report: draft feasibility study technical memorandum
TRANSCRIPT
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Draft Feasibility Study Technical Memorandum Screening of Remedial Technologies
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study
Vineland Cuinberland County New Jersey Work Assignment No 139-RICO-02MP
RO Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency
290 Broadway New YorkNew York 10007-1866
Prepared by CDM Federal Programs Corporation
125 Maiden Lane - 5 Floor New York New York 10038
EPA Work Assignment No EPA Region Contract No CDMFederal Programs Corporation Document No Prepared by SiterManager Teleplione Number EPA Remedial Project Manager Telephone Number Date Prepared
139-RICO-02MP II 68-W-98-210
3223-139-RT-FEAS-05864 CDM Kershu Tan PE (732) 590-4692 Matthew Westgate (212) 637-4422 December 162005
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125 Maiden Lane 5tii Floor New York New York 10038 tel 212 785-9123 fax 212 785-6114
December 16 2005
Mr Matthew Westgate Remedial Project Manager US Environmental Protection Agency 290 Broadway 20 Floor New York NY 10278
PROJECT RAG II Contract No 68-W-98-210 Work Assignment 139-RICO-02MP
DOCUMENT NO 3223-139-RT-FEAS-05864
SUBJECT Draft Feasibility Study Technical Memorandum Screening of Remedial Technologies Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey
Dear Mr Westgate
CDM Federal Programs Corporation (CDM) is pleased to submit six copies of the Draft Feasibility Study Technical Memorandum Screening of Remedial Technologies for the Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Cumberland Cotinty New Jersey as partial fulfillment of Subtask No 101 of the Statement of Work
If you have any questions on this submittal please contact me at (212) 785-9123 or Mr Kershu Tan at (732) 590-4692
Very truly yours
CDM FEDERAL PROGRAMS CORPORATION
Jeanne Litwin REM RAG II Technical Operations Manager
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ce F Rosado EPA (letter only) D Butler EPA (letter only) R Goltz CDM K Tan CDM CDM RAG II Document Control
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Contents Section 1 Introduct ion 1-1
11 Site Description 1-2 12 Site History 1-2 13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 1-3
131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology 1-3 132 Surface Water Hydrology 1-6 133 Population and Land Use 1-6
14 Site Investigations 1-7 141 Previous Investigations 1-7 142 EPA Remedial Investigation 1-8
15 Nature and Extent of Contamination 1-8 151 Soil Contamination 1-9 152 Grovmdwater Contamination 1-10
16 Risk Characterization 1-12 161 Risk Assessment Approach 1-12 162 Summary of Site Risks 1-13
1621 Giu-rentFuttue Land-Use Scenario 1-13 1622 Future Land-Use Scenario 1-13
Section 2 Development of Remed ia l Action Objectives 2-1 21 Remedial Action Objectives 2-1 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements 2-2
221 Definition of ARARs 2-2 222 Identification of ARARs 2-4
23 Prelirninary Remediation Goals 2-5
Section 3 Identification and Screen iu^of Technologies and Prociess Opt ions 3-1 31 General Response Actions 3-1
vj 32 Pre l iminary Screening of Technologies and Process Op t ions 3-3 fv 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process Options 3-4
Section 4 Development and Screeningof Alternatives 4-1
Section 5 References 5-1
List of Tables
1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels for Groundwater 2-2 Potential Chemical-special-ARARsgt 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARsraquo-2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs m
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Table of Contents Draft FS Tecfi Memo Screening of Remedial Tectinologies
List of Tables (continuation)
3-1 Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater 3-2 Evaluation of Grotindwater Process Options 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process-Options for Grovindwater 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternative for Groimdwater
List of Figures
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1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations 1-2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and Discrete - Depth Groundwater
Sampling Locations 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groimdwater Residential Well and Monitoring Well Sample Locations 1-6 Tetrachlorloethene (PCE) Groimdwater Plixme Map December 8 2003 Zero Foot
Elevation 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plimie Map December 8 2003 Zero Foot Elevation
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Section 1 Introduction CDM Federal Programs Corporation (CDM) received Work Assignment 139-RICO-02MP under the Remedial Action Contract (RAG) to perform a remedial investigationfeasibility study (RIFS) a human health risk assessment (HHRA) and a screening level ecological risk assessment (SLERA) at the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility (the site) located in Vineland New Jersey for the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region II The purposes of this work assignment are to investigate the overall nature and extent of contamination at the site and to develop a range of remedial alternatives to remediate the site This FS Technical Memorandum was prepared in accordance with Subtask 101 of the CDM Negotiated Work Plan Volume II dated January 14 2002 (CDM 2002a)
The primary objective of the RIFS w as to gather sufficient information about the site-related grotindwater contamination to support an informed risk management decision regarding which remedy appears to be most appropriate for the site The RI serves as the mechanism for collecting the data to characterize the extent ofoffsite groundwater contamination and assessing risk to human health and the environment The FS serves as the mechanism for development screening and detailed evaluation of remedial alternatives In June 2002 EPA initiated the RIFS field investigation CDM conducted a source area investigation toxonfirm the source of site-related soil and groundwater contamination Field activities included a surface geophysical survey membrane interface probeelectrical conductivity (MIPEC) soil and groundwater characterization and the collection of surface and subsurface soil samples The draft RI report for the site was completed in March 2005
The objective of the FS is to develop and present remedial alternatives that are -^^s-) appropr ia te for address ing site contaminat ion as currently unders tood The pr imary 1 objectives of this Technical M e m o r a n d u m (TM) are to
[t- bull develop remedial action objectives (RAOs) for site-relatedcontamination
bull identify screen and select remedial technologies and process options fr bull applicable to the contamination associated with the site
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Remedial alternatives that are retained at the end of this process willbe further | screened The retained alternatives will be evaluated in detail inthe FS report for the i j Iceland Coin Laundry site
The TM has been prepared in accordance with EPAs docimrentrentitled Gwzdflnceor Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies UndewCERCLA Interim Final (USEPA 1988) to facilitate the use of this TM in producing an FSTbrthe site
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11 Site Description I The site is located at the former Iceland Coin Latmdry and Dry Cleaning facility at
1888 South Delsea Drive in the City of Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey- The study area which covers approximately 15 acres consists of the former facility and the associated contaminated groundwater plume to the southsouthwest of the
facility The contaminated groundwater plume area encompasses South Delsea rrgt Drive Dirk Drive Garrison Road Lois Lane South Orchard Road West Elmer Road jM a n d West Korff Drive Potable wa te r wells wi th in 4 miles of the former facility serve
approximately 29000 people These wells d r a w water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey pi Aquifer System the aquifer of concem
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12 Site History The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility property consists of a 1700 square-foot building and adjacent parking areas on approximately 14 acres A concrete pad is located in the northwest comer of the property behind the building The property is currently owned by Nicholas and Katherine Mainiero who began operating a retail appliance and jewelry store in early October 1997 To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a home adjacent to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an automotive repair shop and a New
U3 Jersey Depar tment of Transportat ion (NJDOT) facility
The former Iceland Coin Lavmdry and Dry Cleaning facility has been utilized for numerous purposes beginning with the Vineland Fruit and Poultry Farms Association prior to 1930 through 1953 According to Anthony Chinnici former
f|j| owner of the property an ice skating rink was present in the building from 1955 untiL 10 1965 The building w as then leased in succession to an unknovy^n party for teenage
dances to Royal Crown Beverages for storage and to Owen-Illinois for storage Mr up Chinnici sold the building in 1972 Since 1972 the building has been solely utilized Lj for retail and storage operations
Jrl From approximately 1953 until at least 1971 Mr Chirmid operated the Iceland Coinr ily Laimdry and Dry Cleaning facility Four coin-operated dry cleaning units of eight
poimd capacity were present in the laundromat each using four gallons of (T tetrachloroethene (PCE) (a batch system) It is not known how often the PCE-was^ m refilled No wastesludge was reportedly generated since the PCE evaporated The
lint filters from the dry cleaning units were allegedly burned outside in the back of fe the building (a common practice at that time) City of Vineland Department of Healtht uU plumbing records from 1962 and 1963 illustiate septic system designs for the Iceland^
Skating Rink and the Iceland Laiindry facilities The records indicate that two 14-foot-11 deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot field drain between the pits were used^in li) 1962 According to Mr Chinnici the cesspools were located in the front of the
building Septic system design drawings from 1963 indicate that the effluent from-the sites 10 washers discharged to a septic tank continued through a 100-foot field-draire
iSiJ and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel It is not known when use of this system ceased
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Anastasi Carpets renovated the building when they began operations in 1972 Additionally according to the owners of Buena Plumbing the only system utilized on the property prior to their connection to the sanitary sewer in 1986 was a septic tank (not the same tank as described above) for the disposal of sanitary waste The septic tank was located partially under the south side of the building in the same area where the current sewer line exits the building
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I bull A January 251994 New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Division of -^ Law memorandum indicates that a diesel andor gasoline pump may have been
located near the southwest comer of the building However no records were found in j the files which were reviewed to confirm the presence of a pump and no evidence of
bull bull bull i i an underground storage tank (UST) was observed during New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) investigations
- On September 31987 the City of Vineland Health Department collected a potable well sample from 1276 Garrison Road (Block 905 Lot 6) due to the sale of the home
]| The sample was analyzed and trichloroethylene (TCE) was detected In August 1990 b another water sample was collected from 1276 Garrison Road and TCE and PCE
were detected A third sample was collected on October 251990 which confirmed j the presence of TCE and PCE The levels of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - exceeded both the State and Federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Based on
the analytical results the homeowner was advised to discontinue using the well water for cooking and drinking purposes
Subsequently the Vineland Health Department collected potable well samples from December 1990 to September 1991 from 55 residences located in the area of Garrison
Road and West Korff Drive Analytical results from these sampling activities revealed volatile organic compounds arid mercury contamination above federal and New Jersey MCLs in 21 of the 55 water well samples The primary contaminants were PCE TCE 12-dichloroethene (12-DCE) and mercury The well with the detected concentration of mercury was subsequently resampled and mercury was not detected In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed point-of-entry treatment (POET) units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994 the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the area
The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in October 1999 EPA is the lead agency for the site and has primary responsibility for conducting remedial actions
13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology The site is located within the New Jersey Coastal Plain Physiographic Province A history of coastal submergence and emergence spanning the Cretaceous Period and Cenozoic Era is reflected in the present day geology of the New Jersey Coastal Plain
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The Coastal Plain geology is composed of a mega-sequence within a seaward (eastward)-thickening wedge of unconsolidated sediments which ranges in thickness from zero feet on the northwestern margin of the Coastal Plain to more than 6000 feet at the Atlantic Ocean shoreline Underlying the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge and outcropping along the western margin of the Coastal Plain are similarly seaward-thickening unconsolidated Cretaceous age sedimentary units
Regionally the formation exposed at the surface on and around the project site are mapped by the New Jersey Geological Survey as the Cohansey Sand (TcH) Formation The sand also contains many lenses of silt and clay of varying lateral
Iij extent The clay and silt layers typically foimd within this imit were encotmtered on site and may act as local confining units (Roy F Weston 1999) As implied by the regions general geology the geometry of sedimentary units within the Coastal Plain varies greatly with significant hydrogeologic implications Sandy deposits laid do-vyn from a fluvial setting may act as regionally or locally important water-bearing zones or aquifers In contrast clay deposits which occur in a lo-w-energy marine environment may create laterally continuous beds that drape over sand sheets and channel deposits Along the fringes of these clay beds however the clay may intermix with the surrounding deposits
The principal aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain are the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer the Englishto-wn aquifer system and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system There are also many minor water-bearing zones locally (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Cohansey sand of late Tertiary age is primarily a well-stratified thin bedded fine- to coarse-grained quartz sand The Kirkwood Formation is a massive-bedded silty fine-grained quartz sand The contact between the two units is very difficult to
^ determine in the field Generally the differences between the two formations is the amount of gravel and ihnenite The Cohansey contains more and larger gravel than
the Kirkwood The ilmenite in the Cohansey is medium to coarse grained and ^ subrounded whereas the ilmenite in the Kirkwood is very fine-grained and platy ^ (Owens 1962)
^ The Cohansey Sand generally consists of medium- to coarse-grained sand with some clay and silt The Kirkwood Formation underlies the Cohansey Sand and together
] they act as a single hydrogeologic imit The thickness of this aquifer is highly ^ variable This aquifer is generally the shallowest but most important source of
groundwater in Cumberland County The Kirkwood Formation can be divided into jl four hydrogeologic units From oldest to youngest they are a basal clay a lower
water-bearing sand an intermediate clay and an upper water-bearing sand The Piney Point Formation underlies the Kirkwood Formation
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
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with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
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132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
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151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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Section 1 Introduction
comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
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CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
Q
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
[ ]
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
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125 Maiden Lane 5tii Floor New York New York 10038 tel 212 785-9123 fax 212 785-6114
December 16 2005
Mr Matthew Westgate Remedial Project Manager US Environmental Protection Agency 290 Broadway 20 Floor New York NY 10278
PROJECT RAG II Contract No 68-W-98-210 Work Assignment 139-RICO-02MP
DOCUMENT NO 3223-139-RT-FEAS-05864
SUBJECT Draft Feasibility Study Technical Memorandum Screening of Remedial Technologies Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey
Dear Mr Westgate
CDM Federal Programs Corporation (CDM) is pleased to submit six copies of the Draft Feasibility Study Technical Memorandum Screening of Remedial Technologies for the Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Cumberland Cotinty New Jersey as partial fulfillment of Subtask No 101 of the Statement of Work
If you have any questions on this submittal please contact me at (212) 785-9123 or Mr Kershu Tan at (732) 590-4692
Very truly yours
CDM FEDERAL PROGRAMS CORPORATION
Jeanne Litwin REM RAG II Technical Operations Manager
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ce F Rosado EPA (letter only) D Butler EPA (letter only) R Goltz CDM K Tan CDM CDM RAG II Document Control
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Contents Section 1 Introduct ion 1-1
11 Site Description 1-2 12 Site History 1-2 13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 1-3
131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology 1-3 132 Surface Water Hydrology 1-6 133 Population and Land Use 1-6
14 Site Investigations 1-7 141 Previous Investigations 1-7 142 EPA Remedial Investigation 1-8
15 Nature and Extent of Contamination 1-8 151 Soil Contamination 1-9 152 Grovmdwater Contamination 1-10
16 Risk Characterization 1-12 161 Risk Assessment Approach 1-12 162 Summary of Site Risks 1-13
1621 Giu-rentFuttue Land-Use Scenario 1-13 1622 Future Land-Use Scenario 1-13
Section 2 Development of Remed ia l Action Objectives 2-1 21 Remedial Action Objectives 2-1 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements 2-2
221 Definition of ARARs 2-2 222 Identification of ARARs 2-4
23 Prelirninary Remediation Goals 2-5
Section 3 Identification and Screen iu^of Technologies and Prociess Opt ions 3-1 31 General Response Actions 3-1
vj 32 Pre l iminary Screening of Technologies and Process Op t ions 3-3 fv 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process Options 3-4
Section 4 Development and Screeningof Alternatives 4-1
Section 5 References 5-1
List of Tables
1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels for Groundwater 2-2 Potential Chemical-special-ARARsgt 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARsraquo-2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs m
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Table of Contents Draft FS Tecfi Memo Screening of Remedial Tectinologies
List of Tables (continuation)
3-1 Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater 3-2 Evaluation of Grotindwater Process Options 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process-Options for Grovindwater 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternative for Groimdwater
List of Figures
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1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations 1-2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and Discrete - Depth Groundwater
Sampling Locations 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groimdwater Residential Well and Monitoring Well Sample Locations 1-6 Tetrachlorloethene (PCE) Groimdwater Plixme Map December 8 2003 Zero Foot
Elevation 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plimie Map December 8 2003 Zero Foot Elevation
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Section 1 Introduction CDM Federal Programs Corporation (CDM) received Work Assignment 139-RICO-02MP under the Remedial Action Contract (RAG) to perform a remedial investigationfeasibility study (RIFS) a human health risk assessment (HHRA) and a screening level ecological risk assessment (SLERA) at the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility (the site) located in Vineland New Jersey for the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region II The purposes of this work assignment are to investigate the overall nature and extent of contamination at the site and to develop a range of remedial alternatives to remediate the site This FS Technical Memorandum was prepared in accordance with Subtask 101 of the CDM Negotiated Work Plan Volume II dated January 14 2002 (CDM 2002a)
The primary objective of the RIFS w as to gather sufficient information about the site-related grotindwater contamination to support an informed risk management decision regarding which remedy appears to be most appropriate for the site The RI serves as the mechanism for collecting the data to characterize the extent ofoffsite groundwater contamination and assessing risk to human health and the environment The FS serves as the mechanism for development screening and detailed evaluation of remedial alternatives In June 2002 EPA initiated the RIFS field investigation CDM conducted a source area investigation toxonfirm the source of site-related soil and groundwater contamination Field activities included a surface geophysical survey membrane interface probeelectrical conductivity (MIPEC) soil and groundwater characterization and the collection of surface and subsurface soil samples The draft RI report for the site was completed in March 2005
The objective of the FS is to develop and present remedial alternatives that are -^^s-) appropr ia te for address ing site contaminat ion as currently unders tood The pr imary 1 objectives of this Technical M e m o r a n d u m (TM) are to
[t- bull develop remedial action objectives (RAOs) for site-relatedcontamination
bull identify screen and select remedial technologies and process options fr bull applicable to the contamination associated with the site
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Remedial alternatives that are retained at the end of this process willbe further | screened The retained alternatives will be evaluated in detail inthe FS report for the i j Iceland Coin Laundry site
The TM has been prepared in accordance with EPAs docimrentrentitled Gwzdflnceor Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies UndewCERCLA Interim Final (USEPA 1988) to facilitate the use of this TM in producing an FSTbrthe site
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11 Site Description I The site is located at the former Iceland Coin Latmdry and Dry Cleaning facility at
1888 South Delsea Drive in the City of Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey- The study area which covers approximately 15 acres consists of the former facility and the associated contaminated groundwater plume to the southsouthwest of the
facility The contaminated groundwater plume area encompasses South Delsea rrgt Drive Dirk Drive Garrison Road Lois Lane South Orchard Road West Elmer Road jM a n d West Korff Drive Potable wa te r wells wi th in 4 miles of the former facility serve
approximately 29000 people These wells d r a w water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey pi Aquifer System the aquifer of concem
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12 Site History The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility property consists of a 1700 square-foot building and adjacent parking areas on approximately 14 acres A concrete pad is located in the northwest comer of the property behind the building The property is currently owned by Nicholas and Katherine Mainiero who began operating a retail appliance and jewelry store in early October 1997 To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a home adjacent to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an automotive repair shop and a New
U3 Jersey Depar tment of Transportat ion (NJDOT) facility
The former Iceland Coin Lavmdry and Dry Cleaning facility has been utilized for numerous purposes beginning with the Vineland Fruit and Poultry Farms Association prior to 1930 through 1953 According to Anthony Chinnici former
f|j| owner of the property an ice skating rink was present in the building from 1955 untiL 10 1965 The building w as then leased in succession to an unknovy^n party for teenage
dances to Royal Crown Beverages for storage and to Owen-Illinois for storage Mr up Chinnici sold the building in 1972 Since 1972 the building has been solely utilized Lj for retail and storage operations
Jrl From approximately 1953 until at least 1971 Mr Chirmid operated the Iceland Coinr ily Laimdry and Dry Cleaning facility Four coin-operated dry cleaning units of eight
poimd capacity were present in the laundromat each using four gallons of (T tetrachloroethene (PCE) (a batch system) It is not known how often the PCE-was^ m refilled No wastesludge was reportedly generated since the PCE evaporated The
