SVCAP Phase I: Database Component

Subcomponent 4.3: Passive Sampling

Key implementing Partner: Hanoi DONREH

Report on the first Air Quality Measuring Campaign in Hanoi using the Passive Sampling

Method

Do Quang Trung – Swiss-Vietnamese Clean Air Program (SVCAP) Fabian Scherer – Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich)

27.04.2007

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Executive Summary

A. Description of the Passive Sampling Campaign

1) From November 2006 to April 2007 SVCAP planed and implemented a first

passive air quality measuring campaign (PAQMC) in close collaboration with the key

implementing partner, “CENMA”.

2) Passive sampling is a low cost air quality measuring method. A passive or diffusive

sampler is a tube with an absorbing medium, which is exposed to the ambient air during

a time period of one to four weeks. When absorbed the air pollutant remains in the

absorbing medium. Its mass can thereafter be determined in a laboratory and the

pollution concentration of the air can be calculated.

3) With this method air quality was measured at 100 sites located in and around

Hanoi. Measurements with passive samplers of NO2, SO2 and BTX were done from

12th

of January 2007 until the 6th

of February.

4) Air pollution levels of all sites are then visualized in a map overlaying the city map

and thus a picture can b achieved concerning ht air pollution in Hanoi

B. Implementing Process and Quality Assurance:

The first PAQMC can be considered a success. In general every step was carried out

without any major problems. The close monitoring of CENMA and active involvement of

SVCAP in all steps of the first PAQMC was necessary and crucial for the quality

assurance.

To guarantee the quality of the results the sampling tubes were ordered and analyzed in

Switzerland by PASSAM, at the same time an additional 24 test tubes were analyzed in

three different laboratories in Hanoi to enable SVCAP to compare the results and carry

out an auditing of the chosen laboratories

C. Objectives reached: The values received from PASSAM showed high accuracy and proved reasonable, when

analyzed in a local context. An overview of the levels of different pollutants in the city

and the outskirts was achieved. A first map of air pollution for Hanoi was set up. It serves

now as basis for awareness raising and stakeholder communication and for the control of

the success of future program activities of SVCAP.

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D. Findings of the first Campaign: Air pollution of SO2, NO2 and BTX were measured at the following four categories of

sampling sites: City background concentration, hot spots of traffic, industrial areas and

rural areas.

Averages Air Pollution Levels in Hanoi

Passive Sampling: Jan - Feb 2007

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

NO2 SO2 benzene

ug

/m3

Hot Spots of Traffic

Background Concentration

Industrial Areas

Rural Areas

EU

Standard

The mapping of the gained data reviled, that the inner city respectively Hoan Kiem and

Hai Ba Trung districts are severely polluted by NO2 and BTX. High SO2 levels are

found in residential or commercial as well as in industrial areas.

E. Impact on Capacity Building and Ownership: Experiences gained by will enable SVCAP to select long-term passive monitoring site

and to successfully design the second PAQMC together with the partners..

The capacity of CENMA in implementing passive sampling measurements was

significantly enhanced. They succeeded to receive a stat funded budget for passive

sampling, by the peoples committee of Hanoi.

However the auditing of laboratories reviled that the quality of testing does not yet

comply with the quality required. A long term parallel testing and cooperation between

PASSAM in Switzerland an CENMA is recommended.

This may be done during a next full year PAQMC.

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Acronyms

DONREH Department of Natural Resources, Environment and Housing

CENMA Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis (DONREH)

EMD Environmental Management Division (DONREH)

HPC Hanoi People’s Committee (city legislature)

PAQMC Passive air quality measuring campaign

CENMA Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis

IET Institute of Environmental Technology

CETASD Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development

ETI GROUPE BURGEAP

French Company specialized in mapping of passive sampling data

PASSAM A spin-off enterprise of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology – ETH Zurich

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

PM Particulate Matter

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

BTX Benzene, Toluene, Xylene

ToR Terms of Reference

QA / QC Quality Assurance / Quality Control

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Content EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 2

ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................................. 4

1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 8

SCOPE OF THE REPORT ................................................................................................................................ 9 REPORT STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................... 9

2 PASSIVE SAMPLING METHOD AND GOALS.......................................................................... 10

Main Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 14 Specific Objectives of the First Campaign .......................................................................................... 14

3 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FIRST PAQM CAMPAIGN...................................................... 15

3.1 PARTNERS .................................................................................................................................. 15 Key Implementing Partner .................................................................................................................. 15 Resource Partners ............................................................................................................................... 15 Consultants.......................................................................................................................................... 15

3.2 SCHEDULING OF THE CAMPAIGN ................................................................................................ 16 3.3 METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................................. 17 3.4 PHASE ONE: PLANNING AND PREPARATION ............................................................................... 19 3.5 PHASE TWO: SHELTER AND SAMPLER INSTALLATION ................................................................ 23 3.6 PHASE THREE: SAMPLER-ANALYSIS AND MAPPING-RESULTS ................................................... 25 3.7 DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS ...................................................................................................... 31

4 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE............................................................... 32

5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 35

5.1 PROPOSAL FOR THE NEXT CAMPAIGN ......................................................................................... 36

APPENDIX A: PARTICIPANTS AND RESPOSIBILITIES................................................................. 38

APPENDIX B: CONTRACTS, AGREEMENTS AND TOR ................................................................. 40

TERMS OF REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................. 40 • ToR for CENMA ........................................................................................................................ 40 • Quotation of PASSAM for the passive sampling equipment ...................................................... 40 • Quotation for the mapping of the French company ETI Groupe Burgeap ................................ 40 • ToR for the mission of Dr. Markus Hangartner......................................................................... 40

CONTRACTS .............................................................................................................................................. 40 • Contract with CENMA............................................................................................................... 40

AGREEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 40 • CENMA’s agreement with households ...................................................................................... 40 • CENMA’s letter to the district authorities ................................................................................. 41 • Agreement with CENMA on the passive sampling workshop .................................................... 41 • Minutes of handing over the passive samplers .......................................................................... 41

APPENDIX C: SCHEDULES, MANUALS AND REPORTS................................................................ 42

SCHEDULES............................................................................................................................................... 42 • Schedule Passive Sampling........................................................................................................ 42 • Agenda mission of Dr. Hangartner............................................................................................ 42 • Passive Sampling Workshop Program....................................................................................... 42

