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1. REPORT DATE OCT 1951 2. REPORT TYPE

3. DATES COVERED 00-09-1951 to 00-10-1951

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Antiaircraft Journal. Volume 94, Number 5, September-October 1951

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBER

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Coast Artillery Training Center,Coast Artillery Journal,Fort Monroe,VA,23651

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)

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12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT

15. SUBJECT TERMS

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Same as

Report (SAR)

18. NUMBEROF PAGES

60

19a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSON

a. REPORT unclassified

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *BRONZE STAR ~'1EDAL A-WrARDS * * * * *3d AAA AW IIn. eSPILt. Col. Alvin L. Newbury

Lt. Col. Charles W. StewartMaj. Robert B. Hay

Copt. Richard P. DeWitt (v)

Copt. Dove W. Edwards

Copt. James H. Furr (v)

Copt. Fred Patterson

1st Lt. Charles W. Boykin

1st Lt. Henry H. Emerson (v)

1st Lt. William R. Michaels (v)

1st Lt. William A. Pogue (v)

1st Lt. Richard Pride (v)

1st Lt. Edward Rankin

2nd Lt. Peloom L. Felder, III (vi

2nd Lt. John D. Kinnon (v)

2nd Lt. Billy C. TubblevilleWOJG James L. Fleming

M Sgt. Joseph E. Ferrel Iv)

M Sgt. Homer L. Snowden

Sic. Robert L. Cornell (v)

Sic. Martin L. Littleson (vi

Sic. Kenneth Maxwell

Sgt. Claude R. W. Keith (v)

Cpl. Sid S. McKain (v)

Cpl. Neil G. Lorson (v)

Cpl. Harold M. Stump (v)

21st AAA AW 8n. (SPI

Lt. Col. Charles E. HenryCopt. Thomas R. Armstrong

1st Lt. Karl F. Bennett (v)

1st Lt. Richard S. Craig (v)

1st Lt. Homer J. Lockey (v)1st Lt. Stuart Lassetter (v)

3rd AAA A W Bn. (SPI

1st Lt. Tony Zelenka

2nd It. Robert E. Hoyden

WOJG Hardie M. Evans

Sgt. Ellery A. Fenstomoker, Jr.

Sgt. Ronald A. Hall

Sgt. Rolph H. KielcrleSgt. Floyd A. Markle

Sgt. John W. Stewart

Cpl. Nicholas Barnish

Cpl. Robert L. Coin

Cpl. Clifford w. DenlingerCpl. Joseph M. DuffyCpl. Ashby J. Fox

Cpl. James Goutermout

Cpl. Bobby J. Grigg

Cpl. Charles L. Groulx

Cpl. William J. Henry

Cpl. Me/vin J. Janawiecki

Cpl. James E. Reiss

Cpl. John Revezzo

Cpl. Richard G. Scholer

Cpl. Robert A. Weaver

Cpl. Charles J. Williams

Pic. Gory K. Bender

Pic. Frederick Bazen

Pic. Earl M. Harvey

1st Lt. Richard Y. Pork (v)

M Sgt. John A. Burke

Sic. Rulus M. Gibson (viSic. Charles ,1. Moudy Iv)

Sic. Fronk A. Simnowski (v)

Sgt. Shirley E. Bosse (v)

Sg!. Albert D. Deason (v)

Sgt. Francis W. Doyle (v)

Sgt. Daniel R. Schmidt (v)Cpl. Joseph E. Fye (v)

Cpl. Arthur R. Gideans Iv)Cpl. Wolter D. Moyer (v)

Cpl. Dexter N. Packard (v)

Pic. Kenneth V. Bailey (v)

PIc. Zeb L. Head, Jr. Iv)Pic. John Walker (v)

Pvt. George A. Bernasconi (v)

68th Gun 8n.

2nd Lt. B. M. Berkowick

2nd Lt. Carl Worth

02nd AAA AW Bn. lSPI

Maj. Allred O. Ellis

Copt. John E. ClarkCopt. Perry E. Foust

Copt. Harold A. Keller

Copt. Clyde T. Mothowoy (v)

Copt. Robert L. Rotoczok

Copt. James C. Wilson

1st Lt. Gilbert X. Chaves (1 OLC)1st Lt. Ovid M. Davis (v)

1st Lt. Marion T. Howe

1st It. Kendall W. Korems (v)

1st Lt. Homer A. S. Stephens (v)

PURPLE HEAltT AWARDSPic. Herbert C. KielPic. Robert J. Martin

Pic. Anthony MolinaroPic. Fronk Petrowski

Pic. Colvin C. Sager

Pic. Michael S. Sopea

Pic. Ronald 1. StoiaP;c. George L. Sutton

Pic. Donald A.. Tipton

Pic. lonnie H. Vick

Fvt. lea F. Bohr, Jr.Pvt. Donald A. BreeniePvt. Moria Gactan-Serro

15th AAA AW Bn. ISPI

Copt. Thomas G. Toft

Sgt. Herbert A. DubeauSgt. Mauria W. Krepps

Cpl. Rolph A. Burba

Cpl. John J. Davis

Cpl. Eugene T. lucas

Cpl. Gilbert G. Oleo

Cpl. Sabino Pagano

Cpl. Stafford D. Shipley

Pic. Emerson L. Archey

Pic. Robert A. Hart

Pic. Benny J. Holder

1st Lt. Norman E. Trask (v)

1st Lt. James H. Tyree (v)

1st Lt. William F. Warlick, Jr. (v)

WOJG lea J. Manogri (1 OLC)M Sgt. Raymond E. Davis (v)

M Sgt. William E. Hill (vi

M Sgt. Edward Hogan

M Sgt. Fronk J. Karwoski

M Sgt. Andrew Muncy (v)

M Sgt. Allredo P. Ruiz

M Sgt. Robert M. Sweeney (v)

Sic. Herbert W. Cozart

Sic. William H. Davis

Sic. Robert McGrath

Sic. leon H. Tutt

Sgt. Jesus Galvin

Sgt. Martin M. GoedeckeSgt. Vernon F. Goetz

Sgt. Guadalupe Jurado

Sgt. Francis R. McCombie

Sgt. Harry J. Miyshira (I OlC)

Sgt. Elmer A. Natvedt

Sgt. Dmytro Stefin k

Sgt. Roy F. Wood (1 OLC)

Cpl. Norman D. Bishop (v)

Cpl. James C. Chaney {I OLC)

Cpl. Robert W. Holmes Iv)

Cpl. Duane H. Houck

Cpl. Billy R. lucksted (v)

Cpl. Clayton L. Rook

Pic. John W. Bishop (v)

Pic. Donald C. Cole

Pic. Merlin I. Loken (v)

Pic. Dana M. Powers (vi

Pic. Glen D. Jacobs

Pic. Raymond J. Stewart

Pic. William Wilson

21st AAA AW Bn. (SPI

1st Lt. Milo D. Rowell

Sgt. Harry M. Barnett

Sgt. Addrew J. Henry

Sgt. Gerold Hoke

Sgt. Sidney E. Witlock

Cpl. Byron Ballard

Cpl. Paul J. Cavender

Cpl. James R. Flemmings

Cpl. James W. LukeCpl. James McDonald

Cpl. Charles R. Norris

Cpl. Henry O. Travis, III

Cpl. Chaester L. Wielgos

Pic. William B. Chenault

Pic. Trinidad A. Garcia

Pic. Eino H. Hakkola

Pic. Florencie lopez

Pic. Robert E. Smith

Pic. Herbert Stolel

Pic. John J. VengoecheaPvt. William C. Arnett

Pvt. Goines W. Blevins

Pvt. Anselmo J. H. Untalan

****

THE UNITED STATESANTIAIRCRAFTASSOCIATION

OFFICERSLT. GEN. LEROY LUTES

PRESIDENT

/'/?..t' , - 1.. - /~:./~~./¥'*,.v- ../~..v~

I 1,1 J I I w \~\lV~ ~ ~ ~U~Founded in 1892

Published from 1892 until 1922 asTHE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY

Published from 1922 until 1948 as theCOAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

I I

I I

l\IAJ. GEN. LYMAN L. LEl\INITZERVICE-PRESIDENT

VOL. LXXXXIV SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1951 No.5

Published bimonthly by the United States Antiaircraft Association. Editorial and executive oflices, 631 Pennsylvania Avenue. X.W .•Washington 4, D. C. Terms: $3.00 per year. Foreign subscriptions. $4.00 per year. Single copies. 75c. Entered as .econd.c1ass matterat W .. hingUln. D. C.; additional entry at Richmond, Va., under the Art of March 3. 1879. Copyright. 1951, by the United StatesAntiaircraft Assoeiation.

L

COL. CHARLES S. HARRISSECRETARY-TREASURER

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THEEXECUTIVE COUNCIL

BRIGADIER GENERAL S. R. MICKELSEN

BRIGADIER GENERAL CHARLES G. SAGE

COLONEL THOMAS F. MULLANEY, JR.

COLONEL ROBERT H. KRUEGER

LIEUTENANT COLONEL PAT M. STEVENS, IIILlEUTEKAKT COLONEL H. GLEN WOOD

MAJOR EDWARD T. PEEPLES

The purpose of the Association shall be topromote the efficiency of the AntiaircraftArtillery by maintaining its standards and tra-ditions, by disseminating professional knowl-edge, by inspiring greater effort toward theimprovement of materiel and methods oftraining and by fostering mutual underuand.ing, respect and cooperation amonl{ all arms,branches and components of the RegularArmy, National Guard, Organized Reserves,and Reser/'e Officers' Training Corps.

The JOURNAL prints articles on subjects ofprofessional and g-eneral interest to personnel ofthe Antiaircraft Artillery in order to stimulatethoul'ht and provoke discussion. However,opinions expressed and conclusions drawn inarticles are in no sense official. They do not re..fleet the opinions or conclusions of any officialor branch of the Department of the Army.

The JOURNAL does not carry paid advertising.The JOURNAL pays for original articles uponpublication. ~lanU8cript should be addressed tothe Editor. The JOURNAL is not responsiblefor manuscripts unaccompanied by returnpOlltnl'e.

PUBLICATJOX DATE: October 1. 1951

CONTENTSCOVER: 40mm gun crew of the lOth AAA Group provides air defense

somewhere in Korea.ANTIAIRCRAFf ARTILLERY];\, KOREA.

By Major General \Villialll F. Marquat 2AAA IN PATROLACfION. By 1st Lt. Stuart H. Lassetter 6l\llLITAHY JUST]CE. By Colollel Melton A. Hatch iANNUAL COAST ARTILLERY PARTY 9AAA CIVILIAN PROGRA~1. By Staff Sergea1lt DOll Hatt 11ANTIAIRCfu\Ff ARTILLERY IN THE AIR DEFENSE TEA~1.

By Colollel Lalllar C. Ratcliffe ]4A FORWARD STEP IN ARTILLERY OFFICEH EDUCATION.

By Major General \Villard \V. Irvine ]5BATTEHY D, ]5TH AAA AW BATTALION IN CLOSE SUPPORT.

By Captain James R. McClymont 17I-IORSE 'N BUGGY AIR DEFENSE. By Major \Valter T. Ride, Jr ]9CHARLIE BATTERY AND HILL 88. By 1st Lt. Norman G. Halpem 20AAA TARCET PRACTICE-KOREA. By Colonel Thomas M. ,\let;: 21AAA Ii\' EXERCISE SOUTHEHN PINE.

By Lt. Co/. Lawrence \V. Linderer 22CA:YIP EDWAHDS MA TC 23899TH AAA AW BATTALION. By Lt. Co/. Harold E. ROSe/lOW 24LIGHTED FUZE IN THE MIDDLE EAST.

By Lt. Co/. Jolm B. B. Trussell 25A LABOH SAVER. By Sgt. D. C. Norton 28AA CO~lMAND 29DELAWAHE GUARD. By Sgt. D. D. preston 29HONOH HOLL 30HIPLOYl\IENT OF SELF-PROPELLED AUTO~IATIC WEAP-

ONS. By 1st Lt. Carl M. Gueizo 3]I SEND YOUR SON INTO BATTLE.

By Lt. Co/. Melvin Rmsell Blair 33S3 RECORDS IN COMBAT. By 1st Lt. Carl M. GlIellO 38SERVOl\IECHANISl\IS. By Lt. Co/. Leonard M. Orman 4]LOUISIANA GUARD. By Lt. LOllis A. Beninate 44FORT BLISS ROTC CAl\IP, 1951. By Captain Harvey H. Whitehill 45GOVERNOH BYRNES VISITS CAMP STEWART 48STATUS OF TRAINING LITERATURE MANUALS 49BOOK HEVIEWS 50NEWS AND CO~Il\lENT 51ANTIAIRCRAFf ASSOCIATION BALLOT 53ARTILLERY ORDEHS 54

COLONEL CHARLES S. HARRIS. EditorLIEUTENANT COLONEL RICHARD W. OWEN, Associate Editor

Sgt 1cl Fred A. Baker. Business ~IanagerSgt Ralph N. Charleston. Cir. ~Igr.

Sgt James E. ~Ioore, Jr., Editorial Assistant

~

! I I

THE "truce talk" atmosphere has hada definite effect upon combat activities ofall ground force elements in Korea sincethe last report to the ANTIAIRCRAFT

JOURNAL. The UN Air Force continuesto pound the rear areas and communica-tions routes with unfailing accuracy andresultant high rate of destruction ofhostile installations.

The seasonal rains have caused HashRoods which inevitably add to the wor-ries of the ground soldier as the rivers

swell, bridges are washed out and com-munications are interrupted with irritat-'ing frequency. It is in times like thesethat the combat soldier deeply appreci-ates the efforts of the engineer and signaltroops. In between rains the heat beatsdown upon the familiar battlefield pano-rama and makes military men dream ofrotation with avid anticipation.

\Vhile the truce talks continue tospearhead the war news, the general char-acter of ground combat has changed.

Although the UN forces have gainedground steadily to establish the muchdiscussed "neutral zone" boundaries fur-ther northward, the action has not beenin the nature of general offensive. Theenemy is digging in along a defensi\'eline favorable to him and is reponed tobe massing forces behind these barriers tocreate a future striking power of consid-erable potential. UN armed reconnais-sance patrols are penetrating deep intothe enemy positions and the "flak wag-

~..,Under the Texas flag, Sgt. Thomas Rogers of Greensboro, North Carolina and the 21st AAA A\Xl Bn. cleans his quad .;0 in

Korea.

2 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL

ons" continue to be a fa\'orite componentof these strong striking forces.

The enemy use of itinerant bogies atnight and his repeated threats of in-creased use of air power if and when itsuits his purpose has resulted in morecaution in the disposition of the antiair-craft artillery elements. \Vhile there waslittle or no hostile air threat against ad-vancing ground elements the divisionalantiaircraft artillery units could be usedduring daylight hours for extensiveground support missions without en-dangering the air defense mission. Thereappearance of an air threat, althoughinsignificant at the moment, makes itnecessary that adeguate protection beaccorded at all times to the vital friendlyformations and essential establishments.

Among the divisional antiaircraft or-ganizations advantage has been taken ofany temporary lull in activity to brushup on techniques of firing at air targets.\Vhen livtOtargets are not available it hasbeen found that the familiar target prac-tice procedures must be relied upon to

keep the gunners' eyes sharp and theirfiring intuition at a high peak. Colonel\\T. H. Hennig, commanding the 10thAAA Group engaged in air defense mis-sions, has been charged with generalo\'er-all supervision of antiaircraft train-ing in Korea. Brigadier General JamesG. Devine made a trip to Korea to co-ordinate training and maintenance pro-cedures between Korea and Japan.

There have been no significant devel.opments in the infantry-armor-antiair-craft employment procedures since thelast report. The "flak wagons" continueto be popular with the armor and infan-try units with which they are integratedon offensive missions. The effectivenessof fire support by antiaircraft units has

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1951

imprO\'ed as employment of these com-bined arms continues.

As the situation becomes semistaticthere is appearing a typical separation ofartillery missions with the field artilleryblasting out the permanent or semi-permanent positions of the enemy andhis concentrations to the rear while theantiaircraft weapons are used in directsupport of advancing infantry. The mo-bility of the track and half-track vehiclespermits them to move with the dough-boys and the rapidity with which fire canbe placed on a hostile target or shifted ina critical situation makes these weaponsespecially adapted for use in direct sup-port. Fire with 40mm antiai~craft gunshas been placed within ten yards of ad-vancing infantry on occasions. Perfec-tion of command coordination, crew dis-cipline and communications procedureshave commanded the attention of fieldcommanders and the results obtained aremost gratifying.

THE courage, aggressiveness and will-ingness to face the toughest odds con-tinue to earn the plaudits of all troopelements in Korea, Awards for braven'are granted regularly. The special re-quirements of combat contribute to thefurther development in improvements ofmateriel which are installed willingly bythe splendid supporting ordnance main-tenance units. In fact great strides arebeing made in the field in overcomingstructural defects in the design of theweapons which should be incorporatedin future production plans.

In addition to the training responsi-bilities previously mentioned the 10thAAA Group Headguarters, under com-mand of Colonel \V. H. Hennig. is en-

gaged in a multitude of air defense anti-aircraft artillery development missions.During the earlier bogie raids by theenemv the defense forces were facedwith difficulties of recognition and iden-tification of the targets. It is a matter ofrecord in the group headquarters thatonly one of the enemy surprise raids wase\en partially successful. The Air Forceand antiaircraft specialists quickly iden-tified the weak spots in the defense sys-tem and plugged them up. As a resultthe hostile sneak raids have been drivenoff with a frequency that apparently hasdiscouraged the enemy since this type ofactivity against defended areas has almostdisappeared.

Early warning always is a serious prob-lem against low-flying airplanes but ade-quate procedures are bein,g developedto overcome these technical difficulties.

Pvt. Raymond S. Saw loads up.

3

U.S. Army ./;'l1utO.

Gun crew of the 88th AAA Battery, 187th RCf work over a Red-held ridge.

\Vell coordinated Air-Antiaircraft SOPsare the result of continuous study of thesituation and adjustment of methods.The 10th AAA Group Headquarters isengaged in cooperative air warning rela-tionships with the Air Force and UNNa\')' elements in Korean waters.

The 78th AAA Gun Battalion, untilrecently under command of LieutenantColonel Thomas \V. Ackert, has beenengagod in routine air defense missions,but held one special exercise which de-

Silver StarFirst lieutenont Froncis J. Cronin, Jr., Bat-

tery D, B2d AAA AW Bn. (SPI. 2d InfantryDivision, displayed gallantry in action againstan armed enemy during the period 16 Mayto 29 May 1951 in the vicinity 01 Hongchon,Korea. During that period, lieutenantCronin initiated and maintained a communi.cations system Irom his firing vehicles to hiscommand post and to units he was supportingand to higher headquarters. He personallyplaced each vehicle so that its primary mis-sion could be accomplished, while at thesome time each vehicle could be an importantpart 01 the radio net. He visited each vehicleon the main line of resistance time and timeagain a!thaugh it meant braving heavy ortil.lery, mortar and small arms fire, and travel.ing many hours on the road to reach the ve.hicles to check on the welfare 01 the men andto coordinate the operation 01 the radio net.His action resulted in all units at all timesknowing the developments as soon as theyoccurred in each sector. Due to this readydata, the field artillery knew 01 targets assoon as they appeared and the inlantry knewwhere concentrations were building up so thotcountermeasures could be taken. The aboveactions aided materially in the halting 01 theenemy's third spring offensive. His adionsreflect great credit upon himself and the mili.tory service. x )( x New Jersey.

4

\'eloped considerable useful information.Since Colonel Ackert was placed on theEighth Army Headquarters Special Staffthe 78th has been commanded bv Lieu-tenant Colonel John B. Parrott, formerExecutive Officer of the battalion. Ex-tensive Ordnance repair programs haveleft the equipment of this battalion infine condition.

Lieutenant Colonel Raymond C.Cheal's 68th AA1\ Gun Battalion, like-wise has been improving its combatreadiness in air defense positions. Targetpractices have kept the men and materielat top efficiency. Schools for replace-ments have been organized and are ob-taining excellent results. l\1aster Ser-geant Salem F. Jones has organized aclass in Mercator grid projections. Anathletic program has been initiated withhorseshoes being extremely popular.l\ laster Sergeants Jack Rudy, l-IarryDavis, Curley Nagel and Johnny John-son are the leading championship con-tenders. Captain Boyd l\IcGinn, Battal-ion S2, is kept busy with activities andoperations reports for the outfit whichhave drawn favorable comment fromhigher echelons.

The 50th A1\A A\V Battalion undercommand of Lieutenant Colonel Law-rence J. Lesperance was among the firsttested by the "night bandits." The bat-talion reports that upon each occasionwhen its weapons opened up on theintruder the enemy quickly Bew out ofrange and dropped his bombs harmlessly.

This battalion has alternated betweenground support roles for advanced infan-tn' and in air defense activities as a resultof which it is having difficulty comput-ing its "combat credit" for rotation pri-orin'.

Following are the battery commandersin the 50th Battalion. Btry r\. Capt.Hal H. Rich; Btfy B, Capt. William J.7\lurphy; Btry C, Capt. Kenneth \\'.Swayze and Btr)' 0, Capt. Richard A.Fink.

THE 82nd A1\1\ A \V Battalion. vet-eran outfit organic to the Second Divi-sion. formerly commanded b~' Lieut. Co\.\ Valter Killilae, is now under 1\ lajor Rob-ert H. Johnston, veteran of Korean anti-aircraft operations. Johnston actuallytook over upon the relief of Lieut. Co\.Henry E. Osthues. TIle 82nd AA1\ A\VBattalion was in active combat with thedivision for eleven consecuti\'e monthsbefore its first lOur at a reserve area forrest. The unit was quickly returned tocombat however and continued its dis-tinguished service with the famous "Sec-ond to None" Division under 1\ lajorGeneral Clark Ruffner. This divisionwas one of the first to employ antiaircraftweapons with ground patrols and in ad-\'anced elements of road marches. The82nd Battalion continues to pile up animpressive record of combat awards, re-ported elsewhere in the JOURNAL.

The 15th A1\1\ AW Battalion withthe Seventh Infantry Division which wasformerly commanded by Lieut. Co\. SethF. Hudgins now has Lieut. Co\. FranklinA. \Verner for its Commanding Officer.This battalion has been utilized ext en-

Silver StarFirst lieutenant Paul S. Vanture, 21st AAA

AW Bn. (SP)."On the night of 23-24 April 1951 near

Unsan.ni, Korea, friendly positions along theHan Tan River were under strong attack by anumerically superior hostile lorce. Despiteconstont exposure to devastating small armsfire and bursting grenades, he placed hisradio on the top of a personnel carrier todirect the fire of his half-track platoon. Asthe inlantry withdrew to more tenable posi.tions, he held his men in place to conduct aspirited close-in defense that held off the has.tile horde until the displacement had beencompleted. He then supervised an orderlywithdrawal to the newly established line 01resistance. Lieutenant Vonture's calm de.meanor, resolute leadership and inspirationaldevotion to duty are in keeping with thehigh traditions 01 the United States Army.x x x Maryland."

ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL ~

-

U.S. Army PhotoMr. Russell Hiday of Belmont, California, with Mrs. Hiday, receives the Dis-tinguished Service Cross awarded posthumously to their son, Sergeant Jack B.Hiday whose extraordinary heroism in action cost him his life. Lieutenant GeneralJoseph M. Swing, commanding general Sixth Army, tendered the decoration in aceremony at the Presidio of San Francisco on September 5th. Brigadier GeneralRobert "\X'. Berry with Colonel Robert wr. Haio, former commander of the 15th

AAA A \X7 Battalion in Korea, attended.


si,"ely with regimental combat teams"ince the last report. There is one reportof a section under SFC O. \ V. Brown ofKno;x-viIle.Tennessee, directing his ;\116fire on a hill so expertly that our infantrycaptured it without a man being killed orwounded but found 30 enemy killedwhen they reached the objecti,'e. Theenemy evacuated so quickly they leftwarm food in containers at the position.

1st Lieutenant Donald E. Harkins ofTillicum, Washington, SFC GordonJach of Scranton, Pennsylvania, and oth-ers have distinguished themselves in3ction since the last report. Lieut. Col.Hudgins and 1st Lieut. John W. Baker,both of San Diego, California, werepinned down by enemy fire for two hourson one occasion. Colonel Hudgins hasbeen recommended for the Silver Starmedal for the rescue of infantrymenunder fire. Other decorations of thisbattalion are mentioned elsewhere.

The 21 st AAA A\V Battalion is com-manded by Lieutenant Colonel CharlesE. Henry and is acting as the organicantiaircraft of the 25th Division. Duringone period in which the battalion en-gaged in 13 missions it accounted for750 enemy killed and 118 additional esti-

mated killed or wounded and II pns-oners of war. The new gunners' shields,installed by the battalion. have held itsown losses to a minimum.

In an additional fi,'e engagements thebattalion killed 200, wounded an unde-termined number and captured 7 moreprisoners. Here again the shields andflak vests worn by the gunners served tospare lives in heated combat. A largenumber of decorations ha"e beenawarded to the men of this battalion,likewise reported elsewhere in this issue.This battalion has had encounters withenemy night intruders in which the hos-tile planes did not relish the automaticfire and quickly disappeared. A sum-mary of 96 engagements in which thisbattalion has participated includes a rec-ord of 5,576 enemy killled, 4,463 addi-tional estimated killed or wounded and56 prisoners of war, all achieved in sup-port of infantry operations.

Colonel Henrv has convened a boardof officers to examine antiaircraft artil-lery employment with infantry and makerecommendations appropriate for futureconsideration. The report of the board ismost interesting and will appear in fulllater in the ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL.

Distinguished Service CrossSergeant Jack R. Hiday, a member of Bot-

tery 0, 15th AM AW Bn, (SPI, distinguishedhimself by extraordinary heroism in action on30 November 1950 in the vicinity of ChosinReservoir, Korea. When the enemy launcheda vicious attock, supported by mortor, auto.matic weapons, end small arms fire, againstthe M16 half-trock vehicle which he com.manded, he stood on top of the vehicle anddirected a barrage of fire into the charginghostile force, At the peak of the assault, itbecome necessary to replenish the weaponwith full chests of ammunition. Observingthat the connoneers were unprotected duringthe change, the olert enemy rushed the ve.hicle. Sergeant Hiday, to protect his guncrew, grabbed a bozooka and leoped fromthe vehicle to draw hostile fire_ As a resulr 01his daring action, he wos mortally woundedby a hail of fire, hut his crew, meanwhile,,eloaded and threw a heavy blanket 01 fireinto the rushing enemy, killing a large num-ber. dispersing the remaining element, andmaintaining the defense 0/ the perimeter.Sergeant Hidoy's heroic action and ,ell.socrifice reflect the highest credit on himselfond uphold the finest traditions of the militaryservice.

Since the last report the 3rd AAA A \VBattalion, commanded bv Lt. Co I.Charles "V. Stewart has be~n extremeh'active with the Third Division in around

Coantiaircraft and installation defense. Dur-ing 18 engagements the battalion de-stroyed 21 machine guns, neutralized 8observation posts and three trench mor-tars, accounted for 569 enemy casualtiesby actual count and took two prisoners ofwar. It sustained six wounded in actionduring that period.

During another five engagement pe-riod the elements of this battalion in-flicted 35 enemy casualties, took oneprisoner, destroyed two machine gunemplacements and neutralized one obser-vation post. Many decorations have beenawarded.

Other antiaircraft artillery organiza-tions in Korea which report "situationnormal" as to both combat and trainingactivities are:

76th AAA A\V Bn. (SP). Lt.Col. T. A. Barker, Command-ing

865th AAA AW Bn. (SP), Lt.Col. A G. i\lay, Commanding

933d AM A\\1 Bo. (M). Lt.Col. C. E. Roden, Command-ing

52nd AAA AW Bn. (SP), Lt.Col, R. A. Tate, Commanding

Btry A-92nd Bn., Capt. A. E.Yonkers, Commanding.

The inspection visit of Brig. Gen.

5

James G. Devine with Colonel WilliamL. i\IcNamee. CO of the 138th AAAGroup and i\lajor i\larcus l. Parsons.acting executi,'e of the 40th 1\AA Bri-gade de,'eloped a number of facts ofextreme value to the antiaircraft troops inKorea and Japan. These e.\l)eriencedofficers investigated personnel and equip-ment matters and have submitted a re-port on which a follow-up is in progress.

To summarize the antiaircraft situa-tion in Korea during the past severalmonths it is apparent that the combat

units. whether in air defense or inground support assignments. are perform-ing with highest efficiency and are con-tinuing to earn the commendation ofhigh commanders of all ranks. Totalactivity has been on a reduced scale butthe lulls between combat are being em-ployed for training and materiel servicingboth to improve combat efficiency and tokeep morale from sagging. Rotation hasnot affected the antiaircraft units as vetand a large portion of the antiaircrafttroop complement is composed of sea-

soned Korean veterans. \ Vith exemplar.'discipline all units continue their effor;sto improve their tactics and techniquesand to advance the interests of theUnited Nations Force which they sup-port against both ground and air attack.

The results of the "cease fire" talksnow in progress will have a definite bear-ing on the tempo and type of operationsin the immediate future. \Vhatever rna,'be the outcome the Antiaircraft ArtiIIe~'troops may be depended upon to rne~ttheir responsibilities fully.

AAA IN PATROL ACTIONBy 1st Lt. Stuart H. Lassetter

25t1z AAA AW 811.

THE Korean front has been relativelyquiet during the summer months; how-ever, the 25th Division has battled to im-prove its positions and it has constantlysent out task forces to feel out the enemvand find out what he is doing. '

Lieut. Co!. Charles E. Henry's "QuadLightning" Battalion participates activelywith all the task forces in their patrols orforays to the front. The following ac-count taken from the log of 1st Platoon,Battery A, 25th AM AW Bn. (SP) in-dicates a typical patrol action, the re-quired coordination and teamwork:

Date: 18 July 1951Place: Pongnang-ni, North KoreaSupporting: 1st Bn., 35th RCT

MISSION: At 1030 hours, BakerCompany, plus six tanks from the TankBn and five 1\'116 half-tracks from 1stPlatoon Btry A, 25th AAA A \\T Bn (SP),to leave friendly lines to patrol and en-gage the enemy and estimate his strengthand positions and then to break contact

Lieutenant Lasseller graduated from TexasWestern College as an honor student in April,1950, and received his Regular Army cammis.sian on 15 June, 1950. He has been awardedthe Bronze Star Medal for valor in Korea.

6

and return to friendly lines. Not to passcheck point 15, 12,500 yards in front ofpresent positions.

1030: Passed through friendly lines.Infantry riding until check point 6 hasbeen reached.

1245: Arrived check point 6 withoutcontact. Company Commander instructsplatoon leaders: First platoon to walkridge line on left, Second on right, thethird with the tanks and half-tracks upthe valley Roor. Fourth platoon to followin reserve.

1323: Contact made by 1st Platoon.Under heavy small arms and automaticweapons fire.

1325: Entire task force receiving artil-lery fire from unknown positions. Sec-ond platoon makes contact, under heavyautomatic weapons fire.

1350: Company commander by radioinstructed the infantry platoons to with-draw 200 yards. Tanks and half-tracksmove into firing posiitons. \Ve are nowunder small arms and automatic weaponsfire.

1415: By radio contact, friendly troopshad withdrawn to new positions. Closesupport units opened fire upon enemy.Numbers of enemy were observed killedby intense caliber .50 fire. Artillery F.O.called in fire with great effect.

1425: Ceased fire-infantry moves for-ward. Artillery fire increasing. Neces-sary to move half-tracks to defiladed area.

1440: Contact made. Two tanks stuckin rice paddies because of deep mud. Un-der heavy fire, crews are unable to dis-mount.

1500: One section half-tracks moved inexposed positions under heavy fire.Opened fire upon enemy. Intense firefrom half-tracks enabled the tank crewsto dismount and make recovery of tankspossible.

1550: By radio contact, task force or-dered to make a slow withdrawal. Enemyobserved outRanking our present posi-tions. Artillery fire called in. Effectsgood.

1650: Task force ordered to return tofriendly lines.

1840: Entered friendly lines and re-turned to firing positions on line.

RESULTS OF MISSION]. Contact with enemy made.2. Estimate encountered reinforced

Chinese Company.3. \\Tell dug in. Position of enemy

at check points 8 and 9.4. Estimated killed and wounded.

35.5. i\ lission accomplished.

ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL

MILITARY JUSTICEBy Colonel Melton A. Hatch, Arty.

Professor of Afilitar)' Sciellce al1d Tactics, U1liversity of Illil10is

THE article Drumhead Justice: ALook at our l\llilitary Courts, in the Au-gust 1951 issue of the Render's Digest byProfessor Arthur J. Keeffe of CornellUniversity Law School and onetime(1947) president of the Naval GeneralCourt-Martial Sentence Review Board,can hardly be ignored by the Army. Itrefers more particularly to the Navy, butthe indictments made are directedagainst all of the Armed Forces.

A fair appraisal of military courtsshould be of intense interest to all Amer-icans today when so many men may ex-pect to serve in the Armed Forces. Theapparent eminence and authority of theauthor justIfies the reader to expect ascholarly and unbiased presentation. Butdoes the subject article present such afair appraisal?

Let me inject here that I am not alawyer. I came under military law whenI was 19, gained my commission twoyears later, and in the thirty-three yearsof service since, I have been intimatelyconnected with the operation of armycourts-martial and served in every capac-ity in connection therewith, includingthat of defense counsel. My commentsare based on my Army experience andon the provisions of the Courts-Martiali\lanual.

Now I quote from Professor Keeffe:"\Vhen a man is inducted into the armedforces, he leaves behind almost all of theconstitutional safeguards which ordi-.narily protect him from a capricious po-lice, or from a hasty or biased judge orjury." The lost safeguards are not enu-merated. What are they? Certainly theserviceman gives up some of the freedomof civil life. If he is ordered to Korea, hegoes to Korea, or else military law ap-plies. Could it be otherwise? But he


does not give up his citizenship or con-stitutional safeguards against illegal ar-rest, trial, or punishment. As a matter offact, he acquires additional safeguards inthat his military superiors are interestedin his welfare and are trained and indoc-trinated to take an active part in protect-ing him against injustice.

Perhaps the next sentence is intendedto explain: "His commanding officer ischief of police, district attorney, jury,trial judge and judge of first appeal, allin one." Is this statement intended to beliterally correct? If so, it is not. \\That-ever the intent, the statement is com-pletely misleading. Only in our lowestcourt, approximating the civilian policecourt, does a single individual constitutethe personnel of the court and his pow-ers are similarly limited. He cannot bethe accuser, nor the offender's command-ing officer; nor is he the "judge of firstappeaL" Professor Keeffe may possiblyrefer only to the disciplinary authority ofa commanding officer under Article 15 ofthe Code of Military Justice. This isusually exercised by the company com-mander, concerns only minor infractionsof discipline, and permits only minorpunishment, such as restriction to thearea and extra duty. This is not a court-martial. The offender has the right toobject and demand trial by court-martial.The commander is not the "judge offirst appeaL"

If Professor Keeffe means to say thatthe Army or Navy offender has lost thesafeguards, constitutional or otherwise,which now protect some of the crooks,racketeers, chronic offenders, and traitorsin our country as referred to in recentCongressional investigations, he maywell have a point there. But that is noreAection on the military courts.

The next sentence reads: "If he issuspected of breaking the law, he is triedin secret by men whose principal purposeis to preserve Draconic discipline." Actu-ally there must be much more than asuspicion of law breaking before a soldieris tried. First, the accuser must takeoath that he has personal knowledge orhas investigated the facts and knowsthem to be substantially correct. Thecode also provides: "No charge or speci-fication shall be referred to a generalcourt-martial for trial until a thoroughand impartial investigation of all thematters set forth therein has been made.>I- >I- >I- in the interest of justice and dis-cipline. >I- >I- >1-"

That provision is carried out in letterand in spirit in the Army. In fact, fewcharges of any kind get to any court-martial until an impartial inquiry ismade. Many cases are quashed for in-sufficient evidence or other good cause.Innocent men are sometimes brought totrial, but seldom indeed. The investigat-ing officer is required to advise the ac-cused thoroughly as to his rights. Theinvestigation is conducted in his pres-ence. He is permitted to defend himself,to get counsel to defend him, or to re-main silent. No confession is acceptedin court unlss it is proved to be volun-tary. Prolonged grilling is not tolerated.

THE author cites the I-Ionolulu'sugarcane rape cases and the improper intro-duction of involuntary confessions as evi-dence. To complete the record on thesecases, they were set aside for that veryreason.

Trials are not secret; they are open tothe public except in rare cases. Herethough we may well take a point from

7

Professor Keeffe. Many of the trials maylack the interest of civilian trials; how-ever, others would be interesting andinstructive to our men. It might havea salutary effect if we encouraged attend-ancemore.

Throughout his article ProfessorKeeffe, with little reference to proof orreality, but by insinuation creates theimpression that the commanding officerpushes the charges and flagrantly influ-ences the court. That might possibly hap-pen in some rare case, but the custom ofthe service and the specific provisions ofthe code are effectively set against it. Thecommanding general may well and prop-erly influence the general standards ofdiscipline in his command. But in anyspecific trial case, the court member re-gards his responsibility and his oath torender impartial justice jealously and hewould resent bitterly any effort at undueinHuence by the commanding officer oranother member. No sensible com-mander would dare attempt to dictate toa court-martial the findings or the sen-tence.

Actually the appointing and reviewingauthority for a general court-martial is adivision or higher commander who rarelyhas personal knowledge of the cases to betried. If he be the accuser,-"if he has aninterest other than an official interest inthe pr?secution of the accused,"-he isspecifically and adequately denied theright to appoint the court or to refer thecase for trial. He has on his staff a com-petent judge advocate general who re-views each case and recommends theappropriate action before it is referred totrial.

The general court is composed of fiveor more members, including a law mem-ber who is a trained lawyer and whoseprimary function is to rule on legal mat-ters. The trial counsel has the duty ofpresenting the case and safeguarding theinterests of the government and the ac-cused. He and the members of the courtare all required to take appropriate oathsto perform their duties in the case prop-erly. The appointed defense counsel isof the law profession and is selected toinsure that he is at least equally as com-petent as the trial counsel. The accusedis permitted to have counsel of his ownchoosing, to include a civilian attorneyand in addition to retain the services ofthe regularly appointed defense counselif he so desires.

8

The officer and enlisted members ofthe court are assembled to perform anunpleasant obligation. They are schooledin military law and the elements of crimi-nal law. As many of the members areyoung in the service their philosophy ofjustice is still inHuenced by their earliercivilian experience. "Draconic discipline"is a term reserved for learned lawyers,but the idea implied has little appeal tothe average member of a court-martial inthe service today; however, he is apt to berealistic and he can be tough when theevidence is sound. Sometimes he can befooled by tricky arguments, but notoften; accordingly both the trial and thedefense counsel learn to limit their for-ensic efforts in this field. The only thingsecret about the trial is the individualballot on the findings and sentence. Thisgives the member adequate protectionagainst anyone who would inHuence hisaction.

'Whether the soldier on trial is a be-wildered farm boy who is doing his bestor a yegg with a civilian criminal recordseldom makes any difference before amilitary court." Is that statement madebecause, in order to protect the accused,the court-martial cannot receive evidenceof previous convictions unless and until afinding of guilty is reached? Such evi-dence is received after a conviction andbefore the sentence is determined. Evenso, the court is properly and sharply re-stricted against prying into the life of theaccused except for evidence relevant tothe specific charges; whereas, the defenseis allowed to introduce evidence as to thereputation, and character of the accused,or any extenuating evidence. From myown experience I can testify that greatconsideration is given to the backgroundand the attitude of the accused. The re-action of the military man is as natural asthat of the civilian judge or other official.

"The code's punitive articles are assweeping and harsh as the old articleswhich John Adams copied almost ver-batim from the British military code of1749." Is it not also true that our civilianlaw has its background in British juris-prudence? These "sweeping and harsh"punitive articles are primarily a descrip-tion of crimes and offenses. The basiccrimes and misdemeanors have remainedto plague the human race through theages. The Ten Commandments are stillvalid. The articles do authorize "deathor such other punishment as a court-

martial may direct" for a few highcrimes, such as murder, rape, and certainmilitary offenses in time of war; how-ever, the limits of punishment are pre-scribed by the President of the UnitedStates. Normally the Army court-martialgives the maximum sentence only inaggravated cases.

The outstanding feature of the puni-tive articles is that they are written inclear-cut and simple language. ClarifiedbrieHy but fully in the Manual, they arereadily understandable to the soldier,sailor, airman, and officer. They are ex-plained carefully to all immediately uponentrance in the service.

Elsewhere Professor Keeffe has stated:"It is not so much that innocent men are,convicted as that outrageously long sen-tences are given by the trial court." Intime of war our court-martial sentencesare severe and there are sound reasonsfor the severity.

MILLIONS of young men arebrought from a life of great freedom intothe service with a necessarily rigid disci-pline. The work, the station and thediscipline are not of their choosing.Teamwork, sacrifice and courage are re-quired. Aside from the hardships anddangers, their conduct is observed closelyby their commanders and also by thepublic. On pass or in movements theyrepresent the Army to our American pub-lic. Abroad they are ambassadors ofAmerica. Newsmen report on it.

All this is worked out remarkably well;practically all of the men and officersconform to the discipline and serve theircountry well. But a few do not.

One may absent himself for a fewdays, but in so doing contrive to miss themovement of his unit and to avoid ordelay his battle service while his com-rades carry on without him. Some in theservice and others even before they aredrafted recklessly commit offenses in thethought that a short sentence may enablethem to escape the hazards of battle orthe dreariness of desolate stations. Otherstake a firearm and shoot off a toe toavoid what they consider greater dangeror hardship.

The court-martial sentence shouldserve to convince them of their error.

The average serviceman who is carry-ing his own load and part of that of theshirker is not prone to waste sympathy


on the offender.The court-martial will temper its sen-

tence with lenience when the evidence iscomplete and convincing. However, aspreviously indicated, the court-martial ishandicapped in making full investiga-tion. We still have other means for thatfeature. A study of the cases will showthat many sentences are reduced or re-mitted. If the offender has any worth tothe service, he can redeem himself, getrestored to duty and earn an honorabledischarge. Why? Because he is neededand no one realizes that more than hiscommanders.

Professor Keeffe states that the Army'sclemency board and his own boardchanged many thousands of punish-ments. He should add that these boardsare part of the court-martial system setup for that very purpose. And he couldadd that our civilian system fails to pro-vide such an automatic system of reviewfor the poor civilian who cannot affordattorney's fees and the cost of appeals. Itis a well-known adage that the guiltydefendant prefers to take his chanceswith a civilian court where he has greaterpossibilities of escaping justice throughthe uncertainties of hung juries, delaysand all the trickery of lawyers; whereasthe innocent man prefers the military

court. His case is usually dismissed be-fore it reaches the trial stage.

The big difference between the mili-tary and civilian courts lies in the sim-plicity and effectiveness of the militarycode and its prompt operation. TheArmy Manual of Courts-Martial hasbeen revised four times since WorldWar I, each time toward greater safe-guards for the accused and better admin-istrative procedures, all in keeping withchanging conditions and new concepts.

Throughout the army from the com-pany commander up to the Chief ofStaff the policy is to reduce and avoidtrials as much as possible. Realizing thegreat c;ontrol that the commander exer-cises over the soldier, effective safeguardsare established to protect the interests ofthe accused soldier. Of course, mistakesmay occur. In wartime many of the menadministering justice have come recentlyfrom civil life with limited training inmilitary law. It is then that the compara-tively few miscarriages of justice occur,and they are usually corrected. No sys-tem is perfect, but our Military Court-Martial approaches that ideal moreclosely than any other legal system in theworld today. We should preserve it andcontinue to improve it.

Professor Keeffe would make drastic

Annual Coast Artillery Party

changes to take military jurisdictionfrom the hands of military commanders,except in the combat areas, and turn itover to civilian officials. He would createa Defense Counsel General to providelawyers for the men who want to appealtheir cases and a powerful civilian coun-cil to perform some of the functions nowperformed by the Judge Advocates Gen-eral.

Fortunately our legislators and thepublic have a greater confidence in ourmilitary justice. They also have a keeninterest now in the fighting efficiency ofour armed forces.

The fundamental purpose of militarylaw is to foster and support military dis-cipline. To achieve that purpose it mustbe carried out in a just, impartial, digni-fied, firm and prompt manner.

Under the President and the respec-tive Secretaries the reins of control arenow in the hands of our senior militarycommanders, assisted by able judge advo-cates general. They are experienced inmilitary matters, customs of the service,and in handling military men. I doubtthat any other group could equally com-mand the respect and confidence of ourmen in the service, their parents and thegeneral public.

The officers and ladies, still cherishing happy memories of the CoastArtillery, continue the tradition of an annual social party in Washington.

The family reunion will be held this year at the Fort Leslie J. McNairOfficers'Club, Saturday, 24 November at 7:00 P.M. The signs indicate acorker.

Those who can arrange to be in Washington on that date shouldnotify the Journal Editor.

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER,1951 9

U.S. Army Photos

ANTIAIRCRAFT

Trainees watch a radio-controlled plane fired onby a 90mm gun, with data picked up by the tracker.

Miss Winifred \-X'arsen, with 1st Lr. J. J. Sawyer,makes her first tryon a 90mm gun computer.

Civilians lookAACAP at a quad

• 1st Lt. R .50 at the fir .. R. Allen, let' St sessIOn of rh

I ansWers . equesrlons.

Colonel Sanford J. Goodman,65th AAA Group Commander.

CANAL ZONE

65th Antiaircraft Group fired the big guns as partof the aircraft demonstration staged for the AACAP.

AAA Civilian Auxiliary ProgramBy Staff Sergeant Don Hatt

SINCE the announcement of theAntiaircraft Civilian Auxiliary Program(AACAP) by Secretary of the ArmyFrank Pace, Canal Zone military andcivilian residents haye been in a whirl-wind of activity.

l\1r. Pace's directive named the CanalZone as the site of the initial test of theAACAP, stating: "U. S. citizens resid-ing in the Canal Zone are representatiyeof the U. S. public in morale, loyaltyand the spirit of cooperation."

