Neo

RC

otectonic S

Report on thCeres-Kang

Studies forForma

he Baviaango-Baviaan

r Evidencetion (Tg) R

K. Prasad

Council

Report Nu

Co

nskloof Fanskloof-Co

for Possib

Reactivatio

and D. Claa

for Geoscie

umber 2012

Rev. 0

onfidential

ault Segmeoega Fault

ble Post-Teon of the Fa

assen

ence

2-0177

ent of the System

ertiary Graault

ahamstown

n

28 November 2012

To whom it may concern

Please note that Dr. Keshav Prasad was an employee of the Council for Geoscience (CGS) when he contributed to this report. However, he left the CGS in 2012 before he was able to sign this report. By the time he left, his contribution was complete

E. Hattingh Dr. K. Coppersmith

NGG Project Manager SSC TI Lead

The dconfo

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REFERENC

CGS REPO

2012-017

REVISIO

0

DATE OFRELEASE

27 November

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4.3

4.4

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2 

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ES ALONG

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………………

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calities alon

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cality M1.14

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S 33° 31’ 10

M1.117 (S 33

ocation of th

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pered by thic

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race. No ev

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um total his

story ages o

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ed; thereforersion

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ance, but w

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ES THAT

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e locality M

d 1.751 My (

mple locality

as sampled.

must ensure t

es and boul

north. A stee

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McCalpin (2

s an erosion

he ancient B

he lateral e

eroding into

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eochannel g

………………

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rojected loc

uaternary al

range front

pe change i

no displace

ted. Investig

from Google

33° 39’ 13” E

was studied u

s a Quatern

t or a fault s

and geom

f structures

Earth)………

PRODUCE

ples TSP-16

M1.146. The

(Bierman 20

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ders toward

eper slope o

t this contac

2009). (c) Th

nal scarp tha

Baviaanskloo

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o pre-existin

towards th

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………….22

2” E 24° 34

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ture on the s

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iary period; t

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n which the

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s; an era of g

rtiary period

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ravels) over

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he Mesozoic

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ture of strata

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rocks.

he relative m

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of fractures

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geological ti

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sistant rock t

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direction.

s along whic

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l maps to rep

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000 years ag

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ll (the block

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ime from the

years ago) to

type (in this

ker or less re

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ht to have co

ears ago.

eformation,

rocks above

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n and the ang

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h there has

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looks like a

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cks and dep

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structural geo

above the fa

elative to the

ithat it

e

o present.

report

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the line

ult.

actures or

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tocene of

ology of

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ix

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million y

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ate erosion s

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correspond

years ago an

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has been br

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al processes

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narrow, relati

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t period of th

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period of th

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est line of a

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stem of rocks

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tions.

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r gently incli

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acement, m

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440 million y

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teness in reg

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ment, either

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years

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south

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ismic source

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nically affec

ted in wides

graphic unit

osed by (H

acts with hig

tures (Thero

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), is refuted

onic extensi

aceous resu

herly-dipping

Cape Fold B

onse to mov

). The Bavia

of kilometre

ntain Group

e time of co

marginal es

plateau. Th

onal base le

ntains in th

ounding land

document isauthorised d

vestigation (Q

e characteriz

Setting

amework of t

during the L

cted the rock

spread flexu

s. Four puls

albich et a

gh compete

on 1969; Bo

e proposed B

by Hiller and

ion during t

ulted in an

g listric norm

Belt (CFB),

vement alon

aanskloof F

es. It is lar

which forms

ontinental br

scarpment w

is landscap

evels establi

e quartzite-

scape.

s uncontrolleatabase ver

QCP referen

zation of the

the South A

Late Permian

ks of the Ca

ural slip fold

ses of deform

l. 1983). D

ency contras

ooth and S

Baviaansklo

d Snowden

the break-u

n inversion

mal faults (N

many of the

ng the Aghu

ault is one

rgely contain

s rugged mo

reak-up, the

was formed i

pe was subj

shed thems

-dominated

ed; thereforersion

nce no: TNS

Thyspunt s

African contin

n to Early T

ape Supergro

ing with fold

mation, occu

écollement

sts, which l

hone, 1992

of nappe str

(1983).

p of Gondw

of many

Newton 1973

e E-W striki

ulas Falkland

of these no

ned within

untains with

e interior of G

in southern

jected to v

elves. Due t

fold belt re

e the user m

SP-GIA-QCP

ite.

nental margi

Triassic (Hä

oup. Northe

d asymmetr

urring betwe

and thrust

lead to the

) and gravi

ructure sout

wana in the

thrusts, for

3; Lock 1980

ing faults w

d Fracture Z

ormal faults

exposures

h deeply incis

Gondwana

Africa with

igorous land

to their resis

emained re

must ensure t

P-T2-C) for

n was estab

lbich et al.,

erly directed

ry observed

een 278 and

faulting oc

formation o

ty gliding o

th of Steytle

e Late Jura

rming easte

0). In the ea

were rotated

Zone (Booth

which can

of the silici

sed valleys.

stood eleva

the CFB sta

dscape ero

stance to we

elatively hig

that it

the purpose

blished by th

1983) whic

compressio

in the uppe

230 Ma wa

ccurred alon

of nappe-lik

on overturne

rville (Thero

ssic to Ear

erly trending

astern part o

clockwise i

h and Shon

be traced fo

iclastic Tabl

ated so that

anding abov

sion as new

eathering, th

h above th

2

es

he

ch

on

er

as

ng

ke

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on

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in

ne

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marg

pedip

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there

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remn

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the E

stron

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in the

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hang

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poten

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downloaded orms to the a

result of th

inal escarpm

plains (the s

idge et al. 2

-African I er

efore commo

ence of cont

African I eve

ants of the

ridge 1998;

remnant ero

Eastern Cape

gly silicified

given forma

ards the eas

e Baviaansk

trace forms

stone of Pe

lomerate-sa

ment, the f

asionally, the

ing wall sid

mation (Tg)

ces compos

ore detailed d

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ogy of the B

ntial neotect

nsula Forma

ssic Enon Fo

document isauthorised d

is post-riftin

ment and th

o-called Afri

2006). Subse

rosion surfac

only stepped

tinued crusta

ent, created

e older eros

Partridge et

osional surfa

e Province t

(Frankel an

ation status a

sternmost an

kloof Nature

the contact

eninsula For

ndstone seq

fault trace

e fault trace

de. The faul

at several

sed of ferrug

discussion o

f the Bavia

Baviaansklo

tonic activity

ations, the D

ormation, as

s uncontrolleatabase ver

ng cycle of

he formation

ican surface

equent crus

ce, which is

d. Post-Plio

al elevation

a youthful la

sion surface

al. 2006).

aces are cap

they vary fro

nd Kent 193

as the Graha

nd central se

Conservatio

between the

rmation (TM

quence of E

is containe

e is bound

lt trace is o

places. The

inous silcret

of the regiona

aanskloof F

of Fault cor

y is characte

Devonian Bav

s well as the

ed; thereforersion

erosion was

n, above an

e) by the end

tal elevation

s the produc

ocene uplift

, and which

andscape w

s imperfect

pped by mat

om sand and

37). These s

amstown Fo

ections of th

on area, for

e moderate

G) and the

Enon Format

ed entirely

by the val

overlain by

e latter rep

te terrace gr

al geology c

Fault Corrid

rridor in the

erised by ro

viaanskloof

Tertiary Gra

e the user m

s the sourc

nd below the

d of the Cre

n in the Earl

ct of a short

t and tilting

h was more

with deeply in

tly preserve

ture pedocre

d pebbles to

silcretes are

ormation (SA

he Baviaans

r about 3.7 k

to steeply d

younger (J

tion. For the

within the

lley fill Qua

the younge

resent abso

ravels.

can be found

dor

vicinity of t

ocks of the

Formation (

ahamstown

must ensure t

ce-ward mig

e escarpme

taceous (Pa

ly Miocene

ter-lived pla

for which t

e substantia

ncised valley

d on the h

etes. In the

o scree dep

e so promin

ACS 1980).

skloof Fault

km in each

dipping mass

Jurassic) sha

e greater pa

e Peninsula

aternary allu

er Tertiary G

olutely flat

d in Goedhar

the sites inv

Ordovician

(Nardouw Su

Formation (F

that it

gration of th

ent, of coeva

artridge 1998

produced th

nation and

there is loca

l than for th

ys with limite

igher groun

mountains o

osits that ar

nent that the

trace locate

direction, th

sive quartzit

allow dippin

art of the fau

a Formation

uvium on th

Grahamstow

and massiv

rt (2004).

vestigated fo

Sardinia an

ubgroup), th

Figure 3).

