report on msw management impact on ghg emissions for ghana, south africa & nigeria

7/28/2019 REPORT ON MSW MANAGEMENT IMPACT ON GHG EMISSIONS FOR GHANA, SOUTH AFRICA & NIGERIA

1/35

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RICA


2/35

Reporto

Table

Tableo

Listof

Listof

Listof

Executi

SECTIO

AFRICA

1.1G

1.2M

1.2.

1.2.

1.2.

1.2.

1.3M

1.3.

1.3.

1.3.

1.3.

1.4M

1.4.

1.4.

1.4.

1.4.

1.5M

SECTIO

2.1G

2.2H

2.3A

SECTIO

REFERE

APPEN

MSWManage

ofConte

Contents.

igures.......

ables.........

bbreviatio

eSummar

1:MSW

&LAGOS

neralIntro

SWinAccra

2WasteGen

2WasteColle

3Recyclinga

4WasteDisp

SWinCape

1WasteGen

2WasteColle

3Recyclinga

4WasteDisp

SWinLagos

1WasteGen

2WasteColle

3Recycling...

4WasteDisp

SWCompar

2:MSW

neralIntro

wSolid

Wa

alysisofGH

3:CONCL

NCES.........

ICE...........

mentImpacto

nts

.................

.................

.................

s..............

y...............

ANAGEM

NIGERIA)..

uction.......

Ghana......

ration...........

ctionandTra

dCompostin

sal................

own,Sout

ration...........

ctionandTra

dCompostin

sal................

Nigeria.....

ration...........

ctionandTra

......................

sal................

tiveAnalys

NDITSIM

uction.......

steImpacts

GsfromMS

USION.......

.................

.................

nGHGEmissi

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

NTPRACT

.................

...................

...................

......................

nsfer..............

g....................

......................

Africa........

......................

nsfer..............

g....................

......................

...................

......................

nsfer..............

......................

......................

isforAccra,

LICATION

...................

onClimate

WCompari

.................

.................

.................

nsforGhana,

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

CESFORA

.................

...................

...................

......................

......................

......................

......................

...................

......................

......................

......................

......................

...................

......................

......................

......................

......................

LagosandC

ORCLIMA

...................

hange........

gGhana,Ni

.................

.................

.................

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

CRA(GHA

.................

..................

..................

......................

......................

......................

......................

..................

......................

......................

......................

......................

..................

......................

......................

......................

......................

apeTown...

TECHANG

..................

..................

geriaandS

.................

.................

.................

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

................

................

................

................

................

A),CAPE

................

...................

...................

......................

......................

......................

......................

...................

......................

......................

......................

......................

...................

......................

......................

......................

......................

...................

................

...................

...................

uthAfrica..

................

................

................

T|FelixAman

.................

.................

.................

.................

.................

OWN(SO

.................

..................

..................

......................

......................

......................

......................

..................

......................

......................

......................

......................

..................

......................

......................

......................

......................

..................

.................

..................

..................

..................

.................

.................

.................

wahDiawuo

............1

............2

............3

............4

............5

TH

............6

..............6

..............9

.................9

.................9

...............11

...............12

............14

...............14

...............15

...............15

...............16

............18

...............18

...............19

...............20

...............20

............22

..........24

............24

............25

............26

..........30

..........31

..........34 1


3/35

Reporto

Listo

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure1

Figure2

[20]......

Figure2

Figure2

Figure2

MSWManage

Figures

.1:Flowdia

.2:Graphof

.3:Graphof

.4:Graphof

.5Dumpsite

.6:Graphof

.7:Grapho

.8:Graphof

.9:Graphof

.10:Grapho

.11:Grapho

.12:Graph

.13:Grapho

.14:Grapho

.1Simplifie

...................

.2:Graphof

.3:Graphof

.4:GHGPro

mentImpacto

ramofInte

Waste%Co

WasteGen

Percentage

AreawithS

Percentage

WasteGen

Waste%Co

recyclingR

fAverage

fMSWperc

verageGen

fWastesPe

fPerCapita

schematic

...................

LevelsofG

GHGfrom

ortionsfro

nGHGEmissi

ratedMS

mpositioni

ratedvs.Co

ofRecycling

cavengers[

ofWasteDi

erationper

mposition,

te(%),Cape

asteTonna

entage,Lag

eratedWas

rcentageCh

Collection

fwastema

..................

G(Gg)from

SW............

Waste,ex

nsforGhana,

System[1].

Accra........

llectedper

andcompo

]................

posal,Accr

earvs.GD

apeTown...

Town.........

eGenerate

s................

evs.Collect

aracteristics

Populatio

agements

...................

allSectors.

...................

ludingLUC

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

..................

..................

earvs.GDP

stinginAccr

..................

.................

,CapeTow

..................

..................

d/year,Lag

..................

edperyear

..................

Indicators.

stemandG

..................

..................

..................

.................

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

...................

...................

Accra........

a................

...................

...................

..................

...................

...................

s................

...................

vs.GDP,La

...................

...................

HGemissio

...................

...................

...................

...................

T|FelixAman

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

os...............

...................

...................

s(inurban

...................

...................

...................

...................

wahDiawuo

.............7

.............9

...........10

...........11

...........12

...........12

...........14

...........15

...........16

...........18

...........19

...........20

...........22

...........23

SWM)

...........25

...........28

...........28

...........29

2


4/35

Reporto

Listo

Table1.

Table1.

Table1.

Table1.

Table1.

Table1.

Table1.

Table1.

Table1.

Table1.

Table2.

Table2.

Source/

Table2.

Table2.