It was pointed out that the CanalZone "offers a complete antiaircraft in-stallation including permanent opera-tions rooms, complete communicationsfacilities, firing ranges, developed tacti-cal sites, and a joint operations centerwith an aircraft control and warningcenter in the area."

In a joint move the CommandingGeneral, United States Army Caribbean,and the Governor of the Panama Canalappointed a board of officers headed byColonel Sanford J. Goodman, command-ing officer 65th AAA Group, to integratethe test program. The 65th AAA Groupwas named as training unit for theAACAP and Lt. Co!. John T. Brownewas appointed officer in charge with~Iaj. Stephen D. Young as plans officer.On June 25 their tours of duty endedand Maj. Manning E. Hutchinson be-

came OIC with Capt. Leo. N. Vasil S3.The response of the ci\'ilian populace

to local publicity, was greater than hadbeen eJ\:pected by the joint board. CanalZone posts of the American Legion andVeterans of Foreign 'Vars, aided in therecruiting effort by manning boothsplaced in strategic locations throughoutthe area.

In record time, red tape was cut, bigproblems such as classroom and train-ing space, logistics and the inevitabledetails were dispatched. \Vhat traininghours can best be utilized? whatuniform is most practicable? clear-ance for handling classified matter? ...transportation for volunteers? ... deci-sion on and preparation of visual train-ing aids training schedules ...lesson plans firing point ... class-room seating facilities job suitabil-ity for men and women coffee forevening classes identification cards... traffic control aircraft for tar-get towing ....

Logistics. A number of early confer-ences had been held and many decisionsreached prior to the entry of Capt. H. B.Phillips, group S4, into the picture.Howe\'er, due to the haste in which theprogram had to get under way, many ofthese decisions were not disseminated.Thus when initial requisitions were sub-

mitted to various services to set up anAACAP administrative office, M/R ac-counts already in existence for Head-quarters Battery, 65th Group had to beused. After several requisitions had beensubmitted and acted upon, a decisionwas made by the higher headquartersthat a separate account would be set upfor the AACAP with each requisition tobe processed through Army G4.

There were no T / A's nor TOlE's onwhich to base the AACAP needs, noprecedent had been established. It wasdecided that insofar as possible, equip-ment would be drawn to set up an ab-breviated gun C90mm) and AW Battery,comprised of two guns of each type forinstructional purposes. Tools for main-tenance of this materiel were providedfrom the A \tV and Gun Batteries of the65th Group.

Communications equipment wasdrawn in quantities sufficient to insurethat proper instructions could be carriedout-with bare or basic units requestedwherever practicable. As the bulk of thecommunication instruction was to becarried on by the Antiaircraft OperationsCenter, most of the equipment was util-ized there. However, sufficient equip-ment was obtained and made availableto train an A\V and a gun unit in thenecessary communications.

Running a test "plotting" problem. Left to TtglJl: l\ussDoris Chan, Instructor Sgt. Joseph Palicka, and Mrs. Gerry

Henning.


Kay Hummer prepares to check one of the tubes in this"electronic brain" that positions 90mm guns. Mr. Ronald J.McConnell watches while SFC \Villiam wretch oversees.

11

Earl E. Trout (left), Miss Bea Alexander, and Mrs. K. C. Hummer carefully at.tend to SFC Gilberto Vasquez as he explains the 90mm antiaircraft gun.

Signal and Ordnance equipment wasbasic in order to get the program goingand officers \\"ere appointed by each tech-nical sen' ice for close liaison betweenthe technical service and the 54 of theAACAP.

The quartermaster had problems too.Such items as a distinctive uniform forthe volunteers, sufficient chairs for class-room work, paper cups in which to sen'ecoffee, and mountains of other necessi-ties to supply an administrative officewere needed.

The training aid shop was called up-on to furnish everything from simplecharts to improvised steps to mount therear of 21h-ton trucks.

Ammunition was another bridge tocross. No authority existed for expendi-ture-all these problems and many morewere resolved by common sense andclose liaison with all technical sen.icesconcerned.

Portable bleachers were obtainedthrough Special Scn.ice for use at thenring point and for classwork wherelarge gatherings were required.

Training Hours. Volunteers weregiven a choice of the evenings and week-end half day they wishcd to train if ac-cepted. Two out of three applicants in-dicated that training would be accept-able on Tuesday and Thursday even-ings and Saturday mornings. These daysntted into the normal social, fraternalor other functions on the Pacinc side ofthe Isthmus of Panama. The hours forevening classes are from 7: 30 p.m. to9: 30 p.m., and for Sa turday classes from7:00 a.m. to 12 noon.

Uniform. It was recommended in thenrst stages of planning that the malevolunteers be outntted with one-piececoverall HBT, helmet liner withAACAP decal, and female volunteerswith \Y AC fatigue uniform with thesame headgear as the men. Due to alimited supply of helmet liners and\V AC fatigue uniforms in this theaterand the insistence of the planners onobtaining a suitable uniform, the one-piece coverall HBT with fatigue capHBT was obtained from Quartermasterfor all participants.

Classi~ed Matter. Clearance was nottoo difficult since many of the volunteerswere already cleared employees of theUnited States and the officials of thePanama Canal expedited the clearanceof the others.

Transportation. Since the volunteers

12

rcside in seven communities on the Pa-cinc side of the Isthmus, it was neces-sary to utilize thirteen buses to trans-port the participants to the sites of in-struction. Army buses, operated by civil-ian employees of the Army, were fur-nished by the Transportation Section ofthe U. S. Army Caribbean.

Training Aids. Because only a verysmall number of the volunteers had anvmilitary training, it was necessary t~have, in addition to standard trainingfilm and strips, numerous visual train-ing aids with which to illustrate lecturesand instruction. Selected men of thegroup spent many hours wielding ham-mers and paint brushes, manufacturinggraphic training aids not normally avail-able through supply channels, beforethis phase of preparation was completed.1\ lanv of the same men were to demon-strate these aids and to operate movieand strip projectors.

Training Schedules. Due to weatherconditions existing in this theater, train-ing schedules were planned so thatclasses and demonstrations might be re-arranged on short notice.

Lesson Plans. These were drawn upby the chief instructors of the three.groups: Operations-i\laj. Peyton R. Lu-cas assisted by Capt. John Niehoff, Capt.Walter E. Badger, 1st Lt. John B. Millerand WOJG Randall J. Joyner; AW-Capt. Leo N. Vasil assisted by 1st Lt.R. R. Allen, 1st Lt. D. 1\1. Graham and1st Lt. W. P. Wheeler; Gun-Capt. E.L. \Yells assisted by 1st Lt. J. J. Sawyer,

1st Lt. E. B. Pautenis and Capt. DonaldEiler, radar oHicer. The lesson planswere a composite of the best judgmentof the joint board, the officers in chargeand the chief and assistant instructors.They are Rexible and subject to changeas additional field experience in theteaching of civilian volunteers is gained.

Firing Point. The firing point, an idealisland site located in the Pacific Oceanis connected to the mainland by an arti-ficial causeway. It provides excellentlaunching positions for OQ target planesand clear approaches from left or rightfor towed targets. It also includes rest-room facilities and ample parking space.

Job Suitability. This phase was workedout in advance by assigning civilians tothe groups that could best use their par-ticular skills. 1\lost of the women wereassigned to the Antiaircraft OperationsCenter and to communications sections.These assignments are tentative, how-ever, and the division of labor is still inthe process of change as the adaptabilityof the civilian volunteers is studied inthese ini tial classes.

The training of the instructors was amajor problcm. The AA specialists werewell qualined for gencral troop instruC-tion-training civilians was another mat-ter. Dry runs were conducted until e\"eryman understood his place jp the instruC-tion schedule and just how he wasto impart information to the ci\'iliantrainees. Administrative details wereironed out by the capable efforts ofWOJG J. J. Castaldo.


Mrs. tie be ~antord (left), and Mrs. Bobbie Tutcher learn the operation of a 90mmtracker from 1st Lt. J. J. Sawyer.

EIGHT \\'eeks after the initial an-nouncement from \VashinglOn, the firstAACAP class was held. Lieutenant Gov-ernor Herbert D. Vogel, acting for Gov-ernor Francis K. Newcomer, laud~d thevolunteers and said that he believed thisAACAP program would go far in bring-ing the "brothers under the skin," whoconstitute the North American popula-tion of the Canal Zone, closer in spirit-whatever their daily work, as theyunite in preparedness against sneak at-tack.

Brig. Gen. Francis A. 1\1arch, chief ofstaff, USARCARIB, declared that Amer-icans have been volunteering for 175years and this last group which consti-tutes AACAP is but another step in thatcooperation which tells the world that,if necessary, they will stand up and fight.

A complete antiaircraft battery, includ-ing all component fire control and oper-ations sections, was set up for demon-stration. From a simulated repulse ofattacking planes-made realistic by thesudden blacking out of the classroom atthe moment the giant 90mm guns wereready to fire and the simultaneous turn-ing on of a sound picture of an ack-ackbattery in action-to the coffee andcookies which were served during thecounty fair display which ended the firstnight's session, the initial class broughta reaction from the volunteers beyondthe expectations of the directing per-sonnel.

The second class was held at the 65thGroup firing range and here the eager-ness of the civilian men and women wasagain displayed. Amid the ohs and ahsof the distaff side, the caliber .50, 40mm,90mm and the huge 120mm guns weredemonstrated by firing both at a towedtarget and radio controlled planes. TheOQ-14's were flown by the 38th RadioControlled Airplane Target Detachmentand were ground controlled by the com-manding officer, 2nd Lt. Melvin Holst.Two tow target planes were utilized; aJD-1 for high altitude was provided bythe Navy's VU-1O Squadron of AtlanticFleet Headquarters, Guantanamo Bay,Cuba, and a Caribbean Air CommandB-26 for low altitude towing. The Satur-day morning demonstration was truly aunified operation.

Considerable good natured confusionensued when the uniforms, which con-sisted of a one-piece coverall, fatigue cap

and identification tag, were issued.After a little trading about, e,'eryone hada decent fit and the group ceased to looklike recruits who had been mistreated byan irascible supply sergeant.

Though the civilian volunteers havejust entered into the program, the mili-tary personnel invoked have spent manya weary hour during the early weeks inarduous preparation. The road ahead,though not too well charted, showspromise of an eventual close integrationbetween the military and the civiliansin the Canal Zone-where the citizensin mufti know that any future war willnot be restricted to the military; a shoul-der to shoulder attitude is growing whichshould spread to the continental UnitedStates as the AACAP expands.

Graduation Exercises

THE wind-up class of the Canal ZoneAACAP was held Saturday, August25th when a final "shoot" showed re-markable results for the six-week test.

Canal Zone Governor Francis K.Newcomer, Lt. Gen. \Villiam H. H.l'dorris, Jr., C in C Caribbean Command,were among the high ranking personswho witnessed the accurate fire of thecivilian gunners.

Two RCAT planes were downed bycaliber .50 fire and a high-flying tow

target was bagged on the second courseby the 90 millimeter AA guns.

A party of high-ranking officers, ci-,'ilians and newsmen from the UnitedStates, headed by 1\1aj. Gen. Paul \V.Rutledge, C. G. Eastern AA Command,also viewed the culmination fire. Earlier,they inspected the ci,'ilians at their class-rooms and in the AAOC.

Although no official decision can bemade until proper analysis of the fullreport is made in \Vashington, it wasthe consensus of opinion that the an-swer to the following pertinent questionswas an emphatic "yes!"

\Vill civilians volunteer?Can they learn the technique?Can it be done in a minimum of time?Do they have the initiative?Did the volunteers really do it, no

snow job?

On Saturday, September 1st, theAACAPers received their diplomas atformal graduation exercises. They werelauded for their patriotism by GovernorFrancis K. Newcomer and Lt. Gen. \Vil-liam H. H. Morris, Jr.

Col. Sanford J. Goodman thanked thecivilian volunteers whom he describedas modern minutemen.

Brig. Gen. Francis A. March, Chiefof Staff USARCARIB, presented di-plomas to the 193 graduating volunteerartillerymen and women.

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1951 13

Antiaircraft Artillery In The AirDefense Tearn

By Colonel Lamar C. Ratcliffe

AIR defense of the United States,although the primary responsibility ofthe Air Force, can be accomplished byno one service, arnl, or agency. It de-pends for' its success upon the poolingof all our resources for the detection anddestruction of whatever the enemy maysend through the air at our vital targets.It involves not only the Air Force butthe Army, the Navy, civilian volunteers,and the cooperating forces of such aneighboring power as Canada.

Nor must these resources merely beagreements and plans on paper. If andwhen the emergency comes, and theenemy strikes with expected sudden-ness and fierceness against the key po-litical, industrial, and military areas thathe has no doubt pinpointed on his strate-gic map, there may be no time to con-fer, no time to practice. Our plans mustalready be worked out in much detail-rehearsed and set to go. Channels ofcommand and communication need tobe clear and ready for immediate action.

The Air Force, with its Air DefenseCommand, has long had a carefullyworked-out organization for the employ-ment of its warning system and inter-ceptors in air defense of the UnitedStates. It has tested and improved thisorganization until it has reached a stateof readiness. It was not until 1 July1950, however, that the Army createda parallel and cooperating organizationof its antiaircraft artillery and became afull-fledged member of the air defenseteam. \Vith the formation of the ArmyAntiaircraft Command, an agency wasestablished which could give point anddirection to the Army's contribution toair defense. Its commanding general be-came the principal advisor to the com-manding general of the Air DefenseCommand on the employment and ca-pabilities of antiaircraft artillery.

In its early months, and with only thenucleus of a staff, the primary concern

14

of the Armv Antiaircraft Command wasto organize itself and establish a com-mand structure, including subordinatecommands in two, and subsequentlythree, geographical areas. It was likewiseoccupied with implementing the l\lem-orandum of Agreement, signed by theChiefs of Staff of the Army and the AirForce on 1 August 1950. This agree-ment provided, to the satisfaction of allparties, a basis for operational procedure,including rules of engagement of enemyaircraft, and for the relationship betweenArmy and Air Force components in theair defense system. Soon afterwards, theArmy Antiaircraft Command began todevote itself to the preparation of bothbroad and detailed plans for the em-ployment of available antiaircraft artil-lery in the air defense of the UnitedStates. This required close coordinationnot only with the Air Defense Com-mand and its elements but with appro-priate Navy and continental army com-manders. More recently, on 10 April1951, the commanding general of theArmy Antiaircraft Command assumedcommand of all antiaircraft artillerytroops committed to the air defense ofthe continental United States. Strength-ened by the addition of this commandresponsibility, the Army AntiaircraftCommand continues to prepare itself toparticipate in the air defense of theUnited States as the Army componentof a joint force.

THE Army Antiaircraft Commandhas from the start appreciated the needto work closely with the Air Force. Itsheadquarters is alongside that of theAir Defense Command, originally atl\litchel Air Force Base and now at EntAir Force Base in Colorado Springs.Similarly, it has established its subordi-nate headquarters with regional air de-fense headquarters: the Eastern Army

Antiaircraft Command at Stewart AirForce Base with the Eastern Air DefenseForce, the \Vestern Army AntiaircraftCommand at Hamilton Air Force Basewith the \Vestern Air Defense Force,and the Central Army Antiaircraft Com-mand with the Central Air DefenseForce in Kansas City. At each echelonthe antiaircraft artillery commander, inaddition to commanding the troops as-signed to him, is the antiaircraft artil-lery advisor to his opposite number inthe Air Defense Command, and the re-lationship of Air Force and Army com-manders and their staffs has been closeand harmonious. There is increasingrealization on the part of officers in bothservices that they are on the same teamand have the same mission.

Lieutenant General Ennis C. \Vhite-head commands the Air Defense Forcewith station at Ent Air Force Base, Colo-rado Springs. Major General \Villard\V. Irvine is the Army Commander.

The major subordinate commandersare as follows:

Eastern Air Defense Force, MajorGeneral Frederic H. Smith, Jr.; MajorGeneral Paul W. Rutledge, AAA Com-mander.

\Vestern Air Defense Force, MajorGeneral Hugo P. Rush; Brigadier Gen-eral Robert \V. Berry, AAA Commander.

Central Air Defense Force, l'vlajorGeneral George R. Acheson; ColonelDonald J. Bailey, AAA Commander.

It is at these top headquarters thatpolicies and procedures are establishedwhereby antiaircraft artillery units oper-ate as an element of the air defensesystem. The close interrelationship ofthe Army and the Air Force continues,and in fact is intensified, at the work-ing level of the Air Division. Here thesenior antiaircraft artillery headquartersin the area, usually a brigade, providesantiaircraft artillery representatives atthe air division commander's command


A FORWARD STEP IN ARTI LLERYOFFICER EDUCATION

By Major General Willard W. IruineA SIGNIFICANT and progressivestep in furtherance of Department ofthe Army policies has recently beentaken by the Chief of Army FieldForces. It is certain to have both im-mediate and long-range effects on theeducation of artillery officers and, evenmore important, on the integration ofthe two types of artillery into a singlepowerful and versatile branch.

I refer to the decision to resume theintegrated field-antiaircraft artillery of-ficer advanced course for artillery offi-cers of the Regular Army. This course,which had been interrupted by the ex-treme need of officers as a result ofoperations in Korea, is not only to goforward again, but is to be increasedin duration from ten to eleven monthsin order to insure thoroughness andcompleteness of training. Moreover, itis to be begun without delay so thatofficers will be graduated from the firstcourse next June.

Soundness of educational planning isalso indicated by the recommendationthat Regular Army officers who havecompleted a basic or advanced coursein, let us say, antiaircraft artillery, buthave had no schooling or experience infield artillery, attend an associate coursein field artillery and, if practicable,follow this by a short tour with a fieldartillery unit. Once this program is un-der way at the battery officer level, andtraining in the two artilleries has beenproperly integrated from the start, it isanticipated that the field-antiaircraftartillery advanced course can be ma-terially shortened without loss of train-

post. Here also, by means of antiaircraftartillery personnel at the air defensedirection center (ADDC), the antiair-craft operations center (AAOC) is tiedinto the aircraft control and warningsystem. It is here, in the Air Division,that the firepower of antiaircraft artil-lery weapons is integrated into the airdefense system and the members of theteam really play the game toge"ther.

\Vhile teamwork of the Army and theAir Force, through the Army Antiair-craft Command and the Air DefenseCommand, is of first importance In au


ing or lowering of standards.As long ago as September 3, 1946,

General Devers, then Commanding Gen-eral of Army Field Forces, recommend-ed to the Chief of Staff the creationof an artillery arm, to which officerscommissioned in the Field Artillerv andthe Coast Artillery would be de~iled,and the prescription of the cross can-non of the Field Artillery as the insigniaof this unified and integrated arm. TheArmy Organization Act of 1950 legallyestablished the Artillery as a single basicbranch of the Army. But integrationof two branches, each with a distin-guished record and with years of in-dividuality, is no easy matter. At timesthere has been doubt that the integra-tion went far beyond the common nameand insignia.

N OW, however, it appears that in-tegration of the two artilleries is on theway toward accomplishment. Before itis completely achieved, there must bea much more extensive cross-assignmentof officers at the various levels and invarious duties-troop, staff, and school.A rotation system must be developedwhich will make cross-assignment a con-tinuing process, to prevent the growingapart that will inevitably result whenan officer remains too many years withone type of artillery. Integrated educa-tion must, in other words, be followedup by integrated experience. But it iswith education that the process shouldnaturally begin, and is beginning.

Despite the existing law and the posi-

defense of the U. S., there are other in-terrelationships in which the Army Anti-aircraft Command is involved. Unlessthese, too, work smoothly, the missioncannot be performed with maximum ef-fectiveness.

One of these interrelationships is withthe several continental armies. Withinthe areas of five of the six armies areunits which the Army Antiaircraft Com-mand has under its command for theperformance of its mission. Some of theseunits are assigned specifically to air de-fense; others are earmarked for shipment

tive steps that are now being taken toput it fully into effect, objections tointegration of the two types of artillerywill undoubtedly continue to be raised.It may be argu~d that an officer whoattempts to become an inclusive artil-leryman will fall short of the higheststandards of completeness and thorough-ness in a single speciality. It may alsobe pointed out that, in a time of urgentdemand for trained leaders, we cannotafford the delay involved in any sort ofdouble training. -

On the first point, let it be said thatthere is no intention to lower the stand-ards of artillery specialists. Rather, itis anticipated that officers will gaindepth, as well as breadth, as they cometo appreciate both the common featuresand the variations within their branch.If the infantryman can master morethan one specialty, and become a morecomplete soldier in the process, so canthe artilleryman. On the second point,the Army's educational system, thoughit may need to be adjusted duringperiods of emergency, rightly takes thelong view. The present period of inter-national tension mav last ten to twentyyears, and it would be disastrous to na;-row the professional officer educationof tomorrow because of the stringenciesof today.

The educational plan envisaged andboldly begun will do much to make ourofficers at once well-trained specialistsand versatile, knowledgable artillery-men. It is a step in the right directionand one that keeps pace with modernmilitary developments.

overseas, but are to be used in air de-fense of the U. S. until their departure.The total number of such units-bri-gades, groups, battalions, batteries, andoperations detachments-is now substan-tial. While the Army Antiaircraft Com-mand has control over these troops, thecontinental armies provide administra-tive and logistical support, and thus per-form an important function.

Still another interrelationship in whichthe Army Antiaircraft Command is in-volved is with the Navy. For the Navy,with its communication system and the

15

antiaircraft firepower of its ships in port,is also a part of the air defense team.In all operations the Army AntiaircraftCommand is concerned with this dO\'e-tailing of Nav)' and Army antiaircraftpotentialities.

LOOKING to the future, the ArmyAntiaircraft Command is watching close-ly the Army's development of new anti-aircraft weapons, tactics, and techniques,

and planning with the Air DefenseCommand, the continental armies, andappropriate echelons of the ~avy theemployment of these means in a co-ordinated air defense. The Armv Anti-aircraft Command depends upon theOffice of Chief of Army Field Forces,the Antiaircraft Artillerv and Guided~Iissiles Branch of The Artillery School,and Armv Field Forces Board No.4 tokeep abreast of the latest thought in thissignificant field.

A recent exercise, involving all ele-ments. gave the air defense team a work-out of national scope. The Air Force,Army, 1'\avy, as well as civilian volun-teers manning portions of the warningsystem. functioned together to ward offa simulated air attack by an enemypower. Other such exercises will con-tinue. In these exercises, as in the realthing if it should come upon us, theArmy's component will play its part inthe integrated air defense team.

AAA FIRING DEMONSTRATION FOR GENERAL CLARKThe effectiveness of A1\A was well

established by troops of the 31st AAABrigade in a demonstration for GeneralMark W. Clark, Chief of the ArmyField Forces, at the Yakima Firing Cen-ter in the State of \Vashington during arecent training inspection.