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MANUALS ................................................................................................................................................. 42 • Manual for the Installation of Shelters and Samplers ............................................................... 42 • Guidelines for the Selection of Passive Sampling sites.............................................................. 42

REPORTS ................................................................................................................................................... 42 • CENMA’s Passive Sampling Report.......................................................................................... 42 • ETI report on mapping .............................................................................................................. 42 • The first passive sampling campaign in Hanoi, 12 January - 6 February................................. 43 • Laboratory Audit report ............................................................................................................ 43

PRESENTATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 43 • Presentation of Results .............................................................................................................. 43 • Presentation of Laboratory Audit Results.................................................................................. 43

APPENDIX D: DATA AND DOCUMENTS............................................................................................ 44

DATA ........................................................................................................................................................ 44 • Analysis Data from PASSAM..................................................................................................... 44 • Recording data from CENMA.................................................................................................... 44 • Analysis Data from the Vietnamese Laboratories ..................................................................... 44

DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 44 • Leaflets and documentation by PASSAM................................................................................... 44 • List of participants of the passive sampling workshop .............................................................. 44 • CENMA’s Budget for 2007 ........................................................................................................ 44

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Figures FIGURE 1: EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS PASSIVE SAMPLERS.................................................................................. 10 FIGURE 2: PRINCIPAL OF DIFFUSIVE SAMPLERS.............................................................................................. 11 FIGURE 3: PASSIVE SAMPLING SHELTER ........................................................................................................ 12 FIGURE 4: STEPS OF THE FIRST PASSIVE SAMPLING CAMPAIGN ...................................................................... 18 FIGURE 5: SAMPLING SITES ON THE MAP OF HANOI ...................................................................................... 21 FIGURE 6: SPOT CHECK AT RURAL SITE.......................................................................................................... 22 FIGURE 7: SPOT CHECK AT A HOT SPOT OF TRAFFIC SITE................................................................................ 22 FIGURE 8: SAMPLING SITE VT100 ................................................................................................................. 24 FIGURE 9: SAMPLING SITE VT98 ................................................................................................................... 24 FIGURE 10: AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS FOUND DURING THE FIRST PAQMC .............................................. 26 FIGURE 11: DISTRICT AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS ....................................................................................... 27 FIGURE 12: MAPPING OF NO2 (LEFT) AND SO2 (RIGHT) IN HANOI................................................................ 28 FIGURE 13: MAPPING OF BTX....................................................................................................................... 28 FIGURE 14: CENMA’S LABORATORY............................................................................................................ 34

Tables TABLE 1: PASSIVE SAMPLER FORMULA.......................................................................................................... 11 TABLE 2: COMPARISON DIFFUSIVE SAMPLERS AND AUTOMATIC MONITORS .................................................. 13 TABLE 3: SCHEDULE...................................................................................................................................... 16 TABLE 4: CONTRACTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................................ 19 TABLE 5: NUMBER OF SAMPLERS AND SHELTERS PURCHASED....................................................................... 20 TABLE 6: SAMPLING SITE TYPES .................................................................................................................... 20 TABLE 7: NUMBER OF SAMPLERS ANALYZED BY PASSAM........................................................................... 25 TABLE 8: AIR QUALITY STANDARDS .............................................................................................................. 26 TABLE 9: AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED OF NO2, SO2 AND BTX................................................. 26 TABLE 10: SAMPLERS FOR THE LABORATORY AUDIT ..................................................................................... 29 TABLE 11: CORRELATIONS OF PASSAM SAMPLERS ANALYZED IN DIFFERENT LABORATORIES .................... 33

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1 Introduction The Swiss-Vietnamese Clean Air Program (SVCAP) is a joint project under a bilateral agreement

signed in Hanoi on the 1st March, 2006 between the Government of Vietnam, represented by the

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) and the Government of Switzerland,

represented by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) under the framework

agreement on Development Cooperation between Switzerland and Vietnam. SDC assigned

SWISSCONTACT (SC) to carry out the project.

Goals of SVCAP The goal of SVCAP is to contribute to the prevention of a possible further degradation of the air

quality in Hanoi and its surrounding. The purpose of the first phase is to support the creation of

favourable conditions for the reduction of air pollution by means of the definition and

implementation of an integral air quality management system, focusing on Hanoi and surrounding

In order to achieve the purpose of this first phase, the activities are focused on the following

components:

- Policy reform, both on national and provincial/Hanoi level

- Awareness raising with focus on Hanoi

- Pilot demonstration projects with focus on Hanoi

- Improvement of air quality and emission database including an emission inventory for

Hanoi, passive sampling campaigns, air quality monitoring system and modeling of air

pollution in Hanoi

Strategic Approach of SWISSCONTACT

In contrast with many conventional approaches, the strategic approach of SWISSCONTACT is

guided by an ethos of sustainability and by a systematic view of the “environment” in which the

program is implemented. This means specifically:

- That capacity and commitment for reform should reside within the local system after

SWISSCONTACT has left the project

- Intervening with stakeholders to encourage ownership. Institutional capacity building

through know-how transfer and involvement in implementation

- Strengthening functions and rules which support the system for business reform, rather

than trying to deliver specific reforms directly

- Build on a reputation of independence and credibility as a result of an established

presence

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Scope of the report

The following report describes the first passive air quality measuring campaign (hereinafter

referred as “PAQMC”) conducted by SVCAP in close partnership with Hanoi Center for

Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis (CENMA) under the Department

of Natural Recourses, Environment and Housing (DONREH). Passive sampling is one of the

three subcomponents of the database component. It is planned to conduct a second PAQMC in

2007 with several measurement campaigns, which will profit from the experiences gained during

the first PAQMC.

The report will show what steps and actions were necessary to conduct the first PAQMC. It will

describe what measures were taken for quality assurance and quality control and what lessons

were learned; it will help to design the second PAQMC.

The report will not deal with specific details, because they are discussed in other documents (see

Appendix) and it would go beyond the scope of the report.

Report Structure

The report consists of two major parts: A reporting and an Appendix part.

• Reporting part: After the introduction follows a detailed documentation in chapter 3, where

partners and consultants are introduced and the first PAQMC is described step by step.