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2006

unit o

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simpl

3. P

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deve

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over

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former three

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isting of qua

). The Penin

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tz arenite a

stone and s

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ally steeply

Goedhart 20

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slate, with

lomerate is

s.

Grahamstow

an surface (

and pebble

ilcrete surfa

licity, this su

revious W

ate most re

lopment of

wden 1983; B

on 2006). O

rtaken. Hill

t segment of

x and J. Hatt

a 250 km st

document isauthorised d

e formations

ng the bas

artzitic sands

nsula Forma

e Mountain G

and subord

subordinate

ain Group se

dipping and

04, Figure 5

ation consist

subordinate

cemented b

wn Formatio

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es held toget

ce. The Tg

urface will be

Work

search cond

the fault du

Booth and S

Only more

(1988) was

f the CKBC f

tingh, was o

retch.

s uncontrolleatabase ver

s form part o

e of Table

stone, minor

ation overlies

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dinate shale

shale of the

edimentation

d forms the g

5.2 Cross-se

ts of conglom

e interbedde

y red limonit

on is regarde

et al. 2006).

ther by a res

surface can

e referred to

ducted on th

ring Permo-

Shone 2002)

recently ha

s the first to

fault system

of the opinion

ed; thereforersion

of the Cape

Mountain G

r shale and

s the Sardin

Peninsula F

e and cong

e Baviaansk

n (Thamm a

greater part

ection 7).

merate, com

ed lenticula

te (Shone 2

ed as a rem

The Graha

sistant silice

n also be ce

as the Tg su

he CKBC fa

-Triassic co

) and its beh

s research

o report rece

m. Partridge (

n that there

e the user m

e Supergrou

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conglomera

nia Bay Form

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glomerate.

kloof Format

nd Johnson

of the sync

mprising roun

r sandstone

006) and oft

mnant pedoc

amstown Fo

eous cement

emented by

urface.

ault system

mpression (

haviour durin

on its neo

ent fault act

(1995), siting

is sufficient

must ensure t

p, with the

t of E21° lo

ate (Thamm

mation and is

predominatel

The impure

tion indicate

, 2006). This

clines and an

nded pebble

es. This cla

ten forms st

crete associ

ormation is

t, often refer

y ferricrete in

focused prim

(Theron 196

ng Cretaceo

otectonic be

tivation alon

g observatio

evidence fo

that it

Sardinia Ba

ongitude an

and Johnso

s the thickes

ly consists o

e feldspath

es the end o

s formation

nticlines (als

es of quartzit

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ated with th

comprised o

rred to as th

n places. Fo

marily on th

69; Hiller an

ous extensio

ehavior bee

ng the Kang

ons by F.G. l

or reactivatio

7

ay

nd

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is

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outlin

study

latter

availa

palae

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sites

abse

sites.

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at se

inves

yield

segm

Fault

(2004

strea

the o

that c

drape

uppe

estim

for th

downloaded orms to the a

ever, he did

e overall fau

dhart (2004

ernary react

splays) stre

dhart (2004)

p at the su

ace gravels,

y aimed at in

ning the met

y of the enti

r included a

able LANDS

eo-seismic n

literature stu

along the C

nce of neo

. The report

some implica

everal sites

stigation 18

any evidenc

ment. The fe

t (Goedhart

4, 2005) ca

m channels

older Quater

could potent

e the fault t

r-Holocene.

mated that th

e last 5,000

document isauthorised d

not clarify t

lt system it i

) undertook

tivation of th

etching from

to determin

urface, displ

scree or co

ntegrating th

thodology to

re CKBC fa

collation an

SAT and DE

neotectonic s

udy was foll

CKBC Fault s

tectonic sur

t details the

ations for th

along the

km east of

ce for surfac

ew terraces

2004) were

utioned that

crossing the

rnary sedime

tially have co

trace are m

While stre

here has bee

years.

s uncontrolleatabase ver

he exact po

s likely that

k a deskto

he CKBC F

m Cape To

ne potential

lacement or

lluvium) and

e available r

o be adopte

ault system,

nd review of

EM data an

sites was pro

owed by fie

system (Goe

rface ruptur

field reconn

he seismic h

Kango Fau

De Rust hi

ce rupture a

identified in

confirmed

t the erosio

e fault trace,

ents, and pe

ontained evi

ostly thin a

ssing the n

en no surfac

ed; thereforersion

sition of the

he included

op study to

ault system

own to Port

reactivation

r disturbanc

d the occurre

regional sca

ed and incor

including th

f all existing

nd aerial ph

oduced from

eld reconnais

edhart 2005

re, and iden

naissance m

azard analy

lt and the

ghlighted. G

and fault rea

n the desk s

not to have

nal regime

, means that

erhaps even

dence of rea

nd were po

need for fur

ce rupturing

e the user m

e reactivated

part of the B

o determine

m (including

t Elizabeth.

n included th

ce of young

ence of any

ale (1:250 00

rporating a

he Baviaans

geoscience

otography.

m this work.

ssance to p

5) in order to

ntify potenti

methods, des

ysis. Fault re

identification

Goedhart’s f

activation on

study that o

e been ruptu

in the regio

t flood scour

n the older H

activation. R

ossibly depo

rther confirm

event along

must ensure t

d sector. Giv

Baviaansklo

e potential

several sec

The featu

he identificat

ger overlyin

landslides.

00-scale) ge

regional rem

skloof Fault

e data, and

A catalogue

pre-selected

o confirm the

ial palaeose

scriptions of

eactivation w

n of a site

field investig

n the Baviaa

overlie the B

ured. Howev

on, with sho

r may well h

Holocene-ag

Remaining se

osited as rec

mation, Goe

g the Baviaa

that it

ven the lengt

oof Fault.

Neogene t

condary fault

res used b

tion of a fau

ng sediment

This deskto

ological data

mote sensin

corridor. Th

inspection o

e of potentia

, high priorit

e presence o

eismic trenc

f sites visite

was observe

for a trenc

gation did no

anskloof Fau

Baviaanskloo

ver, Goedha

ort and stee

have remove

ged deposits

ediments tha

cently as th

edhart (2005

anskloof Fau

8

th

to

ts

by

ult

ts

op

a,

ng

he

of

al

ty

or

ch

ed

ed

ch

ot

ult

of

art

ep

ed

s,

at

he

5)

ult

The dconfo

A pre

due

Goed

CGS

status

result

depo

Quate

topog

and w

to be

ident

provid

4. Cu

4.1 O

The o

4.2 U

The

surfa

Fault

for ev

Any

obse

downloaded orms to the a

ecursor to th

to financial

dhart et al. (

investigato

s of data co

ts show the

sits or Terti

ernary eros

graphic anom

worthy of ad

e of Pleistoce

ified in the B

de chronom

urrent Inve

Objectives

objectives of

Locate ar

activity ca

Investigat

Determine

since the

Underlying

Grahamstow

ce) overlie t

t zone occur

vidence of p

fault reactiv

rvable defor

document isauthorised d

he current in

reasons. T

(2009). The

r reports fo

llection and

e Baviaansk

ary erosion

ion surfaces

malies near

ditional inve

ene-age (an

Baviaansklo

etric data to

estigation

f this investig

reas along th

an be investi

te sites for p

e whether th

Tertiary.

g Principles

wn Formatio

the dipping

rs. These d

ost-Tertiary

vation lead

rmations in

s uncontrolleatabase ver

nvestigation

The prelimi

full report a

or, amongst

the initial fie

kloof Fault c

surfaces. H

s visited du

r the fault tr

estigation. In

d possibly r

of Fault corr

o constrain fi

gation are to

he Baviaans

igated (Figu

potential neo

he Baviaans

s

on silcretise

Peninsula F

deposits and

reactivation

ing to surfa

the overlyin

ed; thereforersion

commenced

nary results

also includes

others, the

eld reconnais

contained no

However, se

uring the co

ace, whose

n addition a n

elated to the

ridor as pote

eld interpret

o:

skloof Fault s

re 4)

otectonic acti

kloof Fault s

ed terrace g

Formation q

d surfaces th

of the Bavia

ace rupture

ng Grahams

e the user m

d in 2009, b

s of this w

s an Append

e Baviaansk

ssance (McC

o recent fau

everal field s

ourse of this

origins wer

number of lo

e Post Africa

entially suita

tations.

segment wh

ivity

segment und

gravels (also

uartzites in

herefore for

aanskloof Fa

e will be e

stown Form

must ensure t

but had to b

work are su

dix that cont

kloof Fault,

Calpin 2009

ult scarps in

sites on Ter

s investigatio

re somewha

ower terrace

an II erosion

able for datin

ere potentia

derwent reac

o referred t

which the B

rm ideal loca

ault.