lint filters from the dry cleaning units were allegedly burned outside in the back of fe the building (a common practice at that time) City of Vineland Department of Healtht uU plumbing records from 1962 and 1963 illustiate septic system designs for the Iceland^
Skating Rink and the Iceland Laiindry facilities The records indicate that two 14-foot-11 deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot field drain between the pits were used^in li) 1962 According to Mr Chinnici the cesspools were located in the front of the
building Septic system design drawings from 1963 indicate that the effluent from-the sites 10 washers discharged to a septic tank continued through a 100-foot field-draire
iSiJ and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel It is not known when use of this system ceased
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Anastasi Carpets renovated the building when they began operations in 1972 Additionally according to the owners of Buena Plumbing the only system utilized on the property prior to their connection to the sanitary sewer in 1986 was a septic tank (not the same tank as described above) for the disposal of sanitary waste The septic tank was located partially under the south side of the building in the same area where the current sewer line exits the building
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I bull A January 251994 New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Division of -^ Law memorandum indicates that a diesel andor gasoline pump may have been
located near the southwest comer of the building However no records were found in j the files which were reviewed to confirm the presence of a pump and no evidence of
bull bull bull i i an underground storage tank (UST) was observed during New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) investigations
- On September 31987 the City of Vineland Health Department collected a potable well sample from 1276 Garrison Road (Block 905 Lot 6) due to the sale of the home
]| The sample was analyzed and trichloroethylene (TCE) was detected In August 1990 b another water sample was collected from 1276 Garrison Road and TCE and PCE
were detected A third sample was collected on October 251990 which confirmed j the presence of TCE and PCE The levels of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - exceeded both the State and Federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Based on
the analytical results the homeowner was advised to discontinue using the well water for cooking and drinking purposes
Subsequently the Vineland Health Department collected potable well samples from December 1990 to September 1991 from 55 residences located in the area of Garrison
Road and West Korff Drive Analytical results from these sampling activities revealed volatile organic compounds arid mercury contamination above federal and New Jersey MCLs in 21 of the 55 water well samples The primary contaminants were PCE TCE 12-dichloroethene (12-DCE) and mercury The well with the detected concentration of mercury was subsequently resampled and mercury was not detected In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed point-of-entry treatment (POET) units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994 the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the area
The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in October 1999 EPA is the lead agency for the site and has primary responsibility for conducting remedial actions
13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology The site is located within the New Jersey Coastal Plain Physiographic Province A history of coastal submergence and emergence spanning the Cretaceous Period and Cenozoic Era is reflected in the present day geology of the New Jersey Coastal Plain
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The Coastal Plain geology is composed of a mega-sequence within a seaward (eastward)-thickening wedge of unconsolidated sediments which ranges in thickness from zero feet on the northwestern margin of the Coastal Plain to more than 6000 feet at the Atlantic Ocean shoreline Underlying the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge and outcropping along the western margin of the Coastal Plain are similarly seaward-thickening unconsolidated Cretaceous age sedimentary units
Regionally the formation exposed at the surface on and around the project site are mapped by the New Jersey Geological Survey as the Cohansey Sand (TcH) Formation The sand also contains many lenses of silt and clay of varying lateral
Iij extent The clay and silt layers typically foimd within this imit were encotmtered on site and may act as local confining units (Roy F Weston 1999) As implied by the regions general geology the geometry of sedimentary units within the Coastal Plain varies greatly with significant hydrogeologic implications Sandy deposits laid do-vyn from a fluvial setting may act as regionally or locally important water-bearing zones or aquifers In contrast clay deposits which occur in a lo-w-energy marine environment may create laterally continuous beds that drape over sand sheets and channel deposits Along the fringes of these clay beds however the clay may intermix with the surrounding deposits
The principal aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain are the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer the Englishto-wn aquifer system and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system There are also many minor water-bearing zones locally (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Cohansey sand of late Tertiary age is primarily a well-stratified thin bedded fine- to coarse-grained quartz sand The Kirkwood Formation is a massive-bedded silty fine-grained quartz sand The contact between the two units is very difficult to
^ determine in the field Generally the differences between the two formations is the amount of gravel and ihnenite The Cohansey contains more and larger gravel than
the Kirkwood The ilmenite in the Cohansey is medium to coarse grained and ^ subrounded whereas the ilmenite in the Kirkwood is very fine-grained and platy ^ (Owens 1962)
^ The Cohansey Sand generally consists of medium- to coarse-grained sand with some clay and silt The Kirkwood Formation underlies the Cohansey Sand and together
] they act as a single hydrogeologic imit The thickness of this aquifer is highly ^ variable This aquifer is generally the shallowest but most important source of
groundwater in Cumberland County The Kirkwood Formation can be divided into jl four hydrogeologic units From oldest to youngest they are a basal clay a lower
water-bearing sand an intermediate clay and an upper water-bearing sand The Piney Point Formation underlies the Kirkwood Formation
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
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with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
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132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
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151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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Section 1 Introduction
comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
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CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
Q
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
[ ]
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
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Contents Section 1 Introduct ion 1-1
11 Site Description 1-2 12 Site History 1-2 13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 1-3
131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology 1-3 132 Surface Water Hydrology 1-6 133 Population and Land Use 1-6
14 Site Investigations 1-7 141 Previous Investigations 1-7 142 EPA Remedial Investigation 1-8
15 Nature and Extent of Contamination 1-8 151 Soil Contamination 1-9 152 Grovmdwater Contamination 1-10
16 Risk Characterization 1-12 161 Risk Assessment Approach 1-12 162 Summary of Site Risks 1-13
1621 Giu-rentFuttue Land-Use Scenario 1-13 1622 Future Land-Use Scenario 1-13
Section 2 Development of Remed ia l Action Objectives 2-1 21 Remedial Action Objectives 2-1 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements 2-2
221 Definition of ARARs 2-2 222 Identification of ARARs 2-4
23 Prelirninary Remediation Goals 2-5
Section 3 Identification and Screen iu^of Technologies and Prociess Opt ions 3-1 31 General Response Actions 3-1
vj 32 Pre l iminary Screening of Technologies and Process Op t ions 3-3 fv 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process Options 3-4
Section 4 Development and Screeningof Alternatives 4-1
Section 5 References 5-1
List of Tables
1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels for Groundwater 2-2 Potential Chemical-special-ARARsgt 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARsraquo-2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs m
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Table of Contents Draft FS Tecfi Memo Screening of Remedial Tectinologies
List of Tables (continuation)
3-1 Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater 3-2 Evaluation of Grotindwater Process Options 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process-Options for Grovindwater 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternative for Groimdwater
List of Figures
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1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations 1-2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and Discrete - Depth Groundwater
Sampling Locations 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groimdwater Residential Well and Monitoring Well Sample Locations 1-6 Tetrachlorloethene (PCE) Groimdwater Plixme Map December 8 2003 Zero Foot
Elevation 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plimie Map December 8 2003 Zero Foot Elevation
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Section 1 Introduction CDM Federal Programs Corporation (CDM) received Work Assignment 139-RICO-02MP under the Remedial Action Contract (RAG) to perform a remedial investigationfeasibility study (RIFS) a human health risk assessment (HHRA) and a screening level ecological risk assessment (SLERA) at the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility (the site) located in Vineland New Jersey for the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region II The purposes of this work assignment are to investigate the overall nature and extent of contamination at the site and to develop a range of remedial alternatives to remediate the site This FS Technical Memorandum was prepared in accordance with Subtask 101 of the CDM Negotiated Work Plan Volume II dated January 14 2002 (CDM 2002a)
The primary objective of the RIFS w as to gather sufficient information about the site-related grotindwater contamination to support an informed risk management decision regarding which remedy appears to be most appropriate for the site The RI serves as the mechanism for collecting the data to characterize the extent ofoffsite groundwater contamination and assessing risk to human health and the environment The FS serves as the mechanism for development screening and detailed evaluation of remedial alternatives In June 2002 EPA initiated the RIFS field investigation CDM conducted a source area investigation toxonfirm the source of site-related soil and groundwater contamination Field activities included a surface geophysical survey membrane interface probeelectrical conductivity (MIPEC) soil and groundwater characterization and the collection of surface and subsurface soil samples The draft RI report for the site was completed in March 2005
The objective of the FS is to develop and present remedial alternatives that are -^^s-) appropr ia te for address ing site contaminat ion as currently unders tood The pr imary 1 objectives of this Technical M e m o r a n d u m (TM) are to
[t- bull develop remedial action objectives (RAOs) for site-relatedcontamination
bull identify screen and select remedial technologies and process options fr bull applicable to the contamination associated with the site
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Remedial alternatives that are retained at the end of this process willbe further | screened The retained alternatives will be evaluated in detail inthe FS report for the i j Iceland Coin Laundry site
The TM has been prepared in accordance with EPAs docimrentrentitled Gwzdflnceor Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies UndewCERCLA Interim Final (USEPA 1988) to facilitate the use of this TM in producing an FSTbrthe site
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11 Site Description I The site is located at the former Iceland Coin Latmdry and Dry Cleaning facility at
1888 South Delsea Drive in the City of Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey- The study area which covers approximately 15 acres consists of the former facility and the associated contaminated groundwater plume to the southsouthwest of the
facility The contaminated groundwater plume area encompasses South Delsea rrgt Drive Dirk Drive Garrison Road Lois Lane South Orchard Road West Elmer Road jM a n d West Korff Drive Potable wa te r wells wi th in 4 miles of the former facility serve
approximately 29000 people These wells d r a w water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey pi Aquifer System the aquifer of concem
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12 Site History The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility property consists of a 1700 square-foot building and adjacent parking areas on approximately 14 acres A concrete pad is located in the northwest comer of the property behind the building The property is currently owned by Nicholas and Katherine Mainiero who began operating a retail appliance and jewelry store in early October 1997 To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a home adjacent to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an automotive repair shop and a New
U3 Jersey Depar tment of Transportat ion (NJDOT) facility
The former Iceland Coin Lavmdry and Dry Cleaning facility has been utilized for numerous purposes beginning with the Vineland Fruit and Poultry Farms Association prior to 1930 through 1953 According to Anthony Chinnici former
f|j| owner of the property an ice skating rink was present in the building from 1955 untiL 10 1965 The building w as then leased in succession to an unknovy^n party for teenage
dances to Royal Crown Beverages for storage and to Owen-Illinois for storage Mr up Chinnici sold the building in 1972 Since 1972 the building has been solely utilized Lj for retail and storage operations
Jrl From approximately 1953 until at least 1971 Mr Chirmid operated the Iceland Coinr ily Laimdry and Dry Cleaning facility Four coin-operated dry cleaning units of eight
poimd capacity were present in the laundromat each using four gallons of (T tetrachloroethene (PCE) (a batch system) It is not known how often the PCE-was^ m refilled No wastesludge was reportedly generated since the PCE evaporated The
lint filters from the dry cleaning units were allegedly burned outside in the back of fe the building (a common practice at that time) City of Vineland Department of Healtht uU plumbing records from 1962 and 1963 illustiate septic system designs for the Iceland^
Skating Rink and the Iceland Laiindry facilities The records indicate that two 14-foot-11 deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot field drain between the pits were used^in li) 1962 According to Mr Chinnici the cesspools were located in the front of the
building Septic system design drawings from 1963 indicate that the effluent from-the sites 10 washers discharged to a septic tank continued through a 100-foot field-draire
iSiJ and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel It is not known when use of this system ceased
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Anastasi Carpets renovated the building when they began operations in 1972 Additionally according to the owners of Buena Plumbing the only system utilized on the property prior to their connection to the sanitary sewer in 1986 was a septic tank (not the same tank as described above) for the disposal of sanitary waste The septic tank was located partially under the south side of the building in the same area where the current sewer line exits the building
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I bull A January 251994 New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Division of -^ Law memorandum indicates that a diesel andor gasoline pump may have been
located near the southwest comer of the building However no records were found in j the files which were reviewed to confirm the presence of a pump and no evidence of
bull bull bull i i an underground storage tank (UST) was observed during New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) investigations
- On September 31987 the City of Vineland Health Department collected a potable well sample from 1276 Garrison Road (Block 905 Lot 6) due to the sale of the home
]| The sample was analyzed and trichloroethylene (TCE) was detected In August 1990 b another water sample was collected from 1276 Garrison Road and TCE and PCE
were detected A third sample was collected on October 251990 which confirmed j the presence of TCE and PCE The levels of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - exceeded both the State and Federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Based on
the analytical results the homeowner was advised to discontinue using the well water for cooking and drinking purposes
Subsequently the Vineland Health Department collected potable well samples from December 1990 to September 1991 from 55 residences located in the area of Garrison
Road and West Korff Drive Analytical results from these sampling activities revealed volatile organic compounds arid mercury contamination above federal and New Jersey MCLs in 21 of the 55 water well samples The primary contaminants were PCE TCE 12-dichloroethene (12-DCE) and mercury The well with the detected concentration of mercury was subsequently resampled and mercury was not detected In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed point-of-entry treatment (POET) units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994 the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the area
The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in October 1999 EPA is the lead agency for the site and has primary responsibility for conducting remedial actions
13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology The site is located within the New Jersey Coastal Plain Physiographic Province A history of coastal submergence and emergence spanning the Cretaceous Period and Cenozoic Era is reflected in the present day geology of the New Jersey Coastal Plain
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The Coastal Plain geology is composed of a mega-sequence within a seaward (eastward)-thickening wedge of unconsolidated sediments which ranges in thickness from zero feet on the northwestern margin of the Coastal Plain to more than 6000 feet at the Atlantic Ocean shoreline Underlying the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge and outcropping along the western margin of the Coastal Plain are similarly seaward-thickening unconsolidated Cretaceous age sedimentary units
Regionally the formation exposed at the surface on and around the project site are mapped by the New Jersey Geological Survey as the Cohansey Sand (TcH) Formation The sand also contains many lenses of silt and clay of varying lateral
Iij extent The clay and silt layers typically foimd within this imit were encotmtered on site and may act as local confining units (Roy F Weston 1999) As implied by the regions general geology the geometry of sedimentary units within the Coastal Plain varies greatly with significant hydrogeologic implications Sandy deposits laid do-vyn from a fluvial setting may act as regionally or locally important water-bearing zones or aquifers In contrast clay deposits which occur in a lo-w-energy marine environment may create laterally continuous beds that drape over sand sheets and channel deposits Along the fringes of these clay beds however the clay may intermix with the surrounding deposits
The principal aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain are the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer the Englishto-wn aquifer system and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system There are also many minor water-bearing zones locally (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Cohansey sand of late Tertiary age is primarily a well-stratified thin bedded fine- to coarse-grained quartz sand The Kirkwood Formation is a massive-bedded silty fine-grained quartz sand The contact between the two units is very difficult to
^ determine in the field Generally the differences between the two formations is the amount of gravel and ihnenite The Cohansey contains more and larger gravel than
the Kirkwood The ilmenite in the Cohansey is medium to coarse grained and ^ subrounded whereas the ilmenite in the Kirkwood is very fine-grained and platy ^ (Owens 1962)
^ The Cohansey Sand generally consists of medium- to coarse-grained sand with some clay and silt The Kirkwood Formation underlies the Cohansey Sand and together
] they act as a single hydrogeologic imit The thickness of this aquifer is highly ^ variable This aquifer is generally the shallowest but most important source of
groundwater in Cumberland County The Kirkwood Formation can be divided into jl four hydrogeologic units From oldest to youngest they are a basal clay a lower
water-bearing sand an intermediate clay and an upper water-bearing sand The Piney Point Formation underlies the Kirkwood Formation
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
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with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
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132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
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151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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Section 1 Introduction
16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
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CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
[ ]
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
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A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
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Table of Contents Draft FS Tecfi Memo Screening of Remedial Tectinologies
List of Tables (continuation)
3-1 Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater 3-2 Evaluation of Grotindwater Process Options 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process-Options for Grovindwater 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternative for Groimdwater
List of Figures
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1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations 1-2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and Discrete - Depth Groundwater
Sampling Locations 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groimdwater Residential Well and Monitoring Well Sample Locations 1-6 Tetrachlorloethene (PCE) Groimdwater Plixme Map December 8 2003 Zero Foot
Elevation 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plimie Map December 8 2003 Zero Foot Elevation
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Section 1 Introduction CDM Federal Programs Corporation (CDM) received Work Assignment 139-RICO-02MP under the Remedial Action Contract (RAG) to perform a remedial investigationfeasibility study (RIFS) a human health risk assessment (HHRA) and a screening level ecological risk assessment (SLERA) at the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility (the site) located in Vineland New Jersey for the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region II The purposes of this work assignment are to investigate the overall nature and extent of contamination at the site and to develop a range of remedial alternatives to remediate the site This FS Technical Memorandum was prepared in accordance with Subtask 101 of the CDM Negotiated Work Plan Volume II dated January 14 2002 (CDM 2002a)
The primary objective of the RIFS w as to gather sufficient information about the site-related grotindwater contamination to support an informed risk management decision regarding which remedy appears to be most appropriate for the site The RI serves as the mechanism for collecting the data to characterize the extent ofoffsite groundwater contamination and assessing risk to human health and the environment The FS serves as the mechanism for development screening and detailed evaluation of remedial alternatives In June 2002 EPA initiated the RIFS field investigation CDM conducted a source area investigation toxonfirm the source of site-related soil and groundwater contamination Field activities included a surface geophysical survey membrane interface probeelectrical conductivity (MIPEC) soil and groundwater characterization and the collection of surface and subsurface soil samples The draft RI report for the site was completed in March 2005
The objective of the FS is to develop and present remedial alternatives that are -^^s-) appropr ia te for address ing site contaminat ion as currently unders tood The pr imary 1 objectives of this Technical M e m o r a n d u m (TM) are to
[t- bull develop remedial action objectives (RAOs) for site-relatedcontamination
bull identify screen and select remedial technologies and process options fr bull applicable to the contamination associated with the site
m bull assemble the retained technologies and process options-intoremedial
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Remedial alternatives that are retained at the end of this process willbe further | screened The retained alternatives will be evaluated in detail inthe FS report for the i j Iceland Coin Laundry site