Quality Control and Quality Assurance is discussed in chapter 4. In chapter 5 conclusions

and lessons learned are stated and a tentative proposal for the second PAQMC is elaborated.

• Appendix part: The Appendix contains all documents concerning the first PAQMC

developed and written under SVCAP initiative. This report will only refer to documents in

the Appendix, thus it contains no list of references.

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2 Passive Sampling Method and Goals

2.1. Method

Passive sampling is an air quality measuring method applied regularly and successfully by many

environmental monitoring agencies in Europe, Asia, South America and the USA.

SWISSCONTACT has successfully relied on this methodology in its clean air projects in South

America. Passive sampling has proven to be suitable for clean air projects, due to the easy

handling of the passive (or diffusive) samplers (see Figure 1) and the relatively low cost of

campaigns.

Figure 1: Examples of various passive samplers Source: PASSAM

The physics of passive samplers The measuring units which are used in passive sampling are so called diffusive samplers. The

functionality of diffusive samplers is based on the diffusion of air pollutants onto an absorbing

medium. The driving force is the concentration gradient between the surrounding air and the

absorbing surface, where the pollutant concentration is zero (see Figure 2). When absorbed the air

pollutant remains in the absorbing medium. Later its mass can be determined in a laboratory. By

knowing the absorption rate of the sampler, exposure time and the absorbed mass, the

concentration of the pollutant in the ambient air can be calculated (see Table 1).

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diffusion path

cross section

C0 Cu

absorbing surface

Figure 2: Principal of diffusive samplers

Source: PASSAM

The ambient concentration is calculated according to the following formula:

Cu: ambient concentration [µg/m

3

]

md: mass absorbed [µg]

mb: blank [µg]

SR: sampling rate [ml/min] t: exposure time [min]

Table 1: Passive sampler formula

Source: PASSAM

The application of passive samplers The general set up of a passive sampling measurement campaign is to hang out passive samplers

in 1 to 300 or more shelters (see Figure 3) and measure for 1 to 4 weeks, depending of the

sampler requirements.

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Figure 3: Passive sampling shelter

Passive sampling is usually conducted in addition to continuous monitoring by automatic stations.

The information gained by continuous monitoring stations is expanded to the spatial information

of some specific air pollutants such as Nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Benzene, whereas

particles have to be measured by active methods. Passive sampling can also replace continuous

monitoring in measuring monthly mean air pollution concentrations; for the comparison of

passive sampling method with active monitoring stations see Table 2.

Whenever simultaneous measurements at different sites are required, passive sampling is the

methodology of choice. Examples, which can be dealt with by passive sampling are:

• Classification of air pollution zones

• Preliminary assessment of ambient air quality (for BTX, SO2 and NO2 monthly and

annual means)

• Air quality monitoring network design (e.g. locating for continuous monitoring stations)

• Following trends

• Impacts on ecosystems

• Assessment of personal exposure

• Calibration of modelling

Diffusive samplers have many advantages: They are especially light and need no power

source. The logistics of their use offers no problems; they can be sent by post to the

laboratory.

However, the analytical determination of air pollutants needs well equipped laboratories

and well trained personnel.

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Automatic monitoring

Passive sampling

Pollutants SO2, NO2, CO, BTX, O3 Particles

NO2, SO2, O3, BTX, NH3

Information 1 site area monitoring

Time resolution real-time 1 to 30min mean values 1 to 4 weeks

Calibration periodically validation once

Quality assurance 20% of total maintenance costs

inter-laboratory comparisons

Skill required high low

Energy power supply NO2, SO2, O3, BTX, NH3

Transportation stationary can be transported to remote areas and send by post

Table 2: Comparison diffusive samplers and automatic monitors

Source: PASSAM

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2.2. Goals of Passive Sampling of SVCAP

Main Objectives

The long term goals of passive sampling may be defined as follows:

A. Provision of time and spatially representative air quality data (i.e. monthly mean values) for

the different districts in areas of Hanoi in a cost-effective way for a sound, city-wide trend

analysis for various purposes.

B. Checking the compliance with Vietnamese and/or international air quality standards (annual

mean values) for selected air quality parameters

C. Provision of comprehensive and understandable (e.g. visualised) information to policy

makers, general public and other stakeholders

D. Capacity building for CENMA in implementation and laboratory analysis of samplers, as

well as mapping of the results.

E. Institutionalize ownership for air quality data monitoring by Hanoi DONREH.

Specific Objectives of the First Campaign

The objectives of the first PAQMC in Hanoi were:

a. Get an overview of the levels of NO2, SO2 and BTX in the city and the outskirts

b. Set up a first map of air pollution in Hanoi witch serves as basis for:

o Awareness raising and stakeholder communication

o A first Air Quality Management Plan for Hanoi

o The control of the success of future measures by SVCAP

c. Testing of the capacity and quality of local laboratories

d. Selection of passive monitoring sites for the second PAQMC

e. Gaining experiences for defining and establishing long-term diffusive monitoring policies and

procedures in Hanoi

f. Guarantee the correctness and quality of the results of the measurements and the first

mapping of pollution concentration in the most densely populated districts in Hanoi

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3 Implementation of the first PAQM Campaign In this chapter the first PAQMC is described in detail. The chapter begins with the introduction of

the partners involved in the first PAQMC and a description of their role, followed by a short

overview of the work schedule and concluded by a detailed description of all necessary steps.

3.1 Partners

Key Implementing Partner

The key implementing partner for passive sampling is CENMA, a center under Hanoi DONREH.

CENMA is specialized in monitoring and analyzing the environment.

One of the main goals of SVCAP is to enable CENMA to conduct passive sampling campaigns in

the future, independent from external help. Therefore CENMA was involved in all steps of the

first PAQMC from the planning to the chemical analysis of the sampling tubes.

Resource Partners

Four additional resource partners were involved: PASSAM, IET, CETASD and ETI. PASSAM is

a Swiss producer and supplier of the passive sampling tubes and shelters and was assigned to

analyze the majority of the samplers in Switzerland. During the implementation SVCAP used fact

sheets provided by PASSAM as a reference, when writing manuals and guidelines for the local

use.

ETI and CETASD are local laboratories and were assigned to chemically analyze certain amount

of sampling tubes; they may be considered as possible partners for future campaigns.