expressed in

mation. Conv

that it

be suspende

ummarized

tains detaile

including th

). Preliminar

n Quaternar

rtiary or ear

on containe

at ambiguou

es considere

n cycle), wer

ng in order t

al neotectoni

ctivation

to as the T

Baviaanskloo

ations to loo

n marked o

versely, if n

9

ed

in

ed

he

ry

ry

rly

ed

us

ed

re

to

c

Tg

of

ok

or

no

The dconfo

such

unde

the T

4.3 M

The t

lies w

recon

2005

Goed

locali

initial

K1.00

the n

result

4.4 D

Furth

follow

1. A

the B

includ

Bavia

2. A

Port

maps

Thes

Akke

downloaded orms to the a

deformation

formed, this

Tertiary or co

Methodolog

total length o

within the Ba

nnaissance

), Goedhart

dhart (previo

ities on the

ly selected

01, K1.006,

umbering sy

ts are conta

Desktop St

her preparat

wing:

literature re

Baviaansklo

ded the stud

aanskloof Fa

review of re

Elizabeth a

s were also r

e include

rdal, 3324DA

document isauthorised d

n features a

is direct evi

osmogenical

gy

of the Baviaa

aviaanskloof

investigation

t et al. (200

ously of the

Baviaansklo

include: s

K1.006A, K

ystem estab

ined in Appe

tudy

tion was d

view of rele

of Fault (G

dy of metho

ault corridor.

elevant geolo

and 3322 O

reviewed an

3323DA Vo

A Cambria a

s uncontrolleatabase ver

are found a

idence that n

ly derived da

anskloof Fau

f Nature Con

n. Based o

09) and McC

CGS) in N

oof Fault se

ite M1.146,

K1.007 and

blished by G

endix A.

one by me

evant neotec

Goedhart 20

odologies ou

ogical maps

Oudtshoorn

d utilized du

oorkloof, 33

and 3324 Co

ed; thereforersion

and the surf

no surface d

ate.

ult is approx

nservation a

n the result

Calpin (2009

November 20

egment for fu

, M1.148, M

K2.001 (Fig

oedhart (200

eans of a

ctonic studie

004, 2005,

utlined by M

s, including

maps. Unp

uring field rec

323DB Stud

ockscomb (F

e the user m

faces and d

deformation

ximately 110

area and wa

ts of the w

9) the senio

010 to iden

urther inves

M1.149, M1

gure 4). The

05). Field re

desktop inv

es pertaining

Goedhart e

McCalpin (19

the publishe

published 1:

connaissanc

dtis, 3324C

Figure 2 and

must ensure t

deposits are

took place d

km. Of this,

as not acces

work by Goe

or author m

ntify and fina

stigation. Th

1.150, M1.1

ese site num

econnaissan

vestigation

g to the area

et al 2009).

996) for appl

ed 1:250 00

50 000-sca

ce.

CA Sandvla

d Figure 3).

1that it

found to b

dating back t

, about 40 km

ssible for fiel

edhart (2004

met with Mar

alise a list o

e list of site

116, M1.117

mbers refer t

nce notes an

covering th

a covered b

The review

lication to th

00-scale 332

ale geologica

kte, 3324C

10

be

to

m

ld

4,

rc

of

es

7,

to

nd

he

by

w

he

24

al

CB

The dconfo

3. G

detai

each

sequ

downloaded orms to the a

oogle Earth

led investiga

potential s

ences and a

document isauthorised d

h was exten

ation of sites

ite was scre

any other rel

s uncontrolleatabase ver

nsively utiliz

s prior to fie

eened for it

evant geom

ed; thereforersion

zed as a re

ld reconnais

ts accessibi

orphologica

e the user m

emote sens

ssance. With

lity, the thic

l features.

must ensure t

sing tool wh

h the aid of

ckness of yo

1that it

hich enable

Google Eart

ounger cove

11

ed

th

er

Thee downloadeed documennt is unconttrolled; thereefore the usser must ennsure that it conforms to the authoorised databbase versionn

12

The dconfo

4.5 S

Field

durin

4.5.1

Situa

locali

the fa

forms

cong

south

towar

dip. I

mapp

expos

disco

pinkis

and

pocke

The l

is se

unit i

result

fissur

No ev

surfa

4.5.2

downloaded orms to the a

Site Descri

reconnaiss

g five separ

Site M1.146

ated near the

ity M1.146 (S

ault line inve

s the conta

lomerate an

h of the Bav

rds the fault

It should be

ped on the

sed in high

ontinuously

sh red zone

contain san

ets (Figure 5

lower Tg be

en at the ba

s observed

t of deposit

res, but no v

vidence of T

ce.

Site M1.148

document isauthorised d

ptions

sance to sel

ate field trips

6

e western e

S 33° 30’ 56

estigated for

act between

nd sandston

viaanskloof F

t, beds are p

e noted that

1:250 000-s

cliffs on the

preserved n

of crushed q

nd lenses w

5d).

ds dip 10° s

asal contact

from 5-6 m

tional onlap

vertical displa

Tg surface d

8

s uncontrolleatabase ver

lected site l

s between M

end of the B

6.1” E 23° 42

r potential ne

n the Peni

e sequence

Fault, beds

pulled up alo

the fault zo

scale geolog

eastern sid

near the fau

quartzite on

which in plac

south, slightl

t where Tg b

m towards th

geometry

acement of

displacemen

ed; thereforersion

ocalities by

May 2009 an

Baviaanskloo

2’ 56.2”) (Fig

eotectonic r

nsula Form

e of Enon F

of the Enon

ong the fault

one occurs

gical map of

e of the ridg

ult zone wh

either side o

ces have e

ly steeper th

beds dip 13

he north to a

(McCalpin 2

beds was ob

nt are observ

e the user m

y various tec

nd April 2011

of Fault on t

gure 5a), the

reactivation.

mation quart

Formation (F

n Formation

t plane resu

100m south

f the area. T

geline (Figur

hich is ident

of the ridgel

eroded out t

han the upp

3°. A southw

as much as

2009). Tg g

bserved (Mc

ved and no

must ensure t

chnical expe

1.

the Uitspan

e westernmo

The Baviaa

tzites and

Figure 5b). A

are horizon

ulting in shal

h of where

The Tg depo

re 5b), but a

tifiable by a

ine. Tg depo

to form larg

er beds. A r

ward thicken

s 12 m in th

gravels did

cCalpin 2009

fault scarp

1that it

erts occurre

Farm, is sit

ost site alon

anskloof Fau

the younge

About 200 m

ntal; howeve

low souther

it is current

osits are we

are somewha

a discoloure

osits are thic

ge cavernou

rapid descen

ing of the T

e south as

display larg

9).

occurs at th

13

ed

te

ng

ult

er

m

er

rly

ly

ell

at

ed

ck

us

nt

Tg

a

ge

he

The dconfo

Locat

39.2”

up to

exclu

exten

rim p

the p

react

4.5.3

As a

Form

was

intens

The f

talus

reach

along

Findi

exten

howe

react

4.5.4

Site M

site M

site w

appe

downloaded orms to the a

ted roughly

”) near Duiw

owards the

usively within

nds along th

provides two

projected fa

tivation. No d

Site M1.149

at site M1.1

mation quartz

accessed fr

se brecciatio

flat-topped T

deposit of

hes a 3 m th

g the upperm

ng evidence

nsive talus

ever be inve

tivation was

Site M1.150

M1.150 (S 3

M1.148. This

was observe

ars intact, n

document isauthorised d

3 km east

wekloof Lodg

fault trace

n the Penins

he mountain

exposures

ault trace th

displacemen

9

48, the Ba

zite at site M

rom the wes

on, complete

Tg surface

sand, grav

hickness in p

most slopes o

e of displac

present. Th

estigated. It

found at this

0

33° 30’ 12.0”

s site was no

ed from a di

no disturban

s uncontrolleatabase ver

of site M1.1

ge. The site

. Unlike sit

sula Format

slopes und

(along the e

hat was inv

nt of the Tg d

aviaanskloof

M1.149 (S33°

stern slopes

ely obliteratin

is overlain

el, quartzite

places. The

of the plane

cement of th

he Tg surfa

was intact a

s site locality

” E 23° 47’ 2

ot accessible

stance view

nce in the to

ed; thereforersion

146, is site

is accessibl

te M1.146,

ion quartzite

derneath the

eastern and

vestigated f

deposits are

Fault trace

° 30’ 44.3” E

s where the

ng sediment

by a thick s

e cobbles a

underlying T

d terrace su

he planed s

ace directly

and undistur

y.

