 2015 Educational biogas plant at Haapajärvi vocational college Metaenergia Water scrubber Metaenergia, Finland Local biogas pipe2012 - Biogas plant of HSY at municipal sewage treatment plant in Espoo Gasum Water scrubber Malmberg, Sweden National gas grid2013 - Biogas plant of Envor Biotech in Forssa Envor Biotech Membrane Envor Biotech, Finland Local biogas pipe2014 Biogas plant of Joutsan Ekokaasu in Joutsa Joutsan Ekokaasu Water scrubber Metener, Finland Local biogas pipe

2014 - Biogas plant of Jeppo Biogas in Nykarleby Jeppo Biogas Water scrubber Malmberg, Sweden Road (CBG container trucks) + local biogas pipe2014 - Biogas plant of Labio at PHJ waste management center in Lahti Gasum Water scrubber Malmberg, Sweden National gas grid

2014 - Farm scale biogas plant in Laukaa Kalmari farm/Metener Water scrubber Metener, Finland Local biogas pipe

2015 - Biogas plant of Haminan Energia in Virolahti BioGTS/Haminan EnergiaMolecular sieve adsorption/PSA BioGTS, Finland Municipal gas grid

Table 3. Traffic biogas production plants (biogas upgrading plants) in 2015.

Solidbiowaste

22%

Sewage 75%

Dung 3% Straw 0,01%

S p o n s o r e d t e x t | T e k s t s p o n s o r o w a n y

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