MSWManage

Tables

1:Informati

:Thewast

:Volume&

:WasteM

:Volumeo

6:Thewast

7:Volumeo

:Thewast

:Natureof

10:PerCapi

1:Summary

:Aggregat

inkCatego

:Breakdo

: Breakdo

mentImpacto

nonAfrica

typeandc

Dailytonn

nagement

Solidwast

typeandc

Solidwast

typeandc

solidwaste

aMSWgen

ofPotential

Emissions

y,including

nofEmissi

nofEmissi

nGHGEmissi

andWaste

mpositioni

geofwaste

ptionsinA

generation

mpositioni

generation

mpositioni

disposalin

erationand

ClimateCh

ndRemova

andexcludi

ns(excludin

nsinWast

nsforGhana,

anageme

theAccra

collectedin

cra,Ghana

inCapeto

theCapet

inLagosNi

LagosNig

typicalNig

Household

ngeandth

lsofCO2,C

gLUCF(Gg

gLUCF)for

(excluding

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

tinAfrica[

etropolita

Accraover

[8]..............

nSouthAfr

ownSouth

eria[13]...

ria[13]......

erianCity[1

ollection(Y

irImpacts[

4andN2Oi

andPercen

hreeGases

LUCF)forth

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

,23]..........

areaGhan

hepast6ye

...................

ca[9].........

frica[7].....

...................

...................

4]...............

ar,2000)[1

1]..............

CO2Equiva

age)[22]....

(Year,1994)

eeGases(Y

T|FelixAman

...................

a[6]............

ars[7].........

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

...................

5,23]..........

...................

lentbyMaj

...................

[22]............

ear,1994)[

wahDiawuo

.............8

.............9

...........10

...........13

...........14

...........17

...........18

...........19

...........21

...........22

...........26

r

...........27

...........27

2].......29

3


5/35

Reporto

Listo

CCWL

CFCs

CDM

CO2

CH4

CMA

Gg

GDP

GHG

GWP

HFCs

IPCC

IEA

LAWMA

LCA

LUCF

MBT

MSW

MLC

N2O

OECD

PPM

PFCs

SF6

UNFCC

MSWManage

Abbrev

mentImpacto

ations

nGHGEmissi

City

Chlo

Clea

Carb

Met

Cape

Giga

Gros

Gree

Glob

Hydr

Inter

Inter

Lago

Life

Lan

Mec

Mun

Mun

Nitr

Org

Parti

Perfl

Sulp

Unit

nsforGhana,

Country

ofluorocar

Developm

ondioxide

ane

Metropolit

grams

sDomestic

nhouseGas

alWarming

ofluorocarb

governmen

nationalEn

sStateWas

ycleAnalys

usechang

anicalBiol

icipalSolid

icipalLocal

usOxide

nisationfor

clesPerMil

uorocarbon

urHexaflu

dNations

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

asteLimite

ons

ntMechani

anArea

roduct

Potential

ons

alPanelon

rgyAgency

teManage

s

andForest

gicalTreat

aste

ouncils

EconomicC

ion

ride

ramework

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

sm

ClimateCha

entAuthor

y

ent

operation

onventionf

T|FelixAman

nge

ty

andDevelo

rClimateC

wahDiawuo

ment

ange

4


6/35

Reporto

ExecuEven th

estimat

justami

thefact

allthee

andma

Eventh

benefits

difficult

composi

andind

In deve

decades

populati

maydou

increase

Inallth

those o

practice

waste c

environ

commu

manage

Thisrep

African

Practice

compar

emissio

MSWManage

tiveSuough, waste

dtobewith

noraspecto

thatproper

missions in

ufacturings

ugh,LCAst

of various

to analyze

tionandma

strialcontin

loped coun

, reaching a

onsandlivin

bleinvolum

inwastege

seanalyses

developin

slead

to

m

ould be rec

ent. There

ity sectors

ent

ortseeksto

Continent n

in terms

tiveanalysi

levels

and

i

mentImpacto

mary manageme

in35%ofh

fglobalemi

treatmenta

alltheothe

ectors.

dieshavep

aste mana

the full ma

nagementa

uestoincre

ries, per ca

level five t

gstandards,

einthecur

erationby

, itbeenes

nations ar

reanaerobi

ycled by th

is a need

work toge

establishth

amely; Gha

of Waste

ofMSWm

tspotential

nGHGEmissi

nt sector c

umancause

ssionstobe

nddisposal,

sectorsof

rovidedextr

gement opt

nitude of t

ndinaccura

seworldwi

pita waste

six timesh

wastegene

entdecade.

heyear202

ablishedth

e anticipate

c,methane

e urban po

to develop

ther to de

ewastecon

na, Nigeria

Generation,

nagement

orthe

Clim

nsforGhana,

ntribution

emissions,

omingacri

theprevent

theeconom

emelyusefu

ions, but y

hese emissi

iesinemiss

eintandem

generation

igher than

rationinde

Ifcurrenttr

5.

tOECDcou

d to increa

producingc

r generatin

an integra

elop local

tributionto

and South

Collection,

ouldbelin

teChange.

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

to Greenho

oweverthe

icalandcru

ionandrec

including;

lanalyseso

t still the u

ons in term

ionsmodels

withgrowt

increased n

hat in devel

elopingcou

endscontin

ntriesgener

se significan

onditionsin

g income f

ted approa

solutions p

GHG inthre

frica by an

Recycling

edtotheir

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

se Gas (G

wastesecto

ialsaverof

veryofwas

energy, fore

thepotent

navailability

s of world

.Wastegen

inconsum

arly three

oping coun

ntriesisalso

e,theworld

atethehigh

tly as bett

landfills.A

r themselv

h where t

omoting s

e(3)differe

alyzing thei

Composti

correspondi

T|FelixAman

G) is mino

rcanmove

emission.Th

tereducess

stry,mining

ialclimatei

of real dat

ide waste

eration,bot

tion.

old over th

ries. With i

increasingr

mayseeaf

est levelso

r waste m

highpropor

es and prot

e public, p

stainable s

ntcountries

r Waste M

ng and La

gcontributi

wahDiawuo

, which is

rombeing

isisdueto

ignificantly

, transport

pactsand

a makes it

eneration,

domestic

e last two

creases in

apidly,and

ive(5)fold

methane,

nagement

tionof

the

ecting the

rivate and

lid waste

withinthe

nagement

dfilling. A

onofGHG

5


7/35

Reporto

SECTI

TOW

1.1Ge

Municip

owner,

of wast

other. T

depend

inhabita

factor.

waste

arrange

Putresci

eyesore,

smellw

process.