The TM has been prepared in accordance with EPAs docimrentrentitled Gwzdflnceor Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies UndewCERCLA Interim Final (USEPA 1988) to facilitate the use of this TM in producing an FSTbrthe site
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11 Site Description I The site is located at the former Iceland Coin Latmdry and Dry Cleaning facility at
1888 South Delsea Drive in the City of Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey- The study area which covers approximately 15 acres consists of the former facility and the associated contaminated groundwater plume to the southsouthwest of the
facility The contaminated groundwater plume area encompasses South Delsea rrgt Drive Dirk Drive Garrison Road Lois Lane South Orchard Road West Elmer Road jM a n d West Korff Drive Potable wa te r wells wi th in 4 miles of the former facility serve
approximately 29000 people These wells d r a w water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey pi Aquifer System the aquifer of concem
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12 Site History The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility property consists of a 1700 square-foot building and adjacent parking areas on approximately 14 acres A concrete pad is located in the northwest comer of the property behind the building The property is currently owned by Nicholas and Katherine Mainiero who began operating a retail appliance and jewelry store in early October 1997 To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a home adjacent to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an automotive repair shop and a New
U3 Jersey Depar tment of Transportat ion (NJDOT) facility
The former Iceland Coin Lavmdry and Dry Cleaning facility has been utilized for numerous purposes beginning with the Vineland Fruit and Poultry Farms Association prior to 1930 through 1953 According to Anthony Chinnici former
f|j| owner of the property an ice skating rink was present in the building from 1955 untiL 10 1965 The building w as then leased in succession to an unknovy^n party for teenage
dances to Royal Crown Beverages for storage and to Owen-Illinois for storage Mr up Chinnici sold the building in 1972 Since 1972 the building has been solely utilized Lj for retail and storage operations
Jrl From approximately 1953 until at least 1971 Mr Chirmid operated the Iceland Coinr ily Laimdry and Dry Cleaning facility Four coin-operated dry cleaning units of eight
poimd capacity were present in the laundromat each using four gallons of (T tetrachloroethene (PCE) (a batch system) It is not known how often the PCE-was^ m refilled No wastesludge was reportedly generated since the PCE evaporated The
lint filters from the dry cleaning units were allegedly burned outside in the back of fe the building (a common practice at that time) City of Vineland Department of Healtht uU plumbing records from 1962 and 1963 illustiate septic system designs for the Iceland^
Skating Rink and the Iceland Laiindry facilities The records indicate that two 14-foot-11 deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot field drain between the pits were used^in li) 1962 According to Mr Chinnici the cesspools were located in the front of the
building Septic system design drawings from 1963 indicate that the effluent from-the sites 10 washers discharged to a septic tank continued through a 100-foot field-draire
iSiJ and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel It is not known when use of this system ceased
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Anastasi Carpets renovated the building when they began operations in 1972 Additionally according to the owners of Buena Plumbing the only system utilized on the property prior to their connection to the sanitary sewer in 1986 was a septic tank (not the same tank as described above) for the disposal of sanitary waste The septic tank was located partially under the south side of the building in the same area where the current sewer line exits the building
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I bull A January 251994 New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Division of -^ Law memorandum indicates that a diesel andor gasoline pump may have been
located near the southwest comer of the building However no records were found in j the files which were reviewed to confirm the presence of a pump and no evidence of
bull bull bull i i an underground storage tank (UST) was observed during New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) investigations
- On September 31987 the City of Vineland Health Department collected a potable well sample from 1276 Garrison Road (Block 905 Lot 6) due to the sale of the home
]| The sample was analyzed and trichloroethylene (TCE) was detected In August 1990 b another water sample was collected from 1276 Garrison Road and TCE and PCE
were detected A third sample was collected on October 251990 which confirmed j the presence of TCE and PCE The levels of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - exceeded both the State and Federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Based on
the analytical results the homeowner was advised to discontinue using the well water for cooking and drinking purposes
Subsequently the Vineland Health Department collected potable well samples from December 1990 to September 1991 from 55 residences located in the area of Garrison
Road and West Korff Drive Analytical results from these sampling activities revealed volatile organic compounds arid mercury contamination above federal and New Jersey MCLs in 21 of the 55 water well samples The primary contaminants were PCE TCE 12-dichloroethene (12-DCE) and mercury The well with the detected concentration of mercury was subsequently resampled and mercury was not detected In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed point-of-entry treatment (POET) units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994 the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the area
The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in October 1999 EPA is the lead agency for the site and has primary responsibility for conducting remedial actions
13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology The site is located within the New Jersey Coastal Plain Physiographic Province A history of coastal submergence and emergence spanning the Cretaceous Period and Cenozoic Era is reflected in the present day geology of the New Jersey Coastal Plain
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The Coastal Plain geology is composed of a mega-sequence within a seaward (eastward)-thickening wedge of unconsolidated sediments which ranges in thickness from zero feet on the northwestern margin of the Coastal Plain to more than 6000 feet at the Atlantic Ocean shoreline Underlying the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge and outcropping along the western margin of the Coastal Plain are similarly seaward-thickening unconsolidated Cretaceous age sedimentary units
Regionally the formation exposed at the surface on and around the project site are mapped by the New Jersey Geological Survey as the Cohansey Sand (TcH) Formation The sand also contains many lenses of silt and clay of varying lateral
Iij extent The clay and silt layers typically foimd within this imit were encotmtered on site and may act as local confining units (Roy F Weston 1999) As implied by the regions general geology the geometry of sedimentary units within the Coastal Plain varies greatly with significant hydrogeologic implications Sandy deposits laid do-vyn from a fluvial setting may act as regionally or locally important water-bearing zones or aquifers In contrast clay deposits which occur in a lo-w-energy marine environment may create laterally continuous beds that drape over sand sheets and channel deposits Along the fringes of these clay beds however the clay may intermix with the surrounding deposits
The principal aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain are the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer the Englishto-wn aquifer system and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system There are also many minor water-bearing zones locally (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Cohansey sand of late Tertiary age is primarily a well-stratified thin bedded fine- to coarse-grained quartz sand The Kirkwood Formation is a massive-bedded silty fine-grained quartz sand The contact between the two units is very difficult to
^ determine in the field Generally the differences between the two formations is the amount of gravel and ihnenite The Cohansey contains more and larger gravel than
the Kirkwood The ilmenite in the Cohansey is medium to coarse grained and ^ subrounded whereas the ilmenite in the Kirkwood is very fine-grained and platy ^ (Owens 1962)
^ The Cohansey Sand generally consists of medium- to coarse-grained sand with some clay and silt The Kirkwood Formation underlies the Cohansey Sand and together
] they act as a single hydrogeologic imit The thickness of this aquifer is highly ^ variable This aquifer is generally the shallowest but most important source of
groundwater in Cumberland County The Kirkwood Formation can be divided into jl four hydrogeologic units From oldest to youngest they are a basal clay a lower
water-bearing sand an intermediate clay and an upper water-bearing sand The Piney Point Formation underlies the Kirkwood Formation
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
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with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
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132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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Section 1 Introduction
In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 1 7
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
fa
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CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400019
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r-r bull Section 2 ^ ^ Development of Remedial Action Objectives
A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
I
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
i
222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
(if
23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
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TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
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Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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Li
ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
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I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
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Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
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Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
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physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
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A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
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I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
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Section 1 Introduction CDM Federal Programs Corporation (CDM) received Work Assignment 139-RICO-02MP under the Remedial Action Contract (RAG) to perform a remedial investigationfeasibility study (RIFS) a human health risk assessment (HHRA) and a screening level ecological risk assessment (SLERA) at the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility (the site) located in Vineland New Jersey for the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region II The purposes of this work assignment are to investigate the overall nature and extent of contamination at the site and to develop a range of remedial alternatives to remediate the site This FS Technical Memorandum was prepared in accordance with Subtask 101 of the CDM Negotiated Work Plan Volume II dated January 14 2002 (CDM 2002a)
The primary objective of the RIFS w as to gather sufficient information about the site-related grotindwater contamination to support an informed risk management decision regarding which remedy appears to be most appropriate for the site The RI serves as the mechanism for collecting the data to characterize the extent ofoffsite groundwater contamination and assessing risk to human health and the environment The FS serves as the mechanism for development screening and detailed evaluation of remedial alternatives In June 2002 EPA initiated the RIFS field investigation CDM conducted a source area investigation toxonfirm the source of site-related soil and groundwater contamination Field activities included a surface geophysical survey membrane interface probeelectrical conductivity (MIPEC) soil and groundwater characterization and the collection of surface and subsurface soil samples The draft RI report for the site was completed in March 2005
The objective of the FS is to develop and present remedial alternatives that are -^^s-) appropr ia te for address ing site contaminat ion as currently unders tood The pr imary 1 objectives of this Technical M e m o r a n d u m (TM) are to
[t- bull develop remedial action objectives (RAOs) for site-relatedcontamination
bull identify screen and select remedial technologies and process options fr bull applicable to the contamination associated with the site
m bull assemble the retained technologies and process options-intoremedial
m alternatives
Remedial alternatives that are retained at the end of this process willbe further | screened The retained alternatives will be evaluated in detail inthe FS report for the i j Iceland Coin Laundry site
The TM has been prepared in accordance with EPAs docimrentrentitled Gwzdflnceor Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies UndewCERCLA Interim Final (USEPA 1988) to facilitate the use of this TM in producing an FSTbrthe site
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11 Site Description I The site is located at the former Iceland Coin Latmdry and Dry Cleaning facility at
1888 South Delsea Drive in the City of Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey- The study area which covers approximately 15 acres consists of the former facility and the associated contaminated groundwater plume to the southsouthwest of the
facility The contaminated groundwater plume area encompasses South Delsea rrgt Drive Dirk Drive Garrison Road Lois Lane South Orchard Road West Elmer Road jM a n d West Korff Drive Potable wa te r wells wi th in 4 miles of the former facility serve
approximately 29000 people These wells d r a w water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey pi Aquifer System the aquifer of concem
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12 Site History The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility property consists of a 1700 square-foot building and adjacent parking areas on approximately 14 acres A concrete pad is located in the northwest comer of the property behind the building The property is currently owned by Nicholas and Katherine Mainiero who began operating a retail appliance and jewelry store in early October 1997 To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a home adjacent to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an automotive repair shop and a New
U3 Jersey Depar tment of Transportat ion (NJDOT) facility
The former Iceland Coin Lavmdry and Dry Cleaning facility has been utilized for numerous purposes beginning with the Vineland Fruit and Poultry Farms Association prior to 1930 through 1953 According to Anthony Chinnici former
f|j| owner of the property an ice skating rink was present in the building from 1955 untiL 10 1965 The building w as then leased in succession to an unknovy^n party for teenage
dances to Royal Crown Beverages for storage and to Owen-Illinois for storage Mr up Chinnici sold the building in 1972 Since 1972 the building has been solely utilized Lj for retail and storage operations
Jrl From approximately 1953 until at least 1971 Mr Chirmid operated the Iceland Coinr ily Laimdry and Dry Cleaning facility Four coin-operated dry cleaning units of eight
poimd capacity were present in the laundromat each using four gallons of (T tetrachloroethene (PCE) (a batch system) It is not known how often the PCE-was^ m refilled No wastesludge was reportedly generated since the PCE evaporated The
lint filters from the dry cleaning units were allegedly burned outside in the back of fe the building (a common practice at that time) City of Vineland Department of Healtht uU plumbing records from 1962 and 1963 illustiate septic system designs for the Iceland^
Skating Rink and the Iceland Laiindry facilities The records indicate that two 14-foot-11 deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot field drain between the pits were used^in li) 1962 According to Mr Chinnici the cesspools were located in the front of the
building Septic system design drawings from 1963 indicate that the effluent from-the sites 10 washers discharged to a septic tank continued through a 100-foot field-draire
iSiJ and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel It is not known when use of this system ceased
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Anastasi Carpets renovated the building when they began operations in 1972 Additionally according to the owners of Buena Plumbing the only system utilized on the property prior to their connection to the sanitary sewer in 1986 was a septic tank (not the same tank as described above) for the disposal of sanitary waste The septic tank was located partially under the south side of the building in the same area where the current sewer line exits the building
bull^-bullbull7-
I bull A January 251994 New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Division of -^ Law memorandum indicates that a diesel andor gasoline pump may have been
located near the southwest comer of the building However no records were found in j the files which were reviewed to confirm the presence of a pump and no evidence of
bull bull bull i i an underground storage tank (UST) was observed during New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) investigations
- On September 31987 the City of Vineland Health Department collected a potable well sample from 1276 Garrison Road (Block 905 Lot 6) due to the sale of the home
]| The sample was analyzed and trichloroethylene (TCE) was detected In August 1990 b another water sample was collected from 1276 Garrison Road and TCE and PCE
were detected A third sample was collected on October 251990 which confirmed j the presence of TCE and PCE The levels of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - exceeded both the State and Federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Based on
the analytical results the homeowner was advised to discontinue using the well water for cooking and drinking purposes
Subsequently the Vineland Health Department collected potable well samples from December 1990 to September 1991 from 55 residences located in the area of Garrison
Road and West Korff Drive Analytical results from these sampling activities revealed volatile organic compounds arid mercury contamination above federal and New Jersey MCLs in 21 of the 55 water well samples The primary contaminants were PCE TCE 12-dichloroethene (12-DCE) and mercury The well with the detected concentration of mercury was subsequently resampled and mercury was not detected In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed point-of-entry treatment (POET) units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994 the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the area
The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in October 1999 EPA is the lead agency for the site and has primary responsibility for conducting remedial actions
13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology The site is located within the New Jersey Coastal Plain Physiographic Province A history of coastal submergence and emergence spanning the Cretaceous Period and Cenozoic Era is reflected in the present day geology of the New Jersey Coastal Plain
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The Coastal Plain geology is composed of a mega-sequence within a seaward (eastward)-thickening wedge of unconsolidated sediments which ranges in thickness from zero feet on the northwestern margin of the Coastal Plain to more than 6000 feet at the Atlantic Ocean shoreline Underlying the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge and outcropping along the western margin of the Coastal Plain are similarly seaward-thickening unconsolidated Cretaceous age sedimentary units
Regionally the formation exposed at the surface on and around the project site are mapped by the New Jersey Geological Survey as the Cohansey Sand (TcH) Formation The sand also contains many lenses of silt and clay of varying lateral
Iij extent The clay and silt layers typically foimd within this imit were encotmtered on site and may act as local confining units (Roy F Weston 1999) As implied by the regions general geology the geometry of sedimentary units within the Coastal Plain varies greatly with significant hydrogeologic implications Sandy deposits laid do-vyn from a fluvial setting may act as regionally or locally important water-bearing zones or aquifers In contrast clay deposits which occur in a lo-w-energy marine environment may create laterally continuous beds that drape over sand sheets and channel deposits Along the fringes of these clay beds however the clay may intermix with the surrounding deposits
The principal aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain are the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer the Englishto-wn aquifer system and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system There are also many minor water-bearing zones locally (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Cohansey sand of late Tertiary age is primarily a well-stratified thin bedded fine- to coarse-grained quartz sand The Kirkwood Formation is a massive-bedded silty fine-grained quartz sand The contact between the two units is very difficult to
^ determine in the field Generally the differences between the two formations is the amount of gravel and ihnenite The Cohansey contains more and larger gravel than
the Kirkwood The ilmenite in the Cohansey is medium to coarse grained and ^ subrounded whereas the ilmenite in the Kirkwood is very fine-grained and platy ^ (Owens 1962)
^ The Cohansey Sand generally consists of medium- to coarse-grained sand with some clay and silt The Kirkwood Formation underlies the Cohansey Sand and together
] they act as a single hydrogeologic imit The thickness of this aquifer is highly ^ variable This aquifer is generally the shallowest but most important source of
groundwater in Cumberland County The Kirkwood Formation can be divided into jl four hydrogeologic units From oldest to youngest they are a basal clay a lower
water-bearing sand an intermediate clay and an upper water-bearing sand The Piney Point Formation underlies the Kirkwood Formation
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
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with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
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132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400019
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r-r bull Section 2 ^ ^ Development of Remedial Action Objectives
A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
I
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
2-2 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400020
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
2-3 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 1
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
i
222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
n
Li
ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
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Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
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Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
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Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
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physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Surface Soil Sample Locations
Mainleros Building 50 50 5
Figure 1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations
100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
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Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
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Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
r
(-] Section 1 Introduction
11 Site Description I The site is located at the former Iceland Coin Latmdry and Dry Cleaning facility at
1888 South Delsea Drive in the City of Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey- The study area which covers approximately 15 acres consists of the former facility and the associated contaminated groundwater plume to the southsouthwest of the
facility The contaminated groundwater plume area encompasses South Delsea rrgt Drive Dirk Drive Garrison Road Lois Lane South Orchard Road West Elmer Road jM a n d West Korff Drive Potable wa te r wells wi th in 4 miles of the former facility serve
approximately 29000 people These wells d r a w water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey pi Aquifer System the aquifer of concem
fy
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12 Site History The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility property consists of a 1700 square-foot building and adjacent parking areas on approximately 14 acres A concrete pad is located in the northwest comer of the property behind the building The property is currently owned by Nicholas and Katherine Mainiero who began operating a retail appliance and jewelry store in early October 1997 To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a home adjacent to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an automotive repair shop and a New
