reproduction - dr. michael belanich · 2020. 1. 26. · reproduction • asexual ... figure 30.18...
TRANSCRIPT
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Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction
– Offspring’s genes all come from the same
parent without the fusion of egg and sperm
• Sexual Reproduction
– fusion of two haploid gametes (sperm and egg)
to form a diploid zygote
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Asexual Reproduction in Plants
• no alternation of generations
• new plants are cloned from parts of the
adult plant
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Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Forms of Vegetative Reproduction
• Rhizomes
– Underground stems
• Stolons or runners
– Long slender stems that run along the surface
of the soil
• Fragmentation
– Adventitious leaves or roots (suckers), cuttings
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Figure 35.4 Modified shoots: Stolons, strawberry (top left); rhizomes, iris (top right);
tubers, potato
(bottom left); bulb, onion (bottom right)
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Asexual Reproduction in Animals
• Fission
– the separation of the parent into two or more
offspring of equal size
• Budding
– new individuals split off from existing ones
• Fragmentation and regeneration
– the breaking of the body into several pieces,
some or all of which develop into new adults
• Parthenogenesis
– Development of unfertilized eggs
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Fission: asexual reproduction of a sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima)
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Budding: The life cycle of the hydrozoan Obelia
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Advantages of Asexual
Reproduction
• no mate
• quick
• favored in stable, favorable environments
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Advantage of Sexual
Reproduction
• Increases genetic variability
• advantageous when environmental
conditions are unstable or change often
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Sexual Reproduction
• female gamete= egg
– relatively large and nonmotile
• male gamete = sperm
– small and motile
• The two gametes unite during fertilization
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Pollination in “Higher” Plants
• The process by which pollen is placed on
the stigma
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Figure 41.13 Structure of a flower
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Formation of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac
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Wind Pollination
• Early plants
• gymnosperms and some angiosperms (oaks,
birches, grasses)
• Pollen only travels small distances (100m)
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Wind pollinated grass : yellow anthers
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Pollination by Animals
• many angiosperms
• animal pollinators are bees, butterflies,
moths, hummingbirds
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Figure 30.18 Flower-pollinator relationships: Scottish broom flower and honeybee
(left), hummingbird (top right), baobab tree and bat (bottom right)
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Pollination by Animals
• Leads to increased flower specialization
– coevolution
• Flower gets pollinated and the animal gets
food – pollen and nectar
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How a bee sees a flower
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Mimicry
• Flower
– Orchid (Chiloglottis trapeziformis)
• Pollinator
– Wasp (Neozeleboria cryptoides)
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Flowers produce female pheromones and
mimic female wasp shape
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Male wasp tries to copulate with flower
causing pollen to be deposited onto male wasp
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Male wasp flies to another flower and
deposits pollen while trying to copulate
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Figure 41.27 Growth of the pollen tube and double fertilization
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Double Fertilization in Plants
• One sperm fuses with the egg
– forms the zygote
• other sperm cell fuses with the two polar
nuclei in the embryo sac
– form the triploid endosperm (nourishes the
embryo)
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Self-Incompatibility in Flowers
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The life cycle of an angiosperm
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Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal: Red berries (left), dandelion (right)
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Fertilization in Animals
Two major patterns of fertilization:
• External fertilization
– Eggs are shed by the female and fertilized by
the male in the environment
• Internal fertilization
– fertilization takes place within the female’s
body
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External Fertilization
• Moist environments
• Requires synchronization
– due to environmental cues or pheromones
• large numbers of zygotes but low survival
rate
– no parental care
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External
Fertilization
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Internal Fertilization
• Requires cooperative behavior leading to
copulation
• Requires sophisticated reproductive systems
with copulatory organs
• fewer zygotes but increased survival
– protection of the embryo and parental care
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After Internal Fertilization
• Oviparity
– Fertilized eggs deposited outside of body
– Some fish, most reptiles, all birds
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After Internal Fertilization
• Ovoviviparity
– Fertilized eggs retained within mother
– Embryos get nutrition from yolk
– Some fish, some reptiles
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After Internal Fertilization
• Viviparity
– Embryos develop within mother
– Get nutrition from the mother
– Most cartilaginous fish, most mammals