28.6”) (Figu

e during field

wed from the

op surface o

e the user m

M1.148 (S

e via a narr

the Baviaa

e. The proje

e planar silcr

western rim

for signs in

e observed (F

e lies entire

E 23° 44’ 39

fault trace

tary structur

semi-consoli

and boulders

Tg surface is

urface (Figur

surface was

above the

rbed. No ev

re 8) is situa

d reconnaiss

e east, looki

of the silcret

must ensure t

33° 30’ 44

row hiking tr

anskloof Fa

ected locatio

retes. The u

m) of the silcr

ndicative of

Figure 6a, b

ely within th

.2”). This sit

is marked

res (Figure 7

idated to un

s (Figure 7c

s continuous

re 7d).

not feasibl

e brecciated

vidence of N

ated roughly

sance and a

ng west. Th

te was obse

1that it

.3” E 23° 44

rail ascendin

ault here lie

on of the fau

undulating T

rete overlyin

f neotecton

).

he Peninsul

te (Figure 7a

by a zone o

7b).

nconsolidate

c). The talu

sly preserve

e due to th

d zone coul

Neogene fau

y 2km east o

as a result th

he Tg surfac

erved and n

14

4’

ng

es

ult

Tg

ng

ic

la

a)

of

ed

us

ed

he

ld

ult

of

he

ce

no

The dconfo

geom

is doc

downloaded orms to the a

morphic expr

cumented.

document isauthorised d

ression indic

s uncontrolleatabase ver

cative of rec

ed; thereforersion

cent displace

e the user m

ement along

must ensure t

g the Baviaa

1that it

anskloof Fau

15

ult

The downloaversion

aded documentt is uncontrolled; therefore the uuser must ensure that it conformms to the authoorised database

16

The downloaversion

aded documentt is uncontrolled; therefore the uuser must ensure that it conformms to the authoorised database

17

The downloaversion

aded documentt is uncontrolled; therefore the uuser must ensure that it conformms to the authoorised database

18

The downloaversion

aded documentt is uncontrolled; therefore the uuser must ensure that it conformms to the authoorised database

19

The dconfo

4.5.5

Site l

28”)

discu

quart

blank

the o

slope

No ev

of the

locali

4.5.6

An a

unpu

the s

Form

away

with t

this w

instea

clear

Bavia

Towa

quarr

dippin

the d

(2009

downloaded orms to the a

Site M1.116

ocalities M1

are situated

ussed collec

tzites of the

keted by a ta

opposite dipp

es of the plan

vidence of s

e two sites.

ities.

Site K1.001

anomalous

blished 1:50

teep and lin

mation and o

y. The map

the Peninsu

was not the

ad does con

that the p

aanskloof Fa

ards the wes

ry that expo

ng roughly 2

direction of m

9) suggested

document isauthorised d

6 and M1.11

.116 (S 33°

d on the Be

ctively (Figu

Peninsula F

alus layer. T

ping Penins

ned surface

surface ruptu

No Neogene

1

bedrock p

0 000-scale

near Baviaan

of which the

indicates th

la Formation

case. The

ntain rocks o

protrusion s

ault (McCalp

stern base of

oses the En

20° southwa

most Enon F

d that the de

s uncontrolleatabase ver

17

31’ 10” E 2

eaconsnek f

ure 9a, b).

Formation is

The location

ula Formatio

(Figure 9c,

ure or displa

e reactivatio

rotrusion in

geological

nskloof Rang

e hanging-w

at shale roc

n. During fie

protrusion c

of the Jurass

surface is

pin 2009).

f the protrus

non Format

rd (MaCalpi

Formation e

eposits may

ed; thereforersion

23° 56’ 35”) a

farm merely

At both s

overlain by

of the fault

on quartzite

d).

cement in th

on of the fau

ndicated as

3324CA Sa

ge front whic

wall rocks of

cks of the B

eld reconnais

contains no

sic Enon For

in fact an

sion valuable

tion (Figure

n 2009), aw

xposed alon

y be younger

e the user m

and M1.117

y 900m apa

sites the sh

a thick, Tg s

plane at sit

beds juxtap

he Tg surfac

lt appears to

s Bokkeveld

ndvlakte ma

ch is a “clea

f the range

Bokkeveld G

ssance how

rocks of th

rmation (Fig

erosion su

e field observ

10b). The

ay from the

ng the faults

r that the En

must ensure t

7 (S 33° 31’

art and will

hallow north

surface whic

te M1.116 is

posed along

ce was obse

o have occu

d Group s

ap occurs a

an” dipslope

front have

Group are in

ever it beca

he Bokkevel

gure 10a). It

urface that

vations can

exposure

fault in cont

s hanging w

non Formati

2that it

22” E 23° 57

therefore b

herly dippin

ch in places

s identified b

g the wester

erved at eithe

urred at thes

hale on th

t the base o

of Peninsul

been erode

fault contac

ame clear tha

d Group, bu

also becam

overlies th

be made in

reveals bed

tradiction wit

wall. McCalpi

on and coul

20

7’

be

ng

is

by

rn

er

se

he

of

la

ed

ct

at

ut

me

he

a

ds

th

in

ld

The dconfo

be in

age a

The p

and a

conta

the fa

● A f

that o

only a

● An

paleo

range

other

lead t

● A d

depo

The m

scarp

River

fully

origin

4.5.7

Situa

that r

33’ 4

Form

unco

downloaded orms to the a

nterpreted as

and origin ar

protrusion s

angular qua

act between

ault is situate

fault scarp –

occurs with a

a simple fau

erosional s

ochannel of

e front. Ther

r boulder pa

to this scena

depositional

sit from the

most technic

p that marks

r (Figure 10c

conclusive a

n cannot be

Site K2.001

ated just sou

runs parallel

44.0” E 24°

mation cong

nsolidated a

document isauthorised d

s Late Tertia

re not observ

urface is ma

rtzite clasts

these two d

ed. McCalpin

– considerat

a change in

ult scarp

scarp – the

the ancient

refore angul

aleochannel

ario refer to

scarp – the

range front t

cally suppor

s the edge o

c). However

and therefor

ruled out (M

1

th of the ma

l to the main

02’ 29.0”) t

glomerate,

alluvial mate

s uncontrolleatabase ver

ary or Quate

ved elsewhe

antled by qu

towards the

deposits; it’s

n (2009) con

tion should h

depositiona

scarp may

Baviaansklo

ar quartzite

gravels (Fig

Goedhart (2

e scarp can

that overlaps

rted interpre

of a boulder-

r this interpr

re the possi

McCaplin 200

ain Baviaans

n Baviaansk

the fault tra

subordinate

erial, contain

ed; thereforersion

ernary alluv

ere along the

uartzite cobb

e north. A s

s at this con

nsidered thre

however be

l facies. This

have been

oof River, ero

clasts towa

gure 10c). F

2005) § 2.3.4

be interpret

s the paleoc

etation of the

-filled paleoc

retation abou

ibility that th

09).

skloof Fault n

kloof Fault fo

ce runs acr

e sandsto

ning quartzi

e the user m

ial fan grave

e Baviaansk

bles and bou

steeper slop

ntact where

ee possible

given to the

s fact may a

created by

roding into p

rds the nort

For a sequen

4.6.

ted as the d

channel grav

e protrusion

channel of th

ut the true n

he scarp ma

near Sandvl

or about 6 k

ross a smal

ne and m

te pebbles

must ensure t

els, but dep

kloof Fault.

ulders towa

pe or scarp o

the projecte

origins for th

e coincidenc

argue that the

y the lateral

pre-existing t

th must be o

nce of even

epositional t

vels.

is that it is

he ancient B

nature of the

ay have a p

akte, is a se

km. At site K

l hill compo

mudstone

and boulde

2that it

posits of suc

rds the sout

occurs at th

ed location o

he scrap:

ce of a scar

e scarp is no

erosion of

talus from th

older than th

nts that woul

toe of a talu

an erosiona

Baviaanskloo

e scarp is no

partly tecton

econdary fau

K2.001 (S 33

osed of Eno

covered b

rs. Toward

21

ch

th

he

of

rp

ot

a

he

he

ld

us

al

of

ot

ic

ult

3°

on

by

ds

The dconfo

the b

than

No fa

addit

top o

There

4.5.8

Site l

in the

the B

Quate

range

Obse

In ad

proje

incon

be a

no dis

4.5.9

Sites

41’ 2

in the

field

fores

been

Earth

downloaded orms to the a

ottom hill, cl

those locate

ault scarp at

ion no geom

of the flat-to

e is therefore

Site K1.006

ocality K1.0

e eastern pa

Baviaanskloo

ernary alluvi

e front escar

erving displa

ddition the fa

cted. The g

nclusive. How

slope chang

splacement

Site K1.006

K1.006A (S

6”) are the t

e investigatio

reconnaissa

t guard from

made to ma

h imagery.