The day of August 2, 1951, was morethan a day of routine training at thesprawling firing center. The brigadetroops were demonstrating that imagina-tion and ingenuity, coupled with hardwork, could turn a dry, hot, dusty waste-land into a modern antiaircraft artilleryrange; that the Army Antiaircraft Com-mand is a going concern.

Lieut. Colonel Karl \V. Dittrich,770th AAA Gun Battalion, commandedthe troops presenting the firing demon-stration. Battery B, 770th AAA GunBattalion of the 250th AAA Group,

commanded by 1st Lt. Noel C. Skube,and Battery C, 518th A1\1\ Gun Battal-ion of the 5th AI\A Group, CaptainStanley Foster commanding, staged thefiring. The two batteries alternated infiring on the first four courses and firedsimultaneously on the fifth course. Allcommands and reports within each firingbattery were broadcast to the spectatorsso that they were always aware of theprogress of events.

The 41st Tow Target Squadron atLawton Air Force Base furnished twoplanes, C<1chtowing a target for the dem-onstration. As the first plane left the fieldof fire, the second plane entered the fieldof fire, thus eliminating delays betweencourses. The target sleeves towed on thethird and fifth courses were shot down ingood ack-ack fashion.

Following the demonstration, General

Clark inspected various displays of anti-aircraft artillery equipment and the messhalls and barracks of the 770th AMGun Battalion, and the 719th AAA GunBattalion, commanded by Lt. Co!. \Var-ren \V. Morse.

\Vhen the demonstrations were com-pleted General Clark promptly compli-mented all concerned: "I have nothingbut praise for what I've seen. The 31stAAA Brigade is doing a magnificent jobin the supervision of training." Hisfavorable impressions were later con-firmed in a personal letter to Co!. AaronM. Lazar, commanding the 250th AAAGroup.

Lt. Co!. Dittrich and the two cornmanders of the firing batteries drew spe-cial praise from Major General Willard\V. Irvine, commander of the Army AACommand.

General Mark \V. Clark inspects the honor guard of the770th AAA Gun Bn. with Lt. Co!. Dittrich.

16

General Clark observes AAA firing. Left to right: MajorGen. \'X7illard \V. Irvine, Mayor Gilbert \X'. Burns ofYakima, General Clark, Brig. Gen. Hobart Hewitt and

Co!. Aaron M. Lazar.


Battery D, 15th AAA AW Battalion,In Close Support

By Captain James R. McClymont

IN February of 1951, Battery D, 15thAAA A\V Battalion was furnishing closesupport for the infantry. Due to severebattle losses earlier, in November, 1950,the outfit was down to one platoon insize at the time of this article. As a re-sult, the four sections that remained inthe battery were generally allotted onthe basis of one section per infantry bat-talion and the remaining section to thefield artillery battalion for perimeter de-fense of isolated batteries. Sometimes asection would be released from the re-serve infantry battalion and used to backup the AAA section with the leadinginfantry battalion. The tactics in thisscenario were used by Battery D inseveral different engagements. The tele-phone technique is highly effective asyou might better realize if you everjumped up on the turret to tell the gun-ner to cease fire or to change his direc-tion of fire while small arms fire waswhizzing around your ears.

SCENARIO:

"Sgt. Hensley, you will take your sec-tion and act as close support of the RedBattalion of the 31st Infantry. Here's thedeal, the terrain is mountainous whereyou're going, with rice paddies on eachside of the road. You will leave yourtrailers at coordinates-where the batteryreserve ammunition supply will be. Youwill move out with two M4 tanks infront of you. You will have two differentmissions. The first is to keep up within100 yards of the tanks so as to keep themfrom being rushed by foot soldiers withland mines, or enemy bazooka teams-

Captain McClymont has recently returnedfrom Korea, where he commanded Battery D.15th AAA AW Bn (5P). He is presently aninstructor in the Department of Gunnery.AA & GM Branch, TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas.


Infantry moves toward hill 4.

cover those tanks! Secondly, you willfire missions for the infantry."

"How will I know about these, cap-tain?"

"Sgt. Kruegar has rigged up a 300radio for you on your M 16. Your M 19will precede you and will tie in withyou and the amm.unition supply M39for our own purposes over the SCR 528and ANGHR-5. Our code name will be'Daisy 1\ lae.' You will use the 528 tocontrol your section and request am-munition from the battery ammunitiondump. Over the 300 will come your firemissions from the infantry. In addition,the tank platoon commander has one ofour crystals, so he can contact you if heneeds to do so."

"Shall we try out our new telephonecontrol and cannoneer technique?"

"Yes, also if things quiet down, I'llhave hot coffee brought up with theammunition resupply! Any further ques-tions? If not, get in my jeep and we'llgo see the Infantry S3 and the tank pla-toon commander."

At 0700 the next day the weather was

clear and cold. Snow was falling occa-sionally. Artillery had been firing foran hour. The battery 1\139, one of thebattery's 2lh-to~ tr~cks loaded with40mm and caliber .50 ammunition, andthe communication jeep moved up totheir designated battery ammunition re-supply point at 1. (See map sketch.)The two M4 tanks and the M19-M16section met at a road junction and werewaiting to push off. The infantry bat-talion commander began to move hisbattalion out, Able company on the hillsto the left Rank, Baker as point on theroad directly after the tanks, one AMAW (SP) section, Charlie company onthe right Rank, and Dog company in therear as mop-up and reserve. Away theywent. The advance of the tanks wasgeared to the infantry, but began to pullahead gradually. The infantry had asobjectives to advance one mile then takehill 4 on the right of the road. (See mapsketch.)

When the tank-AA team had ad.vanced around the bend in the road andwere advancing toward the bridge 3,they began to receive small arms firefrom hills 4 and 7. The tactics workedout by the AA section were applied. Thetwo top fifties on the 1'\1145turret werefully loaded; the two lower guns were

17

Silver StarSergeant First Class Buster W. Strasser, 21st

AAA AW Bn. ISP)."On 4 April 1951, Sergeant First Class

Strasser's hal/-track platoon was supportingan attack an strang hostile positions nearKunia.Dang, Korea. When the cammunica.tians system within his unit failed to function,he repeatedly exposed himself to heavysmall arms and automatic weapons and mor-tar fire to direct the caunterfire of the crewsan the main strangpaints of the foe. Despitethe increasing intensity of the devastatingbarrage, he continued his ellarts until theenemy had been driven from the objective.Sergeant First Class Strasser's courageous anddetermined actions reflect the highest creditan himself, his unit and the Armed Farces.x x x North Dakota."

half loaded. The gunner had his twoarmor !laps up and immediately turnedhis turret toward the small arms fire.The two cannoneers dropped to the!loor of the half-track. The section leaderopened the door on his side and beganto walk alongside of the half-track be-hind the opened door. The driver oper-ated the 528 radio and drove slowlyahead. Over the 300 the section leadertold the Infantry Battalion Commanderthat "Daisy Mae" was receiving smallarms fire from hills 4 and 7. He receivedorders to take the hills under fire fromhis present position near the bridge. I-Ietold the driver to notify the ;,,,119to fireinto the wooded area on hill 7 with his40mm's so as to get tree bursts and to fireat likely areas on hill 6 to the right of 7.The 300 radio was just inside the cabof the M 16. When they stopped, thedriver began to listen to the hand set.Fastened by its strap was an EE8 tele-phone. Running from it to a loose coilon the !loor of the l\H6, then up on theturret to a headset being worn by thegunner was a direct telephone connec-tion from the section leader to the gun-ner.

"Swing her around a little, Joe-holdit, now up a little. See that grove of treeswith a house in it? You do? 'Veil, sprayhell out of it!"

The guns began to chatter, emptycases rained down on the !loor of the

half-track. The unpleasant whine ofenemy small arms fire was drowned out,and only occasionally would the can-noneer notice the spatter of rifle fire offthe front of the turret armor. 'Vhen thetop guns stopped firing-out of ammu-nition-the cannoneers reached up andset the two outboard guns firing. Up anddown and back and forth under the sec-tion leader's supervision, the machineguns sprayed the hills, two firing at atime. Enemy small arms fire died out.The section leader ordered firing stopped.The gunner swung his turret into thecab area, and the left cannoneer re-placed his ammunition chests undercover of the bulk of the turret. Then aswing to the rear, and the right can-noneer serviced his weapons. Both divedfor cover as a burst of machine gunbullets spattered against the half-track.Through his field glasses the sectionleader spotted movement on hill 4 anddirected fire on it.

OVER the 300 the section leader re-ceived orders to Gre only on hills 4 and7 as the infantry was beginning to ad-vance past the right. !lank of the sec-tion (see sketch). ~Then they had ad-vanced past the section and were ac-tually mounting hill 4, fire was placedagain on hills 7 and 6. Each squad ofinfantry had a panel strapped on theback of one man, and the company'sprogress was easy to trace. Artillery fireon the objective was raised. Throughhis glasses the section leader spotted anenemy group defiladed from the ap-proaching infantry. The 40mm squadleader was call~d back for a consul-tation. He carefully located the spot.Over the 300, the infantry was in-formed and permission was granted togo ahead with the mission. The fortyfired, completely wiping out the groupby its shrapnel effect. Soon the infantryreached the skyline and reported thatthe enemy were fleeing west down hill 4.The two tanks and the AA section

moved down the road to the curve at Xwhere the l\1l6 had a field da\' alonawith the light 30's on the tanks. Th~infantry took their objecti\'e with fewlosses. An investigation revealed manvenemy dead, knocked out by caliber .50fire and 40mm shrapnel. The infantrypatrols found forty dead or woundedreds in the woods on hills 6 and 7 asmute testimony of the action there. Ourfire had forced them to flee to the north.The lead tank ran over a wooden boxmine just past X and had a tread blownoff. This held up the advance of anarmored patrol that had been plannedafter hill 4 was taken. The infantr\'battalion CP was moved to a point ne;rthe bridge at 3. Patrols completed theirsearch of the area.

The M 19 had fired about 250 roundswhile the M16 fired just over six thou-sand rounds. No one was hurt in the AAsection. About 1200 hours, the l\139armored personnel carrier brought upammunition for both the weapons, andalso the hot coffee.

At all times the section leader had con-trol over his section. He was also readilyavailable for orders from the infantryover the 300 radio. The technique ofcannoneering from the !loor kept thecannoneers from being wounded. Sincethat time many l\H6's in Korea ha\'ebeen modified to include "bat-wino"oarmor protection for the cannoneers.The M19 was found to be very accuratefor pin-pointing fire and produced ex-cellent shrapnel effect on wooded areas.

The system was found to be highlyeffective in attacks launched during the"Operation Killer" campaign in Koreain February and March of 1951.

Sgt. Hart and squad in attack.

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Notify the JOURNAL of your address change.

ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL -

Horse 'n Buggy Air Defense In KoreaBy Major Walter T. Ride, Jr,. Arty.

SUPER high speed, high altitudeCommunist jet fighters roam l\IIG Alleydaily but as yet they have feared to ven-ture south across the 38th. \Ve havegeared our early warning, our inter-ceptors, and our antiaircraft artillery tothe jet age, but haven't we forgottensomething? What about "Bed CheckCharlie" flying in among the goats? Atany rate, we've put the old "horse 'nbuggy" tactics away in moth balls.

Well, dig into the moth balls, friend,because "Charlie" is back.

"Charlie," in this case, is a North Ko-rean job, classified as a PO-2, a two-seaterbiplane armed with a light swivel-typerear cockpit machine gun, carrying threeto eight light bombs, and capable ofspeeds up to 120 MPH. By the way,"Charlie" can fly up alongside and turninside a C-47 as one of our startled flareship crews can tell you. He apparentlynavigates by contact, as he /lies only onmoonlit nights and seems to follow ob-vious terrain features such as: rivers,coast lines, lighted camp areas, valleys,roads. That's right, you have to blackout-even for "Charlie." I-lis little bombskill you just as dead as block busters.

Some people say, so what? \Vhat canone little PO-2 do? \Vell, he can pavethe way for his bigger friends. He can

scout our operations. He can also becomequite a nuisance with his light bombs.The way to stop "Bed Check Charlie"is with "horse 'n buggy" tactics-so getout the old book.

First you establish an airtight earlywarning system. Supplement the radarsystem with alert, well-placed OP's thatcan make an initial pickup. Next youintegrate all agencies into the air warn-ing net. Private Joe Blow, guard, at the13th desk repair platoon must be ableto spot and yell "Bogie" so that it canbe heard within thirty seconds in thenearest air defense center. And that callsfor a lot of communication coordination.It also requires organization and plan-ning in the air defense.

Obvious night air approaches, such asrivers and valleys leading directly intotarget areas, must be staged as earlywarning traps. Gun and se~rchlightcrews are made fully aware of these ob-vious approaches so that maximum ef-fort can be placed on the enemy ap-proach. Enemy flying tactics are studiedand anticipated.

\Ve need searchlights. Our "moon-light cavalry" was turned over to theengineers shortly after \Vorld \Var IIwith the reservation that we could callupon them whenever the situation de-

manded. That has not worked at all forus. 1\1\A A\V SL crews can, and werein Korea, trained and put in operationon a day's notice. The A\V people realizethat they must SEE to shoot, and atnight the spread beam 60-inch search-light does the job. As a matter of factthe SL will, in many cases, actually ac-complish part of the AAA mission bycausing the bogie to abandon his mis-sion or at least swerve off enough to nul-lify the attack. At least one searchlightshould be made available to every 1\\Vbattery.

\Ve also need better means of soundpickup. A simple directional sound de-tector would be a great help. It wouldbe especially an aid to the searchlightdirector and the man in the OP who hasto say "bogie heading south (I think)

"In night operation with automatic

weapons the little generators on our1\155's and the grinding motors on otherautomatic weapons make sound detec-tion and voice commands downright dif-ficult. In order to pick up a single un-illuminated bogie an A \\1 gun pointermust be directed on target by voice com-mand, by prearranged touch signal, or hemust see for himself. The best method,

An alert M55 crew from Btry. 68th AAA Gun Bn. (90mm)in Korea. Left to rigbt: Sgt. Johnson, PFC Fredrovitch,

PFC Filkner, and Cpt Knapp.


r

OP of the 50th AAA A\Y/ Bn. (SP) in Korea by Cpl. Davisand PFC Holbrook.

19

of course, is for him to see for himselfand that most always demands that hefirst detect the bogie by sound. To dothis we recommend the motors and gen-erators be kept off until the pointer ison target. Sure it's a lttle tough on thebattery, but the four to five seconds of"dry run" can be compensated after avery few moments of power run. \Ve

would do well to work out practical prob-lems like this in our training schedule-with searchlights and without.

SU~Ii\IING up our horse 'n buggydefense, we have established visual OP's,coordinated communications, stressedblackout measures, put the searchlights

back in operation, screamed for sound-detectors, improved our auto-weaponscontrol, and trained our people in en~mynight tactics. As long as we maintainair superiority in Korea or any othertheater of operations we can e;\''Pect theenemy to resort to "Bed Check Charlie"tricks; so let's rehearse our "horse 'nbuggy" lessons.

CHARLIE BATTERY AND HILL 88By 1st Lt. Norman G. Halpern

3rd AAA AW Bu. (SP)


Capture of Hill 88.

IN the early part of February 1951, the3rd Infantry Division was gradually ap-proaching the Han River after fightingtheir way north from Chonan. Rain,mud and slime coupled with the te-nacious Chinese could not stop the grind-ing momentum of the division. On the15th of the month all that remainedbetween the third and the I-Ian was abattalion of diehard enemy troops wellentrenched on Hill 88.

The objective was in the 65th InfantryRegiment zone-the right flank of thedivision. Detailed plans were made bythe 65th Infantry staff. All possiblesupport was needed in order to take thecritical objective. The 2nd and 3rd Bat-talions, supported by the 58th FA Bat-talion and C Battery 3rd AAA AW Bn.(SP), were to attack 190600 February1951.

Captain Dave Edwards, CommandingCharlie Battery, Lt. Ed Rankin, 1st Pla-toqn, and Lt. Del Rovis, 2nd Platoon, co-ordinated fully with the regimental andbattalion commanders.

At 0530 hours 19 February, the Sec-ond Platoon with two M19's and threeM16's started the preparatory fires frompositions approximately 2000 yards southof Hill 88. Under the withering, cover-ing fire of the AA guns, the infantryslowly advanced. \-Vhile these three sec-tions were firing on the objective, theFirst Platoon, under the protecting coverof darkness, moved to the west Bank. Asdawn appeared, this platoon was indefiladed positions on the south bank ofthe river preparing to fire on supportingweapons across the Han at a range of2,500 yards. At daylight the M19's pro-

20

ceeded to deliver accurate fire at theenemy emplaced on the north bank.Shortly the steady staccato firing of themachine guns joined the 40mm pound-ing. The enemy across the river was soonneutralized, unable to assist their com-rades on Hill 88.

By this time, the infantry was on theobjective, only to find the enemy with-drawing to another hill, preparing for astiff defensive stand. Eventually the fireof the Second Platoon was masked andLieut. Rovis immediately started to movehis platoon around to the cast flank closeto the river. A hasty reconnaissanceshowed that only a narrow rice paddytrail was available. Precariously balanc-

ing on the trail, the platoon slowly movedtoward a levce approximately three feethigh, about 1,500 yards east of 88. Nosooner had they occupied this position,which enabled the platoon to covcr theenemy withdrawal, when a volume ofmortar fire fell in and around their em-placements. Fortunately, not a man wasscratched. As Lt. Charles Boykin, assist-ant platoon commander, phrased it after-wards, "It's a good thing, their bubblesweren't level."

The first lull of the mortar fire enabledthem to spot the enemy's weapons. In amatter of seconds the 40's and 50's hadtaken the guns under fire and completelydestroyed them.

---

Although the Chinese seemed still de-termined to hold the hill. the fieldartillery had zeroed in and the 105's and155's were in fire for effect! \\lith all hellbreaking loose, the 105's and 155's drop-ping in from overhead, the AA poundingfrom the Bank, and the Infantry steadily,stealthily, advancing from the front; theenemy decided-he had had enough.

Lt. Rankin's platoon, still firing acrossthe river on the left of the objecti\'e,noticed it first-the Chinese were with-drawing, Guns were traversed and theretreating little men were taken underfire. By this time the Second Platoon onthe right had maneuvered into positionsenabling them also to fire on the enemyas he attempted to cross the frozen Han.Few if any managed to escape throughthe resulting cone of fire.

From the original enemy battalion on

Ammunition Expenditure:

Communications:

Hill SS, there was now less than a com-pany left. Of these, 125 ne\-er passedthrough the cone of A1\ fire and onlyabout a dozen managed to escape to thetemporary ha\-en north of the river.

It was all over now. Some of the menstarted to eat; others just sat where theywere. Others joined in the inevitableafter-battle critique.

One of the unique phases of the op-eration discussed was the fact that theenemy in his withdrawal had no sanc-tuary. In previous battles he would with-draw to the next ridge and defend fromthere. Here the river was his only al-ternative. This, thanks to C Battery'salertness and pin-point firing, proved dis-astrous to him.

Another aspect covered was the tre-mendous effect of the Banking fire deliv-ered on the enemy by the AA/\ guns,

5,700 Rds. Cal. 50;1,072 Rds.4Omm.

Inf Bn CO to AA Pit Ldr-SCR 300AA BC to AA PIt Ldr -SCR 508AA Pit Ldr to AA Section -SCR 528

Only through the closest coordinationcan this type of fire be brought upon anenemy and yet insure complete safety forfriendly elements. In this operation, andmany others that ha\'e since followed, the3rd AAA A\ V Battalion has accom-plished this type mission in a most suc-cessful manner.

Silver StarSecond lieutenont Donold J. Koevenig, Bat-

tery C, 3d AAA AW Bn. (SPI, 3d Infantry Di-vision, United States Army. On 1B April1951, in the vicinity of Chungsa-ri, Korea,while serving as assistant platoon leader on amission to recover disabled tonks, LieutenantKaevenig skillfully dispersed his men to posi-tions which afforded maximum protectivesupport to the recovery team from the 65thInfantry. With no regard for his safety anddespite intense small arms and automaticweapons fire, lieutenant Koevenig voluntarilyleft the comparative safety of his armoredvehicle in order to point out enemy positionsto his gun crews. When an enemy machinegun threatened the security of the mission, heunhesitatingly exposed himself to hostile fire,ran to a gun position, and personally directeda fire mission which silenced the machine gunand permitted operations to continue. lieu-tenant Koevenig's complete command of thesituation ensured the success of the missionand as a direct result of his actions, not onefriendly casualty was sustained. The outstand-ing gallantry, leadership and selfless devotionto duty displayed by lieutenant Koevenigreflect great credit upon himself and themilitary service. x x x Illinois.

AAA TARGET PRACTICE-KOREABy Colonel Thomas M. Metz, GSC

The extensive employment of AAAunits in close support of infantry hasdemonstrated beyond a reasonable doubtthe versatility of the AAA self-propelledweapons and crews. Notwithstandingthis fact, the Eighth Army, ever watchfulof enemy attacks from the skies, took ad-vantage of the lull in the Korean fightingto improve the capability of its Ack Ackto deliver effective antiaircraft fire. Sincethe enemy had offered so few aerialtargets, it was necessary for the 10thAM Group under Col. William H.Hennig to establish and operate a firingrange close to the combat zone.

In a matter of a few weeks, Lt. Col.John Coontz, executive officer of the68th Gun Battalion, had established therange and EUSAK weapons were con-ducting abbreviated target practices. The


units were phased on the firing range byCol. R. C. White, artillery officer ofEighth Army. The division commanderswere unwilling to release their units evenby batteries. However, sections of eachbattalion were allowed to leave the divi-sion zones and much valuable trainingwas accomplished.

Tow target aircraft of the 314th AirDivision in Japan were dispatched toKorea and rendered most effective sup-

port. B-26 aircraft flying sleeve and Bagtargets were used six hours a day, sevendays a week. The firing point was sowell organized that little valuable timewas wasted and in some cases units arriv-ing in the early morning were able tocomplete their firing and return to theirdivisions during the night.

A tent camp was established at a near-by swimming beach for those units thatcould spend the night at the range. Thisafforded the artillerymen an unbrokennight's sleep and a chance to enjoy salt-water bathing.

If the communists carn' out theirthreat to use air power in their next of-fensive, they will find that the AAAunits are anxious to show that their fireis just as effective in the air as it is on theground.

21

AAA In ~~ExerciseSouthern Pine"By Lt. Col. Lawrence W. Linderer

80th Airborne AAA Battalion

22

Lt. Gen. Frank G. Milburn, CG I Corps, Maj. Gen. Robert 1. Soule (left fore-groll/1d), CG 3rd U.S. In£. Div., and Gov. Thomas E. Dewey of New York withSFC John Downing (center), and his men of the 3rd AAA Bn. during the Gover-

nor's visit to Korea.

T I-IE sources of information for theAAOD were the Air Control Center andthe battalion OP's. The 398th was the


First lieutenant Robert C. Morrison, 21stAAA AW Bn. (SP).