U3 Jersey Depar tment of Transportat ion (NJDOT) facility
The former Iceland Coin Lavmdry and Dry Cleaning facility has been utilized for numerous purposes beginning with the Vineland Fruit and Poultry Farms Association prior to 1930 through 1953 According to Anthony Chinnici former
f|j| owner of the property an ice skating rink was present in the building from 1955 untiL 10 1965 The building w as then leased in succession to an unknovy^n party for teenage
dances to Royal Crown Beverages for storage and to Owen-Illinois for storage Mr up Chinnici sold the building in 1972 Since 1972 the building has been solely utilized Lj for retail and storage operations
Jrl From approximately 1953 until at least 1971 Mr Chirmid operated the Iceland Coinr ily Laimdry and Dry Cleaning facility Four coin-operated dry cleaning units of eight
poimd capacity were present in the laundromat each using four gallons of (T tetrachloroethene (PCE) (a batch system) It is not known how often the PCE-was^ m refilled No wastesludge was reportedly generated since the PCE evaporated The
lint filters from the dry cleaning units were allegedly burned outside in the back of fe the building (a common practice at that time) City of Vineland Department of Healtht uU plumbing records from 1962 and 1963 illustiate septic system designs for the Iceland^
Skating Rink and the Iceland Laiindry facilities The records indicate that two 14-foot-11 deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot field drain between the pits were used^in li) 1962 According to Mr Chinnici the cesspools were located in the front of the
building Septic system design drawings from 1963 indicate that the effluent from-the sites 10 washers discharged to a septic tank continued through a 100-foot field-draire
iSiJ and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel It is not known when use of this system ceased
CDM ^2 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400 0 0 6
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Section 1 Introduction
Anastasi Carpets renovated the building when they began operations in 1972 Additionally according to the owners of Buena Plumbing the only system utilized on the property prior to their connection to the sanitary sewer in 1986 was a septic tank (not the same tank as described above) for the disposal of sanitary waste The septic tank was located partially under the south side of the building in the same area where the current sewer line exits the building
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I bull A January 251994 New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Division of -^ Law memorandum indicates that a diesel andor gasoline pump may have been
located near the southwest comer of the building However no records were found in j the files which were reviewed to confirm the presence of a pump and no evidence of
bull bull bull i i an underground storage tank (UST) was observed during New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) investigations
- On September 31987 the City of Vineland Health Department collected a potable well sample from 1276 Garrison Road (Block 905 Lot 6) due to the sale of the home
]| The sample was analyzed and trichloroethylene (TCE) was detected In August 1990 b another water sample was collected from 1276 Garrison Road and TCE and PCE
were detected A third sample was collected on October 251990 which confirmed j the presence of TCE and PCE The levels of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - exceeded both the State and Federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Based on
the analytical results the homeowner was advised to discontinue using the well water for cooking and drinking purposes
Subsequently the Vineland Health Department collected potable well samples from December 1990 to September 1991 from 55 residences located in the area of Garrison
Road and West Korff Drive Analytical results from these sampling activities revealed volatile organic compounds arid mercury contamination above federal and New Jersey MCLs in 21 of the 55 water well samples The primary contaminants were PCE TCE 12-dichloroethene (12-DCE) and mercury The well with the detected concentration of mercury was subsequently resampled and mercury was not detected In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed point-of-entry treatment (POET) units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994 the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the area
The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in October 1999 EPA is the lead agency for the site and has primary responsibility for conducting remedial actions
13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology The site is located within the New Jersey Coastal Plain Physiographic Province A history of coastal submergence and emergence spanning the Cretaceous Period and Cenozoic Era is reflected in the present day geology of the New Jersey Coastal Plain
CDM 13 P 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 0 0 7 i$ bull
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Section 1 Introduction
The Coastal Plain geology is composed of a mega-sequence within a seaward (eastward)-thickening wedge of unconsolidated sediments which ranges in thickness from zero feet on the northwestern margin of the Coastal Plain to more than 6000 feet at the Atlantic Ocean shoreline Underlying the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge and outcropping along the western margin of the Coastal Plain are similarly seaward-thickening unconsolidated Cretaceous age sedimentary units
Regionally the formation exposed at the surface on and around the project site are mapped by the New Jersey Geological Survey as the Cohansey Sand (TcH) Formation The sand also contains many lenses of silt and clay of varying lateral
Iij extent The clay and silt layers typically foimd within this imit were encotmtered on site and may act as local confining units (Roy F Weston 1999) As implied by the regions general geology the geometry of sedimentary units within the Coastal Plain varies greatly with significant hydrogeologic implications Sandy deposits laid do-vyn from a fluvial setting may act as regionally or locally important water-bearing zones or aquifers In contrast clay deposits which occur in a lo-w-energy marine environment may create laterally continuous beds that drape over sand sheets and channel deposits Along the fringes of these clay beds however the clay may intermix with the surrounding deposits
The principal aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain are the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer the Englishto-wn aquifer system and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system There are also many minor water-bearing zones locally (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Cohansey sand of late Tertiary age is primarily a well-stratified thin bedded fine- to coarse-grained quartz sand The Kirkwood Formation is a massive-bedded silty fine-grained quartz sand The contact between the two units is very difficult to
^ determine in the field Generally the differences between the two formations is the amount of gravel and ihnenite The Cohansey contains more and larger gravel than
the Kirkwood The ilmenite in the Cohansey is medium to coarse grained and ^ subrounded whereas the ilmenite in the Kirkwood is very fine-grained and platy ^ (Owens 1962)
^ The Cohansey Sand generally consists of medium- to coarse-grained sand with some clay and silt The Kirkwood Formation underlies the Cohansey Sand and together
] they act as a single hydrogeologic imit The thickness of this aquifer is highly ^ variable This aquifer is generally the shallowest but most important source of
groundwater in Cumberland County The Kirkwood Formation can be divided into jl four hydrogeologic units From oldest to youngest they are a basal clay a lower
water-bearing sand an intermediate clay and an upper water-bearing sand The Piney Point Formation underlies the Kirkwood Formation
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
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with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
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132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
2-3 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 1
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
i
222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
2-4
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
(if
23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
m
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rm
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
tiii
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
3-2
f j
Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
5-1 4 0 0 0 3 1
TABLES
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400032
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
n
Li
ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
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3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
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physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
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Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
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Section 1 Introduction
Anastasi Carpets renovated the building when they began operations in 1972 Additionally according to the owners of Buena Plumbing the only system utilized on the property prior to their connection to the sanitary sewer in 1986 was a septic tank (not the same tank as described above) for the disposal of sanitary waste The septic tank was located partially under the south side of the building in the same area where the current sewer line exits the building
bull^-bullbull7-
I bull A January 251994 New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Division of -^ Law memorandum indicates that a diesel andor gasoline pump may have been
located near the southwest comer of the building However no records were found in j the files which were reviewed to confirm the presence of a pump and no evidence of
bull bull bull i i an underground storage tank (UST) was observed during New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) investigations
- On September 31987 the City of Vineland Health Department collected a potable well sample from 1276 Garrison Road (Block 905 Lot 6) due to the sale of the home
]| The sample was analyzed and trichloroethylene (TCE) was detected In August 1990 b another water sample was collected from 1276 Garrison Road and TCE and PCE
were detected A third sample was collected on October 251990 which confirmed j the presence of TCE and PCE The levels of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - exceeded both the State and Federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Based on
the analytical results the homeowner was advised to discontinue using the well water for cooking and drinking purposes
Subsequently the Vineland Health Department collected potable well samples from December 1990 to September 1991 from 55 residences located in the area of Garrison
Road and West Korff Drive Analytical results from these sampling activities revealed volatile organic compounds arid mercury contamination above federal and New Jersey MCLs in 21 of the 55 water well samples The primary contaminants were PCE TCE 12-dichloroethene (12-DCE) and mercury The well with the detected concentration of mercury was subsequently resampled and mercury was not detected In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed point-of-entry treatment (POET) units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994 the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the area
The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in October 1999 EPA is the lead agency for the site and has primary responsibility for conducting remedial actions
13 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 131 Site-Specific Geology and Hydrogeology The site is located within the New Jersey Coastal Plain Physiographic Province A history of coastal submergence and emergence spanning the Cretaceous Period and Cenozoic Era is reflected in the present day geology of the New Jersey Coastal Plain
CDM 13 P 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 0 0 7 i$ bull
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Section 1 Introduction
The Coastal Plain geology is composed of a mega-sequence within a seaward (eastward)-thickening wedge of unconsolidated sediments which ranges in thickness from zero feet on the northwestern margin of the Coastal Plain to more than 6000 feet at the Atlantic Ocean shoreline Underlying the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge and outcropping along the western margin of the Coastal Plain are similarly seaward-thickening unconsolidated Cretaceous age sedimentary units
Regionally the formation exposed at the surface on and around the project site are mapped by the New Jersey Geological Survey as the Cohansey Sand (TcH) Formation The sand also contains many lenses of silt and clay of varying lateral
Iij extent The clay and silt layers typically foimd within this imit were encotmtered on site and may act as local confining units (Roy F Weston 1999) As implied by the regions general geology the geometry of sedimentary units within the Coastal Plain varies greatly with significant hydrogeologic implications Sandy deposits laid do-vyn from a fluvial setting may act as regionally or locally important water-bearing zones or aquifers In contrast clay deposits which occur in a lo-w-energy marine environment may create laterally continuous beds that drape over sand sheets and channel deposits Along the fringes of these clay beds however the clay may intermix with the surrounding deposits
The principal aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain are the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer the Englishto-wn aquifer system and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system There are also many minor water-bearing zones locally (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Cohansey sand of late Tertiary age is primarily a well-stratified thin bedded fine- to coarse-grained quartz sand The Kirkwood Formation is a massive-bedded silty fine-grained quartz sand The contact between the two units is very difficult to
^ determine in the field Generally the differences between the two formations is the amount of gravel and ihnenite The Cohansey contains more and larger gravel than
the Kirkwood The ilmenite in the Cohansey is medium to coarse grained and ^ subrounded whereas the ilmenite in the Kirkwood is very fine-grained and platy ^ (Owens 1962)
^ The Cohansey Sand generally consists of medium- to coarse-grained sand with some clay and silt The Kirkwood Formation underlies the Cohansey Sand and together
] they act as a single hydrogeologic imit The thickness of this aquifer is highly ^ variable This aquifer is generally the shallowest but most important source of
groundwater in Cumberland County The Kirkwood Formation can be divided into jl four hydrogeologic units From oldest to youngest they are a basal clay a lower
water-bearing sand an intermediate clay and an upper water-bearing sand The Piney Point Formation underlies the Kirkwood Formation
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
CDM^ 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
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132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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^ T ^ f ff^V~^-3Screening^df7tenaf f ^ i ^ ^ i ^ l Y ^ i ^
NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
3-2
f j
Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
i
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
0
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
5-1 4 0 0 0 3 1
TABLES
y i
400032
n
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L
Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
n
Li
ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
u
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
[ ]
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
M^^sm^^^^m^^^lW^^ ^^t^-^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ -^=t=^f- - - - = 1 ^ ^ - ^ - T f - j ^ - i ^ ^ ^ _~-Ks^ -^-ir^s6^-Ti2^ bull ~ ^ - t
4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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Surface Soil Sample Locations
Mainleros Building 50 50 5
Figure 1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations
100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
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EC-MP Survey Locations - Shallow
Mainieros Building 50 50 100
Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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400051
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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T - w V - - - V - ^ bullbullbull bull bull bull laquo bull bdquo bull bull bull bullbullbull bull
y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
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Section 1 Introduction
The Coastal Plain geology is composed of a mega-sequence within a seaward (eastward)-thickening wedge of unconsolidated sediments which ranges in thickness from zero feet on the northwestern margin of the Coastal Plain to more than 6000 feet at the Atlantic Ocean shoreline Underlying the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge and outcropping along the western margin of the Coastal Plain are similarly seaward-thickening unconsolidated Cretaceous age sedimentary units
Regionally the formation exposed at the surface on and around the project site are mapped by the New Jersey Geological Survey as the Cohansey Sand (TcH) Formation The sand also contains many lenses of silt and clay of varying lateral
Iij extent The clay and silt layers typically foimd within this imit were encotmtered on site and may act as local confining units (Roy F Weston 1999) As implied by the regions general geology the geometry of sedimentary units within the Coastal Plain varies greatly with significant hydrogeologic implications Sandy deposits laid do-vyn from a fluvial setting may act as regionally or locally important water-bearing zones or aquifers In contrast clay deposits which occur in a lo-w-energy marine environment may create laterally continuous beds that drape over sand sheets and channel deposits Along the fringes of these clay beds however the clay may intermix with the surrounding deposits
The principal aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain are the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer the Englishto-wn aquifer system and the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system There are also many minor water-bearing zones locally (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Cohansey sand of late Tertiary age is primarily a well-stratified thin bedded fine- to coarse-grained quartz sand The Kirkwood Formation is a massive-bedded silty fine-grained quartz sand The contact between the two units is very difficult to
^ determine in the field Generally the differences between the two formations is the amount of gravel and ihnenite The Cohansey contains more and larger gravel than
the Kirkwood The ilmenite in the Cohansey is medium to coarse grained and ^ subrounded whereas the ilmenite in the Kirkwood is very fine-grained and platy ^ (Owens 1962)
^ The Cohansey Sand generally consists of medium- to coarse-grained sand with some clay and silt The Kirkwood Formation underlies the Cohansey Sand and together
] they act as a single hydrogeologic imit The thickness of this aquifer is highly ^ variable This aquifer is generally the shallowest but most important source of
groundwater in Cumberland County The Kirkwood Formation can be divided into jl four hydrogeologic units From oldest to youngest they are a basal clay a lower
water-bearing sand an intermediate clay and an upper water-bearing sand The Piney Point Formation underlies the Kirkwood Formation
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
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[51 Section 1 li Introduction
with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
^
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bulltt
132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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Section 1 Introduction
aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 1 1
R- Section 1 i _ Introduction
building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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Section 1 Introduction
groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
Medll C
Soil
^ T ^ f ff^V~^-3Screening^df7tenaf f ^ i ^ ^ i ^ l Y ^ i ^
NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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Section 1 Introduction
benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
m
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comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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Section 1 Introduction
16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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Section 1 Introduction
In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
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CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
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I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
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A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
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^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
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Permeability of the least permeable layer between the ground surface and the aquifer of concem ranges from 000001 centimeters per second (10 cms) to 0001 (10 ) cmsec
The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is a major unconfined aquifer It consists of hydraulically connected sediments of the Kirkwood Formation Cohansey Sand Becon Hill Gravel Bridgeton Formation and the Pensauken Formation This system is confined by clays within the Cape May Formation in Cape May Coimty (Roy F Weston 1999)
The Kirkwood aquifer system is comprised of two quartz sand aquifers confined by thick silty clay units The upper aquifer is the Rio Grande water-bearing zone This aquifer is a thin unit within a thick diatomaceous clay bed The lower aquifer is the Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is a major aquifer along the coast (Roy F Weston 1999)
A large composite confining unit underlies the Atlantic City 800-foot sand separating it from the Wenonah-Mount Laurel Aquifer of the Upper Cretaceous This confining unit contains a few aquifer systems that are used locally including the Piney Point aquifer the Vincentown aquifer and the Red Bank sand These units are Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in age (RoyF Weston 1999)
A large proportion of groundwater withdrawal in the Coastal Plain is from shallower surficial aquifers mainly to supply private homes and industrial facilities Large scale public supply wells however frequently obtain their water from deeper aquifers According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1984) groundwater levels have declined steadily over the past century as over pumping of the aquifers depleted groimdwater supplies Such over pumping has also caused changes in regional groimdwater flow directions
The project area is underlain by the Cohansey Sand Formation This unit as well as the overlying soils is typically sandy highly permeable and low in organic matter and calcium carbonates Slopes in the area are low with surface elevations between 60 and 100 feet above mean sea level (amsl) Depths to groundwater ranged from approximately 3 to 40 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs) Potentiometric contours of piezometers and shallow intermediate and deep monitoring wells measured in December 2003 indicated the predominant groundwater flow direction is to the southwest Hydraulic gradients are generally downward across the site with the largest gradient observed in between shallow and intermediate wells The vertical gradients between the intermediate and deep wells are small and in some cases almost zero
As evidenced by hydraulic conductivity values continuous lithologic log results and the electric conductivity (EC) survey data collected during the RI the underlying hydrostiatigraphy to the depth investigated constitutes a single unconfined aquifer -The hydraulic conductivity values measured to depths of 98 ft bgs correspond well
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with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
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132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
2-4
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
3-2
f j
Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
5-1 4 0 0 0 3 1
TABLES
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400032
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
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Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
M^^sm^^^^m^^^lW^^ ^^t^-^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ -^=t=^f- - - - = 1 ^ ^ - ^ - T f - j ^ - i ^ ^ ^ _~-Ks^ -^-ir^s6^-Ti2^ bull ~ ^ - t
4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
Li
0
S
S
Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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n u
Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
I -
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uT CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400046 Page 1 of 1
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CDM
FIGURES
400047
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Surface Soil Sample Locations
Mainleros Building 50 50 5
Figure 1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations
