reproductive system 1. this tract is lined by what type of membrane? 2. the opening of this tract...

Reproductive System1. This tract is lined by what type of membrane?2. The opening of this tract (vagina, penis) is lined with what type of epithelium?3. Past the opening, what type of epithelium lines the uterus?4. How many layers of muscle are in the wall of the tubes like the fallopian tubes and vagina?5. How many layers of muscle are in the uterus (holding chamber)?6. What parasympathetic nerve would supply the reproductive system?

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Basal laminaSpermatogonium(stem cell)

Mitosis

Growth

Late spermatids

Early spermatids

Secondaryspermatocytes

Primaryspermatocyte

Spermatozoa

Type B daughter cell

Enters meiosis I and moves toadluminalcompartment

Meiosis Icompleted

Meiosis II

Type A daughter cellremains at basal laminaas a stem cell

(b) Events of spermatogenesis, showing the relative position of various spermatogenic cells

1031


CentriolesSpermatidnucleus

GolgiapparatusAcrosomal

vesicleMitochondria

Approximately 24 days

Excesscytoplasm

Nucleus

Acrosome

MicrotubulesFlagellum

Tail

Midpiece Head(a)

(b)

1 2

3

4

5

6 7

1032


Meiotic events Follicle developmentin ovaryBefore birth

Infancy andchildhood(ovary inactive)

Primary oocyte

Primary oocyte (stillarrested in prophase I)

Vesicular (Graafian)follicle

Primary follicle

Primordial follicle

Primordial follicle

Oocyte

Ovulated secondaryoocyte

In absence offertilization, ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum andultimately degenerates.Degenating

corpus luteum

Secondary follicle

Primary oocyte(arrested in prophase I;present at birth)

Oogonium (stem cell)

Each month frompuberty to menopause

Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month in response to LH surge)

First polar body

Mitosis

Growth

Meiosis II of polarbody (may or may not occur)

Polar bodies(all polar bodiesdegenerate)

OvumSecondpolar body

Meiosis IIcompleted(only if spermpenetration occurs)

SpermOvulation

Secondary oocyte(arrested in metaphase II)

Follicle cells

Spindle

1044


Head of epididymis

Body of epididymis

Tail of epididymis

Efferent ductule

Rete testisStraight tubule

Duct of epididymis

Ductus (vas)deferens

Lobule (250)

Testis

SeptumTunica albuginea

Tunica vaginalisCavity oftunica vaginalis

Spermatic cord

SeminiferousTubule (1-4) 2’

Blood vesselsand nerves

(a)

1021

SpermTestosterone


Basal lamina

Spermatogonium(stem cell)

Cytoplasm of adjacentsustentacular cells Sustentacular

cell nucleus

Tight junction betweensustentacular cells

Lumen ofseminifer-ous tubule

Late spermatids

Earlyspermatids

Secondaryspermatocytes

Cytoplasmicbridge

Primaryspermatocyte

Spermatozoa

Type B daughter cell

Type A daughter cellremains at basal laminaas a stem cell

(c) A portion of the seminiferous tublule wall, showing the spermatogenic cells surrounded by sustentacular cells (colored gold)

1031

Aka Sertoli cells

-Inhibin-ABP-acidic testicular fluid


Spermatogeniccells in tubuleepithelium

Interstitial cells(Testosterone)

Areolarconnective tissue

SpermMyoidcells

(c)

Seminiferoustubule

1031


Penis

Internal spermaticfascia

Superficial inguinalring (end of inguinal canal)

Urinary bladder

Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens

Autonomicnerve fibers

Testicular artery

Epididymis

Pampiniformvenous plexus

Tunica vaginalis(from peritoneum) Tunica albugineaof testis

Middle septumof scrotum

Cremaster muscleExternal spermaticfascia

Superficial fasciacontaining dartos muscle

Skin

Scrotum

102091.4 degrees


Head of epididymis

Body of epididymis

Tail of epididymis

Efferent ductule (Vas efferens)Rete testisStraight tubule

Duct of epididymis

Ductus (vas)deferens

Lobule

Testis

SeptumTunica albuginea

Tunica vaginalisCavity oftunica vaginalis

Spermatic cord

Seminiferoustubule

Blood vesselsand nerves

(a)

1021Mature & storage (4 weeks)


PeritoneumSeminalvesicle Ampullaof ductus deferensEjaculatoryduct

RectumProstateBulbourethralgland

AnusBulb of penisDuctus (vas) deferens

Epididymis

UreterUrinary bladder

Prostatic urethra

Pubis

Membranousurethra

Urogenitaldiaphragm

Corpuscavernosum

Corpusspongiosum

Glans penisPrepuceExternalurethral orifice

Spongyurethra

TestisScrotum

1019


Urinary bladder

Dorsal vesselsand nerves

Skin

Deep arteries(b)

(a)

Bulbourethral gland and duct

Urogenital diaphragm

Bulb of penis

Corpora cavernosa

Corpus spongiosum

Section of (b)

Spongy urethra

Glans penisPrepuce (foreskin)

External urethral orifice

Corpora cavernosa

UrethraTunica albuginea of erectile bodies

Corpus spongiosum

Crus of penisBulbourethral duct opening

Ductus deferens

Ampulla of ductus deferens

Prostatic urethraOrifices of prostatic ducts

Prostate

Membranous urethra

Root of penis

Shaft (body) of penis

Ejaculatory ductSeminal vesicle

Epididymis

Testis

Ureter

1023

Milkyalkaline

-60%, fructose, mucous, prostaglandins

Alkaline mucous

Semen 7.5pH + 4 = 6.5pH

Male Reflexes

ErectionParasympathetic reflex with relaxation of smooth

muscle of arteries and erectile tissue

EmissionSympathetic reflex with peristalsis of ducts and glands

to allow semen to enter urethra

EjaculationSomatic reflex with contraction of bulbospongiosus

muscle to allow semen to exit the body


Anteriorpituitary

Inhibin

GnRH

Testosterone

Via portalblood

Interstitialcells

SustentacularcellSpermatogeniccells

Seminiferoustubule

Somatic andpsychologicaleffects atother bodysites

LHFSH

1

2

2

3 4

5

6

78

Stimulates

Inhibits

1034

Hypothalamus

Testosterone

Targets organs associated with the male primary sex characteristics (penis, testicles, ducts and glands)