ETI is a French company specialized in modeling of passive sampling data. ETI was assigned to

write a complete mapping report of the first PAQMC.

Consultants

We worked with two consultants, the international consultant Dr. Markus Hangartner from

PASSAM and the local consultant Dr. Pham Duy Hien.

SVCAP Database Component relies on the support of the senior passive sampling expert, Dr.

Hangartner. Besides being a consultant he is also the owner of PASSAM company, the main

resource partner for the first PAQMC. Dr. Hangartner was assigned for a mission to Hanoi during

one week in April 2007. He had the task to evaluate the analyzing capacity of the Vietnamese

laboratories to analyze passive samplers. Mr. Hangartner gave also advice concerning the

planning of the second PAQMC.

Dr. Hien is a part-time consultant and program officer for SVCAP Database Component. He

played a major role in adapting the planning to Vietnamese circumstances and in supporting

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CENMA in the field. As it was the first PAQMC on this scale for CENMA his support was

crucial for quality assurance.

The function and role of all people involved in the first passive sampling are listed in Appendix

A.

3.2 Scheduling of the Campaign

The planning of the campaign is based on a proposal from PASSAM dated October 2005.

The actual planning started in November 2006; the SVCAP implementation plan for passive

sampling, which was finalized in 2005, was studied and revised. After these adjustments the

planning in collaboration with CENMA started in December 2006. The measurements started on

12th of January 2007 and went on until the 6th of February. In March and April the chemical

analysis of the samplers, the analysis of the data and the assessment measurement campaign took

place. Final event was the dissemination of the results during a passive sampling workshop on

25th of April.

Step Nr Description

Dec-Nov 06 Jan Feb Mar Apr

1 Planning

2 Site identification and recording system

3 Shelter installation and start of the measurements

4 Controlling the samplers

5 Collecting the tubes and shelters

6 Chemical analyses

7 Data analyses and mapping

8 Dissemination of the results

Table 3: Schedule

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3.3 Method of Implementation

The initial PAQMC included three phases, eight main steps and five sub steps (see Figure 4).

The steps are classified in three phases. The first phase consists of planning and preparations (step

1 and 2), the second in the implementation of the measurements (steps 3, 4 and 5) and the third in

analyzing and dissemination of results (steps 6, 7 and 8). The sub steps (1b, 1a, 2a, 6a and 7a)

describe management and quality control and quality assurances (QA/QC) actions undertaken

either by SVCAP and the partners, which were necessary in addition to the main steps. Chapter 4

is discussing QA/QC exclusively and step 7a, as it is a QA/QC on it own is described in this

chapter. Each main step and sub step will be described in detail thereafter.

.

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Figure 4: Steps of the first passive sampling campaign

1a Guidelines for grid and sampling site

definition 2 Site identification and

protection

3 Shelter installation and start of the

measurements

4 Spot checks of the sampling sites

5 Collection of samplers and shelters

6 Chemical analyses of the samplers

1b Preparation and planning of the

recording 1 Planning, scheduling

and equipment preparation

6a Preparation of exposition protocols and

electronic maps

8 Dissemination of results and passive sampling workshop

7 Analyzing and mapping of the gained

data

2a Recording during steps 2, 3, 4 and 5

7a Laboratory audit

Phase one:

Planning and preparation of work

Phase two:

Implementation of measurements

Phase three:

Analyzing of samplers, mapping of results and dissemination of results

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3.4 Phase One: Planning and Preparation Step 1: Planning, scheduling and equipment preparation In November 2006 the first issue was to clarify, how to adapt the original implantation plan

(finalized in the year 2005) to the current situation and circumstances of the project. The changes

made were based on the advice of Dr. Hien and PASSAM. The major change was the reduction

of the number of sampling sites and the number of samplers. It had to be adapted due to

limitations of budget and time.

A detailed implementation schedule was set up (see Appendix C), which then was discussed and

agreed upon with the implementation partner CENMA. Based on the general agreement on the

implementation schedule terms of reference (ToR) and a contract concerning the service of

CENMA covering the first passive sampling campaign were finalized (see Appendix B and

Contracts with Partners

At the same time ToR and a contract (by SWISSCONTACT Headquarters) were finalized with

the resource partner PASSAM to produce and deliver samplers and shelters (see Table 5);

included was analysis of the majority of the samplers (see Appendix B and Table 4). Twelve sites were double equipped with samplers. These samplers were to analyze by

Vietnamese laboratories and their results were used for laboratory audit (see Step 7a).

The third contract (by SWISSCONTACT Headquarters) was closed with the mapping company

ETI for the mapping and modeling of the passive sampling data.

Contract with Tasks assigned

CENMA

1) Survey of sampling sites

2) Installation of shelters and samplers

3) Hire guards to protect the samplers

4) Local chemical analysis of samplers

5) Local pilot production of sampler tubes and shelters

6) Reporting

ETI

1) Delivery of: 224 NO2- and 224 SO2- samplers and 62 BTX-samplers

2) Analysis of: 200 NO2- and 200 SO2- and 50 BTX-samplers

PASSAM

1) Mapping and modeling of the pollution data

2) Mapping Report

Table 4: Contracts for the implementation

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Purchase of equipment

Sampler Type

Number per Shelter

Total Number

SO2 2 200 +24*

NO2 2 200 + 24*

BTX 1 60 + 12*

Shelters - 100 +12*

*12 sites were equipped with a second shelter: The samplers where then used for the laboratory audit.

Table 5: Number of samplers and shelters purchased

Step 1a: Sampling-Grid and site definition The grid and criteria’s for the selection of sampling sites were developed in close cooperation

between SVCAP and CENMA. During the process of developing siting criteria SVCAP gave

input, advice and feedback in several meetings.

a. A manual called “Guidelines for the Selection of Passive Sampling sites” was elaborated in

English and Vietnamese (see Appendix C) containing criteria’s for the locating of the

sampling sites on a larger scale, based on agrid over the inner districts of Hanoi.

Table 6 shows the number of sites and the type of sites which were selected. For the

distribution of the sampling sites over Hanoi see Figure 5.