"On IS, April 1951 near Kyadang, Karea,while under heavy artillery bombardment,lieutenant Morrison's half-track platoon wasadvancing along a river bed to support theattacking infantry. In the middle of the im-pact area, he found the route blocked by atruck loaded with gasoline. After directinghis men to seek cover, he climbed into thetruck and drove it through bursting shells toclear the route. His bold action enabled hisplatoon and its supporting tanks to proceedto the safety of a defilade. lieutenant Morri-son's valorous initiative and selfless devotionto duty reflect the highest credit on himself,his unit and the Armed Forces. x x x Tennes-see.

A \V Battalion, Lt. Co!. Ralph E. Glas.gow, and the 105th AAOD, Lt. E. A.Sisson.

In the absence of Army or area AAA,the 398th provided antiaircraft protec-tion for the 3rd ASCOl\1 area. The464th were constantly on the move pro-tecting the corps forward elements.

Divisional AM battalions in the exer-cise were the 169th A \\1 Battalion (SP),Lt. Co!. \\1. K. Covill, 43rd Division;the 899th AW Battalion (SP), Lt. CoLI-I. E. Rochow, 28th Division; and the80th 1\B AAA Battalion, 82nd AirborneDivision. They participated with theirrespective divisions.

The 105th 1\AOD operated on a 24-hour-day basis throughout the maneuverand provided excellent early warning toall 1\AA battalions operating in the exer-cise. On 16 August 1951, at 1230 hoursthe 105th AAOD was attacked by eightaggressor jet aircraft inflicting minordamages, and umpires awarded a total offour dead and five wounded. A thirty-minute delay was awarded while neces-sary repairs were made to resume opera-tions.

Silver Stargressor forces were actually representedon the ground by an Army force of 10,-000 men representing all armies, undercommand of Brig. Gen. Henry J. D.~leyers recently returned from Korea.

As emphasized by Lt. Gen. John R.I-lodge, USA, maneuver commander,and his deputy, l\laj. Gen. W. B. Wolf-inbarger, USAF, Southern Pine was acontrolled training exercise in joint air-ground operations. Troop engagementstook place on the Fort Bragg and CampMackall reservations.

The Army troops included the VI ICorps, the 28th and 43rd Infantry Divi-sions, the 82nd Airborne Division, andsupporting troops.

1\ir Force elements included the 9thAir Force (tactical) and five groups com-prising the Troop Carrier Command.

The 224th 1\AA Group, Co!. Edwin\V. Thompson, commanding, provided1\A1\ protection for the VII Corps. Itincluded the 398th AAA AW Battalion,Lt. Co!. Louis B. Dean, the 464th AAA

AGGRESSOR ground forces, urgedon by their President, ;\ larshall ArturoAguinaldo, and paced by powerful airand naval support, launched amphibiousassaults on 16 July 1951, at ~lyrtleBeach and Georgetown, South Carolina.The speed and surprise of this attack en-abled the invading forces to secure bothbeachheads within three hours of theinitial attacks. Between 17-19 July 1951,a link-up of these beachheads was ef-fected and Aggressor lashed out withstrong armored columns to captureCharleston, with all port facilities intact,by 26 July 1951.

Aggressor forces then moved north rap-idly and by employing paratroops hadcaptured Southern Pines, the westernhalf of Fort Bragg and the Camp ~ lack-all area by 13 August as Exercise South-ern Pine started.

The enemy held air superiority ini-tially, his forces were well trained insubversive acti\'ity, and his agents werebusy throughout the maneuver area. Ag-

onh' battalion equipped with radars. The.\,.\AIS was broadcast adequately onthe SCR 399. Shortages of equipment,,'ere serious; ho\\'e\'er, the 105th AAODhad imprO\'ised all essential plottingequipment. and they provided an early\l"arnino service that was invaluable toomY battalion, as well as the others.

'The maneuver directors were uncannyat setting up confusion for realistic train-ing. Lt. Col. Dean reports that the 398thhad a good bit of this immediately uponarri\'al when their directions led theminto the middle of the Ninth Air ForceHeadquarters instead of their own posi-

tion miles away. He also reports that theexercise gave im'aluable training in railand motor movements, operations withother arms, night operations, security,maintenance, and supply.

The 464th made the 1,OOO-milemotormarch from Camp Edwards, f\ lass., with-out a single motor accident and withe\'ery vehicle pulling in on its ownpower. This battalion operated closelywith the VII Corps Artillery during theexercise.

As already indicated the Aggressoragents were active in their subversiveand sabotage efforts. The requirements

for radio authentications, use of counter-signs, guards, identifications. and inte-grated perimeter defenses emphasizedsecurity. At night the AAA units fre-quently had to redeploy their weapons inclose-in perimeter defense.

As I write on 21 August, three Aggres-sor agents have just entered my battalionmarshalling area and attempted to blowup the works. However, we have cap-tured them now.

\-Vhen I can get around to see the169th and the 899th AW Battalions withthe other divisions, I shall try to give youtheir reports for a later issue.

U.S. Armr Photo

Status board in the operation tent of the l05th AAODwith Sgt. Lind and Pfc. Frey.

Bridge in the 34-ft. x 34-ft operation tent of the AAOD,Colonel J. W'. Sandridge (AADC), 1st Lt. E. A. Sisson(AAOO), Corporal Arthur Troicke (C & I Teller), Cor-

poral James Bridgland (C & I Recorder).

CAMP EDWARDS AAA TCCAf\IP EDWARDS, MASS., locatedon Cape Cod has again become the siteof a busy antiaircraft training center.Brig. Gen. Arnold J. Funk, a Bataan vet-eran, is in command. Colonel George R.Carey arrived recently from Fort Bliss toserve as camp executive.

Brig. Gen. Harry F. Meyers, 56thAAA Brigade, commands the AAAtroops in training and Colonel Alvin T.Bowers serves in dual capacity as campS3 and executive of the brigade.

Colonel Charles G. Patterson com-mands the 2nd AAA Group. Lt. Col.l\latthew J. i\lcGuire commands the


242nd AAA Group. Each group com-prises several battalions in training bothon the Camp Edwards reservation andon the Camp \-VelIReet firing range.

During the summer months severalthousand National Guard and Reservetroops conducted their summer camps at

- Camp Edwards. Brig. Gen. Roy Y.Moore, 103rd AAA Brigade, commandedthe Connecticut troops in training inJuly. Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Doud, 105thAAA Brigade, commanded the NewYork troops in camp early in August.Brig. Gen. Vincent P. Coyne, 104thAAA Brigade, commanded the J\lassa-

chusetts troops in camp late in August.Colonel John C. Smith, New Eng-

land Sub Area Office, served as the co-ordinator of training for all summercamps.

At North Truro the Eastern Air De-fense Force and the Army AA Commandoperate a school in AAAIS.

Otis Air Force Base, a jet fighter train-ing station, is also located on Camp Ed-wards adjacent to the army station.

All of the AAA troops were en joyingthe delightful Cape Cod summerweather as they pursued their vigoroustraining schedules.

23

899thAAA AW BATTALION (SP)At Southern Pine

would serve this purpose.)There should be a radio repair truck

available to the communication sectionwith the ample supply of spare parts,particularly tubes, microphones, fusesand lamps. Radio is the primary meansof communication and must be main-tained. In active operations the divisionsignal maintenance cannot meet all theurgent demands.

The communication section shouldalso carry spare headsets for EE-8 tele-phones, spare drop units for the SB-72or 71 and reel unit RL-31.

Supply was a tremendous problem.There was actually an acute shortage ofwater due to lack of necessary equipmentsuch as 250-gallon trailers. Each batteryneeded One.

A fifty-live-mile round trip to the sup-ply point was necessary for the ammo,and this was played to the full by usingblank ammo and ammo boxes lilled withsand. We learned the need for a bettersystem of reporting expenditures andammo on hand so that an accurate esti-mate of each battery's needs can be re-ported to S4.

The "B ration" was used, but we be-lieve that the lO-in-l would have beenmore suitable. Feeding troops dispersedover a vast area from a central kitchenwas a formidible task. One batterysolved this problem by breaking downthe "B rations" to individual gun sec-tions and by having the crews cook theirown meals on twenty-man cookers.

\Ve also learned the need for opera-tions reports. The batteries were some-times negligent in keeping S3 informedof their location and operations, espe-cially when these batteries were attachedor acting in support of the FA battalions.This does not permit maximum effi.ciency for the AA battalions. Radiosilence also imposes tremendous hard.ships upon a unit so dependent uponradio for communication. These periodsof radio silence should be anticipatedand steps taken for improvising an effec-tive system of maintaining control andexchanging information.

Silver StarSergeant First Class leland D. Bray, 21st

AM AW Bn. (SP)."On 7 March 1951, Sergeant First Class

Bray's half-track section was advancing insupport of a tank-infantry patrol near Pyong-chon, Korea. When hostile forces began anintense small arms and antitan k gun barragehe advanced on foot to seek more tenablefiring positions for the vehicles. Exposinghimself to the deadly fire, he walked in frontof each half-track to ensure the most effectiveplacement. By directing a heavy volume ofaccurate counterfire, he eliminated the enemyresistance and allowed the patrol to advance.Sergeant First Class Bray's valorous initiative,aggressive leadership and unwavering devo-tion to duty are in keeping with the hightraditions of the American soldier. x x xTexas."

range. The crystals are needed.The battalion command net using the

FM sets did not perform well since theline of sight characteristics of these setsmade their operation over irregular ter-rain difficult. Of limited range, thesesets did not satisfy the needs of a widelydispersed self-propelled battalion, butwere suitable for battery level communi-cation.

The SCR 593's at gun positions wereunsatisfactory for Hash messages. Amore stable receiver of the AN/GRC 5type is needed.

Wire communication within the bat-talion was rapidly installed and perfectlyreliable. However, our batteries support-ing FA battalions were given poor tie-ininto the battalion switchboards. We shallhave to get better service with them.

The trailers assigned to the communi-cation section should be made availableto the section. During Exercise South-ern Pine, this battalion communicationsection was forced to borrow a truckassigned to the S4 section for the purposeof transporting its wire, wire equipment,switchboards and message center equip-ment. When not moving, this equipmenthad to be stored in the open which re-sulted in avoidable deterioration of thisequipment.

Radios must be furnished to batteriesthat will net with the radios of the divi-sion units supported. (One SCR 608

By Lt. Col. Harold E. RoschowTHE 899th AAA AW Bn. (SP) is anorganic part of the 28th Infantry Divi-sion and as such participated in EXER-CISE SOUTHERN PINE August 13to 27, 1951. It was the lirst extendedlield maneuver in which the Battalionparticipated.

The battalion was equipped with 32MI6's, 32 MI5's, 27 2~-ton trucks, 23jeeps and 15 %-ton trailers. Shortagesparticularly in jeeps and trailers wereacutely evident. The well worn half-tracks also gave us a continual problemin maintenance.

The mission of the battalion generallywas one of protection of FA battalions,Division and Div Arty CP's and air stripsagainst enemy air attacks, although therewere occasions when the battalion wasemployed in a ground support role. Themission was accomplished usually by at-taching three individual gun batteries tothree FA battalions and using sections ofthe one remaining gun battery for airstrip and CP protection. At night theAA crews were pulled in and integratedinto a tight perimeter defense during thehours of darkness. Before dawn, theywould return to their daytime positions.

The exercise kept the battalion on thego and gave invaluable experience inlield operations with the combined arms.

Communications are a very real andvital problem to a self-propelled battal-ion. A careful study was made of the de-liciencies observed and some remedies arein sight.

Fortunately, the battalion wasequipped with nearly all of its assignedsignal equipment which included SCR508's, SCR 528's, SCR 593's, SCR 300'sand AN/GRC 9's.

The battalion AM net using theAN/GRC 9's was usually reliable andvoice ranges up to twelve miles were notuncommon. The AAAIS teams usingthe same sets, minus the crystals (notavailable) were consequently much lesseffective due to the sets being jarred offfrequency by the movement over roughterrain. The sets were often unreliablefor instant operation and of limited


Lighted Fuze In The Middle EastBy Lieut. Col. John B. B. Trussell

Psychological \" arfare

Middle East.

25

\) I~. -- .,,/

'. PAKISTAN

-. ..,....;)ti:

4/' ,q- !

(SOl/lET 50(.,/\\.\51 '"

.r- .• ..-'\ .~., .~.- 'v/

' .. J "[-.r \. Ar('HANI~TAN ~......\ .

. .5/'IRAN

the Iranian gO\'ernment declared its neu-tralil)', but the intrigues of foreign agentssoon had the country in a state of tur-moil approaching anarchy, a conditionwhich persisted until early 1921. Sta-bility was restored when Colonel RezaKhan seized control of the government.Becoming prime minister in 1923, hewas declared Shah in 1925. In this ca-pacity he instituted a period of vigorous,one-man rul~. I-lis one objective seemsto have been twofold: to modernize hiscountry and to eliminate foreign in-fluence.

Under him, the nation took enormousstrides toward industrialization, bettercommunications and a more up-to-dateconcept of law and administration. How-ever, the price of this progress was thereduction of parliament to a rubberstamp, the centralization of power inthe hands of the Shah and the virtuallycomplete abolition of such democraticrights as had existed. Furthermore, in hisemphasis on industrialization, Reza Shahtended to ignore agriculture and irriga-tion. The direct result was a decline in

oTehe.ran

\'\

\.... .-.SAUDI

ARAbIA

Canal and around the Arabian Penin-sula to India-the "lifeline of Empire"-Britain had to insure that no strong,hostile Power dominated the shores ofthe Persian Gulf or the Arabian Sea.

1\Iotivating both countries, too, wasthe fact that the 1\Iiddle East provided afertile field for e:-.:ploitation, and from1872 until 1907 the two powers vied forconcessions to build railways, run tele-graph lines, found banks and superviseIranian customs collection. A certain or-der was brought into the competition aft-er 1907, however. Russia had just beendefeated in her war with Japan, andBritain had recognized the rising threat ofa militantly expanding Germany; it wastime, leaders of the two powers decided,to reach some sort of agreement concern-ing their various points of contact. Sofar as Iran was concerned, an agreementwas signed, dividing the country intotwo zones of influence, with a neutralarea between. Russia was to have amonopoly of concessions in the north,and Britain in the southeast.

vVith the outbreak of war in 1914,

By the time these words are printed,it is possible that Iran will have drivenKorea from the headlines. Or, the situa-tion there may have improved; but as afundamental complication of the East-West struggle, the Iranian problem willremain. For in the Cold \Var, Iran is acritical battle line.

It is the e:.,;propriation and national-ization of Iranian oil which has focusedinternational attention upon Iran, but oilnationalization is actually a symptomrather than the basic problem itself. Iranis of strategic importance because of itsgeographical location as well as becauseof its geological deposits. It is of criticnlstr~tegic importance because of its inter-nal political instability. The nationaliza-tion crisis is only one manifestation ofthat instability.

Iran's geographical location is largelyresponsible for making it one of the moresignificant arenas, historically, in thestruggle between Britain and Russia.Throughout the nineteenth century,Russia was always a threat to Iran's terri-torial integrity, for Russia avidly re-garded the shores of the Persian Gulf,considering that there might lie thewarm-water outlet to the open seas whichshe ached to possess. Furthermore, thearea from the Bosporus to Afghanistan isRussia's weakest frontier. In recent dec-ades, when mechanization made oil thelifeblood of industry and war, Russiacould not but view with misgivings thefact that her own Baku oil basin, pro-ducing two-thirds of her total oil output,lies only a few hundred miles from theIranian border-a border unprotected byany natural obstacles-and today withineasy medium bomber range from Iran,Iraq or Turkey.

Britain's interest in Iran was also in-tense. India was the most valuable pos-session of the Crown; and to maintainIndia's security, Britain had to controlall land areas adjacent to that great sub-continent. In addition, for the securityof the communications from Englandthrough the J\Iediterranean, the Suez


the living standard of the agriculturalworkers. This development was acutelyimportant because farmers comprise thevast majority of the population. Of thecountry's estimated 16,550,000 people,some 2,000,000 are nomadic tribesmen,supported by their Hocks, and only 3,-000,000 live in towns of more than 20,-000 inhabitants.

By 1938 Germany, as the source ofmost of the imports of machine toolsand capital goods so vital to a countryundergoing a period of industrialization,had achieved a position of great influ-ence in Iran, Furthermore, though RezaShah prudently maintained friendly re-lations with his huge northern neigh-bor, he detested Communism, a senti-ment leading him to be friendly towardthe Nazis. Both Britain and Russia,therefore, were seriously worried aboutthe Iranian situation after the beginningof World War II. The British had cometo depend upon Iran as one of their majorsources of oil, for nowhere in all theBritish Empire is oil known to exist,and Iran's Abadan refinery is the largestin the world. Entirely apart from the im-portance of oil was the fact that if Ger-many came to dominate Iran, Russiawould be threatened in her rear.

PROMPTED by these considerations,in 1941 Britain and Russia called UPO!}Reza Shah to enforce his country's de-clared neutrality by halting the activi-ties of German agents in Iran. In theSoviet view, their position in this situa-tion was reinforced by the existence ofa Russo-Iranian treaty, dating from 1921,which, according to their interpretationpermitted Russian intervention in theevent of anti-Russian activities by anythird party operating from Iranian soil.This treaty, according to Soviet opinion,is still valid. When the Shah, in anvcase, ignored the Allies' demand, Ru~-sian troops moved into the country fromthe northwest and British from Iraq andthe Persian Gulf. Reza Shah abdicatedand was succeeded by his son, Muham-mad Reza Shah Pahlahvi. For the restof the war, Iran served as a mammothway station on the supply line fromBritain and America to Russia.

Despite the pressure used initially bythe Allies, amicable working relationswere achieved. So far as the presenceof foreign troops in the country was con-

26

cerned, it was agreed by treaty that thiswas not equivalent to occupation, andall were to be withdrawn within sixmonths after the end of hostilities againstGermany and her associates..

Although political adjustment was at-tained, the war's impact on Iran's econo-my was drastic. Scarcities of necessitiesdeveloped, inevitably bringing inflation.The cost of living rose one thousand percent. A people already poor deterioratedinto abject poverty, a development con-tributing to the occurrence of the nowfamous Azerbaijan crisis which followedthe end of the war by only a few months.

One-fifth of Iran's total population,producing the bulk of the country's food-stuffs, live in Azerbaijan. Poverty andhardships caused segments of this popu-lation to support the so-cillled "Demo-cratic" regime which declared the prov-ince "independent" with Communistmoral and physical support. When, inNovember, 1945, Iranian forces weresent to suppress the rebellion, Russiantroops stopped them at the provincialborder. By the terms of the agreementof 1942, the Russian troops were due toleave-American and British troops hadlong since been withdrawn-but theKremlin refused to move its units until"certain matters" could be "clarified." Al-though the question was brought beforethe UN Security Council, settlementwas reached by independent negotiationsbetween the two countries. Russiantroops were finally withdrawn, but onlyat the price of a promise by Iran's pre-mier to obtain parliamentary consent tothe formation of a joint Irano-Sovietcompany to exploit oil resources in thenorthern provinces. The Russian schemefor extortion of this concession backfiredin 1947, however, when the Iranian par-liament refused to charter the company.

Under the present Shah, Iran hassince the end of World War II enjoyeda somewhat more representative govern-ment than during Reza Shah's reign.However, the cabinets have been vervunstable. While the vast majority o'frural Iranians are not interested in gov-ernment, the urban population is veryactive politically; at the same time, it isbitterly divided. Three broad politicaldivisions can be made: there are theCommunists, the National Front, andthe orthodox i\.loslems. Of the three, theCommunists have the best organizedparty (the Tudeh).

Both National Frontists and orthodoxMoslems are anti-foreign. The T udeh,of course, takes its orders from Moscowand therefore, if not completely anti-foreign, is certainly anti-British and anti-American. To some extent the NationalFrontists and the orthodox :Moslemscancooperate, although the cooperation hasa shaky foundation, as the orthodox Mos-lems will be content with nothing lessthan a theocratic state. Their dislike forthe United States, for example, is basedon the belief that America is irreligious.They are perhaps more anti-foreign thanthe National Frontists. Itwas a religiousfanatic who assassinated Premier AliRazmara in March, 1951, following Raz-mara's attempts to work out internationaltrade agreements. The great politicaldanger today is a union, even a tempor-ary one, between the Moslems and theT udeh, a union motivated by a commonhatred of the West.

THE oil nationalization CrISIS stemsfrom a long-smoldering resentment offoreign exploitation. In Iranian eyes, oilwas the cause and the Anglo-IranianOil Company the chief instrument ofthis exploitation. The countrys politicalleaders have argued that if the oil prontswent into the national treasury instead ofbeing drained off into foreign pockets,Iran's poverty could be alleviated. It wasthis complex of beliefs which causedparliament last spring to rebel againstthe relatively conservative leadership ofPremier Hossein Ala and, urged on bythe leader of the National Front, Mo-hamed Mossadeq, to pass unanimouslya bill calling for expropriation and na-tionalization of the oil industry.

Thus repudiated by parliament, Hos-sein Ala resigned and the Shah namedMossadeq Premier in his place. Thereseems reason to believe that the Shahtook this step unwillingly, but as a con-stitutional monarch he could not legallyblock a movement which apparently hadsuch general popular support. Of course,hm.vmany members of parliament votedfor nationalization because to do other-wise would invite assassination it is im-possible to tell. The fate of Ali Razmarais a recent memory, and only two yearsago the Shah himself vms wounded inan assassination attempt by a nationalistextremist.

As for i\.lossadeq, he is said to be only


slightly less anti-American than he isanti-British and anti-Russian. His twopassionate hatreds are foreign encroach-ment and dishonesty in government. Al-though there is ground for comfort inthe fact that he is at least as much op-posed to Russia as he is to the West,it is nonetheless true that Russia has lessto lose by expulsion than have the Westin general and Britain in particular.

The greatest immediate danger fromnationalization appeared to be that theIranians might try to operate the oil re-fineries themselves. Virtually all the tech-nicians in the industry were British, em-ployed by Anglo-Iranian. The expulsionof the company and the threat of im-minent violence toward its foreign em-ployees have left the oil fields withoutqualified direction. There is real causefor fear that the complex machines ofthe refinery will be ruined by inepthandling.

The Kremlin, without lifting a finger,would thereby gain a tremendous vic-tory, for Britain would be deprived ofthe source of one-fourth of her total oilsupply. In 1950, Anglo-Iranian was thelargest oil-producing company in theworld. The company's 700,000 barrelsper day amounted to 10% of world pro-duction. All of Russia and her satellitestogether produce only 821,000 barrelsper day. While in America the Texaswells alone produce 2,000,000 barrels perday, it is still necessary for the UnitedStates to import upwards of 40,000,000barrels per year.

A danger which is slightly less im-mediate but just as real is that if theIranian government tries to operate therefineries and fails, the already consider-able unemployment (half a million peo-pIe) will increase and the country willgo bankrupt. This might well lead todisorders which would precipitate Rus-sian intervention. Such a developmentwould be even more serious than Koreabecause of the probability of direct Rus-sian participation.

Considering the size of the countryand the type of economy, Iran has a re-spectable military force. Upon reachingage twenty-one, each physically qualifiedyoung man is, theoretically, required toserve two years in the Army; however,exemptions are not difficult to obtain sothat bv no means all of each conscript"class;' performs sen-ice. Secondaryschools have training comparable to that


given in our Senior ROTC; graduates ofthese units perform shorter periods ofservice than do the ordinary conscripts,and are eligible for commissions. Ac-cording to recently published estimatesthe Army has a strength of 130,000,and is believed to be completely loyalto the Shah.