The lev

with sci

compar

industriwastes i

has ther

impact

thisbyh

1.2.3.4. I5.

Even th

generall

Manage

&comp

some c

approac

various

MSWManage

ON1:M

(SOUT

neralInt

alSolidWas

serorprod

produced

he content

hugelyonth

ntsbut it is

SW inanu

nd

can

beents, they

ble are the

e.g. of whi

ilestheno

ls of these

ntific facts

dtothede

l

areas

posesverycritic

eforeneces

fthesewas

ierarchically

Prevention(

Reuse

Recycleand

Incineratoru

Landfilling

ugh many

accepted

mentappro

stingappro

untries in

handeven

tagesofwa

mentImpacto

WMAN

AFRICA

oduction

te(MSW) is

ucer.TheM

in urban ar

characteriz

epopulatio

very import

rbandescri

categorizecould be

one that ea

ch is food

fermentab

categories a

that, the de

elopednati

s

some

envilfortheen

sitated the

tematerials

stipulatingt

Wastesourc

composting

se

countries h

sthebest

chseeksto

achwhileso

frica are

atimesope

temanage

nGHGEmissi

GEMEN

)&LAG

canbedefi

SWisusuall

as, in whic

tion and q

,GrossDo

nttoackno

tion isdivid

d

into

Hazsubdivided i

sily decomp

aste. The f

letriestor

nd its comp

veloping co

ons.Sinceth

ronmental

atiresustaina

eed to imp

.Countries

hebestprac

ereduction)

ve not bee

aytobring

berealized.

mecountrie

oving up t

nlyburning/

entpractic

nsforGhana,

PRACT

S(NIGE

edasanys

atermoft

its nature

antity of

esticProdu

wledgethe

ed intoco

rdous

and

nto Putres

ses rapidly

ermentable

sistdecom

ositionvary

ntries tend

ese,waste

nd

health

ribilityofbot

lementsom

lloverthe

ticestoado

able to ad

tobearthe

Manycoun

sinAsiastil

e ladder b

combusting

s.

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

CESFOR

IA)

craporsoli

nusedinc

or composit

SW genera

ct(GDP),livi

factthatth

ponentsref

Nonhazar

ible, ferme

and usually

also decom

ositionand

fromdevel

to have hi

eneratedfr

ks

and

therhumansa

e goodman

orldhave

tstartingfr

opt the pri

optimizatio

trieswithin

ladopttheI

ut still ther

thesewaste

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

ACCRA(

materialw

ntextofhe

ion varies f

ted in a pa

ngstandard

regionsre

erredtoas;

ous

wastetable and

gives an u

poses but

henceslow

ped countr

h proportio

mresidenti

fore

properdenviroec

agementski

doptedsom

om;

cipal goal

n levelstha

Europeado

ncineration

e is still th

s.TheFigur

T|FelixAman

GHANA)

hich isdisca

terogeneou

om one re

rticular regi

andthelife

sources isal

Organican

.

Within

thnonfermen

pleasant sm

ithout the

downtheb

to develo

ns of organi

alareasthro

managemeologicalexis

ll tocurb th

estrategies

f Preventio

the Integra

ttheReuse

approach.E

landfilling/

e1.1below

wahDiawuo

CAPE

rdedby its

collection

ion to the

on though

tyleofthe

soamajor

Inorganic

e

Organic

table. The

ell and an

npleasant

reakdown

ing nation

c waste as

ughtothe

nt

of

these

tence.This

enegative

intackling

, but it is

tedWaste

,Recycling

enthough

dump site

showsthe6


8/35

Reporto

Solid w

industri

The ava

poor o

substan

at pres

that wa

the con

Withint

theirwa

Africa. F

countrie

Africa)

necessit

of Clim

general

MSWManage

aste genera

l developm

ilability and

nonexiste

ially in ma

ntthere is

ste manage

tinent.

hisreport,t

stecomposi

urthermore

s would be

ue to the

atedforsom

te Change

overviewof

mentImpacto

Figure1.1tion rates

ent, waste

quality of

nt [2,3]. T

y African t

a lack of

ment activi

hree(3)diff

ionsandth

for the di

analyzed,

fact that,

eplanningr

and most i

somestatist

nGHGEmissi

:Flowdiagand compo

manageme

data on so

he collecti

erritoriesdu

comprehen

ties vary si

erentcountr

irmanagem

cussion of

hich includ

odern set

eformstom

portantly

icswithinth

nsforGhana,

ramofIntesition vary

nt system

lid waste g

n of wast

ring the la

ive waste

gnificantly

ieswithinA

entsituatio

MSW, som

s; Accra (G

lement has

anagetheh

ublic healt

Africanco

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

gratedMSacross Afri

and lifestyl

eneration a

e related

t decade,

data for Af

ithin indivi

fricahaveb

;thesecou

populous

hana), Lago

drifted to

ugewasteg

related iss

tentingene

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

System[1ca in relati

applicable

d manage

ata and st

.g. Republi

rica [4]. It

dual territo

enchosen

triesareGh

rban cities

s (Nigeria)

the Urban

nerationth

ues. The Ta

ral.

T|FelixAman

]n to local

to each c

ent in Afri

tistics has

of South

is also ack

ries, let al

oranalysis i

ana,Nigeria

within thes

nd Cape to

centres an

athasagre

ble 1.1 bel

wahDiawuo

economy,

ountry[2].

ca is very

improved

frica; but

owledged

ne across

ntermsof

andSouth

e selected

wn (South

d this has

tpotential

w gives a7


9/35

Reporto

Table1

Catego

Noofco

Populat

MeanG

Populat

Populat

Populat

Rural

Urban

Averag

Percent

CH4glo

CH4co

CH4gen

WasteP

Urbano

MSWw

MSWty

Foodw

Papera

Textile

Plastic

Grass/

Leather

Rubber

Glass

Metal

Other

TotalInert/n

Organic

MSWManage

.1:Informa

y

untries

on

ossDomes

onofGhan

onofSouth

onofNiger

forAfrica

ageofAfric

alwarmin

tentoflan

eratedpert

roductionp

rganicMS

stecompo

e

ste

dcard

ood

ncombust

/biodegrad

mentImpacto

tiononAfr

icProduct

,GDP

Africa,GD

a,GDP

onGHGin

potential(

fillgas

onneofwet

ercapita

wastepro

ition

Av

ble

ble/combu

nGHGEmissi

icaandWa

Pop

Greenhou

theworldL

WP)

MSW

W

uctioninA

rageAfric

stible

nsforGhana,

steManag

Qu

61

934

$4,

25

50.