Sampling Site Type Number of Sites

“Grid” sites in the eight inner Districts of Hanoi 81

Traffic “Hot Spot” sites 6

Industrial area sites 8

Rural area sites around Hanoi 5

Total number 100

Table 6: Sampling site types

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Figure 5: Sampling Sites on the Map of Hanoi Step 1b: Planning and preparation of shelter installation and of the recording of measurements A draft record system was developed and described in a manual (see sub paragraph a.), which

was handed over to CENMA.CENMA adapted it to their needs and the local circumstances. In

addition to the recording CENMA elaborated an agreement (see Appendix B) for the protection

of the samplers, which had to be signed by every household on whose house a shelter was

installed.

The final templates of all recording documents were finally approved by SVCAP.

a. A manual called “Manual for the Installation of Shelters and Samplers” providing criteria’s to

identify the final location of the shelters, giving instructions about what and how to record the

campaign properly and describing the installation of shelters and samplers was elaborated in

English and Vietnamese(see Appendix C).

Step 2: Site identification and protection CENMA assigned around 10 people of their own staff for the field work (see Appendix A). The

first task was to select 100 households according to the broader grid and selection criteria defined

in step 1a. SVCAP monitored this process by spot checks and by giving feedback in the field.

This was handled as follows:

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• Before starting the actual selection CENMA had to select 10 sites, which then were visited

together with SVCAP. Feedback on the selection and further training and advice was given,

about how to install the shelters (see Figure 6 and Figure 7).

• Every household selected was assigned to protect the shelter from vandalism. Therefore

agreements were signed (see Appendix B). The shelters were equipped with a sticker warning

that the shelter is part of a governmental activity; the sticker served at the same time as a seal

for the shelters.

• After all sites had been identified SVCAP handed over the sampling tubes to CENMA (see

minutes of hand over Appendix B).

•

Figure 6: Spot check at rural site

Figure 7: Spot check at a hot spot of traffic site

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3.5 Phase Two: Shelter and Sampler Installation

Step 2a: Recording of work carried out Every step of the implementation was recorded by CENMA.

Basically the following was noted:

a. Sampling site characteristics (step 2)

b. Identification numbers of the mounted samplers and mounting time (step 3)

c. Sampling site checks (step 4)

d. Collection time (step 5)

The recording system, record sheets and the actual recording activities were checked by SVCAP

before and during the implementation.

Step 3: Shelter installation and start of the measurements The installation of the shelters and the mounting of the sampling tubes were realized at the same

time. The installation and mounting took three days from the 12th until the 14

th January 2007 these

are simultaneously the starting days of the measurements. SVCAP staff accompanied CENMA

during this three days to monitor the installation; some sites had to be relocated.

Step 4: Checking of the sampling sites

Samplers, shelters and sites were spot checked by SVCAP and CENMA. There are no

irregularities to report. The precautions taken to protect the shelter seemed to work.

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Figure 8: Sampling site VT100

Figure 9: Sampling site VT98

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Step 5: Collection of the samplers and shelters The collecting of the samplers and shelters took place during two days, on the 5

th and 6

th February

2007. Consequently the samplers were taken down after an average exposure time of 24 days.

The collection and recording activities were again monitored by spot checks of SVCAP staff in

the field.

After taking down all samplers they were handed over to SVCAP (see Minutes of handing over

Appendix B) and the majority of the samplers were then send to PASSAM for the analysis in

Switzerland.

3.6 Phase Three: Sampler-Analysis and Mapping-Results

Step 6: Chemical analyses of the samplers The analysis of the samplers was included in the contract with PASSAM (see Table 7). The

samplers were sent to Switzerland together with the exposure protocols received from CENMA

(see Step 6a). The analysis of PASSAM results were received in form of Excel tables (see

Appendix D).

Sampler

Type Total

Number

SO2 200

NO2 200

BTX 50

Table 7: Number of samplers analyzed by PASSAM Results of the first PAQMC Analysis of the data retrieved from PASSAM showed reasonable averages (see

Figure 10 and Table 9). Average pollution levels of SO2 and BTX seem to be above

international and standards (compare Table 6 with Figure 10 and Table 9 ). The highest averages of pollutants were found at hot spots near

roadsides, followed by the city background concentration, industrial areas and rural areas.

Concerning SO2 the average was higher in industrial areas as in areas, which is also reasonable.

26

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EU WHO Vietnam

BTX 5 ug/m3 - -

NO2 40 ug/m3 40 ug/m

3 40 ug/m

3

SO2 20 ug/m3 20 ug/m

3 50 ug/m

3

PM 40 ug/m

3

(after 2010 20 ug/m

3)

20 ug/m3 50 ug/m

3

Table 8: Air quality standards

Passive Sampling: Jan - Feb 2007

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

NO2 SO2 benzene

ug

/m3

Hot Spots of Traffic

Background Concentration

Industrial Areas

Rural Areas

EU

Standard

Figure 10: Average concentrations found during the first PAQMC

NO2 [ug/m³] SO2 [ug/m³] BTX [ug/m³] City Background Concentration 37.6 31.7 9.6

Hot Spots of Traffic 62.1 53.7 14

Industrial Areas 30.3 37.7 6.1

Rural Areas 21.3 22.6 6.9

Table 9: Average concentrations measured of NO2, SO2 and BTX

27

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The most polluted area by BTX and NO2 was found to be the inner city of Hanoi respectively the

Hoan Kiem and the Hai Ba Trung District (see Table 11). This can clearly be seen in the colored

maps, which show highest concentration in this area (see Figure 12 and Figure 13). For SO2 the

picture is less clear and high values are found in residential areas as well as in industrial areas

(see Figure 12 and Figure 12).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Hoa

n kiem

Hai ba

Ba dinh

Than

h xu

an

Don

g da

Cau

giay

Hoa

ng m

ai

Tay ho

ug

m-3

NO2, ug m-3

SO2, ug m-3

District average concentrations +/- std. err.

Figure 11: District average concentrations

For further details see Dr. Hien’s report about data analysis and validation and ETI mapping

report (Appendix C).

28

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Figure 12: Mapping of NO2 (left) and SO2 (right) in Hanoi For further details see ETI’s mapping report in Appendix C

Figure 13: Mapping of BTX For further details see ETI’s mapping report in Appendix C

West Lake

H a n o i

West Lake

H a n o i

29

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Additional Testing in Local Laboratories The task to analyze the additional 24 NO2 and SO2 and 12 BTX samplers was given to CENMA,

IET and CETASD (see Table 10). Furthermore CENMA did a pilot production for the same

pollutants and number of samplers, which they later analyzed (see Table 10). Further information

concerning this analysis is given under chapter 4 and step 7a (see also Appendix C for Mr.