Two infantry divisions are normallystationed at Teheran. Currently, twothousand troops are stationed at Abadan.

Besides the help of an American mili-tary mission, Iran has received from theUnited States about $60,000,000 worthof military equipment, including lightarmored vehicles. However, the Armyis only partially mechanized. There areno armored divisions, but each infantrydivision has organic armored elements.

In addition to the Army, the munici-pal police total about 22,000. There is,also, the Security Guard, or Gendar-merie, numbering some 20,000, reorgan-ized and modernized since 1942 byBrigadier General H. Norman Schwarz-kopf of the United States Army.

The Air Force is extremely small,equipped with only about three hundredaircraft, most of them training planes.

IT seems clear, therefore, that shouldRussia attack in strength, Iranian mili-tary forces could at best carry out no morethan a brief delaying action. Yet it isalso clear that the West cannot permititself to be deprived of the oil so vitalto its industrial existence. If Iran fell,the rest of the Middle Eastern oil sourceswould be seriously threatened, and theMiddle East possesses 42% of the world'sknown oil reserves.

In short, even if it is possible for Iranand Britain to come to a working agree-ment on the current oil question, so longas the Cold War continues Iran willremain a vitally important factor in theWest's defense. Moreover, in view ofIran's internal dissension and militaryweakness, she will necessarily stand highon the list of problems confronting West-ern strategic planners.

To summarize, for a hundred and fiftyvears, Iran has been the center of anEast-West power struggle. At first be-cause of her geographical location, thenbecause of her oil deposits also, she wasthe unfortunate victim of an interna-tional tug-of-war. Embittered by theyears of exploitation, politically articu-

late Iranians have turned against all for-eigners, although they differ sharplyamong themselves as to the best meansfor bettering their condition. The tragedyfor the West is that Iran's antiforeignfeeling may lead to action which couldcut off the vitally needed oil supply fromeverybody, or may even bring Russianim"asion-and such invasian would al-most certainly bring on world war. Worstof all, Iranian nationalism makes ex-tremely difficult any program of foreignassistance to improve the living condi-tions of the population or even to buildup military strength; yet without suchassistance, living conditions and militarystrength are likely to deteriorate still fur-ther. Any further deterioration is almostcertain to bring on the very disorderwhich is most likely to provide Russiawith an excuse to move in.

Nevertheless, the situation is not hope-less. If Britain can come to an agreementwith Mossadeq, the vital oil will con-tinue to Bow; with an arrangement re-garding the refineries more favorable tothe Iranians, some of the anti-foreignfeeling should abate; the resultingchange in feeling may make it easier todraw Iran more completely into theorbit of the free world. Pending suchagreement on the oil question the Iran-ians can be expected to resent any for-eign interference from Russia as wellas the Western powers.

Antiaircraft Orders(Continued from page 56)

Schuch, Ronald L., to 4052d ASU AAA andGM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Seals, Marvin, Jr., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Shaffer, Don W., to 47th AAA Brig, Cp Stew-art, Ga.

Sharp, Donald R., to Hq W A AA Comd8577th AAU, Hamilton AFB, Calif ..

Sheppard, Hubert c., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,Germany.

Souser, David H., to 71st AAA Gun Bn, Ft Bel-voir, Va.

Stearns, Robert D., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,Germany.

Stevenot, Joseph E., to 5th AAA Gp, NorthRichland, Wash.

Stevens, Chris W., Jr., to 47th AAA Brig, CpStewart, Ga.

Stolsits, Frank L., to 685th AAA Gun Bn, CpEdwards, Mass.

Strong, Warren A., Jr., to 80th AAA Gp, FtTotten, l\.TY.

Stubbs, Duane H., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft Lewis,Wash.

Sutton, Harry L., Jr., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Weber, Thomas E., to 38th AM Brig, Ft Bliss,

Tex.Westrich, Ralph L., to 209th AM Gp, Indian-

town Gap, Pa.

27

A LABOR SAVERBy Sgt. 1st Class Darrel c. Norum

A GOOD soldier is always interestedin saving time and labor. This thoughtoften occurred to me while working inthe shops of the Department of Gunneryat the AA & G;\ I Br, T AS, Fort Bliss,Texas.

~luch of mv work was concerned withfhe unit generator M5 and the DirectorMSA2. I noticed that whenever we hadto move the generator, which weighsmore than 800 pounds, we had to findeight men able to drop their work tocarry it. \\latching eight men struggleacross a hot vard under this load andthinking of the danger of an accident tothe materiel or the men, I dreamed upa device to permit one man alone to pickup the generator and haul it where hewished.

I took my plan to Master SergeantRoy S. Donohue, my shop foreman, andwith his encouragement and help assem-bled a supply of salvage material fromwhich we built the cart which is still inuse in our shop. \Ve have built othercarts as the need arose and have a cartto pick up and haul the director and its

range finder, a total weight of more thana thousand pounds.

\Ve turned our plans and blueprintsover to the department for the generaluse of the Army but others in our posi-tion may wish to know how to make sucha device. It is unlikely that such a cartcan accompany troops into the field.However, around a shop and even whenon the range this device will save a lotof man working hours; the letter of com-mendation we received says this savingis estimated at 3,000 man working hoursduring the last two years.

The cart consists of two rubber-tiredwheels mounted in a tubular frameworkwhich can be tilted as the handle israised or lowered. A porter bar is insertedin the rear of the generator as the firststep and the car is rolled toward thegenerator so that a wheel is placed oneither side. The cart is then tilted down-ward by raising the handle. This permitsthe side bars to pass beneath the endsof the porter bar.

Then, by pressing down on the towinghandle of the cart as a lever, one man

can tilt the generator forward and whileholding it in this position can pull downa lever on the handle, which forces tworods into the front side porter bar socketsand at the same time locks the cart on theporter bar across the rear of the genera-tor. It is then balanced between the twowheels and as soon as the towing handleis lifted, one man can pull a load difficultfor eight tu carry.

If the generator is to be hauled for anydistance, the towing handle can be at-tached to a ~-ton vehicle but this is notrequired for ordinary work around theshop. There are many places where thiscart will save time and labor. It may alsosave a smashed finger or a crushed foot.

The cart was so successful that wemade one on the same principle withwhich to pick up and move the boxeddirector with its range finder. In makingthe carts, I used one-inch tubular pipeand wheels from salvaged wheelbarrows.If anyone is interested in blueprints forconstructing such a cart, and needs moredetail, I'll be glad to answer his inquiries.

Director and range finder ready for one-man transport.

.--11I11I5. -.....-. .. __

••=-=

One man can pul.1 the generator.

••-=... -.


AA Command In Field Exercises

Brig. Gen. \,\;!illiam M. Hamilton and Major Paul \'\;!. Rutledge with CommissionerW'allender, chief of civil defense, study the New York area ..

• I..~ .

E?'-~t- ,""r

.J.::~.

Brig. Gen. Robert W. Berry in thevVestern Army AA Command were ac-tively directing the training.

fense.Major General Paul \V. Rutledge in

the Eastern Army M Command and

THE troops of the Army N\ Com-mand under Major General Willard \V.Irvine are engaged in extended fieldtraining during the month of September.

Typical of continental air defense,most of the units were located in thesuburbs of metropolitan areas. Some ofthe troops were in the field near theirhome areas. Brig. Gen. William H.Hamilton's brigade was active in theNew York area. Likewise Lt. Col. Fran-cis Fulton's battalion staged their train-ing near Philadelphia.

Cooperating with the 35th AAA Bri-gade, Air Force elements were simulatinghostile air attacks by day and night giv-ing all hands realistic practice in per-fecting their early warning and gunnery.

Other exercises in field operations andorganization of positions served to roundout the training for the new men as wellas the veterans.

Likewise, throughout the commandfrom Col. Albert S. Baker's group in theFirst Army to Brig. Gen. Hobart Hew-ett's brigade in the Sixth Army the anti-aircraft troops were training in air de-

Delaware Guard - By Sgt. David D. PrestonBEYOND the muzzles of the 405, ablue wedge of the Atlantic Ocean wasvisible between the scrub-covered sanddunes that lined the southern Delawarebeaches. A thousand yards at sea, floateda sail.!ike cloth target, towed by an Armyboat. Gun crews on the beach fidgetedat their stations, waiting for the word.

The 261st AM Brigade, of the Dela-ware National Guard, commanded byBrig. Gen. John B. Moore, was in themidst of its second and final week of

I Summer camp this muggy early-Augustafternoon. Behind the men were severaldays of firing at aerial targets. Now theyWere ready to settle an argument-thatfiring on water-borne targets, simulatingantimechanized operations, could bemade a vital part of ack-ack training.

In the tower behind the guns, twoofficerswere anxiously awaiting the order

to start firing. Col. Ralph S. Baker, com-manding the 160th Group, was anxiousto see what the 193rd and 945th A\VBattalions would do in their first crackat llat-trajectory firing.

Part of the anxiety of the two officerswas the fact that one of the two battal-ions-the 193rd-had been converted toa 40-mm unit only two weeks beforecamp, after several years of operating thebigger 90s.

The honor of leading off, and perhapsof setting the pace, went to a batteryfrom Dover, the state's capital. The manat the breech stood with the first steel-jacketed, armor-piercing shell ready,those on the forward-area sights pin-pointed the target, as they would to am-bush a tank.

The gun officer shouted, "Target!"and the gunner dropped in the shell and

kicked the trigger. Ten shells in allwent in the breech in a matter of sec-onds, and the gun llashed ten times.\Vhen the cease-fire was given, five ofthe armor-piercing shells had rippedthrough the target, others had chippedpieces from the raft which held it.

The next unit to level off, a 1\lilfordbattery, put four of ten shells into thetarget before making way for anotheri\ lilford outfit which shredded the targetwith six straight hits. One after another,the eight batteries of the two battalionsstepped up to the line and riddled thetarget. i\lore than 100 hits were scoredduring the afternoon, and on many occa-sions, "near misses" clipped the raft.

\Vhen it was over, everyone was con-vinced that the firing on water-bornetargets had proved to be very valuabletraining.


JOURNAL HONOR ROll CRITERIA

4. Units will remain on the Honor Roll for one year after qualificationor requalification.

3. Brigades and groups with 90% or more subscribers among the officersassigned to the unit are eligible for listing, provided that the unitconsists of not less than seven officers.

1. To qualify or to requalify for a listing on the Journal Honor Roll,units must submit the names of subscribers and a roster of officersassigned to the unit on dote of application.

2. Battalions with 80% or more subscribers among the officers assignedto the unit are eligible for listing, provided that the unit consists ofnot less than twenty officers.

************

****

*****************¥-¥¥¥¥


*

Operations Detachments102nd AAA Opns. Det.Capt. G. J. Lahey105th AAA Opns. Det.1st Lt. E. A. Sisson177th AAA Opns. Det.Maj. W. F. Hole, Va.179th AAA Opns. Del.Mai. R. S. Gruhn181sf AAA Opns. Def.Maj. R. H. Moser501 sf AAA Opns. Def.Maj. E. F. DeLeon503rd AAA Opns. Del.Capt. R. R. Berger507th AAA Opns. Det.Copt. E. F. Bookter

507th AAA AW BnLt. Col. S. J. Paciorek518th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. O. l. Greening697th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. James McMinn698th AM Gun BnLt. Col. F. Monico, Illinois705th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. M. P. DiFusco, R. I.707th AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. F. Fulton, Jr.708th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. P. I. Getzinger709fh AAA Gun BnLt. Col. l. A. Long710th AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. C. C. Berkeley712th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. H. H. Taylor, Jr., Fla.713th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. B. N. Singleton715fh AAA Gun BnMaj. J. Y. Woodruff71 6fh AAA Gun BnLt. Col. Joe R. Stewart717th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. E. D. Pelzer720th AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. G. A. Duke, Calif.726fh AAA Gun BnLt. Col. John T. Watson728th AAA Gun Bn.Maj. G. C. Moore732nd AAA Gun Bn.Maj. l. Neeley, Ore.753rd AAA Gun BnLt. Col. W. H. Nicolson768th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. T. H. Kuyper, Illinois773rd AAA Gun BnLt. Col. G. F. Slavin804fh AAA AW Bn (MILt. Col. Wm. C. Wells867th AAA AW BnMaj. S. M. Arnold

***ROLL**65th AAA Gun BnLt. Cal. R. F. Moore68th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. R. C. Cheal69th AAA Gun Bn 1M)Lt. Col. D. C. Sherrets70th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. K. R. Philbrick71 st AAA Gun BnLt. Col. A. J. Montrone75th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. A. A. Koscielniak78th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. J. B. Parrolt79fh AAA Gun BnLt. Col. F. E. Pratt80th AAA Airborne BnLt. Col. L. W. linderer82nd AAA AW Bn ISPIMaj. R. H. Johnston95th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. L. S. Dougherty1015t AAA Gun Bn (MIMaj. l. D. Collins102nd AAA Gun BnLt. Col. M. H. Roesser11 5th AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. W. D. McCain120th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. H. C. Gray126th AAA AW Bn (SPILt. Col. R. C. Carrera, Mont.127th AAA AW Bn (SPILt. Col. H. G. White, N. Y.142nd AAA AW BnLt. Col. C. Beckman, N. Y.146th AAA AW Bn.Lt. Col. R. H. Franklin150th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. l. O. Ellis, Jr.238th AAA Gun Bn.Mai. T. P. O'Keefe243rd AAA AW Bn.Lt. Col. E. E. McMillon245fh AAA Gun BnLt. Col. C. M. Brown250th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. A. J. Twiggs260th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. R. H. Stephens, D. C.265th AAA Gun BnMaj. H. Botts, Fla.337fh AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. J. W. Dry340th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. G. V. Selwyn, D. C.369th AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. C. S. Heming398th AAA AW Bn ISP)Lt. Col. l. B. Dean420lh AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. G. S. Green443rd AAA AW Bn ISP)Lt. Col. J. F. Reagan

*****214th AAA GroupCol. J. G. Johnson, Go.216th AAA GroupCol. W. E. Johnson218th AAA GroupCol. V. P. Lupinacci, Po.224th AAA GroupCol. E. W. Thompson226fh AAA GroupCol. John D. Sides227fh AAA GroupCol. P. L. Wall2515t AAA GroupCol. A. Long, Calif.302nd AAA GroupCol. John M. Welch, Ohio313lh AAA GroupCol. A. F. Hoehle, Po.326th AAA GroupCol. M. D. Meyers, Po.374fh AAA GroupCol. T. F. Mullaney, Jr., Illinois51 5th AAA GroupCol. F. G. Rowell, N. Mex.

Battalions3rd AAA AW Bn ISP)Lt. Col. C. W. Stewart3rd AAA Tng. Bn.Lt. Col. E. E. Twining4th AAA AW Bn IMILt. Col. R. J. Connelly9th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. H. O. Johnson15lh AAA AW Bn ISPILt. Col. F. A. Werner21st AAA AW Bn (SPILt. Col. Chas. E. Henry22nd AAA AW BnLt. Col. R. J. JonesA Btry, 25th AAA AW BnCapt. l. M. Pederson35th AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. J. E. Burrows39th AAA AW Bn (MILt. Col. N. W. Baltzer41st AAA Gun BnLt. Col. W. A. Keyson46th AAA AW Bn (SPILt. Col. Wm. M. Vann48th AAA AW Bn.Lt. Col. O. K. Marshall50th AAA AW Bn ISP)Lt. Col. l. J. Lesperance59th AAA AW Bn (SPILt. Col. H. Van Kolnitz60th AAA AW BnLt. Col. R. T. Cassidy62nd AAA AW Bn (SPILt. Col. R. G. Finkenour63rd AAA Gun BnLt. Col. B. I. Greenberg64th AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. R. A. Lanpher

*HONOR****Original Honor Roll88th AAA Airborne BnLt. Col. R. B. Barry, Jr.228th AAA GroupCol. D. W. Be/hea, Jr.107th AAA AW Bn 1M)Lt. Col. T. H. Pope, Jr., S. C.305th AAA GroupCol. John S. Mayer, N. Y.

Brigades35th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. Homer Case40th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. James G. Devine47lh AAA BrigadeCol. G. C. Gibbs103rd AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. R. Y. Moore, Conn.105th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. A. H. Doud, N. Y.107th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. J. W. Squire, Va.111lh AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. Chas. G. Sage, N. Mex.11 2th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. J. W. Cook, Calif.

Groups2nd AAA GroupCol. C. G. Patterson10th AAA GroupCol. W. H. Hennig11 th AAA GroupCof. W. B. logan19th AAA GroupCol. H. P. Gard97lh AAA GroupCol. J. T. Wrean200th AAA GroupCof. C. M. Woodbury204th AAA GroupCol. F. C. Grevemberg, la.207th AAA GroupCol. G. T. Stillman, N. Y.208lh AAA GroupCof. H. S. rves209th AAA GroupCol. E. J. Welte212lh AAA GroupCol. J. A. Moore, N. Y.

Separate CommandsArmy AAA CommandMaj. Gen. W. W. IrvineThird Anny Training CenterBrig. Gen. C. H. ArmslrongEast AAA CommandBrig. Gen. P. W. RutledgeCentral AAA CommandCol. D. J. Bailey

Guided Missile Dept.

AA & GM SchoolCol. F. M. McGoldrick

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Employment Of Self-PropelledAutomatic WeaponsBy 1st Lt"~.CarlM. Guelzo, Arty.

EXPERIENCES in World War IIand the lessons learned on the battle-fields of Korea demonstrate the value oflight AAA automatic weapons. A de-scription of the tactics employed in theU. S. 3d Infantry Division may provehelpful. The uses of AW described arenot inflexible, but rather have proveneffective in the type of terram and themethods of fighting characteristic ofKorea.

The two major missions of light AAAare still unchanged: air and ground de-fense, although the latter has grown inimportance under the air supremacy ofthe UN forces. In Korea, the ground sup-port role predominates to the almost totalexclusion of the antiaircraft mission; but,future wars may hold a different dispo-sition of air forces. Even in Korea, theair defense mission has not been neg-lected as demonstrated in the relativelyminor engagements during nuisanceraids.

The demands made on the single self-propelled light A..t\A AW battalion or-ganic to the division artillery are heavyand varied, but generally fall into a pat-tern of three major categories: First, pro-tection must be afforded the field artil-lery by tying into their perimeter de-fenses (thereby relieving the infantryof the task) and providing air andground defense for their march columns.Second, such division installations asCP's, main supply routes, bridges, airstrips, and supply dumps must be pro-tected from air and ground attacks. Andthird, the infantry must be given closesupport by firing preparations for at-tacks, providing close overhead fire, sup-porting task forces and armored thrusts,and firing on targets of opportunity.Additional services for infantry andother units, such as the evacuation ofwounded from the battlefield, haulingammunition to units engaged with the


enemy, and accompanying psychologicalwarfare teams, have added to the suc-cess of ack-ack.

It is not without justification thatmore and more infantry and field artil-lery commanders are regarding their sup-porting AAA with affection. The fourfiring batteries are utilized to the fullestin providing an equitable distributionof their services in spite of certain in-adequacies of equipment. The high mo-bility of the self-propelled AW battalionis limited by the inability of the equip-ment to negotiate rough terrain or oper-ate off roads during periods of inclementweather. Despite armor plating, the ve-hicles are not tanks and cannot operateor be used as tanks, but many supportedunit commanders, deceived by armorthat will only turn small arms fire andlight shell fragments, fail to realize thelimitations of the M19 and M16. Im-proper disposition and emplacement inthe face of mortar, artillery, or antitankfire or in dangerously mined areas oftenresults in the permanent loss of a valu-able weapon.

Improvisations have served admirablyin offsetting many materiel disadvan-tages. An SCR-300 borrowed from theinfantry for use during an operationsolves the problem of communicationbetween the infantry and AAA com-manders, while careful selection of fir-ing positions and routes of approach canoffset the tactical disadvantages of thevehicles. Mil scales engraved on thebrass azimuth and elevation handwheelcollars of the 1\119 aid considerably inbringing fire to bear on targets qui~kly,accurately, and with a minimum of ad-justing rounds.

The high muzzle velocity and Hat tra-jectory of the twin 40mm cannon en-able the weapon to lob high explosiveshells into the narrow embrasures of con-crete pillboxes and bunkers, while the

quad caliber .50 machine guns, althoughnot as accurate as the 4Omm, can liter-ally sweep a given area with their tre-mendous firepower. But both weaponscan perform these phenomenal featsof firepower and accuracy just as ef-fectively at a range of 1500 yards fromthe enemy as 500 yards-and with moresafety for the vehicle. The effectivenessof the weapons can be increased im-measurably if they are employed proper-ly. No commander would knowinglysacrifice a weapon capable of providinga high rate of fire combined with almostpinpoint accuracy or deliberately limitits effectiveness, yet failure to provideproper defilade for the vehicles or mis-judging the ability of the weapons totraverse a rice paddy or other question-able piece of terrain has resulted in justthat.

Coordination, a necessity in any oper-ation involving AW, is not an insur-mountable problem. The borrowed SCR-300 is one method, or liaison personnelutilizing an assistant platoon leader or aplatoon sergeant to accompany the in-fantry commander fills the bill. Panelson the backs of attacking groups of in-fantry establish quite clearly a no-

Silver StarSergeant Floyd T. Barton, Battery C, 21st

AAA AW Bn ISP). In the vicinity of Yong-dongpo, Korea, on 16 February 1951, Ser-geant Barton's half-trock was suddenly at-tacked by a hostile patrol which was attempt-ing to cross the Han River. Although theinitial onslaught forced the entire crew totake cover, he and the driver made their wayback through enemy lines to recover the ve-hicle. Quickly mounting the machine gunturret as the driver mounted the cab, hedelivered a steady stream of deadly fire toinflict numerous casualties on fhe surround-ing foe and drive the remainder into disord-erly retreat. Sergeant Barton's courageousleadership and selfless devotion to duty arein keeping with the high traditions of theArmy. x x x Pennsylvania.

31

fire line, and smoke grenades are excel-lent for signaling cease firing. Targetscan be designated with tracer bullets, around of white pbosphorus from a 57mmrecoilless rifle, or using reference points.Such procedures as these, in increasingtbe effectiveness of the support renderedby AAA units, have proven time andagain the ability of AAA to act in theoffense as well as tbe defense.

Two administrative means may beused in accomplishing tbe varied tasksassigned the organic divisional AAA bat-talion. The direct attachment to the sup-ported unit, while placing tactical andlogistical responsibility for the AAA inthe hands of the supported unit com-mander, is not the best method. Attach-ing AAA batteries or platoons to sup-ported units, whether infantry or fieldartillery, takes virtually all control awayfrom the battalion commander. In thepresent emergency, many fine officershave been recalled to active duty butimmediately placed in the field withoutaccess to the newest developments intactical doctrine available in serviceschools. Control of AW units then fallsinto the hands of persons who are notalways equipped to utilize them to thebest advantage.

