United Nations Group of E%perts OR

4eographicalNames Working Paper No. 61

Eighteenth Session Geneva, u-23 August1996

Item7 of the E%ovisfonal Agenda

REPORTS OF THE WORKING GROUPS

+ Natali a, Professor of of -msalem, Israel

Cartqraphy, The Hebreu UhiVersity

DICTIONARY OF TOPONYMfC TERLMINO~OGY

WtaIbyNafiaIl~- .

PART I:RaLsx

vbim 3.0 upi8elfuiyl9!J6 .

001

. 002

003

004

oo!l

006

007

ooa

009

010

.

.

ol3

014

015

016

017

018

019

022

023

024

02s

026

027

biliaw

-.modiGed

sequala~esfocJphabedcsaipt.

putting into dphabetic order. see dso Kqucna ruIt!% Qphabctk

Rtlpreat8Ii00, e.g. ia 8 computer, wflich employs ooc only numm ds but also fetters. Ia a wider sense. aIso anploying punauatiocl tnarksmd-SymboIs.

Persod name. Esamples: Alfredi ‘Ali.

seecIass.f-

GrqbicsymboIusedurunitiawrIdu~morespedficaty,r ppbic symbol in 1 non-dphabedc writiog ryste.n& Exmlptes: Chinese ct, , thong; Ambaric u , ha: Japaoese Hiragana Q) , no.

Wnprehauive term for cheater. simplified aad character, varIaoL

031 CbmJnyol

032 CISS, featm?

033 cQdedrepfwltatiul

034

035

036

037'

038

039

040

041

042

047 caavasion alphabet

048 ConMQo table*

049

051

052

‘053

054

055

056

057

058

059

060

061

062

063

ofa

. -.-

adllRaIfeatlue

drufieki

0nevahte0frpointinlhisgr8ti~

w%idofplaaecoordiaarurnm;aingoftwosetsofsnpight~ -* rtcight8ngfIertoeachotkrodwithap8ltKliuofl8qthonbo&

gz

. rupenmposedonr(chieflytopogtaphtc)map.see8lsouTM

see axxdimtes. rectangufar.

A stahle form of speech, deriyed from a pbfgin, which has became the sole a ptincipal language of 8 qxech comtnunity. Example: Haitian awle (derived from Fresh).

see feature, allhlral.

*

Ac&uioaofsoftwamrcqkdfocusingrdgRaIdatabmem rstoauMe~osctlto~thisdatabase.

ckalog of defItitioas of lbe contmuofadigitaldatabase.~ud- hlg data element cefw labels. f0mw.s. internal refm codMndtextemty,~well~their-p,.

see&tadichlq.

DeMptioa of 8 basic unit of -Lkatifiile md defiile informatioa tooccqyrspecEcdataf!eldinrcomputernxaxtLExampk Pateofmtifii~ofluwtby~namaturhority’.

S~foc8spedfiCQtaclementh8eornPutv~rdExample: thefieWfachecoordinatcrin8placeaamecomputetd

DataachangekspeciaiIybyamputer~viasmdan&&c&es dfcc tetmhology not bound to a pmiatlar language.

v&e a cwtent of a paaiallar data ckmcnt in 8 specific comput- er record. Example: 0x.01.94 in the data field fa ‘date’.

The posihility of ma&g andfor using the same data 011 differem amputefsystexns. ’

066

067

068

069

070

071

072

073

074

075

6

081

084

dottnatrixprinteE

ctanat.SpSC

edonym*

090 Qcbojrm*

091

computer-Iiaked pciatiagdevice whidl prints text, and ill amy cawglaphia,aasetiesofsmaudooandaoc8slinuoruei& secaIsomstermodc

llutpartofrtoponymwhichdc4saotcoas&ue 8gttWfCtum

arxiwhichdisfh~ifflumodlasofuaesamef~~rt auy Lade m UdcIe mdkx other liaguisticeIunea& Exullpk POltElizabeth:RiOmCapegf.

Endonym sanchoed by a aames authority. Example: anxx~g the allonyms Hull rad Kingstua-upoo-HulI (Engtand), the latttr ir the

see feature. topogtaptlk

AcmrdiqtoUaitedNyioososagc:nameusedint~~ gwlge for a topoglaphic falalre situawi ourside tile nru vhae rhattquageIlasoffiisfans3.raddiff~gfiQmtfletndoayln a0t only tWugh convvsion cc the omissioa of dIa&tia Exam- ples: Warsaw b the Eqlish exofl~ for warszawp: IJYoch is FreachfortmRnn;MaiIaadisGewaforMiho.’l’heofficiaUy r0msrhdeadoqmMaslonforb4xxaa isaourarym.norisSao Pa010 foe so Pa010 QC Piayia Beijiig, WhiIe Peking k il exatym The Uakd Natious recomfneod minimizingttleuseOfexmynuIfl iatetnatisapl usage.