Hangartners laboratory audit report).

Laboratory Pollutant Number of Samplers

Passam Samplers BTX 6

CENMA NO2 12

BTX 6

NO2 12 IET

SO2 12 CETASD SO2 12

Local Pilot Production BTX 12 NO2 24 CENMA SO2 24

Table 10: Samplers for the laboratory audit

Step 6a: Preparation of exposition protocols and electronic maps

Exposition protocols were part of the recording system and filled in by CENMA staff, as

described before (step 2a). The protocols were checked, revised and handed over to PASSAM.

Electronic maps of Hanoi were retrieved from CENMA and then send to the ETI Group. This

map had to have some reference points included, which had to be located by GPS measurements

as exactly as possible.

Step 7: Analyzing and mapping of the gained data This step resulted in the elaboration of two reports: A mapping report by ETI Group France, an

analytical report on the sampling site network and categories and the data validation by Dr. Pham

Duy Hien.

1) ETI had the task to elaborate the mapping of the passive sampling data, which they delivered

in the form of the original mapping files and a report (see Appendix C). The report contains:

o Concentration distribution analysis

o Probability calculations limiting the modeled maps to the areas with the highest density

of data points.

o Pollution maps modeled by different modeling methods

Figure 12 shows the concentration maps of Hanoi for NO2 and SO2 and Figure 13 of BTX.

30

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Comments on the ETI report: The first mapping and modeling results were delivered after

one week. Feedback by SVCAP was considered and the changes were made accordingly. In

general the mapping can be considered as professional and reasonable. It was very important

to receive the original files from the mapping program, because only be using them SVCAP

will be able to print posters in the appropriate quality.

2) Dr. Hien, was assigned to do an in depth analysis of the data in the local context, based on his

involvement in the planning and implementation of the first PAQMC. His analysis and

conclusions are summarized in a report, in which also first suggestions for the design of the

second PAQMC are stated.

The main issues of the report are:

o Plausibility of the results from the chemical analysis

o Identifying the most polluted areas in Hanoi.

o Data validation

o Categorizing sites

Sites with exceptional high values of pollutant concentration were visited again to identify or

exclude local emission sources.

31

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3.7 Dissemination of results Step 8: Dissemination of results

For the dissemination of the results (step 8) a workshop on passive sampling was organized on

the 25th of April for half a day (for the program see Appendix C). After this workshop the data

and results are now freely accessible for interested people and will be published on the homepage

of SVCAP.

CENMA was assigned to organize the workshop, while SVCAP developed the workshop

program and engaged the speakers. The goals of the workshop were to enhance understanding of

passive sampling as a method and to present the first PAQMC and its results. There were

participants from Hanoi district governments, Hanoi DONREH and CENMA, the laboratories

involved in the first PAQMC, VEPA and different research groups and Universities. Over all

there were around 60 participants.

Main speakers of the workshop were the international passive sampling expert Dr. Hangartner

from Switzerland and the local consultant Dr. Hien. The workshop was opened by representatives

of DONREH, CENMA and SVCAP. Dr. Hangartner gave an introduction to the passive sampling

method and presented the results of the campaign (see Appendix C for the second presentation).

Dr. Hien presented the analyses and validation of data, which was the main content of his report

about the first PAQMC.

32

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4 Quality Control and Quality Assurance

In this chapter Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC/QA) actions either undertaken by

SVCAP or the partners are summarized. The laboratory audit, which is a QC/QA measure on it

own, is described in detail (step 7a).

Phase One Ownership and QC/QA was guaranteed by involving the partners actively in every step of the

planning and by transferring needed information and guidance from the beginning through:

• Discussions and planning meetings

• Elaboration of instruction manuals (see Appendix C)

• Know-how transfer

Every final plan or document e.g. the recording system was revised.

Phase Two SVCAP was present in the field during all steps of the implementation of the measurement

campaign by CENMA and supported CENMA by giving technical advises and feedbacks. Most

of the monitoring was done by spot checks.

The quality assurance and active involvement in the field work, proved to be very important and

valuable. Misunderstandings especially concerning the local installation of the shelter could be

clarified and unforeseen problems could be solved. The staff of CENMA involved in the field

work, were very committed, interested and willing to learn.

Phase Three Having the samplers analyzed in Switzerland, was the most important quality assuring measure.

Because all sites were equipped with two SO2 and NO2 samplers, the accuracy of PASSAM’s

analysis could be defined, based on the relative difference of the two results. The accuracy has

proven to be very good: In average the values from the same site and pollutant were within a

range of less than 5% (see Appendix D for the data sheets).

The analysis and data validation, which is the main issue of Dr. Hien’s report about the first PAQMC (see Appendix C), was elaborated in close collaboration with SVCAP staff, this

included checking of sampling sites for local emission sources and the statistical analysis.

During the time ETI developed their mapping report (see Appendix C); its quality was assured

by a constant dialogue concerning requirements and content.

The performance of the local laboratories was evaluated in a laboratory audit (see below Step 7a).

33

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QC/QA of the passive sampling workshop was guaranteed by SVCAP by organizing speakers,

elaborating of the workshop program (see Appendix C), revising presentations and composing the

list of participants (see Appendix D).

Step 7a: Laboratory audit Dr. Hangartner was assigned for a mission to conduct a laboratory audit during his mission in

April 2007 of the three Vietnamese laboratories involved in the first PAQMC (see Appendix B

for mission Agenda). The audit included 1.5 days at CENMA’s, 1 day at IET’s and 1 day at

CETASD’s laboratory.

As stated under step 7, a certain amount of samplers (see Table 10) were handed over to the three

labs for preliminary analysis. The preliminary analytical results received from them (see

Appendix D), were then compared with the PASSAM results from the same sampling sites.

While visiting the laboratories Mr. Hangartner gave the staff the task to analyze prepared standard

samplers under his guidance (see Figure 14). The results of the laboratory audit are mainly

based on the analysis of the preliminary analysis of the Vietnamese laboratories and the

evaluation of the analysis’s made under Dr. Hangartners personal supervision.