document isauthorised d

lasts from th

ed at the top

the surface

morphic expr

opped hill or

e no evidenc

6

06 (S 33° 39

art of the stud

of Fault. Its

ial terrace (F

rpment (McC

cement of th

armer had r

ground was

wever it sho

ge in the allu

of the terrac

6A and Site

S 33° 39’ 13”

two most ea

on for possi

ance. Tracks

m nearby K

ake it re-usa

s uncontrolleatabase ver

he unconsoli

.

or displacem

ression sugg

r on the we

ce of neotec

9’ 35.2” E 24

dy area. The

projected l

Figure 11) co

Calpin, 2009

he alluvial te

ecently dug

disturbed a

ould be note

uvial terrace

ce or fault sc

K1.007

” E 24° 38’ 0

stern locality

ble neotecto

s that lead

omdomo Na

able. The sit

ed; thereforersion

dated alluviu

ment of the T

gesting the p

estern and e

ctonic activity

4° 34’ 24.8”

e meanderin

ocation sho

onsisting of

9).

errace was d

an irrigatio

nd here the

ed that towa

where the p

carp can be

09”) (Figure

y sites along

onic activity.

to these sit

ature Conse

tes were rem

e the user m

um have a m

Tg surface i

presence of a

eastern slop

y at site K2.0

) is situated

ng river valle

ows it cross

mostly fine s

difficult at this

n ditch whe

e presence

rds the wes

projected loc

seen at the

12) and K1.

g the Baviaa

Both sites

tes are dere

ervation Offi

motely studie

must ensure t

more angula

s observed

a displacem

pes, could b

001

in the Groo

ey is situated

sing a rough

sandy red a

s heavily ve

ere the fault

of a fault sc

st, along wha

cation of the

surface.

.007 (S 33°

anskloof Fau

were inacce

elict (as info

ice) and no

ed with the a

2that it

r appearanc

at this site. I

ent, either o

be observed

ot River valle

d just south o

hly 9 m thic

lluvium at th

getated area

location wa

carp remain

at appears t

e fault occurs

39’ 37” E 24

ult considere

essible durin

ormed by th

attempt ha

aid of Googl

22

ce

In

on

d.

ey

of

ck

he

a.

as

ns

to

s,

4°

ed

ng

he

as

le

The dconfo

The B

both

litholo

struct

may

concl

downloaded orms to the a

Baviaansklo

sites. No e

ogical and

tures or fea

have been

lusions on N

document isauthorised d

oof Fault trac

evidence of

geomorpho

atures indica

n present, b

Neogene fau

s uncontrolleatabase ver

ce crosses a

displaceme

logical envi

ative of fault

but eroded

lt reactivatio

ed; thereforersion

a Quaternar

ent or a fau

ronment is

t reactivatio

away, can

on at these s

e the user m

ry low rising

ult scarp is

not favoura

on. The poss

n therefore

site localities

must ensure t

alluvial grav

observed,

able for pre

sibility that

not be exc

s remains inc

2that it

vel terrace a

however th

eservation o

a fault scar

cluded. Thu

conclusive.

23

at

he

of

rp

us

The dconfo

downloaded orms to the a

document isauthorised d

s uncontrolleatabase ver

ed; thereforersion

e the user mmust ensure t2

that it

24

The dconfo

downloaded orms to the a

document isauthorised d

s uncontrolleatabase ver

ed; thereforersion

e the user mmust ensure t2

that it

25

The downloaversion

aded documentt is uncontrolled; therefore the uuser must ensure that it conformms to the authoorised database

26

The downloaversion

aded documentt is uncontrolled; therefore the uuser must ensure that it conformms to the authoorised database

27

The dconfo

5. Da

5.1 S

Tg su

M1.1

stabil

study

were

and

(mini

for sa

maxim

In ad

2.5 k

const

unroo

5.2 D

The a

Form

indica

also s

The

Bavia

avera

inacti

betwe

water

downloaded orms to the a

ating Cons

Sample Loc

urfaces wer

46 as part

lity and geom

y encompas

taken for a

E (Table 1

mum age) r

amples that

mum 10Be e

ddition a stre

km west of

train the ba

ofing.

Dating resu

average min

mation is age

ative of a sta

show similar

river sedime

aanskloof Fa

age of 5.4

ive areas ar

een the ba

rsheds can b

document isauthorised d

straints

calities

re sampled

t of a cosm

morphic evo

ssing the CK

analysis at s

and Figur

results (dual

t only produ

rosion rates

eam sedime

site M1.146

asin-average

ults

nimum total h

d 1 - 1.75 M

able surface

r long minim

ent analyze

ault lies, ind

m/My (Bier

round the wo

asin-scale e

be drawn.

s uncontrolleatabase ver

in the vicini

mogenic geo

olution of not

KBC region

sites M1.146

re 13) from

isotope sol

uced single

.

ent sample (

6 (Table 3).

ed landscap

history of sa

My (Bierman

. Analysis o

mum exposur

d from vari

icates that t

man 2012).

orld (Porteng

erosion rat

ed; thereforersion

ty of the Ba

ochronology

t only the stu

(Bierman 2

6 and site M

site M1.14

ution, 10Be a

isotope solu

(TSP-17) wa

These sam

e erosion r

mples (TSP-

2012). Thes

on Grahamst

re ages of 2

ous south c

the land sur

This slow

ga and Bierm

es and ph

e the user m

aviaanskloof

investigatio

udy area, bu

2012). Altho

M1.148, only

46 produced

and 26Al). T

utions, thus

as taken in

mples were

rate and thu

-16D &E) of

se long minim

town Forma

– 3.7 My (B

coast draina

rface is erod

rate is con

man 2011).

hysical prop

must ensure t

f Fault, nea

on to determ

ut also as pa

ough numer

y two sampl

d minimum

able 2 show

minimum 1

the Baviaan

taken with

us isostatic

f the Graham

mum exposu

ation surface

Bierman 2012

age basins

ding at an a

nsistent with

No significa

perties of t

2that it

ar site localit

mine tecton

art of a large

rous sample

es, TSP-16

total histor

ws the result0Be age an

nskloof Rive

the intent t

uplift due t

mstown

ure ages are

es to the eas

2)

in which th

area-weighte

h tectonical

ant correlatio

the sample

28

ty

ic

er

es

D

ry

ts

nd

er,

to

to

e

t

he

ed

ly

on

ed

S

n

T

T

The dconfo

The

consi

(Bierm

tecto

This

neote

When

field

last 1

Table

that p

Bierm

Sample

number Lat

SP-16D -33

TSP-16E -33

downloaded orms to the a

lack of cor

istent with

man 2012).

nically stable

result is con

ectonic displ

n the dating

reconnaissa

-1.75 My (d

e 1: Locality

produced a

man 2012).

Co-ordinat

titude Lo

3.511403 23

3.511502 25.

document isauthorised d

rrelation bet

a stable ba

Dating res

e or inactive

nsistent with

acement alo

results are v

ance, it appe

ual isotope

of cosmoge

total minimu

tes El

(mngitude

3.712193

.711399

s uncontrolleatabase ver

tween basin

ase level a

ults show a

e crust.

h field obser

ong the Bavi

viewed in co

ears that the

results).

enic samples

um total hist

evation

m amsl)

M

exp

998

997

ed; thereforersion

n-scale eros

and therefor

slow uplift

rvations that

aanskloof F

ombination w

e unfaulted T

s taken in th

tory (dual is

Minimum

posure (My)

0.945

1.572

e the user m

sion rates a

re an abse

rate for drai

t showed no

Fault.

with the obse

Tg surfaces

he vicinity of

otope soluti

Minimum

exposure (My

0.098

0.179

must ensure t

nd mean ba

ence of diffe

inage basins

o conclusive

ervations ob

have been

f the Baviaa

on, 10Be and

y)

Minimum

history (

1.043

1.751

2that it

asin slope

erential upli

s, and thus

e evidence o

btained durin

stable for th

anskloof Fau

d 26Al ) (Afte

total

(My) Com

3

Tg su

samp

the vic

site M

nea

Baviaa

Fa

1

29

is

ift

a

of

ng

he

ult

er

ments

urfaces

pled in

cinity of

M1.146

ar the

anskloof

ault

The downloaversion

Table 2: Lo

minimum 10B

Sample

number

TSP-15A

TSP-15B

TSP-15C

TSP-15D

TSP-15D2

TSP-15D

TSP-16B

TSP-16F1

TSP-16F2

TSP-16F3

Table 3: Loc

aded document

ocality of cosm

Be age and max

e

r

Co-

Latitude (S)