A diffehq view holds that 8 same givm by a partiarlat hguktrc 00mtnunI~ to 8 plaa wwl f&y belonged ta a politicalcntitp (e.g. 8 couattyl when the language of ti CommrmitY had offi mtus, and wItid differs from the official etXtOUym. Oc to 8 Pb ia m area where this ~guage, white having no offida! statu% b salf widely spoken - does sot amstitute an utOq’=

see also tndId0m.I Ilane. substitutionof an uonym for aa endonym. See aJso nattts tratts- fotmaf5on.

7

092 exmmmalm

093 anaim

094 f&egmicltlaaat

095 fenumci8ss

0% -fatmn&m3

097 Icrtrprs,- 098 .

terapn.-

101 fedture, mall-made

102 fearuce,aatucal

103 fmphJnial

304 feitrps,topgm@c

105 futrpn,-

109 fuu

110 form. graphic

111 famat

112 facmat,a>mplta

* seefealtJre,exaatemstnal. seename.etmtmmu see geaerlc clemulr. false seedsa,f-

see W-P-

seefemwe,maQaadC

Geogtaphkal feature made, et significantIy mod&d, by man. Examples: caa& road; popufakd place c!omplementaIy term: featun, aatuml.

‘Topographic feature ooc aude or signifiatly modified by man. Ewmples: iivu (but aot canao; futst (but oat plrlwiod. chmple- fnemaytam:ftatu~atamna&

OrgM, aderai md aamed aaecdal of canpatter ?ceords.

A typeface of 4 spa5iWrype. style mtl size. -let 12-pOht Tiies Roman; 10 cpf eh3racter-per-fncfzf- Brougham t talk

se focmaf. fik.

113 format, file

114 full title’

115 gazetim, index

118

132 gcqheme

l34

13s

136

137

l38

139

140

141

142

143

144

14s

146

147

148

152

hmiwsa .

fntaf8ca

163 tqtmge, Mtiotul*

164 iqu8ge,Ma-or~

ltis ktgu8gt,offici8l

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

185

186

187

188

109

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

litetafy htlguage

local mane

We

mrp, dti=ipN*

see ctgiul. tin*

Ths 8c5dFkstody of hum80 language in dl its aspects, including, phoae.tiu phoaoIogy, awphology. qntax and semantks.

See Language, literary. See name. IocaL Gr@iicsymbtarcombiicaofsymbofswhichrepresenaan catimfkeamphemesudtarword,withoutsqmatelyqx’esas- ing ftt corrztituea phonema or aylldlu Exmples: hp8neae Kanji III fw pat18 or sao (mooot8in): Chinese 7@ for thoog (midmel.

S=lerdcoo.Gogograpbic

seescrlps,logoppa

Map script in a mukiscriphral amp.

203

204

205

207

208

209

213

214

215

216

217

818

219

220

221

222

223

ltlltrkef, vowel*

tbo In tbe spedfic coataa of.this gkssaty 8 topoaym.

see anc4lyuL Seeaitmstandaidited

Toponym~gof rgeneric mdrsp==~w,@~f* spdic cotnpma comktiag.l>f a@e tlm cot woni. empIe: Mount Coatr; Nearport; Newfoundla& Kerioki::R8-m Siam Nevada oriental; Stem-Tint. CotnpkmaWjf Wttc aamc simplex,

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

226

237

238

239

240

241

.

om=.compOund

oome, indig-

oalne, Ysiaat

14

see mole. composite.

Tqmnym applied to aa ufl;~~vrrstrfaf featum Exmtpk Niu Olympics 4x8 Mats).

Toponyut&mdiahistocWdoaune&~andbehgnumaeia curmu Ix& Exanlpk Ebuaaml uor York. Eglandl: Media- haunt (for MiIaao, Italy); New Amstdam UrnNew Yak. USAl: Edo (for Tokyo. JapanI.

Topcqm in, ac derived front. aa Migenous tngurgc Bumtpk culabah (Aborigiaal.~, Ehfr*ozini c?du,sourh~.

Toponytn applied by (I geographically limited secux of a BnguWc communi~toafeatufewithinitsuea Itmaydifferfromtbe standatdlzed cndonym.

Toponym applied to a feature oa the surf= of the tnooa, Exam- pfes: Gagaria; Msre T~quillitatis.

Name of a hydrogaphk fcaturc associated with the tea

Topoaym h a minority hguage.