The logistical burdens placed on sup-ported units by a direct attachment mayalso prove unduly heavy. Few organi-zations will require 1000 gallons of fuelto replace that used in a single opera-tion. Expecting regimental S4's to sup-ply enormous quantities of gasoline withalready limited transportation appears tohe unfair; yet the M19's and M16's bumjust such quantities of fuel. Supplyingammunition quickly becomes a majorproblem when the twin 40mm can ex-pend a basic load in the space of a fewminutes and exhaust what can he car-ried in its trailer in a few more minutes.

Silver StarFirst lieutenant William O. Keeling, Bat-

tery 0, 21st AM AW Bn (SPI. On thenight of 25 April 1951, near Uijongbu, Karea,during a powerful hostile attack, lieutenantKeeling organized his half-track platoon tocover the displacement of friendly forces tomore tenable positions. Although all the rifleelements had apparently passed through, heheld his vehicles in place, despite the prox-imity of the onrushing foe, in the belief thatathers might still be at the front. His actionenabled the rear guard of another platoonto withdraw to safety. lieutenant Keeling'scourage, resolute leadership and steadfastdevotion to duty reflect the highest credit onhimself and the United Stotes Army. x x xPennsylvania.

Placing batteries and platoons in di-rect support solves many of the prob-lems raised by direct attachments. Thebattalion commander of the AW bat-talion is a man of long experience andsound judgment in the disposition andemployment of his combat vehicles;hence, direct support roles permit himto retain full operational control of hisbatteries. While actively controlling theactivities of his weapons, the battalioncommander is also able to allot his ve-hicles and batteries most effectively andeconomically. The same weapons madeavailable to the infantry during daylighthours can be used to provide perimeterdefense for field artillery batteries atnight, and the vehicles accompanyingan armored reconnaissance party duringthe day can return and resume their airand ground defense mission around di-vision installations during the hours ofdarkness. In this manner, either thesame number of missions can be accom-plished by fewer vehicles to provide anopportunity for repair and maintenance,or a greater number of vehicles can heassigned to each mission to provide morefirepower than would be possible un-der a direct attachment. Under a direct

Struggle For Survival

attachment, this double duty for com-bat vehicles would be difficult or im-possible.

The Headquarters Battery of the AWbattalion is also equipped to sen'e as asenrice battery in providing full logisti-cal and administrath'e support of thefiring batteries. The battalion S4 is notdismayed by large gasoline and ammuni-tion requirements and has had experi-ence in filling the needs of the batteriesin these respects. The motor officer, oneof the business men in the organization,is equipped to keep the tracks and half-tracks of the battalion rolling despitethe hard usage of the equipment on longgruelling road marches. Although it isnot my intention to relate war storieshere, it is significant to note that themaintenance supervision rendered bybattalion motor officers will pay bigdividends as demonstrated by the lowmechanical failure rate on the two wilddashes of the 3d Infantry Division inMay, 1951, during the second round ofthe Chinese spring offensive, first acrossthe tortuous mountain trails of centralKorea, and then back again to the west-ern sector.

A full realization on the part of sup-ported unit commanders of the limita-tions and capabilities of the AAA AWweapons and the proper methods of em-ploying them to bring out their fullpotential as close support weapons isneeded. The loss of an M19 or an M16deprives the commander of a tremen-dously powerful weapon for periods oftime that vary with highly uncertain re-pair facilities during a period in whichhe may need them the most. Once thesebasic fundamentals of employment areunderstood, the supported commanderwill find himself allied on the field ofbattle with weapons unequalled in flexi-bility, accuracy, and firepower.

32

"Those who feel that the successful solution to one conflict may giveus the opportunity to relax and stay out of all the succeeding ones fail torecognize the avowed intent of Communist doctrine. We are face to facewith a long-range struggle--a struggle in which the enemy will use allmeans-political, economic, psychological, and military-to bringabout this capitulation. This long-range struggle is a struggle for sur-vival."-General of the Army Ornar N. Bradley.


I Send Your Son Into Battle*By Lt. Col. Melvin Russell Blair, Inf.

RIFLEMEN fight their wars onmountaintops, and most riRemen are,'ery young. With this in mind, thinkthen of any mountain you may remem-ber-any rising slope of ground coveredwith trees and rocks and little bushes,and wrinkled with gullies. And thenthink of your own son-a boy in T shirtand blue jeans now, perhaps, but soonto be a soldier who, in some far-off cor-ner of the earth, may someday be or-dered to go running and crawling upsuch a hill as this, to kill or drive awaythe enemy upon it.

Combat takes many forms and all ofthem require great skill and courage.There is the war at sea, and war in theair, but to the infantryman these areimpersonal forms of war-a conflict be-tween men and machines. And on theground there is the war that the artillery-man and the tanker fight, but this isnot war as the infantryman knows it.The war the riReman fights is the es-sence of war, and it is almost impossibleto describe, for soldiers are not usuallydeft with words, and it is hard for themto make others see and understand whatthey who listen have never experienced.

But I have commanded troops in bat-tle in two wars now, as a platoon leader,company commander, and finally as abattalion commander, and I have neverled men into combat or watched themgo on my orders, without wishing thatI could sit down and write a letter tothe father and mother of every man andtell them in simple terms what the riRe-man's war is like, and what traits ofcharacter the boy should have who fightsit best.

First, of course, he must be physicallystrong and tough and resilient, for hewill be called on to undergo hardshipsand weariness and discomfort almost be-yond the capacity of the human body toendure. He must be intelligent andquick to comprehend, for a soldier's

*Reprinted by special permission of The Sat-urday Evening Post. Copyright 1951 by TheCurtis Publishing Company.

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER,1951

Silver Star {Posthumous}

Corporal John T. Travis, Ballery B, 21stAAA AW Bn IS?}. On 16 Februory 1951, neorNaegong-ni, Korea, Corporal Travis was serv-ing as a gunner on a multiple mount mo.chine gun during a sharp fire fight. Afterthe vehicle had been moved to an exposedvantage point, he delivered a steady streamof effective covering fire as the infantry ma-neuvered for an assault. Although subjectedto an intense concentration of small arms,automatic weapons and mortar fire, he re-mained at his past to direct aver 3Q(J()roundsat the surrounding foe before he was mor-tally wounded. Corporal Travis' exemplarycourage, aggressive spirit and unremillingdevotion to duty were an inspiration to hiscomrades and enhance the high traditions ofthe service. x x x California.

time of training is brief, and in this shorttime he is told many things that he mustunderstand and remember if he is tosurvive in battle. He must be obedient,for discipline is the only thing that holdsa unit together in combat, whether itbe a squad or a battalion. Yet at the sametime he must possess initiative-the in-stinct to take action on his own-forthere will be many times in battle whenthe men who give orders are dead or outof his sight and hearing, and he mustdecide for himself what to do.

He must, above all, possess a sense ofpride and a sense of loyalty to his com-rades, for in battle, in the moments ofgreat danger, it is his loyalty to the menaround him that makes him go wherehe is afraid to go. And courage is onlypride so strong it will not let him revealto others that he is afraid to do whatthey will do.

So, remembering this far-off mountainwhere he someday may come to his greattesting, think of your son and judge foryourself what kind of soldier he will be.If he likes sports and the outdoors, ifhe loves hard play and camping, hepossesses the physical attributes he willneed. If he does well in high school hewill learn quickly the simpler lessons theArmy teaches. If he gets along well withthe kids on his street, he will get alongwell with his squad. If he is respectful

and obedient to you, he will accept thediscipline of the noncoms and the offi-cers who command him. If he keeps hisroom neat, he will keep his rifle cleanand his gear in order. If he is loyal tohis family and to his school, and proudof his own appearance, his own skill asan athlete or as a student, he will havethe loyalty and pride to carry him wellin combat.

THESE ARE HIS BUDDIES AT THE FRONT

What, then, is this combat like, thisday of battle in which all that a manis in body and in spirit is tried andtested? The best way to describe it, per-haps, is to describe first the unit whichdoes the fighting and what goes on inthe ranks and up at command level, be-fore, during and after a battle.

Armies, corps, divisions and regimentsdo not fight battles. They direct and con-trol and administer. The basic fightingunit on which all actions are plannedis the battalion, a force of some 1,000men, divided into three riRe companiesof roughly 200 men each, plus a com-pany of heavy weapons-machine guns,mortars and recoilless riRes-and a pla-toon of five tanks, and perhaps a com-pany of engineers. And these riRe com-panies are broken down into platoons,which again are broken down intosquads of nine men each-five riflemen,a squad leader and his assistant, and anautomatic riReman and his helper. Theselast are the men your son will know.He will know their nicknames, and theirhome towns, and the way their sweet-hearts look in bathing suits, and theywill know all these things about him.For they are the men he lives and trainswith, and they are the only men he willsee around him as, in the noise andsmoke, he goes into battle for the firsttime.

How, then, does he go into battle?Who sends him there? Who does thethinking and planning and gives the or-ders which, on some gray morning justat dawn, will cause him to rise from

33

his foxhole and start out on the lone-liest, most frightening journey a manwill eyer take?

That is my job. I am his battalioncommander. I do not choose the hill wewill assault or the time he will go, butonce the attack has started, it is on myorders that his company goes forward,halts where it is or comes back. And itis my judgment which decides whetherhe shall carry out his mission and per-haps be wounded or killed in the at-tempt or whether he shall withdrawand fail. The choice is hard. If I orderhis company on into fire it cannot sur-vive, every man in it may be killed orwounded or captured, and I havegained nothing. If larder it back, itswithdrawal may cause my whole attackto fail, and the failure of my battalionto take one hill may mean the failure ofa grand-scale attack in which thousandsof men are employed for miles alongthe line.

That, then, is the burden a battalioncommander carries as long as his unitis in combat-this balancing of the livesof his men against the mission he hasbeen ordered to carry out. There areonly two things which sustain him-theknowledge he has gained in schoolswhere the distilled military wisdom ofthe ages is pounded into his head, andhis own experience in battle. Out ofthese two sources of knowledge he fightshis battalion.

What, then, does he do? Let us say,for instance, that he is taking this bat-talion into battle for the first time. Itis a green outfit. He and the companycommanders and the platoon leadersand some of the noncoms have been incombat before, but the men are freshfrom training. They have learned tosalute, to drill, to pitch a pup tent, tofire their weapons. They have had alittle simulated combat, when machineguns fired live ammunition over theirheads. But that is all. Now thev are inan assembly area some miles"' to therear. They are bored and restless, andthose of them who have never seen ac-tion look forward to it with mixed feel-ings, half eagerness and half fear. Farup ahead they hear the artillery slam-ming doggedly away, see jet planesswimming like schools of silver fish inthe sky, watch supplies going up andthe dusty ambulances lurching backover the rough roads to the hospitals at

34

Silver Star (First Bronze OakLeaf Cluster)

First lieutenant Jahn Gronsky, Battery B,21st AM AW Bn ISP). On 3 April 1951,friendly forces were advancing over a flat,open valley toward strong hostile positionsnear Chugang-ni, Korea. Lieutenant Gronskypreceded his half-track platoon to search formines and to select advantageous firing po.sitions. When three of his men were woundedby a bursting martar shell, he exposed him.self to the deadly barrage to carry them tosafety. Throughout several hours of constantaction, he repeatedly exposed himself to di-rect more effectively the movement and fireof his men and to administer to the needsof the wounded. lieutenant Gronsky's cour.ageous leadership, aggressive spirit and un-wavering devotion to duty enhance the hightraditions of the United States Army. Enteredmilitary service from Pennsylvania.

the rear. At night they see the glow inthe sky of the flares which light thefront, and sometimes the redder glowwhere a village bums, set ablaze by artil-lery fire.

Two days, three days, a week maypass while he waits in the assemblyarea. And then the leather-cased tele-phone jingles in my tent. It is theregimental CO. He calls me by my firstname. "You'll move up tonight, Russ,and relieve the first battalion in place,"he says. Then my work begins. I callthe CO of the weapons company, thetank platoon, the engineers and theartillery-liaison officer. I alert the rifle-company commanders and tell themto be ready to move. The word passesquickly to the men. Each behaves ashis character dictates. A few weak onesreport to the aid station with vague,indefinable aches and pains. Othershunt up the chaplain for a little talk.Most check their gear, write a letter ortwo and then sit doing nothing at all.

With my officers I go up to the com-mand post of the battalion I am goingto relieve. The battalion CO briefs meon the situation of the enemy as wellas he knows it, shows me on the mapwhere his boundaries are, where hismortars are set up, his heavy machineguns, where his tanks are deployed andhis reserve company, and where his artil-lery concentrations are falling.

I look at this map and make certainchanges in my mind. Terrain governsthe disposition of troops and no 1:\.\'0

commanders interpret terrain exactly thesame. I may feel that his CP is tooclose up, too far back, too far to oneflank. I pick another spot where the

wiggly contour lines on the map showme I can set up my own headquarterswhere I shall be in defilade, out of sightof observed mortar or small-arms hre.I choose positions for my mortars andfor my resef\'e company that may be alittle different from his, but nearly al-ways my fOf\vard rifle companies' willgo into the same foxholes where hisriflemen now are.

I tell him how long I think it willtake me to move, and as soon as I havetwo companies in place I will take overresponsibility for the sector. I call backto my CP and give orders for the move-ment to begin.

Back there the men have had theirlast hot chow. They move up on foot inthe dark. Guides from the battalion weare relieving take them to the forwardfoxholes. As my men move into theholes the others move out. They don'thave much to say to one another. Themen being relieved are too tired andbeaten and bushed to talk. All they wantis to get out of the line.

If all has gone well, by daylight mybattalion will be in place. Telephonelines will be in from my CP forward tothe rifle companies, back to the tanks,the mortars and the artillery. I am readyfor whatever orders. may come.

Through the night I have been study-ing my map. I have projected my boun-daries ahead-lOOO yards, 2000 yards.I know pretty well, before I ever get thecall from regiment, what my attack ob-jective will be-a hill mass, high andrugged, 500 yards to my front.

Dawn comes and your son John, ina front-line foxhole for the first time,looks out, down the slope of the hill infront of him, across the flat valley tothe hill mass ahead. There is no sound,no movement, except the slow driftingof gray smoke beyond the hill. Magpiessail lazily in the valley below. He seesno enemy, nor any trace of him, noearth thrown up, no log barricades, noguns pointing ominously at him, no signat all that this hill and valley to his foreare any different from a thousand suchhe has passed in his journey from thedocks at Pusan.

Back of him now, not ahead, he hearsa great door slam, and over his head hehears for the first time the dry whisperof an artillery shell passing over-hisown artillery. He \\latches for the ex-plosion, but sees nothing and hears noth-


iPg. for this is interdiction fire, fallingdeep behind the enemy's line.

He sees no enemy, but off theresomewhere the enemy sees him. Andas he stands up in his foxhole and callsacross to a buddy-\Vhoom!-behindhim a section of the hilltop leaps in theair, something sings past his head, he6nds himself Hattened in the bottom ofhis hole while bits of earth and rockshower down on him. He hears for the/irst time the cry, "Medics, medics here!"He pokes his head up timidly. Thirtyyards away lies a man strangely mis- .shapen, with a red blur at his shoulderwhere his arm had been. His helmethas rolled toward John's foxhole andhe sees the jagged hole in it, the brightshine of blood inside. A wounded manis threshing on the ground, holdinghis side. He makes no outcry except astrange gasping sound, and your sonlearns for the first time that woundedmen do not shriek or cry out.

More mortar shells come in. They arehigh-trajectory shells and they give nowarning shriek or whine. Now he staysin his hole. He unstraps his shovel fromhis back and begins to dig deeper. Butmortars make a Hash and a bang noteasy to hide. Our own mortars beginto answer, searching out with fire theravine where the enemy mortar is hid-den. No more shells come in.

All day my mortars and supportingartillery keep up a steady firing. Mean-while, I have been pondering a decisionon which men's lives depend. Whennight comes, shall I send out patrolsto feel out the enemy, try to find hisHanks, probe for weak spots in his line?If I do, I know that some of the patrolare sure to be killed. Will the informa-tion the patrol brings back enable me tofind a route of approach, which, whenmy battalion finally attacks, might savethe lives of half a company? By sacri-ficing t\VOor three lives, might I savethe lives of a hundred?

While I ponder this, the phone ringsagain. "You all set?" the Old Man asks.I tell him I am.

"O.K.," he says; "you jump off at0600 against Hill 426." (Hills are calledby their heights in meters.) I glanceat my map. That's the hill I'd figuredwould be my objective. He tells me aa great deal more-who will be on myright and left, communications codes,plans for e,-acuation of wounded, pris-


Silver Star2nd lieutenant Jaseph W. Weeks, 21st

AAA AW Bn. {SPI."On 23-24 April 1951 friendly forces were

under strong hostile attack in the vicinity ofUnsan, Korea. Although the enemy had se-cured the commanding ground on the leftflank he moved his three half-tracks into ablocking position to deny entrance into thevalley. After inflicting heavy casualties on theattacking force, he attached all valuableequipment to his vehicles before reioining theinfantry on the new line of resistance. Onthe rollowing day, when friendly forces wereagain ordered to disengage, he held hisvehicles in place to impede future enemy ad-vances until more tenable positions could befirmly secured. lieutenant Weeks' exemplarycourage, resolute leadership and unwaveringdevotion to duty ore in keeping with the high.est traditions of the United States Army. x x xFlorida."

oners, captured enemy materiel-but allI really'need is that goose egg on themap.

I call my company commanders andtell them to meet me up in the line, at apoint where we can get a good view ofthe terrain to the fore. I give them theircompany boundaries, Able on the left,Charley on the right. We crawl outahead of the troops to get a better view.We look over the terrain a long time,searching it with glasses, trying to pickthe best routes of approach. I try tothink like the enemy CO. If I were de-fending that hill, where would I havemy guns? What dead spots would Icover with mortar fire or mines andbooby traps? I ask my company com-manders to outline their plans of attack.If I like it, I O.K. it. If not, I tell themwhat to do. I give my reason. That defi-lade looks good, I'll explain, but it willbe a deatb trap. They'll mortar you tobits in there.

We crawl back through the lines. Themen have seen us out there. They knowan attack is in the wind. They look up,questioning, as we come back through.We say nothing and try to show noth-ing in our faces. The platoon leaders getthe word to check each man to see thathis weapon is in shape, that he has twoC-rations, a full canteen, ninety roundsof ammunition and three grenades.They check particularly to see that hehas his first-aid packet. The Americansoldier is a softhearted guy. He'll band-age a hurt Korean child and go intobattle without the bandages that mightkeep him from bleeding to death.

Back at my CP, larder out patrolsto search out a certain nose that pokes

down the ridge line. I work out my fireplan. Here's another decision. Shall Istep up the artillery barrage during thenight, thus warning the enemy that anattack is coming, or shall I keep it firinga steady eighty rounds an hour? Hell,I figure, he k,lOWS we are going to attack.I'll hurt him all I can. These are greentroops and the artillery will give themconfidence. So I ask for 200 rounds anhour, from midnight to H-hour minustwenty-five. At H-hour minus twenty-five the planes will hit the hill for fifteenminutes. At H-hour minus ten, I'll callin the artillery again; and the mortars,the 75-recoilless, the tanks and the flakwagons will start. They'll lay down acanopy of fire over my men as they ad-vance, and they'll fire until the riRemenreach a point j~st below the crest, readyfor the final assault.

Once the fire plan is laid on, I try tosleep, but it's not much use. MaybeI worry a little. Is that approach IO.K.'d for Charley Company the bestone? Will it let the men get pretty closebefore the enemy can put fire on them?Does it keep them out of death-trapdefiles? Can the supporting weaponshelp them there? Can they observe theenemy from there and k~ep him con-stantly under fire? I worry about thecommanders. I never commanded themin battle before, but they've all gotgood records as combat men. The nextfight, I'll know. That tall captainseemed a little doubtful about whetherhe could take his objective or not. Is hejust one of those pessimistic guys whoalways bet against, but fight like hellonce they're engaged? Or is he a littlesoft inside? If he's soft, I ought to knowit now. He won't make it. His attackwill come to a screeching haIt as Soonashis men come under fire. He'll get menkilled going out, and he'll get themkilled coming back. All these things runthrough my head as I try to rememberall I've ever learned in school and in thebattle actions where I was the fellowwho was out there in front, taking theminto the attack.

There's not much sleep in the fox-holes either. The new,men lie in theirholes, nervous and eager. They want tosee action. Thev want to know what it'slike. The old m~n are quiet and thought-fuL They think of the many hillsthey\e gone up before, the wounds,the dose calls with death. They have no

35

more CUrIOSItyabout an attack. Theyknow that a man is a pitcher who can'tgo too often to this well. The artilleryis slamming close over their heads now,and it makes no dry rustling sound, buta crack like the smacking together oftwo great blocks of wood.

First light comes and the yalley isshadowed in mist. The men peer fromtheir holes toward the farther hills.Where the artillery shells are falling,smoke shrouds the hilltop, and in thesmoke they see the red and yellowburst of the exploding shells. Planes zipby and the artillery falls silent. Theplanes corne back in swooping dives andthe orange glare of napalm shows on thehill. They corne again with bombs, andthen with rockets that explode with agreat whoosh, and then they corne again,strafing.

I am up with the forward air observernow, helping to talk them in to theirtarget. Nearby, crouched in holes, arethe mortar observer and the artillery-liaison officer and the weapons-companyCO. And now the planes are gone andthe whole symphony begins to play-mortars and artillery, 75's and 57's, flakwagons and the big guns on the tanks.All the world is a hell of clamoroussound, but I don't notice it. My job isto adjust these fires so that every shellis on the target. I've got to have themfalling right before H-hour, and theminutes are ticking by. Finally my watchshows 0600. I call the company com-manders on my radio. "O.K., boys," Isay. "You are on your own."

I poke my head up to watch. Themen corne out of their holes. They don'tcorne out running and yelling, as youmight think. They corne out slowly, liketired old men. They hunch their shoul-ders high, and they move forward slow-ly, stooping over. They are moving ina skirmish line, and you can see themswing their heads to right and left,watching their squad leaders.

What's been going on in their mindswhile I was adjusting the fire? They'vebeen watching the terrible explosionson the hill over there, and the new menhave been thinking, Hell, that's clobber-ing them. They think that when theyget over there there won't be a Chineseleft alive. But the old soldiers know bet-ter. They know there'll be plenty left.

But go with your boy Johnny, if youwill. The great barrage tearing the air

36

Silver StarSergeant Woodrow McKinnon, 21st MA

AW Bn.(SP)."On the night of 2.(-25 April 1951, hostile

forces launched a strong attack near Yori,Korea, 6nd isolated Sergeant McKinnan'shalf-track from the remainder of the unit.Although IT'ostof his crew had been woundedhe continued to direct a deadly concentratianof fire on the encircling foe. Despite repeatedhostile attempts to overrun the position, heconducted a spirited defense to enable theinfantry elements to displace to a new de.fense line with minimum casualties. SergeantMcKinnon's courageous actions reflect greatcredit on himself, his unit and the Americansoldier. x x x Florida."

over his head has shaken him a little,for he's never on earth heard suchnoise. His hands are wet and a littleshaky. He pats his grenades to see thatthey are hung securely, he checks hisrifle and looks to his bayonet. He triesto remember all that he's been told.What was it the sergeant said abouthand signals, smoke signals? Where doesthe left hand go when you lunge withthe bayonet?