162

lationPer

60

40

segas(GH

1.3

6%ndfillGas

21x

50

243

steProdu

292

rica 50

58

nUrbanM

Me

48.

10.

2.1

8.4

6.7

0.8

1.4

3.5

2.6

15.

100

17.

56.

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

mentinAf

ntity

,046,079

86

illion,$391

Million,$40

.5Million,$2

entage

)emission

tCO2equiv

ata

CO2GWP

m3

tion

kg/capita/y

t/annum

organic

SWCompo

n

.0

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

rica[5,23]

9.7Million

8,236.80Mil

43,985.8Mil

s

lentperca

ar

sition

T|FelixAman

lion

lion

ita/year

wahDiawuo

8


10/35

Reporto

1.2MTheMS

Compos

1.2.2W

Theesti

theesti

around

compos

dumpsit

constitu

represe

Table1

WasteT

Proporti

These s

industri

andtrop

1.2.2W

Solidwa

The300

wastec

MSWManage

WinAccmanagem

t

and

Waste

asteGener

mationoft

ationofin

1,500 tons

ing plant a

e. In the co

te the high

tationindic

.2:The

wa

ype Or

&

on(%) 65

atistics give

lizedcountr

icalareash

asteCollec

stecollectio

,000tonsof

llection in

1.

3.

mentImpacto

a,Ghanantisstudie

Disposal

tion

tal wasteq

estmentne

per day [6]

d 300 tons

mposition o

st percenti

tethisasse

tetype

an

ganici.eFo

Plant

Figure an affirma

yintermso

vehugecoll

ionandT

nisaprobl

solidwaste

ccra involv

67

5

3

.5

17.1

nGHGEmissi

inAccraG

uantitiesan

eds. Itisest

, approxim

is left unco

f the waste

le proporti

rtion.

compositi

d Paper

6

.2:Graphtion to the

ftheircomp

ectionofpla

ansfer

minAccra

collectedp

s removal

1.2

ofwast

nsforGhana,

ana,based

quantities

imatedthat

tely 200 to

llected whil

generated,

n of about

onin

the

A

Textile

1.7

fWaste%

varying dif

ositionsand

ntdebrisac

hereatlea

ryearalon

fwaste fro

65

Compo

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

ontheWast

percapita i

theaverage

ns of orga

the remai

there is an

65% [6].

ccrametro

Plastic Gl

3.5 3

Compositio

erences in

againthef

ontributoro

st42%ofp

represent

neighborh

ition,Acc

O

P

T

P

G

I

O

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

eGeneratio

required f

wastequan

ic waste is

ing 1,000 t

indication t

he Table 1

politanar

ss Metal

2.5

ninAccradeveloping

ctthatcou

ftheorgani

oplepractic

nly60%of

oodsandtr

ra

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aper

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lastic

lass

etal

ert

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T|FelixAman

,Collection

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.2 and the

aGhana

[6

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17.1

country and

trieslocate

wastelevel

eopenwast

wastegener

ansportto

d&Plant

wahDiawuo

Recycle&

ffortsand

dinAccra

to Accras

erred to a

nic wastes

Figure 1.2

]

Others

1.2

that of a

dinhumid

s.

edisposal.

ated.Solid

discharge

9


11/35

Reporto

pointat

requirin

equipm

smaller

andthe

Table1

Year

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

City&C

isdeter

ofthen

trucks,

entranc

Fromth

made in

posesso

MSWManage

thedumpsi

over 70%

nt capital c

amountthat

effortsmad

.3:Volume

A

75

96

16

17

17

18

ountryWast

inedtoma

ewmillenni

bulldozers,

totheland

Figure1.3

eFigure1.3

collectinge

mechallen

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

mentImpacto

e.Thisisth

of the total

ost, runnin

ofequipm

inthecolle

&Dailyto

erageton

0

0

50

00

20

00

eLimited(C

ethemetr

m.Theinve

a tanker t

ill[7].

Graphof

above,ther

specially th

esespeciall

1998 19

Aver

nGHGEmissi

mostexpe

solid waste

costs of fu

nt.TheTab

ctionofthes

nageofw

agegener

CWL)isthe

poliscleane

ntoryofCC

uck, a tipp

asteGene

eexistsom

widening

insituation

9 2000 20

geTonna

nsforGhana,

nsiveparto

manageme

el, spare p

le1.3below

ewasteon

stecollect

ted/day

newlyappoi

randsafert

Lequipme

r truck, a r

atedvs.Co

difference

ifferences

swheremu

01 2002 2

geGen./

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

thesolidw

t budget [7

rts, tires, e

showssom

dailybasis.

dinAccra

Averaget

450600

600800

12001500

13001500

13001500

13001500

ntedwaste

oaidgoodh

nt includes

efuse comp

llectedper

inthewast

s the year

chofthewa

003

ollected

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

astemanag

]. Main cos

tc. Labor co

estatistics

overthep

onnagecol

anagemen

ealthbythe

2compact

actor, and

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ected/day

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weight bri

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eratedand

against the

isorganica

age

ar

age

r

$Million)

wahDiawuo

inAccra,

ts includes

es a much

generated

7]

rAccra.It

irstdecade

rollon/off

dge at the

]

theefforts

GDP; thus

dhashigh

10


12/35

Reporto

potentia

rodents

Neverth

accessib

oncapit

collectio

wheret

trucks,

thosew

disposal

thedisp

threeti

1.2.3R

With th

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containers

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in this fiel

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andcompre

the recyclab

w.Themat

plastic con

allycollecte

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recycleorc

Figur

etropolitan

perdaysin

tivelyaffect

mentImpacto

le fermenta

CWLhas

op

nditions,tr

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reopentip

usehouseh

and arm rol

tsaretoop

reaccessibl

replacedb

Composti

,Accraunr

d are poorl

le recovery

ore and im

ssingthen

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tainers, me

onsiteand

re1.4belo

ompost.