The findings of the laboratory audit are (see

Table 11):

• The performance in NO2 analyzing of the laboratories is satisfying.

• SO2 and BTX can not be analyzed accurately enough.

• There is a need for further training and capacity strengthening

The result of analysis and a general evaluation were then put in a laboratory report in the form of

a presentation (see Appendix C)

Table 11: Correlations of PASSAM samplers analyzed in different laboratories

Lab pollutant

accuracy of

analytics

sampler

analysis

CENMA NO2 yes yes

SO2 no IC no IC

BTX no no

IET NO2 yes yes

SO2 yes no

BTX no no

CETASD NO2 n.c. n.c.

SO2 no no

BTX n.c. n.c.

34

-

Figure 14: CENMA’s laboratory

35

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5 Conclusions

A. Implanting Process and Quality Assurance:

a. The implantation of first PAQMC can be considered a success. In general every step

was carried out without any major problems.

b. QC/QA: The close monitoring of CENMA and active involvement of SVCAP in all

steps of the first PAQMC was necessary and important for the quality assurance.

Active involvement and close monitoring will further be necessary during the second

campaign.

c. To guarantee the quality of the results, passive samplers were analyzed in the

laboratory of PASSAM in Switzerland. This was crucial for the success of the first

campaign and will also be necessary in future as the local laboratories will need

further training.

B. Specific objectives reached:

d. The results respectively the values from analysis in Switzerland showed high accuracy and

are reasonable, when analyzed in a local context. An overview of the levels of different

pollutants in the city and the outskirts was achieved.

e. A first map of air pollution for Hanoi was set up; it serves now as a basis for awareness

raising and stakeholder communication and for the control of the success of future program

activities of SVCAP.

f. Experiences gained will enable the selection of long-term passive monitoring sites and the

design of a second PAQMC.

C. Results of the first Campaign: g. Air pollution levels of SO2, NO2 and BTX were measured at the following four categories of

sites: City background concentration, hot spots of traffic, industrial areas and rural areas. The

averages of measured values for SO2 and BTX exceed EU standards in all categories. The

inner city respectively Hoan Kiem and Hai Ba Trung districts are severely polluted by NO2

and BTX. High SO2 levels are found in residential or commercial as well as in industrial

areas.

36

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D. Impact on Capacity Building and Ownership:

h. The capacity of CENMA in implementing passive sampling measurements was significantly

enhanced. They succeeded to receive a budget for passive sampling, by the peoples

committee funded by Vietnam (see Appendix D).

i. The capacity and the quality of local laboratories was tested and SVCAP will be able to

decide how to proceed further. j. Mapping should and can be done locally. For the second campaign it is suggested to use a

local mapping company, which is also capable to transfer the know-how to CENMA.

5.1 Proposal for the next Campaign

The main objective from the scientific point of view of the first campaign was to get an

overview of air pollution levels of different areas in Hanoi, such as residential, industrial,

commercial, construction and high traffic areas.

Therefore not only background sites, but different specific categories of sites (traffic hot

spots, industrial hot spots etc.) were selected for the measurements. The next campaign

should have different objectives. To measure background concentrations should be

emphasised. The reasons why are following below:

Situation analysis Currently there is only one continuous monitoring station in Hanoi, which delivers partly

reliable data. All other stations (five stationary and one mobile station) are either not

operating any more or are not operating properly respectively delivering in reliable data.

Consequently continuous reliable measurements showing the current air pollution levels

in Hanoi do not exist at the moment.

Recommendations Regarding the current situation of the air pollution monitoring in Hanoi the most pressing

issue is to measure reliable monthly and yearly mean concentrations of air pollution. This

should be done continuously over at least one year. Taking the current level of air

pollution into account, the background concentration of pollutants is the most important

indicator to be measured, as it is the most secure and reliable indicator for the level of air

pollution. Only when the monitoring of background pollution levels is assured regularly

and established, further issues as (e.g. hot spots of pollution, areas of specific pollution)

should be addressed.

37

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Goals of a second campaign Based on the situation analysis and the recommendations above, the following long term

objectives should be achieved:

• Provision of time and spatially representative air quality data (i.e. monthly and annual mean

values) for the different districts of Hanoi in a cost-effective way for a sound, city-wide trend

analysis and investigation of seasonal variations

• Provision of air quality data and trends as a basis for the design of an Air Quality

Management Plan for Hanoi.

• Checking of compliance with Vietnamese and/or international air quality standards (annual

mean values)

• Provision of regular, comprehensive and understandable (e.g. visualised) information to

policy makers, general public and other stakeholders.

Proposed design of the second campaign

The implementation of a full-year monthly monitoring campaign, which should follow basically

the same steps as described in this report:

In detail we recommend the following set up fort the next campaign (see also Dr. Hangartners

presentations and report Appendix C):

• Monthly measuring campaigns during twelve months at 20 – 40 sampling sites with samplers

of NO2, SO2 and BTX.

• A sophisticated mapping of results is obsolete; it is recommended to carry out the

cartographic exercise every four to five years, mainly for trend analysis purposes; simple

mapping can be done in Vietnam (but will probably not show results, which are accurate

enough results because of the reduced site number) of mapping sites.

• Although sites used in the first campaign shall be reused, the redefinition of sites and

possibly a re-enforced installation of the shelters (withstanding climatic conditions for

a one-year measuring period) are required.

• It will be important to include training in data presentation, uncertainty calculation and

QA/QC procedures for the key implementing partner CENMA through the whole

campaign

• During the campaign fuel quality: e.g. Sulfur in Diesel, Lead and Benzene in Petrol

should be analyzed, as this has relevant for the pollution levels of SO2 and BTX.

• In addition measurements of PM10 (and 2.5) at a maximum of 10 locations should be carried

out. This may be done by transportable particulate active monitors, which however need to be

purchased and assembled first.