Toponym sanctioned by I &zgaIIj axstituted (e.g. natioaaI) names authority and applied witbill its jtlhcaiorl.

oseetoponynt.

Desui~venamecxprrssedhIocal~sndlarlguage.~les:

&Rub’ aMWE (he anpty quarter. Saudi Ambii: Da&t-e Kavir (big desea. tan).

A word which desfgoates an individual being or object. Examples: All%% Bdiig.

Siigfe-word toponym. &ally consisting of a specifk axnpoaa oaly. Examples: ICiiev; Temulco: MalaW Al-Qi&imb Caid is GtSO4SilTlplCC~.SincsilltheorigiMlAl%biCIlleU3i&pl- coastitutes a bound morplume, ic an integral unhypbmaed pdii colnplanaltacy tune aamee composite

Namesuc&aedbytaamuauthorityathepref~aarnefkom among a aumber of aUonyms for 8 given festurc Howcva, 8 siagle feannc may have more t&a one aandHiz& aamc Exam- ple: lcaapw and ape Towa (but not capemu).

~topoapm. .

An uonym ia dtively widetpresd use by a partiatfar Ihguktic commun.Q and usually found in its paditioa aud titerat~. Exam- ples: Akxandrie [Freud11 for &Wan~yah kabii; J&&s (Span&h) for Yerushaayim G&brew): Pelchg Er@MlI foC seijing Kllilld.

see alloqm.

242

243

244

245

246

at7

248

251

252

2s3

254

255

256

263

264

.

-rutbority

aoa-offichl language

OCXl--

aoa-vowened

pbOOdC

phonetic, pilaeid

16

267

a58

269

-270

lm

272

273

274

275

276

277

27a

279

280

Relating ro phonoIogy.

77leaudyofspeedlsoundsdtheir~iar~taa- guageccintwoorlnmlaclguagesconsiderultogetberfora.xnpar- 8th Purposa.

see ffsture, pllysical.

Graphic qmbol which rept-emts M objeu via graphic-visual simi- larity in order to convey &her itJ meaning or the sound of its name. See also phonogram.

A datively stable f&n of speech developed 85 aft uudliary lan- page, whose VW end sphtn of anplo;umeru m-e aalzuwly limited rad whae granunw, pbonotogical smxcmre andaylem simpk rhaa those of &~3 iaagwge(s) from which it w8s evolved. Exampla. Tok F’isia fNec+MelslKsiacl) bssed 00 English): Bazw MIih~blMill@klndoaesip;petitMauresqut(Fd~kr N&~:FaaagaIbbuialybmmZulu.Sourh~.A pidghwhidbeamcshemo&ertongueofrlhgdsdc~ tyksaidlobe-see8Isoereole,

Acronjrnr for pictum clement: the unit of srorage and display ‘m ~rastymodc

see topoap name. plaix 0.

See index* place aames.

se data ilombility.

see IMguage. pliacipal.

Asetofiaswaionsdireaiagtheaxnputerwhichoper&tsto petfonn.cOmplaneataytewdataztbesecaabeoperateduponby rprognm.

see oafne. pmper.

(al 8acic focla of 8 logographic 4wactcr. Example: one of the 214CXnesebasiccfiaactcn which epesalt categocia of sease. such s rhe charaaer fw *tree’ 00 the basis of w&i& the Iogogmns for qJei5ilc kinds of tree are cwtnraed.

h a computer, norage and display of data oa a dense grU of pixels amanged incohxnns and cows. Example: Satellite images arc amally mcml in caster mode. Complementary tezmz vector mode.

17

288

289 290

. -w toot

291

293

294

295 script. donor

Re-collvasi~ of 8 mutt of tnasiskradoa iat tbes4wwe&* see atao teverliity. Ackauai&ofcrmJn-wIlicb~tsrwrittea~ftcmto becoavertedfromoascriptor~ting~tatb~,md suhsequmtly to he ceconverted back into the 8ource script, the mutt h&g ideaticat with&e ocigiflat.

Convtrsion from aon-Romau Into Roman s&pt. FM the@lowing, single mmanitatioa systems have beez~ approved by Unite&~ations Cod- up to the time of witing: Amharic; Bulgariau, Mace- do&a, Russian md sabo&sb Cydt.k m &uanagari: Fani:Gm%Hekew:p;hmer;ThaL Examples: ABM -a Athim l&am 4 Maskvaz ¶‘¶Wn 4 Tei-

AVi~lt:Y4NifXi&

A ses of graphic symbols anptoyed 31 witing or pcintiag.$ @rtiak tar language. diffeg from anotW set sot ooly bytMace or font. Groups of diffsent sa-ipu fom writing systkB% @amptest Roman. Greek. Cyril~. Arabic, lcomm. nai razl Km saiptr belong to the atphabetsc qwlg Jystem: Amhpric,, &pw!3 lcana #ltIluit(lEslrkno)totbelylkbfc;-HanrrrilJapaiwefcprl”r~ u) the logogmphk