1.4:Graputhority(A

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theproduc

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nGHGEmissi

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timizedthe

fficspeeds,

residents

ertrucksa

ldgarbage

l trucks are

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eforreside

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ng

gulateddu

stimulated

activities. I

mediately a

wlydispose

yer. There i

awayfromt

tal cans, et

soldforas

represents

ofPercentA)operate

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40

152

Recyclin

nsforGhana,

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costof

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ithcollectio

drearloadi

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also in use

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tswithout

one. Inso

pingseem

and suppo

Accra, wa

fter unloadi

dwaste.Pic

s only a lim

ewasteat

c., are salv

allprofitto

thepercent

ageofRec

sacomposti

e1974anda

.

90

andCo

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

collection

ctionby

an

collectionz

ncontainers

ngcompact

otaling20,0

for commu

ouseholddu

harge.Whe

eplaces,co

tobe the

rted by loc

te pickers s

ng. They o

ked itemsa

ited proport

thehouseho

aged and

theinterm

gesofwast

clingandcngplanttha

resultofits

posting,

Nigeria

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nd also be

lyzingthe

f

nestodisp

andschedu

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0acrossAc

al service t

stbins.Inth

nthecontai

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l governme

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al policies

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ctor from

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They are

allycollect

beenable

cityof

uently;

11


13/35

Reporto

1.2.4W

Asemic

operate

compac

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withso

Thedu

manage

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asteDispo

ontrolleddu

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Figure1.6:

51.

11.6

4.

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a

byagents

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re

old

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ddumps

ivewaste

ed

psite

eofwaste

tedissues

.

12


14/35

Reporto

TheFigu

are prac

really a

alongsid

treatme

thesoil

Table1

Dispos

Wastec

Burned

Publicd

DumpeBuried

Others

Metal

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andtheT

now. The m

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some unple

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e such as b

asantsituat

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Recycl

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e to its ser

atteries. A

ionofmixin

Accra,Gh

Pe

19.

12.

51.

11.4.4

0.7

ingandCo

90

40

15

2

5

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

ccountofth

burning/co

ious health

ain burying

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centage (

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Nigeria

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)

T|FelixAman

nagemento

these was

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ese wastes

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wahDiawuo

tionsthat

e which is

hen burnt

with pre

taminating

13


15/35

Reporto

1.3MThe MS

Collectio

1.3.1W

The wa

commer

could ri

existing

basedo

Figure1

levels;

Table1

Year

1996

2001

2004

Thepro

The Fig

weight

20%con

resident

than20

MSWManage

WinCapW manage

n,

Recycle

asteGener

te quantity

cial activitie

se with eco

andplanned

yearonst

.7belowrep

.5:Volume

Figureortionofco

re 1.8 belo

onsistsofo

sistsofpap

ial and com

byweight.

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000180000

200000

mentImpacto

eTown,Sent is stu

Compost

a

tion

estimates p

s and the t

nomic grow

wastedisp

tistics,due

resentsom

ofSolidw

1.7:Graphmponentsf

w indicates

rganicwast

erandcard

mercial was

2

000

2

001

nGHGEmissi

outhAfriied for Ca

d

Waste

Di

er capita va

pe of com

th and risin

salfacilities

tothepopu

forecasted

stegenera

ofWasteGundinthe

that nearly

suchaskit

oard.Thes

te stream,

2

003

2

004

2

005

Waste

nsforGhana,

cae TownSo

posal

ry across C

unity. The

g standards

inCapeTo

lationrisea

annualwast

ioninCap

To

650

107

215

nerationpastemater

30% of the

chenandga

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ith glass,

2

006

2

007

2

008

eneratio

SouthAfrica

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uth Africa,

pe Town, d

major conc

of living a

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egeneratio

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nageofW

000

9014

8523

eryearvs.ialhastheO

residential

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onentsacc

etal, textile

2

010

2

011

nvsGDP

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

based on t

epending o

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roximately

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illion)

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tration of

tion rates

apacity of

eincrease

le1.5and

ndingGDP

tsegment.

stream by

plasticand

0%ofthe

for more

14


16/35

Reporto

With th

10billion

levelof

1.3.2W

Collectio

Councils

collectio

private

Generall

some o

relativel

anearb

Station,

baled a

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glass.A

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Figure1.ustry, that

year,2000)

astegener

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ctionisperf

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1

7.16

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nGHGEmissi

:Graphofttractsboth

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ansfer

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aportiono

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em[10].

ng

recycling r

aterials that

oencourage

ositionedat

andprocess

in beverage

led.

.51

10.76

fWasteC

nsforGhana,

Waste%C

local and f

suicidalfor

olitanArea

lyatcurbsid

ither direct

is collected

y skips. Be

tion,mosto

nlyone larg

fCapeTow

unicipal Co

ate of indus

arerecycle

thereturn

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ompositi

SouthAfrica

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mposition,

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thecityto

(CMA)isar

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cause many

thewastet

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d inthe ind

fbottles,ti

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31.17

18.63

n,Cape

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CapeTowtwith ana

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l sites are

directlyto

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Athlone is

ve former

fitable. In

paperand

ditionally,

cans.The

erial,since

ortions of

15


17/35

Reporto

Recyclin

and pap

account

recyclin

estimat

arecycli

year20

Therec

(CMA) i

that

are

waste

commer

material

unhealt

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Compos

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attheMitc

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ethod inSo

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nGHGEmissi

.9:Graphestic, com

estic waste,

of the to

sector.Oft

ecycled.Wit

hedomestic

commercial

malway,m

ernment

a

compostin

enby pove

fairlylarges

ghmeansth

materials a

artofthee

vity in Sout

lewastedis

tage.Altho

rce recover

astesarec

at two fac

ellsPlainfa

de, industri

thAfricaan

rated by m

45

6

ecycling

nsforGhana,

frecycling

ercial and

and the b

tal solid wa

etotalresi

hsignificant

andcomm

wastethat

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thorizing

b

facility. Re

rty and as a

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sa "raw ma

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ilities locat

cilityadjace

al and haza

dstillthec

unicipalities

10

0

ate (%),

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

Rate(%),Cindustrial w

neficial reu

ste stream

dentialand

mandatesa

rcialwastei

akesplace

isnounde

dy.