38

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Appendix A: Participants and Resposibilities

Name, Affiliation and E-Mail

Project Area of Work

Mr. Do Quang Trung Program Officer Database Component SVCAP trungdq73@swisscontact.org.vn

Planning and coordination of all activities, developing of ToR’s and contracts. Monitoring of activities and reporting (delegated to the Intern F. Scherer)

Dr. Phan Duy Hien Part time Program Officer and Air Pollution Expert SVCAP pdhien@gmail.com

Scientific consultant for planning and implementation, elaboration of the data and campaign analysis report

Mr. Fabian Scherer Project Intern SVCAP schererf@swisscontact.org.vn

Planning and monitoring, assistant of Trung and Dr. Hien, writing of manuals and guidelines for CENMA. Reporting about the first passive sampling campaign

Mr. Michael Baechlin Chief Technical Advisor SVCAP michael_baechlin@swisscontact.org.vn

Over all project responsibility; decision maker for all steps, after consultation with partners and consultants

Mrs. Nguyen Hai Hau Head of Public Relations CENMA nhhau@cenma.com.vn

Facilitator from CENMA’s side, coordination of CENMA’s actions with SVCAP, planning of recording system, organizer of the passive sampling workshop

Mr. Nguyen Minh Tan Director CENMA tannm@cenma.com.vn

Over all responsibility for CENMA’s contribution and involvement in the campaign

Mr. Dang Minh Cuong Head of passive sampling Team CENMA -

Planning for an coordination of CENMA passive sampling team

39

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CENMA passive sampling Team: Mr. Tran Duy Hưng Mr. Dinh Van Ve Mr. Nguyen Trung Hieu Mr. Nguyen Cong Huan Mr. Nguyen Trọng Dũng Mr. Nguyen Van Mạnh

Site identification and protection agreements, shelter and sampler installation, recording, collection of sampling tubes

Dr. Markus Hangartner International senior expert for passive sampling Head of PASSAM passam@bluewin.ch

Laboratory audit and main speaker at the passive sampling workshop in April 2007. Report on auditing. Proposal of design of second sampling campaign

Mr. Renaud Tahon

Director of BURGÉAP Representative of the ETI Group r.tahon.eti@burgeap.fr

Responsible for ETI’s mapping and writing of the mapping report

40

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Appendix B: Contracts, Agreements and TOR

Terms of Reference

• ToR for CENMA

Title: “Terms of Reference for service providers - Services for Passive Sampling Screening

Campaign”

• Quotation of PASSAM for the passive sampling equipment

Title: “Equipment for the first Passive Sampling Screening Campaign in Hanoi”

Remarks: The quotation was used as ToR.

• Quotation for the mapping of the French company ETI Groupe Burgeap

Title: “Proposition for a geostatistic mapping of air pollution in Hanoi”

Remarks: The quotation was used as ToR

• ToR for the mission of Dr. Markus Hangartner

Title: “Terms of Reference for the services of an international consultant in connection

with his/her mission to Hanoi - Passive Sampling Screening Campaign”

Contracts The contracts with PASSAM, ETI GROUPE BURGEAP, PASSAM and back stopper Dr. Markus

Hangartner were issued by SWISSCONTACT headquarters and therefore not available for this

report.

• Contract with CENMA

Title: “Agreement No. 4.2.7 02/SVCAP-2006/CENMA

Concerning Services for Passive Sampling Screening Campaign” Remarks: ToR (see above) and cost break down as Annexes

Agreements

• CENMA’s agreement with households

Title: “Note for collecting suggestions ON cooperation of taking air samples for air

quality assessment in Hanoi city “

Remarks: CENMA’s translation from Vietnamese, of course the original Vietnamese

Version was used.

41

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• CENMA’s letter to the district authorities

Title: -

Remarks: CENMA’s translation from Vietnamese, of course the original Vietnamese

Version was used.

• Agreement with CENMA on the passive sampling workshop

Title: “Agreement No. 4.3.2/ 01/SVCAP-2006/Hanoi DONREH

On Organization of workshop on “Passive Sampling – International experiences & preliminary

results in Hanoi”

• Minutes of handing over the passive samplers

Description: There were three hands over: Hand over of samplers to CENMA in

December 06, hand over to SVCAP of samplers for the analysis in Switzerland and hand

over of samplers for analysis in local laboratories to CENMA.

42

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Appendix C: Schedules, Manuals and Reports

Schedules

• Schedule Passive Sampling

Title: “Schedule of the First Passive Sampling Campaign”

Remarks: Original Version from December 2006

• Agenda mission of Dr. Hangartner

Title: „Agenda for mission of PASSAM expert Mr. Markus Hangartner (MH), April 2007“

• Passive Sampling Workshop Program

Title: “Passive Sampling: International Experiences & Preliminary Results in Hanoi”

Manuals

• Manual for the Installation of Shelters and Samplers

Title: Manual for the Installation of Shelters and Sampling Tubes By Fabian Scherer

• Guidelines for the Selection of Passive Sampling sites

Title: “Guidelines for the Selection of Passive Sampling Sites” By Fabian Scherer

Reports

• CENMA’s Passive Sampling Report

Title: By CENMA

Remarks: Was not yet written on the 27th

of April

• ETI report on mapping

Title: “Geostatistic mapping of air pollution in Hanoi” By Renaud Tahon, ETI Groupe Burgeap

43

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• The first passive sampling campaign in Hanoi, 12 January - 6 February

Title: “The first passive sampling campaign in Hanoi, 12 January - 6 February” By Dr. Pham Duy Hien

Remarks: Was a draft version on the 27th

of April

• Laboratory Audit report

Title: By Dr. Markus Hangartner

Remarks: Was a draft version on the 27th

of April

Presentations

• Presentation of Results

Title: “Passive sampling campaign for air quality monitoring in Hanoi” By Dr. Markus Hangartner (and Fabian Scherer)

• Presentation of Laboratory Audit Results

Title: “Results of Laboratory evaluation in Vietnam proposal for next steps“ By Dr. Markus Hangartner

44

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Appendix D: Data and Documents

Data

• Analysis Data from PASSAM

Description: Data sheets for SO2, NO2 and BTX

• Recording data from CENMA

Description: GPS coordinates site description and mounting times for every sampling

site; translated version.

• Analysis Data from the Vietnamese Laboratories

Description: Results of the preliminary analysis of PASSAM passive sampler by

Vietnamese Laboratories

Documents

• Leaflets and documentation by PASSAM

Description: Three leaflets describing the samplers used in the passive sampling

campaign and one describing quality control in passive sampling networks.

• List of participants of the passive sampling workshop

• CENMA’s Budget for 2007

Description: Complete version in Vietnamese and translated version of figures relevant

for database.