-33.509365

-33.510004

-33.508487

1 -33.508492

2 -33.508492

3 -33.508492

-33.51456

1 -33.51313

2 -33.51313

3 -33.51313

cality of stream

Sampl

TS

t is uncontrolled

mogenic sample

ximum 10Be eros

-ordinates

) Longitude (E

23.749001

23.749473

23.749177

23.748532

23.748532

23.748532

23.711333

23.711568

23.711568

23.711568

sediment samp

e number Lati

SP17 -3

; therefore the u

es taken in the

sion rates (Afte

Elevation

(m amsl)E)

974

974

966

974

974

974

944

981

981

981

ple taken in the B

Co-ordina

tude (S) L

33.521224

user must ensu

vicinity of the

r Bierman 2012

Minimum 10Be age (ky

758 ± 6

632 ± 5

445 ± 3

973 ± 18

1264 ± 20

737 ± 6

45.8 ± 0.5

864 ± 9

662 ± 7

1072 ± 13

Baviaanskloof R

ates

ongitude (E)

23.685590

re that it conform

e Baviaanskloof

2).

y)

Maximum 10

erosion rate

0.69 ± 0.01

0.86 ± 0.01

1.30 ± 0.01

0.50 ± 0.01

0.35 ± 0.01

0.71 ± 0.01

16.1 ± 0.17

0.58 ± 0.01

0.81 ± 0.01

0.44 ± 0.01

River (After Bier

Elevation

(m amsl)

822

ms to the autho

f Fault that pro

0Be

e (ky)

Tg su

Clasts f

w

Tg su

Clasts f

w

rman 2012).

Erosion rate

m/My

4.5 ± 0.4

orised database

oduced single

Comments

urface (rock) were

sampled)

from the Tg surfa

were sampled

urface (rock) were

sampled)

from the Tg surfa

were sampled

e

30

isotope

e

ace

e

ace

Controlled C

Copy

31

The doauthor

6. Co

The

Bavia

Bavia

previo

addit

Goog

detai

inves

(Tg)

Bavia

Sites

Fault

no ev

K1.00

satell

surfa

At sit

Bavia

evide

An an

site

protru

possi

coinc

supp

the e

ownloaded docrised database

onclusion

investigatio

aanskloof Fa

aanskloof-Co

ous studies

ional review

gle Earth. B

led investig

stigations wa

and Quater

aanskloof Fa

M1.146, M1

t all show re

vidence of d

07 were ina

lite imagry.

ce was obse

tes K1.006A

aanskloof Fa

ence of displ

nomalous be

locality K1.0

usion was r

ible scarp o

ciding with th

ortable inter

dge of a bou

cument is uncoversion

on aimed

ault which fr

oega Fault

s undertake

w of the are

Based on th

gation by m

as to examin

rnary sedime

ault zone.

1.148 and M

latively thick

displacemen

accessible d

No evidence

erved at site

A, K1.007 (st

ault trace is

acement or

edrock protr

001 allows

re-interpreted

occurs at th

he projected

rpretation of

ulder-filled p

ontrolled; theref

to address

rom part of t

system (CK

n in the ar

ea’s aerial

he desktop

means of

ne erosion s

ents, for an

M1.149 locate

k and continu

nt of the Tg

during field

e of a fault

es M1.150 an

udied remot

s overlain b

the presenc

rusion at the

for alternat

d to consist

he contact

d location of

the slope in

paleochanne

fore the user m

s potential

the east-wes

KBC). The s

rea (Goedha

photography

review elev

a field rec

surfaces, kno

y displacem

ed along the

uous Tg sur

surfaces. S

reconnaissa

scarp at the

nd M1.116.

tely) and site

by low, Qua

ce of a fault s

e base of the

tive interpre

t of Enon F

between th

f the Baviaa

nflection is t

l of the ancie

must ensure tha

neotecton

st striking e

study includ

art 2005, M

y and satel

ven sites w

connaissanc

own as the

ment in area

e western ex

rfaces. Field

Sites M1.15

ance and h

e surface or

e K1.006 (wh

aternary allu

scarp at the

e linear Bavi

etations. In

Formation. A

he Peninsula

anskloof Fau

hat of an er

ent Baviaan

at it conforms to

nic reactiva

xtensional C

ded a deskt

McCalpin, 2

llite images

were selecte

ce. The fo

Grahamstow

as where the

xtent of the B

reconnaiss

0, M1.116,

had to be s

r displaceme

hich was ac

uvial gravel

surface wer

iaanskloof R

this study

A steep slop

a and Enon

ult. The mos

rosional sca

nskloof River

3o the

ation of th

Ceres-Kango

top review o

009) and a

provided b

ed for furthe

ocus of fiel

wn Formatio

ey overly th

Baviaanskloo

ance showe

K1.006A an

studied usin

ent of the T

cessible), th

terraces. N

re found.

Range front a

the bedroc

pe change o

n formations

st technically

rp that mark

r.

32

he

o-

of

an

by

er

ld

on

he

of

ed

nd

ng

Tg

he

No

at

ck

or

s,

y-

ks

The doauthor

Base

show

coup

Fault

with

forme

scarp

inacti

16 st

collec

When

it app

(dual

In lig

the g

tecto

ownloaded docrised database

ed on the fi

w a lack of e

led with the

t is indicativ

the Pleistoc

ed, they wo

ps or displac

ive fault (Bie

tatistically h

cted further

n viewed in

pears that th

isotope res

ht of all of th

geochronolo

nic displace

cument is uncoversion

ield evidenc

evidence su

slow erosio

e of a tecto

cene age o

ould still be

cement of T

erman 2012

ave lesser

east along t

conjunction

he unfaulted

ults).

he evidence

ogy analyse

ment or nea

ontrolled; theref

ce collected

ggestive of

on rates of 5

onically stab

f the Tg su

visible in th

g surfaces a

). Bierman

minimum lim

he Baviaans

with the obs

d Tg surface

at the vario

s, the Bavi

ar-surface de

fore the user m

and cosom

neotectonic

.4m/My, the

le landscap

urface would

he landscap

along the Ba

(2012) did n

miting expo

skloof Fault.

servations o

es have bee

ous sites alo

iaanskloof F

eformation.

must ensure tha

mogenic resu

c activity in

e area that h

pe. Such slo

d suggest t

pe today. Th

aviaanskloof

note that sa

sure ages t

obtained dur

en stable for

ng the Bavia

Fault has n

at it conforms to

ults (Bierma

the last 1-1

houses the B

ow erosion r

that if fault

hus the abs

f Fault is ind

amples TSP-

than similar

ring field rec

r the last 1M

aanskloof Fa

not undergo

3o the

an 2012) tha

1.75 My leas

Baviaanskloo

rates couple

scarps wer

sence of fau

dicative of a

-15 and TSP

r Tg sample

connaissance

My – 1.75 M

ault and all o

one Neogen

33

at

st

of

ed

re

ult

an

P-

es

e,

My

of

ne

The doauthor

7. Ac

The a

to the

The a

Coen

recon

Tshim

Joha

discu

ownloaded docrised database

cknowledg

authors wou

eir properties

authors wou

nie de Beer

nnaissance.

mane Mofok

nn Neveling

ussions durin

cument is uncoversion

gments

ld like to tha

s. Without th

ld like to tha

r and Dr. K

eng and Mr

g, Kathryn

ng the first fie

ontrolled; theref

ank farmers

heir co-opera

ank the follow

Koos Redde

Neo Moabi

Hanson, La

eld visit.

fore the user m

in the study

ation this rep

wing people

ering for pro

for participa

aura Glaser

must ensure tha

y area for allo

port would n

:

oviding valu

ating and ass

and Ryan

at it conforms to

owing field t

ot have bee

able insight

sisting with f

Coppersmi

3o the

teams acces

en possible.

t during fiel

field work.

th for fruitfu

34

ss

ld

ul

The doauthor

Bierm

Bomm

Booth

Booth

Booth

Doug

Enge

ownloaded docrised database

man, P.R.,

Corridor Inv

mer, J. 20

Assessmen

2008-0225.

h, P. W K.,

Cape Fold

(Cape Sup

Research, 7

h, P.W.K. an

Cape Fold

Supergroup

h, P.W.K. a

Fold Belt,

interpretatio

190.

glas A. Pato

and evoluti

Geology 28

elbrecht, J.

detection of

- towards

Association

cument is uncoversion

2012. Repo

vestigation (

008. Prelim

nt for Thysp

.

Brunsdon, G

Belt: eviden

pergroup), n

7/1, 211 – 22

nd Shone, R

Belt and int

p, South Afri

nd Shone, R

South Afr

on of the Ca

n. 2006. Inf

ion: souther

8, 868–886.

and Goedh

f crustal war

earthquake

n of Seismolo

ontrolled; theref

ort#1, Cosm

Final draft).

minary (SSH

punt Refere

G. and Shon

nce from th

ear Steytler

22.