Targets organs associated with male secondary sex characteristics (bones, skeletal muscle, larynx, hair

distribution)

Stimulates protein synthesis (anabolic steroid)


Monspubis

Prepuceof clitoris

Clitoris(glans)

Vestibule

Anus

(a)

LabiaMajora (adipose)LabiaminoraUrethralorificeHymen(ruptured)

Opening of the ductof the greater vestibular gland

Vaginalorifice

1040

Vulva

Vestibular bulbs(c. spongiosum)

Paraurethral gl.

Bartholen’s gland (mucous) (bulbourethral gland)


Peritoneum

InfundibulumUterine tubeOvary

UterusRound ligamentVesicouterine pouchUrinary bladderPubic symphysisMons pubis

UrethraClitorisExternal urethralorificeHymenLabium minusLabium majus

Suspensoryligament of ovary

UterosacralligamentPerimetriumRectouterinepouch

RectumPosterior fornixCervixAnterior fornixVaginaAnusUrogenital diaphragmGreater vestibular(Bartholin’s) gland

Fimbriae

1035


Vagina

External osCervical canalInternal os

Wall of uterusPerimetriumMyometriumEndometrium

Round ligament of uterus

Uterinetube

InfundibulumFimbriae

IsthmusAmpulla

Lumen (cavity)of uterus

Suspensoryligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tubeOvarian bloodvessels

MesosalpinxMesovarium

Broadligament

Mesometrium

Ovary

Ovarian ligamentBody of uterusUreterUterine blood vesselsIsthmusUterosacral ligamentLateral cervical(cardinal) ligamentLateral fornixCervix

(a)

Fundusof uterus

1037

CiliatedEctopic pregnancy

Slough, placenta

peritoneum

-pH 4-stratified squamous-erectile tissue-sm. muscle peristalsis

-plugged-HPV (90%)


Lumen of uterus

Uterine glands

Smooth muscle fibers

Straight artery

Radial artery

Arcuate artery

Uterine artery

Endometrial vein

Capillaries

Venous sinusoids

Epithelium

Spiral (coiled)artery

Lamina propria ofconnective tissue

(b)

1039

Stratumfunctionalis

Stratumbasalis

Mucous membrane

Myometrium

Placenta


Medulla

Tunicaalbuginea

Germinalepithelium

Cortex

Oocyte Granulosa cellsLate secondary follicle

Antrum

Primaryfollicles

Oocyte

Zonapellucida

Thecafolliculi

Ovulatedoocyte

Mesovarium andblood vessels

Vesicular(Graafian)follicle

Coronaradiata

Developingcorpus luteum

Corpus luteum

Ovarianligament

Degenerating corpusluteum (corpus albicans)

(a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior

1036 & 1046

-Oogenesis-Estrogen & Progesterone

cuboidal

progesterone

Estrogen

Secondary oocyte


Skin (cut)

Pectoralis major muscle

Suspensory ligament

Adipose tissueLobeAreolaNipple

Opening oflactiferous duct

Lactiferous sinus

Lactiferous duct

Lobule containingalveoli

(a)1042

ampulla

15-20 progesterone

Prolactin-Ant. Pit.-Pregnancy-breast growth-Postpartum-milk production

Oxytocin-Post. Pit.-Milk release-Contraction of uterine wall

E

E

E


Alveolar glandsrespond by

releasing milk through ducts of

nipples.

Hypothalamussends efferent

impulses to the posterior

pituitary where oxytocin is stored.

Anterior pituitarysecretes prolactin

to blood.

Inhibits hypothalamic neurons thatrelease dopamine. Hypothalamus

releases prolactin releasing factors(PRFs) to portal circulation.

Oxytocin isreleased from theposterior pituitary

and stimulatesmyoepithelial cells

of breasts to contract.

Prolactin targetsmammary glands.

Milk production

Start

Stimulation ofmechanoreceptors in nipples by suckling

infant sends afferent impulses to the hypothalamus.

1088Let down reflex


Hypothalamus

Travels viaportal blood

Anterior pituitary

Early and midfollicular phases

Slightlyelevated estrogen and rising inhibin levels. Granulosa

cells

Inhibin

Androgens

Convertandrogens toestrogens

Thecalcells

FSH LH

3

1

2 2

2

4 Positive feedback exerted by large inestrogen output.

Hypothalamus

8

8

ProgesteroneEstrogensInhibin

5

6Rupturedfollicle

7

LH surge

Late follicularand luteal phases

1

5

Mature follicle Corpus luteumOvulatedsecondaryoocyte

Stimulates

Inhibits

GnRH

1048

Growth & dvlpmt ovulation

ProgesteroneUterine build up

Estrogen

-Primary and secondary sex characteristics

-Development of breast tissue (adipose, ducts, nipple)

-Stimulates the build-up of the endometrium for the menstrual period

Progesterone

-Development of the glandular breast tissue

-Works with estrogen to build-up endometrium

-Decrease in progesterone responsible for the sloughing of the endometrium

reproductive system 1. this tract is lined by what type of membrane? 2. the opening of this tract...

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