100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
400048
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EC-MP Survey Locations - Shallow
Mainieros Building 50 50 100
Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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400051
- y V lt Z - f ^ - Ti^rf^^i - - i r y
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t I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
r^^f -
T - w V - - - V - ^ bullbullbull bull bull bull laquo bull bdquo bull bull bull bullbullbull bull
y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
U ) bull bull
[51 Section 1 li Introduction
with the lithologic log obtained from the deep soil boring and the EC surveys and b monitoring well soil boring logs supporting the interpretation that the subsurface ^ consists primarily of interfingered silt clay and sand near the ground surface and
fine to coarse sand with minor silt lenses and traces of fine gravel at depth
^
E-
^
bulltt
132 Surface Water Hydrology North of the former laundry building a drainage known as Parvin Branch flows toward the west and then toward the southwest where it joins the Maurice River approximately one and one-half miles from the site It is not known if surface discharges from the site migrated into the Parvin Branch It is also unknown if groundwater contaminated from the site discharges into the Parvin Branch
No surface water sampling was conducted in conjunction with the site investigations The primary area of concem is located below the ground surface and no surface water
migration pathway was reported during previous NJDEP investigations The inactive fci cesspools from w^hich a release is suspected to have occurred are located subsurface
under pavement The bum area is located in an unpaved area Contaminants in this area were detected at depths between six and nine feet bgs Onsite soil would promote infiltration rather than runoff of precipitation
There are no surface water drinking water intakes within 15 miles downstream of the site Documentation indicates that the Maurice River 19 miles from the site is heavily used for recreational fishing Documentation also states that Union Lake located approximately three miles downstream of the site is fished for largemouth
~ bass catfish pickerel carp and sunfish The Maurice River is used for boating and m fishing A 1992 NJDEP Division of Fish Game and Wildlife listing of fish stocked
waters in New Jersey indicates the Maurice River is stocked with brook trout and r^ Union Lake is stocked with channel catfish
fi 133 Population and Land Use
p^ The former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is located in a III commercialresidential area of the City of Vineland Cumberland County New
Jersey Since 1997 the facility has been solely utilized as a retail appliance and jewelry 0-S Store To the west of the site is a trailer park to the south is a residential lot adjacent (P to the north is a used auto lot and to the east is vacant property once used as an
automotive repair shop and a NJDOT facility
1 Ij To the southwest of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility is a
residential community in the direct line of the groundwater flow Within this 1 community PCE contamination in groundwater was documented in 16 residential |fi wells which served approximately 44 people During 1994 the City of Vineland
Water Department extended public water throughout the affected area gl Drinking water within the sites four mile radius is derived from public supply wells
and private wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system which is the aquifer of concem Potable wells within four miles of the site and drawing from the
1-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd
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51
^
Section 1 Introduction
aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
M
m
- bull 1-7
139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 1 1
R- Section 1 i _ Introduction
building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
i j
o-
1
0
i
i
The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 0 1 2
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Section 1 Introduction
groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
Medll C
Soil
^ T ^ f ff^V~^-3Screening^df7tenaf f ^ i ^ ^ i ^ l Y ^ i ^
NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd-
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Section 1 Introduction
benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
m
CDM 1-10 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Section 1 Introduction
comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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Section 1 Introduction
16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
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CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
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I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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T - w V - - - V - ^ bullbullbull bull bull bull laquo bull bdquo bull bull bull bullbullbull bull
y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
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aquifer of concem serve an approximate population of 29000 people Private well populations were obtained by contacting residents to obtain the number of people utilizing the well at the time of closure In cases where private well populations for homes could not be obtained 1990 US Census data (ie average persons per household in Cumberland County) were used
14 Site Investigations 141 Previous Investigations Historical records show that PCE was used at the Iceland Coin Laundry from 1953 to at least 1971 Former contaminant source areas include four 8-pound coin-operated dry cleaning units each using 4 gallons of PCE two 14-foot deep seepage pitscesspools with a 40-foot drain field and an underground septic tank which continued through a field drain and terminated at a 4-foot diameter receptor vessel Historical records do not document the amounts of waste PCE disposed
Since 1987 PCE TCE and cis-l2-DCE have been detected in groundwater samples collected as part of several previous investigations conducted at the site Detected concentrations are as follows
bull 19871276 Garrison Road - TCE was detected at 8 MgL bull 19901276 Garrison Road - TCE PCE and 12-DCE were detected at levels
exceeding both State and Federal MCLs bull December 1990-September 1991 55 residences along Garrison Road and West
Korff Drive - VOCs primarily PCE TCE and 12-DCE were detected above M State and Federal MCLs in 21 of the residences Mercury was found in one lli weU but then not detected when that wellwas re-sampled
(Wt In November 1991 as a result of the private well contamination the NJDEP installed llJj POET units at the affected residences as a temporary remedial measure In July 1994
the Vineland City Water Department extended public water hook-ups through the [ area
On November 12 through151991 the NJDEP Bureau of Environmental | l | Measurements and Quality Assurance (BEMQA) conducted a soil gas survey in the ill general area of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility Forty-one
samples were collected at depths of 6 to 9 ft bgs and analyzed for PCE TCE 111 fl trichloroethane (111-TCA) and 12-DCE PCE was detected in the soil gas samples M collected predominantiy in the northwest comer of the property The highest
concentration of PCE (40675igL) was detected in a sample behind the former amp Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility against the fence near the building 1 TCEwas also detected at 1166 xgL in a soil gas sample collected in the northwest
_ comeEof theproperty 5483 igL of TCE was detected in a sample collected on j|Ij South Delsea Drive in front of the used automobile lot TCE contamination was ii) locatediin areas with high levels of PCE This may be due to the fact that TCE is a
breakdown product of PCEr-From these results BEMQA concluded that a potential source of contamination was located at the northwest comer of the
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building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
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groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
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^ T ^ f ff^V~^-3Screening^df7tenaf f ^ i ^ ^ i ^ l Y ^ i ^
NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
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benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
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comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
3-2
f j
Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
5-1 4 0 0 0 3 1
TABLES
y i
400032
n
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L
Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
n
Li
ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
[ ]
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
M^^sm^^^^m^^^lW^^ ^^t^-^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ -^=t=^f- - - - = 1 ^ ^ - ^ - T f - j ^ - i ^ ^ ^ _~-Ks^ -^-ir^s6^-Ti2^ bull ~ ^ - t
4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
Li
0
S
S
Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
I -
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uT CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400046 Page 1 of 1
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400047
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Surface Soil Sample Locations
Mainleros Building 50 50 5
Figure 1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations
100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
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EC-MP Survey Locations - Shallow
Mainieros Building 50 50 100
Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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400051
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^gtNS
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t I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
r^^f -
T - w V - - - V - ^ bullbullbull bull bull bull laquo bull bdquo bull bull bull bullbullbull bull
y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
R- Section 1 i _ Introduction
building or the southwest comer of the used auto lot An additional source of 11 contamination may exist near probe 15 at South Delsea Drive
Soil samples were collected by the NJDEP Bureau of Field Operations Site (] Assessment Section on August 311993 These eight locations were identified in the t j soil gas survey as displaying high readings of TCE and PCE The results of this
sampling showed no VOCs and no semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) or bull pesticides above the Soil Cleanup Criteria (SCC)
_ In 1995 and 1996 NJDEP conducted an expanded site investigation (ESI) at the site This investigation consisted of three sampling events for subsurface soil and groundwater The first sampling event occurred on November 161995 and consisted of three soil samples and seven groundwater samples collected by the NJDEP BEMQA Environmental Measurements and Site Assessment Section (EMSA) Soil
-J sample results were below NJDEP screening criteria but PCE was detected above background levels
SiJ The second NJDEP sampling event occurred between May 13 and May 301996 The NJDEP BEMQA and representatives of the New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS)
[ collected 27 groundwater samples from 6 locations on and around the former Iceland y Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility The samples were collected utilizing a
hollow-stem auger drill rig and hydropunch system at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs The samples were analyzed in the field for PCE and TCE using portable gas chromatography instrumentation Samples were also analyzed for VOCs at an off-site laboratory PCE and TCE were detected above NJ Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) and 12-DCE was detected above background levels
i j
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The third NJDEP samplingevent occurred on November 1314 and 151996 The NJDEP BEMQA colleeted17 groundwater samples at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet bgs via small diameter direct push points utilizing a Geoprobe^^ Samples were collected for both off-site laboratory analysis and in-field portable gas chromatography analysis PCE and TCE were detected above NJ GWQS
142 EPA RemediaiLInvestigation ^ CDM received the Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility work assigrmient on September 27 2002 CDM completed RI field investigation at the site from June 2002 through December 172003 CDMs field program included surface geophysical surveys surface soil sampling membrane interface probe (MIP)EC soil characterization subsurface soil sampling MIPEC groundwater characterization discrete-depth direct push technology (DPT) groundwater sampling monitoring well and piezometer installation groundwater sampling residential well sampling and topographic and cultural resource surveys Sample locations for the RI field investigation are illustrated on Figures 1-1 through 1-5
15 Nature and^EMeitt-apound Contamination To focus the evaluation of the nature and extent of contamination in soil and
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 0 1 2
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Section 1 Introduction
groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
Medll C
Soil
^ T ^ f ff^V~^-3Screening^df7tenaf f ^ i ^ ^ i ^ l Y ^ i ^
NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd-
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Section 1 Introduction
benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
m
CDM 1-10 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Section 1 Introduction
comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
1-11 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400015
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Section 1 Introduction
16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40001 fi
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Section 1 Introduction
In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 1 7
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400019
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r-r bull Section 2 ^ ^ Development of Remedial Action Objectives
A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
2-2 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400020
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
2-3 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 1
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
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Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
n Ll
Q n
0 n 0 n Q
0 -
s 0
Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
Li
0
S
S
Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
n
n
r-u
n u
Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
I -
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uT CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400046 Page 1 of 1
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FIGURES
400047
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Surface Soil Sample Locations
Mainleros Building 50 50 5
Figure 1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations
100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
400048
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Mainieros Building 50 50 100
Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
S
400051
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
r^^f -
T - w V - - - V - ^ bullbullbull bull bull bull laquo bull bdquo bull bull bull bullbullbull bull
y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
Section 1 Introduction
groundwater several indicator contaminants (ICs) were identified To select the site ICs CDM reviewed the analytical data collected during the RI evaluated the spatial distribution of contamination (focusing on groundwater) and reviewed the historical activities at the site Based on these evaluations CDM selected the following contaminants as indicators representative of site-related contamination PCE TCE cis-l2-DCE trans-l2-DCE and vinyl chloride
Screening criteria were selected to evaluate contaminants detected in various media at the site Whenever possible established regulatory criteria known as chemical-specific applicable or relevant and applicable relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were selected In the absence of ARARs non-enforceable regulatory guidance values known as to be considered (TBC) were selected The evaluated screening criteria by media type are shown below The most stiingent criteria were selected for screening the site data
Medll C
Soil
^ T ^ f ff^V~^-3Screening^df7tenaf f ^ i ^ ^ i ^ l Y ^ i ^
NJDEP Residential Direct Contact Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299)-TBC NJDEP Impact to Groundwater Soil Cleanup Criteria (Last Revised 51299) - TBC (httpwwwstatenjusdepsrpregssccscc_0599pdf)
Groundwater EPA National Primary Drinking Water Standards (httpwwwepaqovoqwdwOOOmclhtml) EPA816-F-03-016 June 2003 - ARAR NJDEP Primary Drinking Water Standards January 2002 (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatersupplystandardhtm) - ARAR NJDEP Groundwater Quality Criteria - Class 2A Groundwater (httpwwwstatenjusdepwatershedmgtis_texthtm) - ARAR
CDM also included background values in soil and groundwater screening criteria These values were used for comparison with surface soil samples collected during the RI field activities The background concentrations for groundwater were obtained from the maximum concentration detected in upgradient monitoring wells MW-OIS MW-OIL and MW-OID in June 2003 andDecember 2003 where low-flow sampling was conducted
if
151 Soil Contamination No ICs were detected in the 5 onsite subsurface soil samples or in the 13 surface soil samples at levels above screening criteria However PCE was detected below screening criteria in 2 surface soil sample locations SS-06 (50 micrograms per kilogram [igkg]) and SS-09 (29 igkg) PCEwas also detected below screening criteria in subsurface soil sample locationSB-03-02 (34 jUgkg)
SVOCs were detected in SS-10 and SS-01 located on the northern and eastem side respectively of the former facility Four of the SVOCs detected in SS-10 (benzo(a)anthracene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene and
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd-
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Section 1 Introduction
benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
m
CDM 1-10 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 1 4
I-
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m
Section 1 Introduction
comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
1-11 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400015
sectbull
liLJ
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Section 1 Introduction
16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40001 fi
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fS
Section 1 Introduction
In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 1 7
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
fa
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CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400019
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r-r bull Section 2 ^ ^ Development of Remedial Action Objectives
A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
I
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
2-2 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400020
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
2-3 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 1
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
i
222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
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TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
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Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
n
Li
ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
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Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
Q
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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S
Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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uT CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400046 Page 1 of 1
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CDM
FIGURES
400047
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Surface Soil Sample Locations
Mainleros Building 50 50 5
Figure 1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations
100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
400048
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EC-MP Survey Locations - Shallow
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Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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400051
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
r^^f -
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y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
Section 1 Introduction
benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded screening criteria No other VOCs SVOCs lgti pesticidespoly chorinated biphenols (PCBs) or inorganics were detected in any of -- the surface or subsurface soil samples at levels above screening criteria
|F| The soil data combined with an evaluation of the geophysical survey conducted ^^- onsite as part of the RI field investigation suggests that a contaminant source does
not remain within the unsaturated soil zone Si
152 Groundwater Contamination rp-j Site-related IC concentiations that exceed the screening criteria are PCE TCE and cis-I j 12-DCE The extent of the PCE and TCE plumes are shown on Figures 1-6 and 1^7
Ehiring the DPT screening program PCE was detected at concentiations that ^ exceeded its regulatory standard in 15 of 62 samples collected from 9 locations The bull highest PCE concentration of 230 ^gL was detected in sample GS-05-047 (depth is 47 ~ ft bgs) collected about 1300 feet hydraulically downgradient (southwest) of the rj former facility The concentration of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey i Drinking Water Quality Standard by 230 times This is also the highest regulatory standard exceedance of any contaminant in any sample collected during the f screening program The subsurface distribution of PCE indicates that the core of the M plurhe has migrated hydraulically downgradient from the source area over time and
that residual contamination remains in and around the source area
The groundwater screening sample collected farthest hydraulically downgradient that exceeds screening criteria is GS-09-091 (91 feet bgs) collected along South Orchard Road The 6 tigL concentiation of PCE in this sample exceeds the New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Standard by 6 times Although regulatory standards were not exceeded in the most downgradient location GS- 13 PCE was detected at 046 xgL in the deepest sample collected at about 100 feet bgs
PCE also extends to a greater depth than was sampled during the DPT screening program Sample location GS-06 had a PCE concentiation of 67 igL at the maximum sample depth of 90 feet bgs and sample location GS-07 had a PCE concentiation of 068xgL at the maximum sample depth of 120 feet bgs Both of these locations are along the axis within the region of the groundwater contaminant plume that has migrated to the deepest extent in the aquifer
During the DPT screening program TCE was detected at concentrations that exceeded its regulatory standard in 4 of 62 samples collected from 4 locations The TCE plume is similar in shape but smaller than the PCE plume The highest PCE (230 xgL) and TCE concentrations (74 xgL) were detected in sample GS-05-047 (47 ft bgs) This sample was collected at the water table near the southeast comer of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility
The chemical cis-l2-DCE was detected at 76 xgL a concentration that exceeded its regulatory standard of 70 xgL in only 1 of 62 samples The exceedance was detected in sample GS-02-018 (18 ft bgs) collected at the water table near the southeast
m
CDM 1-10 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 1 4
I-
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m
Section 1 Introduction
comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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Section 1 Introduction
16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
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CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
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I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
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Section 1 Introduction
comer in front of the former Iceland Coin Laundry and Dry Cleaning facility As with the TCE groundwater contaminant plume the cis-l2-DCE plume is a geometric subset of the PCE plume
The discrete-depth groundwater sample data indicates the contaminant plume dives deeper as it progresses hydraulically downgradient indicating the presence of both a lateral and a downward-directed groundwater gradient in the vicinity of the site and downgradient areas As indicated by the EC survey results the aquifer is primarily composed of fine to coarse sand which facilitates the lateral and vertical migration of the contaminant plume There is a marked absence of silty clay and clay in the deeper range of the aquifer that if present would inhibit downward contaminant migration
During the monitoring well sampling program round 1 and round 2 TCE and PCE were detected in monitoring wells at levels above screening criteria during both sampling rounds All TCE and PCE exceedances occurred in 5 of the 12 monitoring well clusters These clusters (MW-2 MW-3 MW-4 MW-7 and MW-11) are generally situated along the axis of the plume with well cluster identification numbers increasing to the southw^est away from the source area (MW-2 is within the source area whereas MW-11 is the furthest downgradient well cluster) Within these well clusters exceedances were detected in shallow wells closer to the source area and in intermediate wells further downgradient No exceedances were detected in wells completed in the deep zone of the aquifer