R W. 2000. S

terpretation

ca. J. Afr. E

R.W. 2002.

rica, and t

ape Supergro

fluence of cr

rn South Af

hart, M.L.,

rping and po

hazard as

ogy and Phy

fore the user m

mogenic Geo

HAC level

ence Site, S

ne, R. W. 20

e Palaeozo

rville, Easte

Structural co

of the lithos

. Sc., 30, 14

A review of

the implica

oup. Journa

rustal hetero

frica extens

2009. Adva

otential move

ssessment.

ysics of the E

must ensure tha

ochronology

1) Probab

South Africa

004. A duple

ic Witteberg

ern Cape, S

omplexities i

stratigraphy

4 – 15.

f thrust fault

ations for c

l of African E

ogeneity on

sional syste

anced differ

ement along

.Abstract a

Earth’s Inter

at it conforms to

y, Southern

bilistic Seis

a. CGS Re

ex model fo

g and Bokke

South Africa

in the easte

of the Pala

ting in the E

current litho

Earth Scienc

normal fau

m. Journal

rential interf

g the Baviaa

and poster,

rior IASPIE,

3o the

Africa Fau

smic Hazar

port Numbe

or the easter

eveld Group

a. Gondwan

ern part of th

aeozoic Cap

Eastern Cap

ostratigraph

ces, 34, 179

lt dimension

of Structura

ferometry fo

anskloof Fau

Internationa

Cape Town

35

ult

rd

er

rn

ps

na

he

pe

pe

ic

9–

ns

al

or

ult

al

.

The doauthor

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Goed

Goed

Goed

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Hiller

ownloaded docrised database

dhart, M.L.,

Ceres - Ka

Cape, Sout

2004-0189

dhart, M.L.,

Ceres – K

Eastern cap

Report Num

dhart, M.L. a

south-easte

the 11th Sou

and Exhibit

Swaziland.

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J.S.V., 200

site, Easte

summarizin

terraces). C

appendices

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Journal of G

r, N. and Sn

Cape Fold

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ngo - Bavia

th Africa: De

(Confidentia

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Kango – Ba

pe, South A

mber: 2005 –

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ern Cape Fo

uth African G

tion, and Ink

McCalpin,

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rn Cape, S

ng the status

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s & database

Quaternary

Geology 91(3

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Belt south

a, 86, 263 –

ontrolled; theref

eological inv

anskloof - C

esk Study R

al), 153pp. (N

ological inve

viaanskloof

Africa: Field R

– 0084 (Con

Booth., 200

old Belt, Sou

Geophysical

kaba yeAfrik

J.P., Mitha

source cha

South Africa

s of investiga

Geoscience

es.

faulting in t

3): 399–403

A. 1983. St

of Steytlerv

– 271.

fore the user m

vestigation o

Coega fault s

Report. Cou

NSIP-SHA-0

estigation o

– Coega F

Reconnaissa

fidential) 13

09. Early Ho

uth Africa. S

Association

ka Phase II

, V., Claas

racterization

: Stop-orde

ations along

e, Report N

he south-ea

3.

tructural and

ville. Transa

must ensure tha

of neotecton

system in th

ncil for Geo

013852#P1-

f neotecton

Fault Syste

ance Report

3pp (NSIP-S

olocene exte

hort Paper i

n (SAGA) Bi

workshop,

sen, D., Bl

n of the pro

r report for

g T1 (fault co

No. 2009–0

astern Cape

d stratigraph

actions of th

at it conforms to

nic reactivati

he Southern

oscience Re

153).

ic reactivati

em in the S

rt Council fo

SHA-015892

ensional tec

in the proce

ennial Tech

13-18 Sept

ack, D. and

oposed Thys

r Project CO

orridors), an

0230 (confid

Province. S

hical relation

he Geologic

3o the

on along th

and Easter

eport Numbe

on along th

Southern an

r Geoscienc

2#p1-133).

ctonics in th

edings CD o

nical Meetin

tember 2009

d Reddering

spunt nuclea

O-2009-5694

nd T2 (marin

dential), exc

South Africa

nships in th

cal Society o

36

he

rn

er

he

nd

ce

he

of

ng

9,

g,

ar

4,

ne

cl.

an

he

of

The doauthor

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McCa

Newt

Partr

Partr

Partr

Porte

Shon

Tham

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alpin, J.P., 1

alpin, J.P., 2

Kouga, “P

Republic

ton, A.R., Sh

M.R., Anha

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530.

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in South Af

Environmen

idge, T.C. a

the souther

idge, T.C., B

(Johnson, M

Africa, The

Johannesb

enga, E., a

with 10Be.

ne, R.W. 200

amd Thom

South Africa

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Anhaeusse

cument is uncoversion

996. Palaeo

2009. Field R

Paul Sauer”

of South Afr

hone, R.W.

aeusser, C.R

Society of

995. A revie

e assessme

frica. Counc

ntal, Enginee

and Maud, R

rn hemisphe

Botha, G.A.

M.R., Anhae

e Geologic

urg, 605-628

and Bierman

. GSA Today

06. Onshore

as, R.J. eds

a, Council fo

nd Johnson

r, C.R. am

ontrolled; theref

oseismology

Reconnaissa

, Kango and

rica. (Close o

and Booth,

R. amd Thom

South Africa

ew of existin

nt of seismic

il for Geosci

ering and M

R.R. 1989. T

re. S. Afr. J.

and Haddon

eusser, C.R

cal Society

8.

n, P. R., 2

y.

e post-Karoo

s)The Geolo

or Geoscienc

n, M.R. 200

md Thomas,

fore the user m

y: Academic

ance and Se

d Baviaansk

out report), G

P.W.K. 200

mas, R.J. ed

a, Council fo

ng data on N

c hazard at

ience, Repo

arine Scienc

The end-Cre

Sci., 85, 42

n, I.G. 2006.

. amd Thom

of South

2011. Unde

o Mesozoic i

ogy of Sout

ce, Johanne

06. The Ca

R.J. eds)T

must ensure tha

Press, New

eismic Sourc

kloof Faults

GEO-HAZ C

06. The Cap

ds)The Geol

or Geoscien

Neotectonics

possible Nu

ort Council fo

ce Division,

etaceous ev

28 – 430.

. Cenozoic D

mas, R.J. ed

Africa, C

erstanding E

in (Johnson,

th Africa, Th

esburg, 541-

ape Supergr

The Geolog

at it conforms to

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ce Character

Zones, Ca

Consulting, v

e Fold Belt.

logy of Sout

nce, Johann

s and Palaeo

clear Power

or Geoscien

34 pp.

vent: new e

Deposits of t

ds)The Geol

ouncil for

Earth’s Erod

, M.R., Anha

he Geologic

-552.

roup in (Jo

gy of South

3o the

pp.

rization of th

pe Fold Bel

v1.1

in (Johnson

th Africa, Th

nesburg, 521

oseismicity t

r Station site

nce, Report t

vidence from

the Interior i

ogy of Sout

Geoscience

ding Surfac

aeusser, C.R

cal Society o

hnson, M.R

h Africa, Th

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he

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Geological

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on, J.N., 19

Geological

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Society Sou

ontrolled; theref

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aviaanskloof

uth Africa 72

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f Range––a

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South Afric

at it conforms to

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can nappe.

3o the

nesburg, 443

Transaction

38

3-

ns

The doauthor

ownloaded docrised database

APPE

cument is uncoversion

ENDIX A: B

ontrolled; theref

BAVIAANS

fore the user m

KLOOF SIT

must ensure tha

TE VISITS

at it conforms to

DATABAS

3o the

SE

39

Sl.

No.

. Site

1 M 1.146

2 M 1.148

3 M 1.149

4 M 1.150

5 M 1.116

6 M 1.117

Latitud

S 33° 30'

S 33° 30' 4

S 33° 30'

S 33° 30'

S 33° 31'

S 33° 31'

de Lo

56.1'' E 02

44.3'' E 02

11.3'' E 02

12'' E 02

10'' E 02

22'' E 02

ongitude

23° 42' 56.2''

23° 44' 39.2''

23° 48' 51.9''

23° 57' 28''

23° 56' 35''

23° 57' 28''

The Graha

the silcrete

fault and n

observed i

Grahamst

overlies th

Quartzites

by the mou

deposit. Fa

observed i

Tg silcrete

displaceme

The Cape

overlain by

Formation

the uncons

deposit.