One

no

cycling of

means of s

ftenunorga

ecessarilye

terial" is gr

yle.

performed

.Thereison

nis

taking

p

proximately

severalco

d in Bellvil

ttotheSw

dous waste

eapestopti

. Many of t

7.5

Cape To

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

apeTownstes, such

e of waste

in Cape To

ommercial

ndprogram

sexpected

ithintheC

lyingpolicy,

table

excep

aterials fro

urvival. The

nizedandc

vironmenta

ater than a

mostly by

lyalimited

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this

41,000 ton

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is landfilled

on.Therea

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n

Paper

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nductedin

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nymoveme

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arketforc

rea,it

is

no

per year o

litiesinthe

w (Radnor)

salsite[11].

, and this r

eapproxim

ated on sit

wahDiawuo

stic, glass,

ent plant

ost of the

s,onlyan

rrecycling,

blebythe

litanArea

programs

ecovery

of

ential and

recyclable

unsafeand

eindustry

t towards

epreneurs.

ompost,as

tseen

as

a

f collected

CMA.Over

, with the

mains the

tely1,200

es such as

16


18/35

Reporto

abando

of the c

legislati

onlyaf

producti

develop

landfill

Just like

unfence

may ref

Addition

persona

agency

characte

Table1

Materi

Organic

Plastic

Paper

Glass

Metal

TextileTimber

Other

Year

1998

Materi

Paper

Glass

Metal

PlasticOrganic

MSWManage

edquarries

urrent probl

n,butinth

w landfills i

on,LFGreco

ingworld.T

asmanage

in most co

d.Operating

lect the abs

ally, large

l value. The

operating

t

risticsinCa

.6:Thewa

l

V

l

mentImpacto

andravines.

em with m

oversight

ndevelopin

veryforene

eminimum

ent.Therei

untries on

practicesg

ence of ap

umbers of

returns fro

he

facility.

etownSou

tetypean

lumeofS

nGHGEmissi

Only214(1

nagement o

ndlackofe

countries

rgyproducti

requiremen

snolandfill

frican cont

nerallydon

ropriate eq

waste pick

the sale o

The

Table

thAfrica.

compositi

lidwaste g

nsforGhana,

8%)sitesha

f solidwast

forcement

urrentlyrec

onmayhav

ts institute

asmanage

inent, South

otincludec

uipment or

rs may sco

f these mat

1.6

below

onintheC

Pe

31.

18.

17.

7.1

6.8

4.73.2

10.

eneration

Ave

190

ecyclingR

Per

10

7.5

45

6

0

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

velicensesa

e appears t

ofexistingl

overthe lan

morewide

inSouthA

entinthe

Africa also

mpactiono

other resou

ur the land

erials go to

gives

some

apetownS

centage (

7

3

1

6

nCapeto

ragetonnag

02000

ate

centage (%)

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

ndareduly

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wsandreg

dfillgas(LF

spreadappli

ricaoffero

MA.

has most

theapplica

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ills for ma

the waste

summary

outhAfric

)

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egenerate

T|FelixAman

permitted.

tso much t

lations[12].

)forflarin

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erials of ec

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of

statistics

[7]

rica

/day

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largepart

o a lack of

Currently,

orenergy

ughoutthe

idanceon

g landfills

cover.This

practices.

onomic or

not to the

of

waste

17


19/35

Reporto

1.4MTheMS

&

Comp

1.4.1W

Thetren

thirdwo

upona

situatio

1985 w

showed

Table1

Year

1982

1985

1990

2000

Thecom

ofhighe

showth

MSWManage

WinLagmanagem

ost

and

Was

asteGener

dsinsolid

rldcountrie

nualbasis.

inLagos. It

s not that

thefactthe

.7:Volume

A17

19

21

28

Figur

positionof

rproportion

characteris

200,0

400,0

600,0

800,0

1,000,0

1,200,0

mentImpacto

s,Nigerientisstudie

te

Disposal

tion

astesource

s.Theavaila

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couldbe r

igh, but wi

anthropoge

ofSolidw

erageton

00

00

00

00

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srepresenti

ticsnature

0

0

0

0

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0

1982

nGHGEmissi

adonLagos

s,generatio

blestatistic

able1.7an

alized thet

th the wide

icnatureof

stegenera

agegener

hofAveraowsthat,th

gabout56

fthewaste

1985

Average

nsforGhana,

igeria,base

andcharac

indicatest

theFigure

hat the cha

increase in

manhasre

ioninLag

ted/day

eWasteT

eorganicw

oftheenti

content.

1990

Tonnage

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

dontheWa

teristicsin

atwastege

1.10below,

geordiffer

population

llycontribu

sNigeria

Averaget

450600

600800

12001500

13001500

nnageGenstewhicha

recontent.

2000

enerate

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

steGenerat

igeriaaresi

nerationin

representth

encebetwe

area over t

edtothisin

13]

onnagecol

erated/ye

elikelyfoo

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Averag

generat

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ion,Collecti

milartotho

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etruenatur

en theyear

e few follo

cliningstage

ected/day

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andtheFig

tonnage

ed/year

wahDiawuo

n,Recycle

seofother

eepsgoing

eofwaste

1982and

ing years

.

ebrisare

re1.11 18


20/35

Reporto

Table1

WasteT

Proporti

(%)

1.4.2W

Effortst

of multi

depots,

Manage

ofwast

division

particip

andoth

some c

services

transpor

efforts

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withthe

andpro

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ype Org

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on 56

asteCollec

ostimulate

ple collecti

curbside bi

mentAutho

on thestr

of labor.

tion(PSP)is

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to

various

tedinthisc

ut, it is aw

nerationan

factthath

idinggroun

mentImpacto

tetypean

nici.e

&Plant

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ionand

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ffectivecol

n strategie

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et. In the

AWMA col

activelyinv

lishedpriva

he landfill

households

sewiththe

ully inadeq

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geproporti

sfornight

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compositi

Paper Tex

14.0

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lectionofw

s in Lagos

ng and indu

) installed

etropolisof

lects from

olvedindo

tesectorpa

r dumping

and

receiveaidoftheir

ate becaus

istoowide.

nofthisw

odents.