Concentiations in individual clusters tended to change from the first sampling round in June 2003 to the second sampling round in December 2003 Concentiations ki shallow weUsin the northeast half of the plume tended to decrease whereas concentrations in intermediate wells in the southwest (downgradient) half of the plume tended to increase slightly or remain the same June 2003 samples detected PCE in shallow monitoring wells MW-02S (5 xgL) MW-03S (53 xgL) and MW-07S (21 xgL) TCE was detected in MW-07S at 16 xgL Round 2 sampling results in December 2003 indicate that PCE concentiations decreased in MW-02S and MW-07S and that concentiations in MW-03S were similar TCE concentrations in MW-07S decreased from 16 xgL to below detection limits In contiast concentiations generally increased slightly in intermediate wells MW-03L MW-04I MW-07I and MW-llI from June to December 2003 Of particular note are concentiations within MW-llI which is in the most downgradient weU cluster TCE levels in MW-llI rose slightly from 17 xgL to 26 xgL and PCE levels rose from 10 xgL to 14 xgL
One site-related VOC was present in the residential well on South Orchard Road situated near the northern boundary of the plume north of the MW-06 cluster PCE was detected at 49 xgL during Round 1 and 34 xgL during Round 2 These levels are below the Federal MCL of 5 xgL but above the NJGWQS of 1 xgL No VOCs were detected above screening criteria in the residential well on Garrison Road located east of the MW-08 cluster south of the plume
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Section 1 Introduction
16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
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offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
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option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
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CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
5-1 4 0 0 0 3 1
TABLES
y i
400032
n
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
[ ]
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
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physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
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Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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T - w V - - - V - ^ bullbullbull bull bull bull laquo bull bdquo bull bull bull bullbullbull bull
y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
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Section 1 Introduction
16 Risk Characterization As part of the RIFS work assignment CDM developed an HHRA to characterize the exposure setting and receptor characteristics on and adjacenbto the Site The HHRA identified the potential exposure pathways by which identified populations may be exposed Exposure pathways were identified based on considerations of the sources and locations of contaminants on the site the likely environmental fate of the contaminants and the location and activities of the potentially exposed populations The HHRA identified exposure points and routes of exposure for each exposure pathway as well as assumptions regarding receptor characteristics and behavior (eg body weight ingestion rate exposure frequency) The HHRA also identified chemicals of potential concem (COPCs) for each medium exposure point concentrations and toxicity values Finally the HHRA characterized potential carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with each complete exposure pathway
m 161 Risk Assessment Approach (X In the HHRA developed for the site contaminants in various media at the site were
quantitatively evaluated for potential health impacts to the following receptors
Onsite Area bull CurrentFuture Site Visitors bull CurrentFuture Site Workers bull Future Residents bull Future Construction Workers
Offsite Area bull CurrentFuture Residents
j lj The estimates of carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hiealth hazard and the greatest chemical contributors to these estimates were identified COPCs were
1-] selected based on criteria outlined in the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund ^ (RAGS) (EPA 1989) primarily through comparison to risk-based screening levels
The COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment were primarily volatile organic and (y inorganic compounds Table 1-1 provides a list of chemicals-selected as COPCs
Exposure routes and human receptor groups were identified and quantitative ^( estimates of the magnitude frequency and duration ofexposurewere made iJ Exposure points were estimated using the minimum of the95percent upper
confidence limit (UCL) and the maximum detected conceritiation Chronic daily |J| intakes were calculated based on the highest reasonable expected maximum exposure iJ (RME) to occur at the site The intent is to estimate a conservative exposure case that
is still within the range of possible exposures Cential tendency (CT) exposure ^ assumptions which reflect more typical exposures were also developed
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Section 1 Introduction
In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 1 7
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
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A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
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bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
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CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
Page 1of 1 4 0 0 0 3 3
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
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I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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i CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
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FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
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Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
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Section 1 Introduction
In the toxicity assessment current toxicological human health data (ie reference doses and slope factors) were obtained from various sources and wereutiKzed as specified by EPA guidance
Risk characterization involved integrating the exposure and toxicity assessments-into quantitative expressions of riskshealth effects Specifically chronic daily intakes were compared with concentrations know or suspected to present health risks or hazards
In general the EPA recommends target values or ranges (ie carcinogenic risk of r 1x10 to 1x10 or a hazard index of one) as threshold values for potential human -J impacts (EPA 1989) These target values aid in determining whether additional
response action is necessary at the site
^ 162 Summary of Site Risks ^ 1621 Current Future Land-Use Scenario v_ Under the RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite adolescent
visitors (2x10 ) and off-site residential adults (3x10^) were within EPA carcinogenic pi target range of 1x10 to 1x10 Carcinogenic risks to onsite workers (1x10) were at j y the upper end of the EPA target range The results indicate that the potential for
these populations to develop cancer while exposed to the site contaminants would not likely occur
The non-carcinogenic health hazard index (HI) to onsite visitors (001) and offsite residential adults (03) and children (07) were below EPA threshold of unity HI to onsite workers was one with all hazard indices of target organs below one These hazard indices indicate that site contaminants would not cause any adverse health effects to onsite visitors and workers
1622 Future Land-Use Scenario Using RME assumptions estimated carcinogenic risks to construction workers (8x10 ) were well below the EPA target range of 1x10 to 1x10 However estimated carcinogenic risks to onsite residential adults (8x10) and children (6x10) exceeded the EPA target range Using CT exposure assumptions the carcinogenic risksTtcr-both residential adults and children were reduced to half but still exceeded the EPA target range Almost all of the risks are due to ingestion of PCE and TCE in groundwater
Using RME assumptions estimated non-carcinogenic health hazard indicestoonsite residential adults (lil=6) and children (HI=30) exceeded the EPA threshold of one Using CT exposure assumptions the hazard indices still exceeded the thresholdof one for residential adult (HI=3) and children (HI=7) Mercury in groundwateris the major driver for the noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential adultsi However mercury is not a site-related contaminant In addition to mercuryin groundwater PCE and TCE two ICs in groundwater are also drivers for-noncarcinogenic health hazard to onsite residential children
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 1 7
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Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
fa
ffbull ^
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CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400019
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r-r bull Section 2 ^ ^ Development of Remedial Action Objectives
A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
I
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
2-2 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400020
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
(if
23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
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Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
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TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
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Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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Li
ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
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Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
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3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
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physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
1
Section 1 Introduction
It should be noted that as in any risk assessment the estimates of potential health threats for the site have associated uncertainties In general the main areas of uncertainty include
bull environmental data bull exposure parameter assumptions bull toxicological data bull risk characterization
As a result of the uncertainties the risk assessment should not be construed as presenting absolute risks or hazards but rather as a conservative analysis to indicate the potential for adverse impacts to occur based on reasonable maximum and cential tendency exposures
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CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400019
2-1
r-r bull Section 2 ^ ^ Development of Remedial Action Objectives
A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
I
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The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
2-2 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400020
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
2-3 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 1
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
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222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
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1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
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Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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uT CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400046 Page 1 of 1
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400047
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100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
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Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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400051
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP) define remedial action objectives (RAOs) that are applicable to all Superfund sites They relate to the statutory requirements for the development of remedial actions Site-specific RAOs relate to potential exposure routes and specific contaminated media such as groundwater and are used to identify target areas of remediation and contaminant concentiations They require an understanding of the contaminants in their respective media and are based upon the evaluation of risk to human health and the environment protection of groundwater information gathered during the RI applicable guidance documents and federal and state Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) RAOs are as specific as possible without unduly limiting the range of alternatives that can be developed for detailed evaluation
The following subsections present Contaminants of Concem (COCs) and Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) and development of RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site This TM will assist EPA and the NJDEP in reviewing the RAOs to facilitate preparation of the FS Report
21 Remedial Action Objectives The risk assessment identified COPCs for both soil and groundwater however the
TJj soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly 0 to site risk levels Additionally no ICs occurred above screening criteria in soils
The risk assessment concluded that nearly all of the site risk is being driven by the f presence of PCE and TCE in groundwater indicating the most significant site impact [J has been on groundwater As a result soil RAOs were not developed for the site
f As described in Section 1 of this report PCE and TCE contamination was detected in i^i^ groundwater at the site The recommended RAOs for the Iceland Coin Laundry site
are as follow
Groundwater
[sn bull prevent ingestion of and dermal contact with groundwater having concentiations S|j| in excess of PRGs
||j bull restore the groundwater aquifer system to the PRGs
Several metals were also identified as groundwater COPCs and exceeded ARAR ( concentrations however groundwater remediation of metals is not considered to be l] necessary because metals are not related to past site activities and do not drive site
risk Metals concentrations can be monitored during the remedial action period If
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400019
2-1
r-r bull Section 2 ^ ^ Development of Remedial Action Objectives
A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
I
bull
(I
m
The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
2-2 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400020
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
2-3 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 1
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
i
222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
2-4
n
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
3-2
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
5-1 4 0 0 0 3 1
TABLES
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400032
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
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Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
Li
0
S
S
Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
I -
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uT CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400046 Page 1 of 1
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400047
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Figure 1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations
100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
400048
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EC-MP Survey Locations - Shallow
Mainieros Building 50 50 100
Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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400051
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
r^^f -
T - w V - - - V - ^ bullbullbull bull bull bull laquo bull bdquo bull bull bull bullbullbull bull
y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
r-r bull Section 2 ^ ^ Development of Remedial Action Objectives
A ^ ^ monitoring results indicate that metal contamination poses an unacceptable risk to
j I human health remediation of metals can be evaluated
f 22 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate li) Requirements
As required under Section 121 of the CERCLA remedial actions carried out under (^ Section 104 or secured under Section 106 must be protective of human health and the 11 environment and attain the levels or standards of control for hazardous substances
pollutants or contaminants specified by the ARARs of federal environmental laws j^ and state environmental and facihty siting laws unless waivers are obtained L-j According to EPA guidance remedial actions also must take into account
nonpromulgated to be considered criteria or guidelines if the ARARs do not Ij address a particular situation i-i
The requirement that ARARs be identified and complied with and the development [ and implementation of remedial actions is found in Section 121(d)(2) of CERCLA k (United States Code [USC] Section 9621(d)(2)) Section 121(d)(2) requires that for any
hazardous substance remaining onsite all federal and state environmental and fTl facility siting standards requirements criteria or lurdtations shall be met at the It) completion of the remedial action to the degree that those requirements are legally
applicable or appropriate and relevant under the circumstances present at the site
I
bull
(I
m
The degree to which these environmental and facility siting requirements must be met varies depending on the applicability of the requirements Applicable requirements must be met to the full extent required by law CERCLA provides that permits are not required when a response action is taken onsite The NCP defines the term onsite as the areal extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for the implementation of the response action (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 3005) Although permits are not required the substance of the applicable permits must be met On the other hand only the relevant and appropriate portions of non-appUcable requirements must be achieved and only to the degree that they are substantive rather than administrative in nature
221 Definition of ARARs A requirement under CERCLA as amended may be either applicable or relevant and appropriate to a site-specific remedial action but not both The distinction is critical to understanding the constraints imposed on remedial alternatives by environmental regulations other than CERCLA
Applicable Requirements
Applicable requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of contiol and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated under federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically
2-2 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 400020
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
2-3 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 1
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
i
222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
2-4
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
(if
23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
m
m
m
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rm
m
2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
^
i
Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
tiii
i
Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
3-2
f j
Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
5-1 4 0 0 0 3 1
TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
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Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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400047
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Surface Soil Sample Locations
Mainleros Building 50 50 5
Figure 1-1 Surface Soil Sampling Locations
100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
400048
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Mainieros Building 50 50 100
Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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400051
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
address a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely maimer and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable Applicable requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 - Definitions
Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Relevant and appropriate requirements pertain to those cleanup standards standards of control and other substantive requirements criteria or limitations promulgated tmder federal environmental state environmental or facility siting laws that while not applicable to a hazardous substance pollutant contaminant remedial action location or other circumstance at a CERCLA site per se address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well-suited to the particular site Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate Relevant and appropriate requirements are defined in the NCP at 40 CFR 3005 ~ Definitions
Other Requirements To Be Considered
These requirements pertain to federal and state criteria advisories guidelines or proposed standards that are not generally enforceable but are advisory and that do not have the status of potential ARARs Guidance documents or advisories to be considered in determining the necessary level of remediation for protection of human health or the environment may be used where no specific ARARs exist for a chemical or situation or where such ARARs are not sufficient to be protective
Waivers
Superfund specifies situations under which the ARARs may be waived (40 CFR 300430 Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study (f) Selection of Remedy) The situations eligible for waivers include
bull the alternative is an interim measure and will become part of a total remedial action that will attain the applicable or relevant and appropriate federal or state requirement
bull compliance with the requirement will result in greater risk to human health and the environment than other alternatives
bull compliance with the requirement is technically impracticable from an engineering perspective
2-3 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 1
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
i
222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
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Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
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23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
lis
CDM
the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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Li
ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
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Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
C Z J LZ3
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 9 Page 3 of 3
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
Q
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
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Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
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Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
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400046 Page 1 of 1
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Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
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Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
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400051
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
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reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
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^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
_ bull the alternative will attain a standard of performance that is equivalent to that n required under the otherwise applicable standard requirement or limitation
through use of another method or approach
rp bull with respect to a state requirement the state has not consistently applied or ty demonstiated the intention to consistently apply the promulgated requirement in
similar circumstances at other remedial actions within the state
i- bull for Fund-financed response actions only an alternative that attains the ARAR will not provide a balance between the need for protection of human health and the
] environment at the site and the availability of Fund monies to respond to other t J sites that may present a threat to human health and the environment
(^ Where remedial actions are selected that do not attain ARARs the lead agency must LJ publish an explanation in terms of these waivers It should be noted that the fund
balancing waiver only applies to Superfund-financed remedial actions
ii- ARARs apply to actions or conditions located onsite and offsite Onsite actions implemented under CERCLA are exempt from administrative requirements of federal and state regulations(such as permits) as long as the substantive requirements of the ARARs are met Offsite actions are subject to the full requirements of the applicable standards or regulations (including all administiative and procedural requirements)
Based on the CERCLA statutory requirements the remedial actions developed in this FS will be analyzed for compliance with federal and state environmental regulations This process involves the initial identification of potential requirements the evaluation of the potential requirements for applicability or relevance and appropriateness and finally a determination of the ability of the remedial alternatives to achieve the ARARs