The Cape

overlain by

turn overla

mountain t

(observatio

necessary

Observatio

necessary

The Cape

overlain by

turn overla

mountain t

Observatio

amstown Tg F

e surface drap

no displaceme

in the silcrete

town Tg Form

e Cape Supe

; This in turn,

untain talus a

ault striations

in the quartzit

e surface; but

ent in the silc

Supergroup q

y the Graham

; this in turn o

solidated mou

Supergroup q

y the Tg Form

ain by the unc

talus deposit.

on during sam

y)

on during sam

y

Supergroup q

y the Tg Form

ain by the unc

talus deposit.

ons

Formation -

pes over the

ent is

e surface

mation

ergroup

, is overlain

and sand

s are

te below the

there is no

crete surface.

quartzite is

mstown Tg

overlain by

untain talus

quartzite is

mation; this in

consolidated

mpling

mpling

quartzite is

mation; this in

consolidated

A-

Conc

No evidenc

reactivatio

after the de

Grahamsto

Formation

No evidenc

reactivatio

after the de

Grahamsto

Formation

No evidenc

reactivatio

after the de

Grahamsto

Formation

No evidenc

reactivatio

after the de

Grahamsto

Formation

No evidenc

reactivatio

after the de

Tg Format

-1

clusion

ce of

n of the fault

eposition of

own Tg

ce of

n of the fault

eposition of

own Tg

ce of

n of the fault

eposition of

own Tg

ce of

n of the fault

eposition of

own Tg

ce of

n of the fault

eposition of

tion

7 K 1.001

8 K 2.001

9 K 1.006

S 33° 33'

S 33° 33' 4

S 33° 39'

27'' E 02

44'' E 02

35.2'' E 02

24° 04' 24''

24° 02' 29''

24° 34' 24.8''

Fault not e

Supergrou

of intense

location. T

talus cone

supposed

Fault not e

unconsolid

lying acros

secondary

Fault is no

covered by

angular to

and boulde

exposed; the C

up quartzite sh

fracture cleav

There is a sma

lying across

fault trace.

exposed; a thi

dated gravel-s

ss the suppos

y fault trace.

ot exposed; th

y a thick depo

sub rounded

ers of quartzit

Cape

hows zones

vage at this

all mountain

the

in veneer of

sand deposit

sed

he surface is

osit of sub-

pebbles

te

A-

Site not us

evidence o

reactivatio

Site not us

evidence o

reactivatio

No evidenc

reactivatio

after the de

Quaternary

-2

seful for

of fault

n

seful for

of fault

n

ce of

n of the fault

eposition of

y cover.

APPEENDIX B: R

REVIEWERRS REPORRT

4

40

TECHNICAL REPORT REVIEW FORM

Rev. 0 REFERENCE: CGS/TP10/FM01

as contained in CGS report 2010-0171

ISSUE DATE: 20 December 2010

B 1

1. Project #:

Report on the Baviaanskloof Fault Segment of the Ceres-Kango-Baviaanskloof-Coega Fault System

Neotectonic Studies for Evidence for Possible Post-Tertiary Grahamstown Formation (Tg) Reactivation of the Fault

2. Report ID:

CGS Report number or filename:

2012-0177 Rev.: 0

3. Report Author(s)

Name(s) Prasad, K and Claassen, D.

Organisation/Unit CGS

4. Reviewer Name Booth, P W K

Organisation/Unit

NMMU

5. Type of Review (tick as appropriate)

V&V Independent Technical Review

X

6. General: The report is technically adequate, complete and correct in its present form. It is generally well written, with lesser editorial shortcomings which I have drawn attention to on the relevant pages of the printed version of the report. References are adequate, and because no major changes are recommended the report is acceptable, subject to minor corrections. The study area incorporates the outcropping area of the Baviaankloof Fault in the Eastern Cape with specific focus on zones where cap rocks of the Quaternary Grahamstown Formation (Tg) overlie the main fault zones. The authors found no evidence of displacement of the silcretized cap rock by faulting at any of the areas inspected and mapped, although they suggest that some of the scarps in proximity to faulted zones may have a tectonic origin. Based on 10Be and 26Al cosmogenic dating techniques applied on cap rocks that overlie the Baviaanskloof Fault zone the authors conclude that it is unlikely that any major tectonic activity has been associated with the fault zone in the last 1 to 1.75 million years. In addition, a calculation of erosion rates indicates that uplift rates are of the order of 5 m per million years. Such low erosion rates, coupled with the interpretation that no tectonic activity has taken place during the last 1.75 million years in this sector of the major normal fault system that extends from Ceres in the west to Coega in the eastern part of the Cape Fold Belt, suggests that the region is tectonically stable.

7. Does the report address the scope of the task? YES X NO

8. Can the report be considered technically sound? YES X NO

9. Are all data sources and/or models used sufficiently documented?

YES X NO

10. If

11. Ifexplaanno

12. R

Rev. 0

f applicable

f the answeanation. Thiotation form

Reviewer sig

TE

, have math

r to one of tis can be do

m.

gnature

ECHNICAL

as conta

hematics be

the questioone as a ref

REPORT R

REFERECGS/TP1

ained in CGS

een checked

ons 7. to 10.ference to s

REVIEW FOR

ENCE: 0/FM01

S report 2010

d?

. was NO, pspecific com

Date

RM

0-0171

YES

lease provimments in t

e

ISSUE D20 Decemb

B

NO

de a brief the review

1 Novem2012

DATE: ber 2010

2

mber

TECHNICAL REPORT REVIEW FORM

Rev. 0 REFERENCE: CGS/TP10/FM01

as contained in CGS report 2010-0171

ISSUE DATE: 20 December 2010

B 3

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

Editorial

Typo and errors in grammar are marked on the manuscript and suggested corrections

are noted. The corrections have been noted with a minimum of requirement, trying not to

interfere with the authors writing style.

On the front page of the report (page (i)): change “Council of Geoscience” to “Council for

Geoscience”.

When using proper names e.g. Baviaanskloof Fault then the subject should also have a

capital letter. This has been corrected throughout the report.

The spelling of “kilometres” should be the English version, not the American “kilometers”

because most of the reports written in this country conform to this procedure. Note that

this inconsistency needs attention on most of the Figures accompanying the report.

Similarly, corrections can be made to the spelling of American words “center” (page 3)

and behavior (page 4).

Optional

The Baviaanskloof Fault is nowhere referred to as a “normal fault”. There are many good

field descriptions and diagrams showing younger strata juxtaposed against older strata,

and much is mentioned about offsets, and of course the assumption is that this is a

normal fault. However, there is a need to state the obvious at least every now and then,

simply because readers not familiar with the local geology would like to know what type

of fault you are dealing with here.

On page (vii), Figure caption for Figure 5, third line from the bottom, north should read

south

On most of the Figures the writing is far too small, as well as in the caption on the

Figures. If the current format is the required one (i.e. everything must fit onto an A4

page) then then somehow the font will have to be enlarged. On the other hand an A3

fold-out may be better, although this will be somewhat more cumbersome to handle

when reading the report.

In ge

On F

all the

Page

just a

Seco

beca

which

a diff

Page

read?

Page

clear

Table

page

In ad

been

Prof P

Geos

NMM

Port E

1 Nov

Rev. 0

neral the dir

igure 4 the s

e main focus

e 10, Section

an outcrop w

ond paragrap

use there ar

h are not as

erent 3-D co

e 12. I can’t f

?

e 13 section

.

es 1 and 2 s

s making up

dition the au

done in App

Peter Booth

sciences Dep

MU

Elizabeth

vember 201

TE

rection arrow

site localities

s of this figu

n 4.5.6 Site K

whose stratig

ph near the b

re other area

well consoli

onfiguration

find site K2.0

5.1 Last par

hould be po

p the conclus

uthors should

pendix A, in

partment

2

ECHNICAL

as conta

ws (e.g. north

s should be

re.

K1.001. Exp

graphic posit

bottom: McC

as of rework

dated as the

to the origin

001 marked

ra. This sent

sitioned afte

sion section.

d insert Eas

order to be

REPORT R

REFERECGS/TP1

ained in CGS

h) are far too

made much

lain why the

tion is now b

Calpin’s inter

ed Enon Co

e original “En

al.

on Figure 4

tence needs

er the final “C

.

t and South

consistent w

REVIEW FOR

ENCE: 0/FM01

S report 2010

o small as w

bolder (prom

e outcrop is “

being re-inter

rpretation is

onglomerate

non”, and un

4. Maybe it is

s rephrasing

Conclusion”

with the co-

with the sam

RM

0-0171

well.

minent). The

“anomalous”

rpreted?

probably co

in the Easte

nderstandab

s there but to

as the mean

and not betw

-ordinate val

me pattern in

ISSUE D20 Decemb

B

ey are after

”. Surely it is

orrect

ern Cape

bly can have

oo small to

ning is not

ween the tw

lues as has

the report.

DATE: ber 2010

4

s

e

wo