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nsforGhana,

oninLago

tile Plast

4

phofMSW

stewerefa

etropolis.

strial collec

astecollec

Lagos,coll

commercial

esticwaste

rticipantsus

site is not

their

pay

pullingopen

with regar

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steareput

ntage(%)

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Nigeria[

ic Glas

3

percentag

vourablych

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tion system.

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and indust

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etrucksan

ar, some pr

irectly

frombedcart.Ev

ds to the Fi

tingsomee

escibleinn

,Lagos

O

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T

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3]

Metal

4.0

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T|FelixAman

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edumping

totallyon

ate sector

n,LAWMA

rtation.In

collection

astes

are

obesome

ference in

especially

ydecaying

19


21/35

Reporto

Fig

1.4.3R

In Lago

activitie

Theinfo

collecte

devices

obsolet

monitor

addition

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collectio

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enerate

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vsColle

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.Collectedthe electro

ofobsolete

gers)move

astes.Mostl

r private ho

rangearou

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financial l

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terialstoa

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rned.

the ultimat

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showsthat

fconcernfo

2000

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Nigeria

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eryearvs.nic waste c

electricala

allaroundL

y,thesecol

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d50Naira

ithoutmoni

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GDP,Lagoollection an

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ragetonnage

erated/year

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ected/year

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[A3] recycling

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ps.Asthe

is informal

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fnovalue

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reduction

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fwaste is

lthrelated

llion)

20


22/35

Reporto

Table1

Typeo

REMAS

Authori

Unauth

Burnin

Person

Atthei

not eng

constru

LagosSt

MSWManage

.9:Nature

dumping

Bbin

zeddumpsi

rizedempt

lbin

nceptionof

ineer landfil

tion,andar

ate.

mentImpacto

fsolidwa

eposit

te

plot

astemana

l sites but

elaterturn

nGHGEmissi

tedisposa

gementinL

pen dump

d intodum

nsforGhana,

inatypic

Fre

3.7

16.

66.

3.7

13.

gosstate,t

d turned t

ingsite. A

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

lNigerian

quency(%

5

5

5

herearesev

dumping

of1990,th

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

ity[14]

)

eraldisposa

ite. Most a

erewereei

T|FelixAman

lsites. The

re evacuati

ht(8)ofth

wahDiawuo

esitesare

n site for

sesites in

21


23/35

Reporto

1.5MTheMS

waste

gprovide

Fromth

proporti

thelow

itsindus

Another

collectio

takingpl

Table1

Countr

Ghana

Nigeria

SouthA

MSWManage

WCompmanagem

eneration,

previously,

eFigure1.1

onsofcomp

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trialbase,th

indicatorfo

n.TheTable

aceaspert

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Ci

Ac

La

rica Ca

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

mentImpacto

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ollection,

rsomecomp

, itisclear

ositionofor

fOrganic,b

enfollowed

Figure1.1assessmen

1.10andth

eindicators

itaMSWg

yName

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os

etown

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nGHGEmissi

alysisfoUrbancitie

ecycling

&

arativeanal

thatthelev

ganicwaste

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byLagosNi

:Graphofwouldbet

eFigure1.1

given.

eneration

PercapitMSWgeneratio

kg/day

0.4

0.3

2.0

lastic P

stePerce

nsforGhana,

Accra,Lshavebeen

composting

sisisbeing

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intheentir

ofPlastic,P

eriaandlas

WastesPe

eirpercapi

givessome

ndHouse

n

HowiCol

60

8.0

76

per Gl

tage(%)

SouthAfrica

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gosanddiscussedt

and

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madetoas

icdevelop

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aper,Glass

tlyAccraGh

centageChtawastegen

ideaastow

oldcollect

seholdshGarbagelection(%

ass Me

haracter

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

CapeTooroughlym

disposal.

Bertainthel

entreallyh

ent.CapeT

ndMetal,

ana.

aracteristi

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istics

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ased

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inareasof

statistics

lopments.

actonthe

Africahas

dicationof

garbage

ntis

3]

GDP($Billion)

4.9775

45.9834

132.8776

22


24/35

Reporto

Even th

Capeto

with Ac

whenit

Accra a

environ

composthisdev

challeng

timeco

mightb

has bee

MSWap

In movi

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intothe

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

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Figu

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age

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ldWaste

SouthAfrica

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ction&Pop waste gene

wastethan

aggering tru

ctionoutof

for MSW

behavior.

essstory

as

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zenrealize

the most

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apetown

23


25/35

Reporto

2.1Ge

Theind

dioxide

CO2hav

in prei

145%an

such as

sulphur

andare

Accordimethan

of carb

increase

Ghanaa

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the additio

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Figure2.1

ecycling&

24


26/35

Reporto

Figur

2.2HoEven be

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product

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consuming

ethane,a

d through

retreesto

air,which

vevarying

, recycling

umpsand

25


27/35

Reporto

Table2

CliVari

Temper

Precipit

CloudC

Humidi

Sealeve

2.3AnAs per

(UNFCC

Energy,

energyi

forcoun

the

Indgenerati

the two

differen

typesof

MSWManage

.1:Summa

ateble

ature A

10

M

se

N

es

M

cy

ation Pr

se

ver Re

y Sp

du

l M

ab

ex

by

alysisofthe statisti

), the gree

Industry,Tr

shighestin

trieslikeGh

strial

sectoonstatistics

other coun

sectors of

theGHG.

mentImpacto

yofPoten

Potenti

nual warmi

Cand50C

ore hot da

asons

mber of

peciallyduri

ore frequen

clones.

ecipitationi

asons

ductioninc

ecifichumid

ringrainys

ean sea lev

ove itscurr

pansionand

the2080s.