(1
i
222 Identification of ARARs Three classifications of requirements are defined by EPA in the ARAR determination process
bull Chemical-specific - requirements that set protective remediation goals for the COCs
bull Location-specific - requirements that restrict remedial actions based on the characteristics of the site or its immediate surroundings
bull Action-specific - requirements that set contiols or restrictions on the design implementation and performance levels of activities related to the management of hazardous substances pollutants or contaminants
ARARs for the site are listed in Tables 2-2 through 2-4 Chemical-specific ARARs include those laws and regulations governing the release of materials possessing
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 00 022
2-4
n
Section 2 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
certain chemical or physical characteristics or containing specified chemical compoimds Chemical-specific requirements set health- or risk-based concentration
i limits or ranges in various environmentaLmedia for specific hazardous substances contaminants and pollutants These requirements provide protective site remediation levels as a basis for calculating remediation goals for the COCs in the
ii designated media Examples include drinking water standards and ambient air quality standards Chemical-specific ARARs can be established once the nature of
|T| the contamination at the site has been defined which is accomplished during the RI U phase
j i Location-specific ARARs are design requirements or activity restrictions based on the ^i^i geographical or physical posi t ions of the site and its su r round ing area Location-
specific requi rements set restrictions on the types of remedial activities that can be [vj per formed based on site-specific characteristics or location Examples inc lude areas L J in a floodplain a wet land or a historic site Location-specific criteria can general ly b e
established early in the RI FS process since they are no t affected b y the type of pj contaminant or the type of remedial action implemented
Action-specific ARARs are technology-based establishing performance design or ||-| other similar action-specific controls or regulations for the activities related to the E) management of hazardous substances or pollutants Action-specific requirements are
tiiggered by the particular remedial action alternatives that are selected to accomplish f^^ the cleanup of hazardous wastes
t J
(if
23 Preliminary Remediation Goals Table 2-1 presents groundwater preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the site PRGs are derived from a consideration of ICs and COPCs defined for the site as well as the ARARs identified for the site As indicated in Table 2-1 PRGs are limited to five VOCs PCE and TCE in groundwater are the primary risk drivers at the site and the other listed VOCs are a concem because they exceed New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria (ARAR)
Six metals were also defined as groundwater COPCs in the risk assessment and exceeded ARAR concentiations however because they are not related to past site activities and their presence does not contiibute significantly to site risk the remedial alternatives to be developed and evaluated for the site do not address metals in groundwater for the purpose of achieving PRGs Additional VOCs and metals were identified in the risk assessment as COPCs based on concentrations that exceeded screening criteria however their concentrations did not exceed ARAR levels and they are not significant contributors to risk levels at the site
Decision-makers and risk managers for the site can focus remediation efforts on those compounds listed in Table 2-1 ie those compounds that primarily drive risk at the site (PCE and TCE) and those compounds related or potentially related to past site operations that exceed ARAR levels (bromodichloromethane chloroform cis-12-dichloroethene)
CDM 2 5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40002 3
rrr Section 2 1 Development of Remedial Action Objectives
Note that contaminated groundwater is generally not considered to be a source material The NCP established a different expectation for remediating groundwater (ie to return useable groundwater to beneficial use in a timeframe that is reasonable given the site characteristics) Generally this means that MCLs or risk based PRGs should be considered in developing remedial alternatives for groimdwater
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2-6 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400024
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Section 3 Identification and Screening^ol Technologies and Process Options This section presents the identification and screening of technology t)Yes and process options applicable for remediation of contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laundry site using the available site information The areas to be addressed through groundwater remediation were considered throughout the development of applicable technologies Potential technologies and process options for contaminated groundvater were identified and screened to eliminate infeasible or impractical options
General Response Actions (GRAs) for remediation include various containment removal treatment and disposal options Technologies within these categories have been considered for the COCs at the site A preliminary screening of technologies was conducted on the basis of technical implementabihty to reduce the universe of potentially applicable technologies Those technologies that can be tectmically implemented were further evaluated on the basis of effectiveness implementability and cost Those technologies retained for consideration at the site were combined to form remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4 of this TM Note that soil remedial alternatives are not being developed for the site as soil COPCs were not related to onsite processes and did not contribute significantly to site risk levels
31 General Response Actions Based on the established RAOs site conditions and waste characteristics GRAs were identified GRAs are those actions that singly or in combination satisfy the RAOs for the identified media by reducing the concentiation of hazardous substances or reducing the likelihood of contact with hazardous substances The GRAs appropriate for addressing contamination at the Iceland Coin Laundry Site include
bull no action bull institutional controls bull containment bull removal bull tieatment bull disposal
Each GRA was further investigated and screened for specific technologies and process options
No Action The no action response is identified for the purposes of establishing a baseline against which other GRAs are compared There would not be any preventive or remedial action implemented as a result of the no action response and the current contamination at the site would continue unabated However in accordance with CERCLA Section 121c a review reassessmentof the conditions at the site is required at 5-year intervals to determine if other remedial action efforts are warranted
C D M 31 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 2 5
tiii
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Sections Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
Institutional Controls Institutional controls are limited actions implemented tO reduce the potential for human exposure to contaminants Institutionalcontrolsmay be physical such as fences barriers or warning signs or legal including relocation zoning security-restiicted access contamination exemption area (CEA) and notices given to current or prospective owners or renters Extended monitoring is also considered an institutional contiol Like the no action response tliese actions would not reduce contaminant concentrations or protect environmental receptors The contamination at the site would continue unabated
Institutional actionsmay be appropriate at sites where there is a high-rate of natural-attenuation of biodegradable contaminants if the contaminants are immobile if the future use risk assessment scenario does not identify them as a potential future hazard or when the benefits of cleanup are far outweighed by the cost to implement a remedial action Institutional contiols may be an appropriate response when used in conjunction with other remedial measures
Containment Containment consists of the construction of physical barriers to prevent human contact with contaminated material and to limit adverse effects on the environment Common containment options include capping of contaminated areas and construction of slurry walls Containment is used to isolate the contaminated media and to restrict migration of the contarninants via soil water or air pathways It does not reduce the concentration or volume of contaminants
Removal Removal involves the physical removal of contaminated media-from a site As a result of such a removal the area is no longer contaminated (as confirmed by testing of soil andor groundwater) and may be restored to use Removal generally refers to the excavation of solid media such as soil or solidbulk waste but can also refer td the extiaction of groimdwater It is usually used in conjunctioruwith other technologies such as treatment or disposal options to achieve the RAOs for the removed media The removal response action does not reduce the concentrations of contaminants in the affected media It merely transfers the contaminants to be managed under another response action
Treatment Treatment involves the destiuction of contaminants in the affected media tiansfer of contaminants from one media to another or alteration of the contaminants thus making them innocuous The result is a reduction in toxicitymobilityvolume (TMV) of the waste Treatment technologies vary between environmental media and can consist of chemical physical thermal and biological processes Treatment can occur in place or above ground This GRA is usually preferred unless site- or contaminant-specific characteristics make it infeasible from an engineering or implementation perspective or too-costly
Disposal Disposal involves the transfer of contaminated media concentrated contaminants or other related materials to a site reserved for tieatmentor long-term storage of such materials This generally takes place onsite in a engineered landfiU or
CDM 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 00 02 6
3-2
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
offsite in an approved commercial or municipal landfill Disposal does not reduce the I -J concentiation or vo lume of waste it relocates it to a secure area
( 32 Preliminary Screening of Technologies and Process i Options
For each GRA there are various remediat ion methods or technologies used to carry ^ out the response action The term technology refers to general categories of 11 technology types such as thermal tieatment Each technology may have several
process options which refer to the specific material equipment or method used to bull1 implement a technology For example the technology category of physical t reatment
LJ for groundwater m a y include process options such as air s t i ipping and carbob adsorption These technologies describe broad categories used in remedial action
|K alternatives bu t do not address details such as performance data associated wi th L specific process options
[V An initial phase of technology screening was carried out for contaminated iii groundwater In the initial phase of technology screening process options and entire
technology types were eliminated from consideration if they were difficult to |j implement due to their incompatibility with site characteristics (eg physical features liJ of the site and chemical characteristics of the medium of concem) or if the technology
had not been proven to effectively contiol the COCs These screening criteria were applied based on published information experience with the technologies and process options knowledge of site characteristics and engineering judgment Specifically a technology or process option was rejected during the initial screening
bull because it
bull would not be a practical method for the area or volume of contaminated media V that is to be remediated
bull would not be an effective method for c leanup of all the contaminants either as a J sole technology or in combination wi th another technology because of ^ characteristics or concentrations of contaminants present at the site
[bullbullbull bull would not be feasible or effective because of site conditions including conditions lil such as location and size surrounding land use climate geology and soils
hydrogeology and characteristics of the contaminated media
^ lii ^ bull could not be effectively administered
CT bull has not been successfully demonstiated for the site contaminants or media
bull has extremely high costs relative to other equally effective technologies
Table 3-1 describes the process options presents initial screening comments and summarizes the technology screening process for groundwater A description of each process option is included in the table to provide an understanding of each
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 400027
3-3
1^ Section 3 _ Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
option and to assist in the evaluation of its technical implementabilit)^ The screening ] comments address the technical feasibility and ability of a given process option to
-- serve its intended purpose The screening comments include a statement as to whether each process option was retained or rejected The technologies and process
P options listed in the table were selected based on the fate and transport characteristics - of the COCs identified in groundwater and on the applicability of a given technology
or process option to groundwater Additionally EPA presumptive remedy guidance fr related to response stiategy and ex-situ treatment technologies for contaminated U ground water at CERCLA sites (EPA 1996b) pump-and-tieat groundwater
remediation (EPA 1996a) and multi-phase extraction (EPA 1997) was used to help P- develop and evaluate the list of technologies considered and evaluated for the Iceland mdash1 Coin Laundry site
I The retained technologies and process options are further evaluated in Section 33
r n bull 33 Evaluation of Retained Technologies and Process m Options
Incorporation of all retained process options into detailed alternatives would result in ni a cumbersome number of remedial action alternatives To reduce that number I j process options that survived initial screening were reevaluated on the basis of
effectiveness implementability and cost In cases where several process options had similar evaluations a single process option considered representative of each technology type was selected Identifying a representative process option for each technology type was not intended to limit the process options that could be employed in the remedial design but instead provide a basis for evaluation of a manageable number of alternatives In some cases more than one process option may have been selected for a technology type because the options were sufficiently different in performance to preclude selecting just one to represent the technology The choice of specific process options for a selected technology can and should be evaluated more completely during the remedial design phase
Effectiveness Specific technology processes were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment and in satisfying one or more of the RAOs defined for each category of media This evaluation cornpared the effectiveness of the process options within the same technology types while maintaining a variety of technologies needed to develop a range of alternatives This criterion focused on
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the degree to which a process option rediices T MV through tieatment and minimizes residual risks
the effectiveness in handling the estimated areas or volume of media and meeting the PRGs identified
the effectiveness in protecting human health and the environment during the construction phase and operation and how quickly it achieves protection
3-4 139 Draft Tech Memo wpd 4 0 0 02 8
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Section 3 Identification and Screening of Technologies and Process Options
bull the degree to which the process option complies with all requirements
bull how proven and reliable the process option is with respect to the contaminants at the site
Options providing significantly less effectiveness than other more promising options were eliminated
Implementability This criterion focused on the technical feasibility and availability of the option and the administiative feasibility of implementing the option During the first screening process options that were ineffective or unworkable at the site were eliminated as being technically infeasible The secondary screening continued the evaluation on a more detailed level placing greater emphasis on the institutional aspects Implementability considered
bull availability of tieatment storage and disposal services as well as capacity
bull availability of necessary equipment and skilled workers to implement the technology
Options that were technically or administiatively infeasible or that would require equipment specialists or facilities that are not available within a reasonable period of time were eliminated from further consideration
Cost The costs of construction and any long-term costs associated with operation and maintenance (OampM) were considered Costs that were excessive compared to the overall effectiveness of options were considered as one of several factors used to eliminate options Options providing effectiveness and implementability similar to those of another option by employing a similar method of tieatment or engineering control but at a greater cost were eliminated It should be noted that the greatest cost differences during site remediation generally occurs between the technology types rather than within specific process options in a given technology
Relative costs are used rather than detailed estimates At this stage in the process the cost analyses are subjectively made on the basis of engineering judgment Each process option was evaluated as to whether costs are high moderate or low relative to other process options of the same technology groups
The evaluation of the retained technologies and process options based on effectiveness implementability and cost is presented in Table 3-2 Summaries of the retained technologies and process options are presented in Table 3-3 These technologies and process options were used in the development of the remedial action alternatives presented in Section 4
CDM 3-5 139Draft Tech Memowpd 40 0 0 2 9
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Section 4 Development and Screening of Alternatives The objective of this section is to combine the list of previously-screened technologies and process options to form a range of remedial action alternatives for contaminated groundwater at the Iceland Coin Laimdry site To address the site-specific RAOs a variety of alternatives were formulated by combining the retained technologies in Section 33 The range of alternatives for contaminated groundvater includes no action institutional controls containment collection tieatment and discharge options In formulating alternatives contaminants with concentrations above PRGs applicable technologies and the contaminants which these technologies most effectively address were considered The goal in developing remedial action alternatives is to develop a range of cleanup options and provide sufficient information to adequately compare alternatives against one another
A summary of the developed alternatives for the site is presented in Table 4-1 Following review and comment on this technical memorandum a technical memorandum presenting a fuU description of each alternative along with an evaluation and screening of each alternative in terms of effectiveness implementability and cost will be prepared and submitted to EPA
4 - 1 l 139Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 0 S i bull bull bull bull
Section 5
CDM 2005v Draft Remedial Investigatiojt Report Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland Curnderland County New Jersey March 21
CDM 2002a Final Qaulity Assurance Project Plan Iceland Coin Laundry Site Remedial InvestigationFeasibility Study Vineland Cumberland County New Jersey April 15
CDM 2002b Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Vineland New Jersey August 1
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Presumptive Remedy Supplemental Bulletin Multi-Phase Extraction (MPE) Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater EPA 540-F-97-004 April
US Environmerrtal Protection Agency (EPA) 1996a Pump and Treat Groundwater Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners EPA625R-95005 July
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1996b Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Groundwater at CERCLA Sites Final Guidance EPA540R-96023 October
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Human-Health Evaluation Manual Part A EPA5401-89002
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1988 Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibiltiy Studies Under CERCLA Interim Final EPA540G-89004
I--
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
5-1 4 0 0 0 3 1
TABLES
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Table 1-1 Summary of COPCs for the HHRA
Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland New Jersey
VOCs
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
cis-12-Dichloroethene
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
Vinyl Chloride
SVOCs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Ben20(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
lndeno(123-cd)pyrene
bull PesticidesPCB
Aroclor-1260
Inorganics
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Surface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Subsurface Soil
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Residential Well Water
Y
Y
Y bull
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Groundwater(l)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vapor Intrusion
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes COPC Chemical of Potential Concern VOC volatile organic compounds SVOC semi-volatile organic compounds Y = Detected and selected as COPC (1) Groundwrater includes analytical results from both residential wells and monitoring wells to be evaluated together under a future land-use exposure scenario
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 2-1 Preliminary Remedial Goal Option Levels For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Chemicals of Concern
Bromodichoromethane Chloroform cis-12-dlchloroethene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene
Preliminary Remedial Goal (ugl)
1 6
10 1 1
Basis
NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW NJGW
NJGW New Jersey Groundwater Quality Criteria
EPA MCL US EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 4 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-2 Potential Chemical-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
n
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ActAuthority
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
State of New Jersey Statutes and Rules
CriteriaIssues
National Primary Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
Drinking Water Standards-Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
Groundwater Quality Standards
Citation
40 CFR 141
NJAC710 Safe Drinking Water Act
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Brief Description
Establishes health- and technology-based standards for public drinking water systems Also establishes drinking water quality goals set at levels at which no adverse health effects are anticipated with an adequate margin of safety
Establishes MCLs that are generally equal to or more stringent then SDWA MCLs
Table 1 and Table 2 establish standards for the protection of goundwater quality Used as bull the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups
FS Considerat ion
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The MCLs will be considered in developing preliminary remediation goals
The promulgated values are compared to the maximum levels to determine the magnitude of contamination
bull
I I CDM 739 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 5
Page lot 1
Table 2-3 Potential Location-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Ac t Au tho r i t y
Federal National Historic Preservation Act
Cr i ter ia Issues
Procedures for preservation of historical and archeological data
Ci ta t ion
16 u s e 469 et Seq 40 CFR 6301(c)
S ta tus
Applicable
Br ief D e s c r i p t i o n
Establishes procedures to provide for preservation of historical and archeological data that might be destroyed through alteration of terrain as a result of a federal construction project or a federally licensed activity or program
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
If historical or archeological data could potentially be encountered during remediation
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4 0 0 0 3 6 Page 1 of 1
Table 2-4 Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
General Remediation
A c t A u t h o r i t y
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Noise Control Act of 1971
New Jersey Uniform Construction Code
New Jersey Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Cr i te r ia Issues
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Worker Protection
Technical Requirements for Site Remediation
Noise Control
New Construction and Renovations
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Standards
C i ta t i on
29 CFR 1904
29 CFR 1910
29 CFR 1926
NJAC 726E
NJAC 729
NJAC 523
NJAC 1625A
Sta tus
Applicabale
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Requirements forreoording and reporting occupational injuries and illnesses
Specifies minimum requirements to maintain worker health and safety during hazardous waste operations Includes training requirements and construction safety requirements