Saipt belonging to the alphabetic writing m in wb$& 8 single letter or di- or uigraph in principle npceseaa & single phoneme or diphthong. Gamples: Roman, Greek, CyciU.ic. W, A&Xc and &brew are dpbabetic, but tie Iatter two are defective.. Le. mainly cmsonant scripts. to calpweticl lcowa (H%lgw; letten ece gnlphicaty olpized in mghty squ* syuab’u: uaia.

$ee script. defective alphabetic. Alphabetic script in wbicb tbe tenen CxdtrsWy W$xVdotiW represent consonants, vow& being dtniwly:w~p~ rented by noa-letter mar&n ia the form of dots ot bsrlrbove, &tow or within the consottant tettur, Exampk: Aabicami Hebrew. see atso vowel marker‘

see script,souruz. -

18

307 -rules+

308 sbatfom(ofrtlam4’

309

310

311

312

313

314 soutce taoguage

315 somesuipt

316 speaiceIexlent .

A script-g of togograms and bektoging to fhe logogaphic writtng sys&m. Examples: Chinese; Japanese Kan]l,

see mq.scTipt.

see script, so-

seuaipt..target. .

Arcriptbelodging#,rhe~~fcrrittng~iawhichtn,or umaligotayof,ch4tacteueachrrpreKntmentirtayu4blcExam- pIcsz Ethiopian &nhark Japanese Katakana and Kiragans Ynuit Bdmol syilabics. Korean CHaa’gulL though dphabetic, Ls graphi- Cdly arid vhaatly syllabic. See ako alphabetic script,

A script into whi& a toponym may be convected fian its source 8cript. See dso tanslikradon. Example: Roman script in the romahfzadon of Greek.

(b)Abodyofitemlistedinthisonler.

Rutuchatifidtcminwhicborderwords(e.g.toponynxia4. - . gaze!tes~shouIdbetn;nrgedwithrespecttothesequ~oftbdr Wcrs. syilabograrmoriogqm. Robkms may arise apedally with Jetten omitted in the ainveocional way of citing the rrIphabet orI~~withmarkurocdIauI~asuchui,b.J,10hGamaa: UoriiaSpaoisbasweilswithbypheoatedwords.

In topcnymy, the ibbuviated or shoct vest00 of a oame. Example: Qinr. for 7lx People’s Republic of China Complemeatxy (crm: long fona

sejh#1fom(ofraameL

seediacrittc.

see ame, simptex,

se czaracm, simplikd.

Programs. procedures and data ass~ciaed with the operath Of 8

computer q3tem C4xnplemeotary tesm: hardwate.

se Iilnguage. source.

see SCTipt, source,

see etenlent. specilic.

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

32s

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335a

336

syibbic 6s a ix&

syuabiijaipt

syllabifiioa

aylhbl~

342 343

344

345

$45

347 348

349

550

351 352

353

ODesaiptioaaadgqhicqcesshuoftherbovt. The activity or process of axtferring topoaytns

proper aale applied to a bpoglapttk feaflxm c24mpeave tenttfccgeOgraphicaiandcmatvrrctrial SeeitlckpIace~

(a) The science which has as its object the study of toponyms itt genePal. and of geographical nama ia partiahr.

cb) The totality of tOpanyms in a givm regioa.

SeeaPmc.smd=kd

s&e sllonyTiL

See aame, traditionaL

361

362

363

22

366 rmoacalind 367 OmoOwdfcd

36a mgtid

372 -laagllage

373 %mlmxle

374 vocabdq .

375

376 vocabd

sn vowd

378 -vowelkna

379 vowdfnuka

380 vowel pofflt*

381 vOwelId

382 writing system

Acronym foe UaW Naricos Group of Experts od Geogmphical Names.

seevocahth

h 8 computer, storage aod display of graphic infonnatioa tpciia, lines, pclygons) with the aid of points defmed and addressed by their (usually feaanguku) ccicdinata. C0mplemeatacy temc raster mode.

see v-OLL

see letter, VoweL

seefndef,vowd.

see vowdalnrker.

see lrcmliioa.

Method of Rprcsentiog the ekments of phonology and morphology of a language by a ses of graphic symbols whicfi make up w dpb- bet, a syllabary cc a logoo,raphlc lexfccn, reJpeUivdy f* aa alphabetic, syllabic ar logographic writing systun. A writiag ~~~mk~0mposedofhpa.