HGsfros gathered

nhouse gas

nsport,Agri

ermsofthe

naandNig

.

Expectedlisabithigh

tries. The T

the econom

nGHGEmissi

ialClimat

lClimate

ng by 2080

s, especiall

cold days

ngtherainy

t stagnant s

tensityincr

loudcover

ityincreases

asons

el will be

nt level,du

natural

lan

MSWCfrom Unit

(GHG) com

culture,Wa

GHG.TheG

riabecause

,

that

of

Serthanthat

ble 2.2 and

y amongst

nsforGhana,

Changea

hange

of betwee

in the dr

decrease

seasons

ummer anti

asesinrain

,especially

p to 86 c

eto therm

movement

mparinged Nations

es from th

teandothe

HGthatco

eventhep

uth

Africa

ofWaste,

Table 2.3

he three co

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

dtheirIm

Imp

Increase

andsite

y Decline

negative

groups.

, Impacts

compost

Increase

distributi

y I

I

Risk to

associat

sunshine

Impacts

l

s

Flooding

andIncr

Ghana,NFramework

different s

rsectors.T

esfromthe

rcentageof

is

quite

diffecausethe

ive accoun

untries und

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

acts[21]

actsonWa

water de

perations.

in air qu

impacts o

nbiological

ing,anaerob

risk of

onofvermi

ncreased ri

roundwater

ndseasurf

mpactsonb

xample, c

igestion,et

workers

d with in

duringwor

noutdoor

of waste

asederosio

igeriaanConventio

ectors of t

ePercenta

Wasteisal

GHGfrom

rent,

becaare industr

of the GH

er study an

T|FelixAman

steManag

and for bo

lity and s

n heat of

processesf

icdigestion,

fines ch

andpests.

sk of floo

, surface w

ces.iologicalpro

mposting,

of skin

creased ex

ingoutdoor

iologicalpr

managemen

nofcoastal

SouthA for Clima

e economy

ethatcome

osignifican

asteoutwei

se

the

induialisedasco

generatio

again the

wahDiawuo

ment

h workers

ubsequent

vulnerable

rexample

etc.

anges in

ing from

ater, tidal,

cesses,for

anaerobic

conditions

osure to

s.

cesses.

t facilities

reas.

fricate Change

including;

sfromthe

especially

ghsthatof

strial

GHG

mparedto

from the

proportion

26


28/35

Reporto

Table2

Source

Country

Ghana

Nigeria

South

Africa

***LUC

Table2

Ghana

Nigeria

SouthA

***LUC

TheFigu

usecha

isSouth

sectors.

highest

(Crude

MSWManage

.2:Aggreg

SinkCateg

Year

En

(G

1994 65

(5

1994 14

61

(61994 29

57

(7

F=Landuse

.3:Breakd

ountry

rica

F=Landuse

re2.2repre

geandFore

withmuch

The second

opulationa

il)resource

mentImpacto

teEmissio

ory,includ

ergy

,%)

Indu

Proc

(Gg,

67.80

.2%)

281.

(2.2

6361.

.3%)

176

(0.7

7566.

.3%)

303

(8.0

hangeand

wnofEmi

CO2(

3329.

11481

31595

hangeand

sentstheac

stry(LUCF).

oftheirGH

largest of

ndpopulati

andalsoagr

nGHGEmissi

sandRe

ingandex

Sector

strial

ess

%)

Agri

e

(Gg,

80

)

5255

(41.

.87

)

5049

(20.

6.22

)

3545

(9.3

Forestry;Gg

ssions(exc

Em

g)

0

5.82

7.24

Forestry;Gg

cumulation

Thereisani

contributi

HG is Nige

ndensity,b

iculturepro

nsforGhana,

ovalsofC

ludingLU

ultur

%)

Wa

(Gg

.70

)

473

(3.8

8.55

%)

440

37

(18.5.52

)

164

07

(4.3

=Gigagram

udingLUC

issions(ex

CH4

396

591

205

=Gigagram

fGHGfrom

ndicationth

nscoming

ria, it reflec

utthecontri

uction.

SouthAfrica

InstitutoSup

2,CH4and

F(Ggand

Total

witho

LUCF

(Gg)

ste

%)

.09

%)

1257

9

04.

1%)

2426

40

29.

%)

3798

38

***

F)forthre

ludingLU

(Gg)

.95

2.16

7.44

***

allthesect

at,thecoun

romtheEn

ts the situa

butionfacto

Nigeria

riorTecnico,I

N2OinCO2

ercentage

ut

LUFC

(Gg)

.3

19472.

6. 10500

8

7.

18615.

Gases(Ye

F)forthre

N

2

1

6

rsoftheEc

trywithhig

rgy,Agricul

tion, even t

rstotheirG

T|FelixAman

Equivalent

[22]

Total(

LUCF)

(Gg)

67

6894.

.9 347636

8

96

361221

2

r,1994)[

eGases

2O(Gg)

.94

1.79

6.69

onomyexclu

estgenerati

tureandth

hough Nige

DPrelyont

wahDiawuo

byMajor

ith %of

LUCFin

Total

GHG

(%)

8

154.

8

.3 43.3

.4 4.9

2]

dingLand

onofGHG

Industrial

ia has the

eirrichOil

27


29/35

Reporto

Again,t

manage

theprev

TheFigu

waste s

collectio

daywas

themat

challeng

MSWManage

eGHGcont

entskillsis

iousChapte

re2.3, indic

ctor. With

nwasapro

closetoabo

eristhatw

e in their w

0

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

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mentImpacto

Figure2.ributionsfro

reallymaki

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atesthatNi

eference to

blem,becau

ut60%(ref

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1000

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)

nGHGEmissi

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ganysignifi

Figure2.3:geriahasth

the MSW

setheperc

rencingfro

tiontoGH

l approach,

00 200

velofGH

GH

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evelsofGwouldbe

cantdiffere

GraphofGHighestle

iscussion in

ntdifferen

analysism

withinallt

where ope

000 300

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SouthAfrica

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cewiththe

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report on msw management impact on ghg emissions for ghana, south africa & nigeria

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