Safety and health regulations for construction
Established minimum regulatory requirements for investigation and remdiation of contaminated sites in New Jersey
Limits the noise generated from any industrial commercial public service or community service facility
Establishes standards for all new construction and renovation
Requires erosion mitigation during construction activities
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all aotivcities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Under 40 CFR 30038 requirements of OSHA apply to all activities which fall under jurisdiction of the National Contingency Plan
Operation of the treatment facility must comply with the regulation
Limits the noise that can be generated during remedial activities
This may b e an ARAR to the extent that new construction fall within the standards
Requires erosion control consideration during construction activities
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
4 0 0 0 3 7 Page 1 of 3
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Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Discharge of Groundwater or Wastewater
A c V A u t h o r i t y
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Clean Water Act
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
New Jersey Statutes and Rules
Cr i te r ia Issues
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Point Source Category
Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Underground Injection Coritrol Program
The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Groundwater Quality Standards
Surface Water Quality Criteria
C i ta t ion
40 CFR 100 122 and 125
40 CFR 414
40 CFR 13136
40 CFR 144 and 146
NJAC 714A
NJAC 79-6 Groundwater Quality Standards
NJAC 79B Surface Water Quality Standards
S ta tus
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Descr ip t ion
Issues permits for discharge into navigable waters Establishes criteria and standards for imposing treatment requirements on permits
Requires specific effluent characteristics for discharge under NPDES permits
Establishes criteria for surface water quality based on toxicity to aquatic organisms and human health
Establishes performance standards well requirements and permitting requirements for groundwater reinjection wells
Establishes standards for discharge of pollutants to surface water and groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection of ambient groundwater quality Used as the primary basis for setting numerical criteria for groundwater cleanups and discharges to groundwater
Establishes standards for the protection and enhancement of surface water resources
bull
FS C o n s i d e r a t i o n
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water NPDES permit may not be required since New Jersey has an approved SPDES permit program (NJPDES)
Disposal of treated groundwater to the surface water Federally approved New Jersey groundwater and surface water standards take precedence over the Federal criteria
Must comply with requirements for injection of treated groundwater
New Jersey has a state approved program Disposal of treated groundwater to surface water will require a NJPDES permit
Disposal of treated water by reinjection
Disposal of treated water by discharge to surface water
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd 4 0 0 0 3 8
Page 2 of 3
f ^ __)bull
Table 2-4 (continued) Potential Action-specific ARARs
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Type
Off-Gas Management
ActAuthority
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act
Federal Directive
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Act
New Jersey Air Pollution Control
Act
Criteria issues
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Air Strippers
Air Permits and Certificates
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Citation
40 CFR 50
40 CFR 60
40 CFR 61
OSWER Directive 93550-28
NJAC 727-22
NJAC 727
Status
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Relevant and Appropriate
Applicable
Applicable
Brief Description
Provides standards for ambient air quality that are protective of human health
Provides emission requirements for new stationary sources
Provides emission standards for 8 contaminants including benzene and vinyl chloride Identifies 25 additional contaminants as having serious health effects but does not provide emission standards for these contaminants
Provides guidance on the use and controls for Superfund site air strippers as well as other vapor extraction techniques in attainment and non-attainment areas for ozone
Describes requirements and procedures for obtaining air permits and certificates
Rules that govern the emission of and such activities that result in the introduction of contaminants into the ambient atmosphere
FS Considerat ion
Need to meet air quality standards when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve air stripping and vapor extraction process
Applicable to remediation alternatives which involve discharge of vapor
Need to meet requirements when discharging off-gas
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
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Table 3-1 (Page 1 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
Institutional Controls
gtC Not Applicable
-^Access and Use Restrictionsimdash^Groundwater Use Restrictions
Environmenlal Monitoring i
ftH Processes |
Air Soil Sediment Surface Water andor Groundwater
fgt)ionitpred Natural AtlenuatJorr T ~
I Contairiment
gt ^
~2mdashI All Processes |
Subsurface Barriers Alf Processes D
^mdashrj Extraction Wells
H Subsurface Drains Z2 im
Bioaugmenlation
Permeable Treatment Bed
incineration 3
Site is left in its existing state
Restrictions placed on use and withdrawal of groundwater for domestic purposes
Contaminated water supply is replaced by a noncontaminateid watei supply Options include use ol bottled water home treatment units and installation of new potable supply wells
Site conditions and contaminant levels in these media would be monitored during and after implementation of remedial action
Natural subsurface processes (eg dilution volatilization biodegradation adsorption) reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels Concentrations of contaminants degradation byproducts and indicator parameters are monitored to verity effectiveness of natural attenuation
Placement of a cap of low permeability material over contaminated area to minimize the infiltration of surface water Cap types include native soil clay asphalt concrete synthetic membrane and RCRA multilayer
Use of grouts low permeability slurry or liners placed beneath wastes to limit leaching of contaminants (horizontal barrier] or perpendicular to wastes to form an impermeable barrier (vertical barrier)
Series of wells installed to collect or extract contaminated groundwater
Perforated pipe or tile vwlha gravel-filled trench is used to remove or redirect contaminated groundwater
System of wells to inject air into the aquifer to strip volatile organics from groundwater
Optimization of environmental conditions by injecting oxygen nutrients and (if necessary) microorganisms into the subsurface to enhance microbial degradation of contaminants
Trenches or walls are filled vnlh a permeable medium that reacts with or traps contaminants as contaminated groundwater flows through the trenchwali
All processes involving combustion of the waste stream vaporization caused by solar heating
Wet Air Oxidation _ ] Oxidation of organics in an aerator under high temperature and pressure
D Process option eliminated from further consideration
Required for consideration by the NCP
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Residences have been connected to public water supply
Retained for further ev^uation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Capping most effective in preventing leaching of contaminants from remaining source material however no significant soil contamination
- present Plume covers too large an area to efficiently cap as part of a groundwater containment effort
Eliminated No suitable local confining layer present in which to tie in subsurface barriers to prevent migration of contaminant plume Extent of plume would make effective use of barriers difficult
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Groundwater contamination is too deep lor effective use
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not practical due to the volume of groundwater requiring treatment and frequent precipitation
Eliminated Not practical for dilute aqueous waste streams
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4 0 0 0 4 0
Table 3-1 (Page 2 of 3) Initial Screening of Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
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Biological Sorption ^ J
Biological Reactor
Wetlands-Based Treatmeritj
T^ Surface Impoundment Lagoon
Hazardous Wastewater Treatment Facility
PhysicalChemical f-i-j Air Stripping
Cartion Adsorption
Centrifugation |
Dehalqgenation |
Evaporation amp Disti l latiori|
Filtration j
Ion Exchange ~~]
Liquid-Liquid Extraction |
Neutralization j
Oil-Water Separation |
J
An innovative process developed under the EPA SITE Emerging Technologies Program The process is based on the affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions and is being tested for the removal of metal ions containing high levels of dissolved solids from groundwater or surface leachate
Biological reactors use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in groundwater Aerobic reactors employ oxygen to promote biodegradation and are wdely used Suspended growth reactors keep microbes suspended in water using mechanical aerators or diffused air systems Attached growth reactors attach biomass to a solid substrate such as sand rock resin or activated cartoon
An innovative approach that uses natural biological and geochemical processes inherent in man-made wetlands to accumulate and remove metals from contaminated water Process incorporates ecosystem components from wetlands to remove metals via filtration ion exchange adsorption absorption and precipitation through geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction
Aerated process consists of microbial degradation of wastes in an aerated surface impoundment (oxidation pond) Anaerobic process consists of a low surface area to volume ratio (nanow to deep] used to increase degradation action by anaerobic bacteria
Extracted groundwater transported to a treatment storage and disposal facility tor treatment
Mixing of large volumes ot air with waste stream in a packed column to transfer volatile organics to air Slipping of a specific chemical depends on the chemicals equilibrium vapor pressure (Henrys Law constant)
Adsorption of contaminants onto activated carbon by passing water through carfran column The principal form of activated carbon for groundwater treatment is granular activated cartJon (GAC)
Stable colloidal particles are removed by the centrifugal forces created by high speed rotation in a cylindrical vessel
Chemical agent is mixed with waste stream to strip halogen atoms from chlorinated hydrocarbons
Volatile organics are separated at optimum temperature and pressure using evaporation followed by condensation
Removal of suspended particles by passing the liquid waste stream through a granular or fabric medium
Contaminated water is passed through a resin bed where Ions are exchanged between resin and water
Two liquids are separated by the addition of a third liquid that is a solvent for one of the liquids and is insoluble for the other liquid Final solventsolute stream is separated by distillation or chemical means
A chemical reagent is added to the waste stream to alter the pH
A gravity-based process used to separate two immiscible liquids such as petroleum and water
An oxidizing agents) (ozone hydrogen peroxide permanganate etc) is introduced and
mixed with the waste stream Contaminants are then oxidized either to intermediate compounds or ultimately to carbon dioxide and water
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Retained tor further consideration
Eliminated Process does not address organic contaminants
Eliminated Process is not suitable tor low biological oxygen demand nutrient-deficient waters such as groundwi
Eliminated Not practical for high volume dilute aqueous waste streams when onsite treatment is a viable optio
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to contaminants which are dissolved in groundwater and are not in colloidal suspense
Eliminated Primarily used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are not ol concem at this site
Eliminated Not practical tor dilute waste streams highly energy-intensive
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable to non-ionic contaminants such as most organic compounds
Eliminated The variety of groundwater contaminants may require several solvents Groundwater may become contaminated due to residuals from the extraction solvent(s)
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Not applicable since no free product has been encountered at the site
Retained for further evaluation
Process option eliminated from further cons deration
i 400041
Table 3-1 (Page 3 ot 3) Initial Screening ot Technologies amp Process Options for Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Description Screening Comment
h-C
PrecipitationCoagulation Flocculation
A chemical agent is mixed with the waste stream to form an insoluble product that can be removed Irom the waste stream by settling Usually in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation and as a pretreatment step before organics treatment where the process could be easily fouled by inorganics
J Water is saturated vwth oxygen to remove volatile compounds Aeration can also remove some metals from water by promoting chemical oxidation and the tonnation ot insoluble hydroxides that precipitate from water This makes the process suitable as a pretreatment to remove background metals such as iron and manganese in onjer to avoid fouling the treatment process
D A reducing agent is mixed with the waste stream to lower the oxidation state o( the waste and render it less toxic or more treatable
gt T [
3-C
Resin Adsorption ] Process is similar to cartion adsorption with a resin replacing the carbon as the absorbent
Reverse Osmosis | Use of high pressure to force water through a membrane leaving contaminants behind
Sedimentation | Suspended solids removed from liquid by gravity in a tank or lagoon Ollen preceded by precipitation
Steam Stripping ] Mixing of large volumes of steam with the waste stream in a packed column or through diffused aeration to transfer volatile organics lo the air
Ultrafiltration _ | Removal of medium to high molecular weight solutes from solution by a semipermeable membrane under a low pressure gradient
Surface Water | Discharge of treated water to a surface water body
Injection Wells | Discharge of treated water by injection through onsite wells
Spray Irrigation j Treated water discharged through plant uptake evaporation and percolation through soil
Infiltration j Treated water allowed to infiltrate into the aquifer through use of open pond or underground piping
Extracted andor treated groundwater discharged to local public-owned treatment works (POTW)
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs and SVOCs
Eliminated Current data insufficient to determine reliability of process in treating site contaminants ^plicable to wastewater containing phenols and explosive materials
Eliminated Not applicable to VOCs
Retained for further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not effective for site contaminants
Retained tor further evaluation
Retained for further evaluation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area tor implementation
Eliminated Not feasible because of shallow depth to groundwater mounding would occur
Would need large area for implementation
Retained for further evaluation
I - i Process option eliminated from further consideration
400042
Q
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Table 3-2 (Page 1 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option Effectiveness Implementability
Li
0
S
S
Institutional Controls Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitoring
Not Applicable Does not achieve any measure ot remediation or meet RAOs
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil Sediment Surface
Water andor Groundwater
Monitored Natural Attenuation | 1 Monitored t latural Attenuation Not Applicable
Extractton Wells
h-c Air Sparging
Does not achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Etiectiveness depends
on enforcement activities Used in conjunction with other technologies
Does nol achieve any measure of remediation or meet RAOs Useful for lracKirgtg
contarrdnant migration andor effectiveness ol remedial actions Used
in conjunction with other technologies or monitored natural attenuation
Presence of PCE biodegradation products such as TCE and cis-12-DCE along with chemical
characteristics of the groundwater at the site indicate that natural attenuation may be occurring
Effective in removing contamnated grourKJwater trom an aquiler Used in
conjunction with groundwater trealn^enl andor hydraulic controls
Effectively removes a substantial amount ol volatile aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocartions in a variety ot geologic settings but quesitons remain about ability
lo achieve health-based starKJards throughout the saturated zone May be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
In silu bioremediation ot certain types ol hydrocarbons encouraged by addition of
oxygen and nutrients lo groundwater is an established technology
Readily implementable since no action is taken
Readily implementable
Readily implementable No construction or operation is
necessary Equipment services and personnel are already
available and procedures are in place
Low capital and negligible OampM
Readily implementable Periodic monitoring would be conducted to Low capital costs Long-term monitoring
confirm that degradation is progressing at rates capable ot meeting RAOs and periodic re-assessment costs
Penneable Treatment Bed | Testing required to select reactive media design wail and prove ultimate effectiveness
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term maintenance
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires long-term mainlenance
Minimum contaminant concentrations required to maintain
rnjorobial poputasions may exceed health-based cleanup
standards i
Easily implemenied Equipmenl services and personnel
readily available Relatively low mainlenance required
Subject to louling by organic substances Sludge produced
may require disposal as a hazardous waste
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OEM
Low capital and OSM
i 1 3 i
Process option eliminated from further consideration
400043
Table 3-2 (Page 2 of 2) Evaluation of Groundwater Process Options
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response Action Remedial Technology Process Option tmplementabilily
R
y
~j Biological j 1 Biological Reactor j Proven effective lor many organic compounds Organic contaminants are degraded wilh minimal
cross-media environmental impacts although volatile organics may require air emission
controls or pretreatment lo remove them
p n
physicalChemical Eflective and proven melhod lor treating VOCs
Cartion Adsorption Elfective method for removing organics trom a water reskJual waste stream
~] Oxidation J Not cost effective for high contaminant concentrations nor can it easily handle
contaminant spikes
PrecipitaliorVCoagulation
Flocculation
mdash Sedimenlalio
Eflective tor limited number ot contan^nants including some metals rrraklng it suitable lor
corxsideration as a pretfeelmenl process
Eflective tor limited number of contaminants including some metals making il suitable tor
consideration as a pretreatment process
Etteclive ior limited number of contaminants induding some metals making it suitable for
consideration as a pretreatment process
Steam Stripping J Works well on hard-to-remove high boiling organics other less costly technologies
are effective lor site contaminants
j Surface Water Eflective and proven method lor disposing ol treated groundwater
Effective and proven means tor disposing of ireeled groundwater May be effective
in improvir^ extraction rates
Effective proven melhod of disposing of treated groundwater
J Q
Relatively simple readily available equipment Can be designed to
require a minimum ot operator attention
Easily implemented Equipment senices and personnel
readily available
Easily implemented Equipment services and personnel
readily available Requires maintenance including disposal
or regeneration of spent cartwn
Additional lime and money may be required lo detemriine the
composition ot intermediates lormed which may be more toxic
than initial contaminant
Equipmenl senices and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Equipment services and personnel readily available
Some forced air movement either by vacuum or direct air
injection is needed to allow the heat to act elliciently
Easily implemented with conventional constniction materials and
methods Will require NJPDES permit Discharge requirements
may be stringent and dilficull to meet
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance wrilh state underground
injection control requirements
Easily implemented with conventional construction materials and
methods Will require compliance with POTW pretreatment
standards
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low ca(utal and OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Low to moderate capital moderate
OampM
Moderate to high capital moderate
OampM
Low capital and OampM
Low capital and OampM
Moderate to high capital
low OampM
Process option elirrnnaleb from further conslderalio
400044
n
n
n
r-u
n u
Table 3-3 Summary of Retained Technologies and Process Options For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
General Response
Action
No Action
Institutional Controls
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Collection
Treatment
Discharge
Remedial Technology
None
Access and Use Restrictions
Environmental Monitorinq
Monitored Natural Attenuation
Extraction
In Situ
PhysicalChemical
Onsite
Offsite
Process Option
Not Applicable
Groundwater Use Restrictions
Air Soil andor Groundwater
Groundwater
Extraction Wells
Air Sparging Bioaugmentation Permeable Treatment Bed
Carbon Adsorption (selected as representative process option) Air Stripping Aeration (selected as representative process option) PrecipitationCoagulationFloGCulation Sedimentation
Surface Water
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)
CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400045 Page 1 of 1
Pi
n
Table 4-1 Development of Remedial Action Alternatives For Groundwater
Iceland Coin Laundry Site Vineland New Jersey
Alternative
1
2
3
4
5
Description of Alternative
No Action Media monitoring in order to conduct periodic reviews of site conditions
Monitored Natural Attenuation Groundwater Use Restrictions Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with PhysicalChemical Process (Air Sparging) In situ treatment of site-related plume using air sparging (representative process option) Media monitoring
In Situ Treatment with Biological Process (Bioaugmentation) In situ treatment of site-related plume using bioaugmentation Media monitoring
Extraction Treatment and Discharge Pump contaminated groundwater via extraction wells Onsite ex situ treatment using granular activated carbon (GAC)(representative process option) Treatment train would also include aeration (representative process option) if metals
treatment is needed to prevent fouling of bioreactors or to meet discharge criteria Discharge to surface water or POTW Media monitoring
I -
u
uT CDM 139 Draft Tech Memowpd
400046 Page 1 of 1
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400047
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Surface Soil Sample Locations
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100 Feet ^^^nd Coin Laundry Superfund Site Vineland NJ
CDM -
400048
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Figure 1 -2 MIPEC Soil Characterization Survey Locations
Iceland Coin Laundrv Suoerfund Site ^^^^ Vineland Cumberiand County NJ
4132004
400049
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Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations (Some locations tiave multiple-depth samples)
Mainieros Building 50 50 100 Feet
Figure 1-3 Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland NJ
CDM
400050
9 DPT Groundwater Sample Locations
S MIPEC Survey Locations
Mainieros Building 600 0 600
Figure 1-4 MIPEC Groundwater Characterization Survey and
Discrete - Depth Groundwater Sample Locations 1200 Feet Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ mdash CDM-
S
400051
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copy Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
i Residential Well Sample Locations
I - Intermediate Well D - Deep Well
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well
Figure 1-5 Discrete - Depth Groundwater Residential Well
and Monitoring Well Sample Locations Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
4 0 0 0 5 2
P7 - Pieynmptor
ailCamp^ I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
copy Residential Well Sample Locations
^ ^ Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl)
mdashmdash PCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well
- uncertain
Figure 1-6 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400053
r^^f -
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y F a r i l l h D 7 _ D i a - m m a t a r I I Former Iceland Coin Laundry Facility
reg Discrete Depth Groundwater Sample Locations
A Monitoring Well Sample Locations
^ Residential Well Sample Locations
mdash Potentiometric Surface Elevation Contour (feet msl) ^^mdash TCE Isoconcentration Contour (ugL)
Estimated Extent of Groundwater Contamination above 1 ugL of PCE or TCE
PZ - Piezometer S - Shallow Well D - Deep Well I - Intermediate Well - uncertain
Figure 1-7 Trichloroethene (TCE) Groundwater Plume Map December 8 2003
Zero Foot Elevation
0 250 500 Iceland Coin Laundry Superfund Site
Vineland Cumberland County NJ
CDM 400054