He's watching his squad leader, whohas a walkie-talkie strapped to his back.Suddenly the squad leader jumps out ofhis hole. He waves his arm forward. Heyells something. He turns and startsdown the forward slope. And before heknows it, your Johnny is out follow-ing him, his hands sweating, his heartpounding in his throat. He feels astrange excitement. Here it is, he thinksto himself. I'm in action at last.

Something cracks by his head, and heflinches, but he keeps going on. Dustis jumping from the ground beside himand he hears the savage whine of aricochet. Suddenly he finds himself onthe ground, the roar of a great explo-sion in his ears. He crunches his faceinto the ground. He feels himself hast-ily, wondering if he's hit. He looks tothe left, and there he sees a woundedman, threshing on the ground. Hestarts to crawl to help him. Then heremembers. He can't help. Behind, 200yards, the medics are corning. A rifle-man can't stop. He must go on. Bulletsare striking all around him now, andmore mortar shells are falling. He seesahead of him a little ditch and he inchesforward to it. There he lies flat, his headturning. He wants to see who's withhim. But smoke and dust obscure hisvision. He can see two men to his left,three to his r,ight. That's all.

Another mortar shell hits very close,and dirt and bits of rock sting him. Hethinks he is hit. "Oh-h-h, God," he says."Oh, God." He knows now that the oldnoncoms were right. The shells and thebombs on the hill .were not killing themall. He looks to the hill. He can see noth-ing there. No sign of enemy yet. All hissense of adventure has gone out of himnow, all his eagerness. \Var has lost allits glamour for him now.

Up on the hill at my OP, I'm yellinginto my radio to the company command-ers. "Get them moving!" I yell. "Getthem out of that fire!"

Down on the slope, the squad leadersget the word. Johnny, watching, seeshis leader leap up and wave. He thinks,If I leave this little rise of earth that'sprotecting me, I'll get it in the head. 1'llget it in the guts. Then, out of the comerof his eye, he sees the men on his rightspring up, and he, too, is up-not forlove of country, not for freedom or de-mocracy or any of those great ideals.He got up because the man on his rightdid, and the man on his right got upbecause the squad leader did, and thesquad leader moved because he is anold soldier and an order is an order.

And now he's running across an openfield, and the bullets are smacking inthe paddy muck around him, but themortar shells aren't falling, for theycan't zero in on moving men, and nowhe is across the field and diving intothe brush at the foot of the hill wherethe enemy lies.

And still he hasn't fired a shot be-cause he hasn't seen anything to shootat. In the woods, in the cover of thebushes and the rocks, he feels a littlebetter. There's cover here, and as themen on his right and left move up, hemoves too. And then, all of a sudden.the bullets begin to crack into the treesand into the rocks and brush aroundhim, and he looks around him and hesees nobody moving. The squad leaderis up ahead a little way, and he's wav-ing to his men to keep down. And thefire is falling hot everywhere along theline, and the company is pinned down.

And now comes a decision I mustmake, and it must be right. The AbleCompany commander calls me andtells me he can't moye, and can I getsome mortar fire into a nest of rocksahead of him? I call for mortars there,and it doesn't work. Then I tell Able's


CO to see if he can maneuver a squadto flank the nest in the rocks, and hetries to move a squad of the first pla-toon and loses five men in one burst offire. What can I do now? Can CharleyCompany bring it under fire? CharIeycan't. All that's left is my reserve com-pany, Baker, close behind me in defi-lade. But I don't want to commit myreserves unless I have to. If I throwthem in to help Able now, and Charleygets a banzai counterattack, I'll havenothing to stop it with. Charley will beoverrun. Able will have to pull backthe best it can and my attack will havefailed.

There's just one thing to do. I've gotto go up there and see exactly whatthe hell the situation is. I don't want togo. I've got slugs in my legs now, andmortar fragments in my back, from go-ing up to help pull a company out ofa hole. But that's my job, and whenthe time comes, I must run the samerisks of being killed that your Johnnyruns. So I make the walk he made,stooping and crouching, running andcrawling, until I get up closeenough toseewhere the fire is comingfrom.ThenI crawl back and call my tanks andbring one up and around the hill untilhe can fire point-blank on the rockswhere the enemy machine gun is, andwhen he fires the third round the com-pany commander calls me on his radio.

"That's all she wrote," he says, anold piece of Army slang meaning thatwhatever it is, it is finished.

And now the fire lifts off your sonJohnny, and with the rest of the squadhe goes, crawling, walking, dodgingbehind rocks and trees, on up the hill.Fire still comes down on him; he hitsthe dirt again and again. And still upahead of him he sees no enemy. Butnow he hears the roar of the great ex-plosionson the hill, where the artilleryand the mortars are still firing, and hethinks, Hell, we are going right into it.Then he remembers he was told thatjust below the crest he'd stop, and thatsuddenly the fire would lift, and thenhe'd go on up in the final attack. Andwithout being tol(l.,he stops.

He's all alone now, fighting his ownfear, for he knows that in a minutehe'll be meeting the enemyat last, handto hand, in a fight to the death. Hisbelly muscles are tight and his back iscold, though his face is running with


Silver StarSergeant first Class Harald I.. Grimes, 21st

AM AW Bn. {SP}."On 29 March 1951 friendly forces

launched an allack on strong hostile positionsnear Changgo-ri, Korea. Despite exposure tointense small arms and automatic weaponsfire, Sergeant first Class Grimes guided hishalf-track section to flanking vantage pointswhich commanded a full sweep of the mainenemy strongpoints. By his skillful coordina-lion of movemenl and fire, he was instru-mental in enabling the infantry to secure theobjective. He was seriously wounded whilefulfilling his mission. Sergeant first ClassGrimes' courageous leadership, military abil-ity ond inspirational devotion to duty are inkeeping with the highest traditions of theAmerican Soldier."

sweat. He looks to his rifle, to hisbayonet point; he checks his clip andhis grenades. He pulls his right leg upunder him, and suddenly there is si-lence, broken only by the crack ofsmall-armsfire, and somebodyyells andhe lunges up and goes forward. Andhe sees nothing to shoot at, but themen with the BAR's are firing, andhe lets off a round or so himself, andthen he regrets it, for he wants a fulleight rounds in his magazinewhen hegets to the top of the hill. He feels asting and a thump in his thigh, as ifhe had been rapped with a club witha tack in it. But he does not stop. Helunges on, and suddenly he realizesthat the voice he hears, yelling faintlyabove the din, is his own voice. Gre-nades are rolling down on him now,and he feels the concussionjolt as theygo off behind him. His lungs are aboutto burst as he hurls himself up the lastrocky incline that leads to the top ofthe hill.

And now, all at once, he is out ontop, in the sky line, and here for thefirst time he sees his enemy. And thethought flashesthrough his mind, NowI am going to be killed, but he runs for-ward, yelling and firing, toward thetwo flat-facedyellow men whose headsand shoulders poke above their holes.One is firing a burp gun, but he doesnot feel the bullets tear his sleeve,andthe other is drawing back to throw agrenade. And the one with the burpgun slumps forward, hit in the face,and the other one starts to scream asJohnny's bayonet goesin just where themuscles make a V at his throat. Heplunges across the hole, jerking hisbayonetfree;and down the reverseslopeof the hill other enemy are running,

leaping down the rocks like goats.AndJohnny stands on the crest of the hill,firing as long as he can see a runningform.

Then his rifle snaps in an emptychamber and he stands there on thetop of the hill, weak and a little dazed,looking about him where the medicalmen are beginning already to bandagethe wounded, load them on the littersand send them down the hill. And forthe first time he thinks of the men hesaw fall back there in the rice paddya hundred years ago, and he wants toask about them. But about that time alone enemy mortar shell falls down theslope a way, and he dives into the holewith the men he killed.

He feels nothing toward the deadmen, neither hatred nor pity, but herememberssomebodytold him oncethatthe enemy had lice. So he crawls outand into an empty hole, and he doesnot pay much attention as a heavy-machine-gun crew comesup, drags thedead men to the rim of the hill andtumbles them down the slope, so theycan set up their gun in the hole. Hejust sits there in his hole thinking ofnothing much at ~ll, physically andemotionallyspent. Pretty soon the lieu-tenant comes along, checking on thewounded, and for the first time he re-members that whack on the leg he feltback there, when he had jumped upfor the last run forward. So he lowershis pants and looks at the little blue-and-red hole in his thigh, and maybehe says a little prayer of thanks thatthat was what he got instead of one inthe head or chest. But he knows that itwas only luck that it was the other guy,not he, that got the bad one.

The lieutenant looks at his woundand pats him on the shoulder. "You'reO.K., son," he says. "Soon as we getsquared away here, go on down."

So, later, he goes back down themountain, to where the litter jeeps waitin the road. And up on the hill thecompany commanders are setting uptheir defenses for the night, checkingtheir dead and wounded, getting moreammunition up, putting their outpostsout to the front and flanks.Soon they'llbe ready to move on or defend, what-ever their ordersmay be.

And that is war as the infantrymanknows it, and the way he fights it, dayafter day.

37

S3 RECORDS IN COMBATBy 1st Lt. Carl M. Guelzo, Arty.

OBVIOUSLY S3 paperwork shouldbe simplified in combat. However, a cer-tain amount of good administration isnecessary, and it can make the work ofall much easier.

A great deal of the routine adminis-tration of operations work is suspended.Training is necessarily sporadic andshould be decentralized largely to thefiring batteries. Status of training re-ports and progress charts disappear inthe press of battle. But not all adminis-tration can be ignored.

In combat, the temptation to increasethe administrative burden is just asgreat as in garrison situations; but un-necessary paperwork-administration forits own sake-serves no useful purpose.Operations and field orders assumegreater importance than ever before, buteven these routine types of operationsorders can become a nuisance if over-done. It is not necessary to publish anoperations order each time the battalionor several batteries either displace orhave their missions changed. Bulky an-nexes and intricate administrative pro-cedures for purely tactical operations donot always increase the operational effi-ciency of the battalion.

The S3, however, cannot ride rough-shod over the problem of good adminis-tration. The operations journal is indis-pensable. A simple form, similar to that~hown in Figure 1, is sufficient to pre-sent the day-by-day activities of the sec-tion so that all may see at a glance what

has been going on. The same journalform can be used as a draft copy of themore formally prepared staff journals tobe submitted with command and otherrecurring staff reports.

The operations order can easily beoverdone. The changing of a firing bat-tery's mission or attachment, displace-ment of the battalion command post,the announcement of special EEl orspecial instructions relating to operations-all these could, but do not necessarilyrequire a separate operations order. Theoperations order should be used onlyfor major changes that actually requirethe publication of a full, formal order.

The 01 -Operations Instructions-isa completely adequate substitute for themore formal operations order with re-gard to relatively small changes. A firingbattery must make a platoon availableto an infantry regiment during daylighthours, a complete AW battery is placedin direct support of a field artillery bat-talion, a platoon is attached to a specialtask, force, special instructions are issuedregarding the use of passive defensemeasures-all these items may be pub-lished in an or that would serve eitheras a substitute for a new operationsorder or supplement an existing order(see example in Figure 2). An 01, hav-ing a far more limited scope than anoperations order, can be published atthe end of each day without taxing theclerical capacity of the section; or an 01need only be published as the informa-

tion it contains changes. The file of OI'sthen provides a continuous picture ofthe assigned missions of each firing bat-tery as well as a record of daily opera-tions which will serve as source ma-terial in the preparation of commandreports.

The periodic command report can bea thorn in the side of any battalion S3section-if proper steps have not beentaken to provide source records for theinformation required. The 01 and thetwo forms to be discussed next can pro-vide all the information necessary toprepare a command report. Each timea battery is engaged with the enemy, areport should be made to the S3 sectionfor historical, operational, and logisticalpurposes. A blank report form will makethe work of the battery in preparingsuch after action reports and the S3 sec-tion in recording the information muchsimpler.

A report form, similar to that shownin Figure 3, in conjunction with the 01for that day, provides a great deal ofinformation for historical and operationalpurposes as well as furnishing the S4with valuable logistical data on rationsand ammunition expenditure. Let's takea closer look at this form. The headingis self-explanatory. In item 1 we wouldfind listed the mission of the particularunit engaged: DjS 1st Bn, 14th Inf,atchd l00th FA Bn, etc., while in items2 and 3 would be entered the location ofthe action with coordinates, and the date

Kn i~~OPeRATIONS RECORD

""'ma.~"MJ~_ """""''"_7: RUIlItIf r.

S-6ect. 1~I!u. ~ ll& !'W,i FR htf ,., '" ",.0,,, FA I"" Ii )f 10- de uthenIl! --... - '"'" ~ .........

7

3

~Figure l-Sample operations journal form.

38Figure 4-Operations Record.


Figure 3-Operations Report.

OPERATIONS REPORT IBentl'}' rAtr~lr D.rc (J'~r/. ~/ma,.y mlUIlIlf i.LlI&a~n DF acrJalt ro.rc ,r'M #£ t:l.cTNtllt

4# M krill»l\4UlCIU Enemy fl'fcndty

Amll'JlIl"iCJ(I'ntJ uI'e>'tdc;

M,c No. KIA ."W" rrnR't rMG. Dencl' I"'1b"Uff SdcalMIGMISItfJ9

TciCals: OCjl"" M W4tt.JH11t6 aullCed SJlI'f'O'T,aU1tIT 8. EFfect 01 vwafH1/'1S

7 CoordmtlTlf)n WIT" sllPJNWTed uniT: 8. Ttuye7: du'1htirlDn

9n,.,q, con1:1"01 mcrhtJd 'IJ.£rnpkcc'm«1fT tl'1Yl'~crl(111elM w;mJ:.

/I. nD4tU,a_..r~/de Cause Dcscnp'[;uln

/2. Rema1"/(s

Typa' nCUnc arul Gl"1Itk S'9na.7:U,.c

and time of the action. From this in-formation, the 54 can obtain a roughestimate of rations needed by observingthe unit attachments, whether he willbe required to furnish the rations or ifthe supported unit will handle that, andhow many Grations will be needed toreplenish supplies.

Item 4 supplies the bulk of the opera-tional and logisticaldata. Under thisitem, the number of vehicles engagedwill be listed in addition to the ammu-nition expended by each type of vehicleand the results of that ammunition ex-penditure in enemy casualtiesand dam-age to his materiel. For historical andstatisticalpurposes, the number of friend-ly casualtiescan also be entered here. Initem 5, we would find entered how theAM weapons assisted the supported


units: whether by firing preparAtionsfor an attack, providing overhead firefor advancing infantry, protectIng as-sembly areas, or engaging targetsof op-portunity. The effect of the weapons-excellent,good, or limited-would be en-tered in item 6. Item 7 will furnish in-formation of the method of coordinationwith the supported unit (SCR-300through the infantry commander, panels,smoke grenades, liaisonpersonnel, etc.),while item 8 would provide informationof the method of target designation(pointing, tracers,smoke grenades, etc.).

The method of firecontrol-5CR-508from platoon leader to squad leaders,as-signing sectors of fire,smoke grenades,voice control-would be entered in item9, while the manner in which the AAAweapons were emplaced 'and protected

would be described in item 10. The bat-talion motor officer,to allocate more ef-fectively his personnel and equipment,may want advance information of dam-age to battery vehicles.The division en-gineer may require reports of mine inci-dents. All such items of informationcould be found in item 11. Under item12 would be listed such elements ofdata as explanations of limited effective-ness reported in item 6, degree of c0-

operation from the supported unit, andany outstanding performances of bothequipment and personnel. The file ofthese operations reports will constitutea source of almost every element of in-formation that could be desired of anoperational nature.

W HEN command report time rollsaround, a recapitulation of the informa-tion contained in the operations reportswill prove invaluable for ready reference.A form, similar to that illustrated inFigure 4, will come in handy any timeup-to-the-minute information is requiredof the operations of individual batteriesor of the battalion as a whole. An ex-planation of this recapitulation form isin order here.

Frequently, perhaps in each commandreport,information will be requested onthe number of engagements the battalionhas had in combat and the manner inwhich the battalion has been disposedduring the reporting period. The firstblank column, headed ENGMY, is reoserved for listing the number of en-gagements during anyone day. ThePRIMARY MISSION section is di-vided by batteries and, under each bat-tery heading, is further subdivided intothe three major types of missions. AWunits are called upon to perform: opera-tions in direct support of infantry orfield artillery units, and protection-both air and ground defense-of divi-sion or higher unit installationssuch asbridges, airstrips,CP's, supply dumps,etc. The number of days each batteryand, by a process of addition, the entirebattalion spent in each of 1:hethree mis-sions can be computed from entries inthissection in the f\.111owingmanner:

a. The mission of each battery is de-termined from the 01 or operations orderfor the day.

b. The percentage of the weapons ofthe battery spent on each mission each

39

Figure 2-Sample operations instructions.

loath AM AW BN (SP)'AXYY-ll. (WWOOOOOO), KOREA171SOOKJuly 1951

017-10MAP: KOREA, 1:5OtOOO

1. SPECIALEEl: What demoralizing effect does AW fire have on theenemy?

2. a. A Btry H D/S l00th FA Bn.1 Pit D/S 700th Inf.

b. B BtryHD/S 99th FA Bn.2 Sec Air & Grd Def Div Airstrip.2 See Air & Grd Def Div CPo

C. C Btry (-) D/S 98th AFA Bn.1 PIt D/S 97th FA Bn.2 See available 800th Inf during daylight hours.

d. D Btry atchd 10lst FA Bn.

3. All vehicles will be serviced and readied for movement prior to darknessdaily. Maximum use will be made of all passive defense measures.

4. REPORTOF TODAY'S OPERATIONS:a. 1 Pit A Btry D/S 700th Inf fired 250 rds 40mmt 600 rds .50 cal; 12 en

casualtiest 1 mort destroyed, 1 OP neutralized. No friendlycasualties or damage to equipment.

b. 2 See C Btry D/S 700th Inf fired 300 rds 40mm, 850 rds .50 calj 27 encasualties, 1 MG destroyed. No friendly casualties or damageto equipment.

STEWARTIt Col

must always total 100%, of course. Inaddition, the totals of the three columnsunder a battery heading must be a figureequal to the number of days for whichthe form has been maintained, other-wise an error is indicated in either en-tering the data or in addition.

c. At the end of the month, the totalsof the four INF columns are added to-gether and divided by four to arrive atthe number of days spent by the entirebattalion in support of infantry units.In the same manner, the DW and FAcolumn totals are added together anddivided by four to obtain the numberof days spent by the battalion on divi-sion and field artillery missions. Anothercheck: the number of days spent by thebattalion in each of the three missionsmust, of course, total the number ofdays for which the form has been kept.

The totals of the AMMO REPORTand RESULTS columns provide aready recapitulation for the S4 on am-munition expenditure during the report-ing period (the CLN or classificationcolumn indicates the type of mission-infantry, field artillery, or division-onwhich the ammunition was expended),and a handy indication of the results ofthe battalion's activities for the monthin damage inflicted on the enemy.

Naturally, situations may arise whichwould require modifications of the formsillustrated, or even the design of addi-tional forms; but the procedures describedin this article, having been put to thetest of actual use in combat, should notonly simplify but also streamline muchof the routine administration and record-keeping required in a combat zone.These procedures are sufficiently simpleand the records easy enough to maintainto make them a responsibility of any ofthe enlisted assistants in the section;thereby freeing the 83 himself of theburden of routine paperwork and pro-viding him with additional invaluabletime in which to supervise the opera-tions of the battalion.

are one-fourth of a battery, 25% will beentered under the INF and FA columns.One more example: Suppose I platoonand 2 additional sections are sent outwith an infantry task force, while theremaining 2 sections are used to protecta field artillery battalion. One platoonand 2 sections constitute three-fourthsof a battery, so 75% will be entered un-der INF, and the remaining 25% underFA. And here is a check: the entries un-der a battery heading for anyone day

I-lOath FABn1-99th FA Bn1 - 98th AFA Bn1-97th FA Bn

DISTR:A, C Plus:l-Div Arty1 -lOlst FA Bn1-700th Inf Regt

OFFICIAL:SMITH5-3

day is entered under the appropriatecolumn. For example: Suppose the 01for the first of the month prescribes thatone platoon of Battery A will be in airand ground defense of the division CPand airstrip. One platoon is half a bat-tery, so 50% will be entered under theDIV column. In addition, 2 sectionsof Battery A will be in direct supportof a field artillery battalion, and the re-maining 2 sections will be attached toan infantry regiment. Since 2 sections

Notify the JOURNAL of your address change.

40 ANTL4IRCRAFTJOUR~

SER\/OMECHANISMSBy Lt. Col. Leonard M. Orman, Arty.

FEEDBACK CONNECTION

FIG. I

THE growing complexity of our Anti-aircraft profession is constantly requir-ing the addition of more complicateddevices to aid us in the solution of ourproblems. One result of this is the in-creasing importance of the class of mech-anisms which control the over-all inter-action and reaction of the various guns,compu ters and radar sets-servomech-anisms. A servomechanism is not a spe-cific type of equipment. It is anyone ofa class of automatic regulators intendedto keep a quantity-speed, position, orthe like-matched to a reference quan-tity. Other names applied to this classof devices are follow-up mechanisms,auto-followers, governors and regulators.The American Institute of Electrical En-oineers now calls them feedback con-otrol systems. A servomechanism has beendefined as a "power-amplifying devicein which the amplifier element drivingthe output is activitated by the differ-ence between the input to the servo andits output."

This definition may be illustrated bythe diagram (Fig. 1):

It can be seen that a servomechanismconsists of these parts:

1. An error-measuring device, whichcompares the instantaneous p0-sitions of the input and output.

2. An amplying unit which containssuch motors and power sources asmay be required and such gearsand linkages as are needed to con-nect it to the output and the load.

3. An error corrector, often called aservomotor.

mechanism is a new word applied to anold device. For instance, a fly-ball gover-nor and a float-operated valve are bothservomechanisms.

LET us LOOK at a sen'omechanismfrom the over-all design viewpoint. Sup-pose that the input and output are me-chanical rotations. Assume that the error-measuring device measures the differ-ence between the input and the outputin the form of a voltage. This voltageis amplified and applied to the errorcorrector, which is an electric motorconnected to the output so that themotor always turns in such a directionas to reduce the difference between theinput and the output. Now, if the in-put is turned through an arbitrary angleand stopped, an error voltage will ap-pear and cause the motor to turn insuch a way as to reduce the error. \Vhenthe error reaches zero, that is the out-put is equal to the input, the error volt-age is also zero, and so the motor stops.Thus the servomechanism has performedits function and made the output equalto the input. Now suppose that insteadof turning through an angle and stop-ping, the input is turned at a constantspeed. Eventually the output will alsoturn at a constant speed, but since aconstant voltage is needed to keep themotor going, a constant difference be-tween the input and output will exist.This difference is an error which mustbe accepted, and it turns out to be pro-portional to the input speed. Obviouslythe higher the gain of the amplifier, thesmaller will be the error voltage andconsequently the error necessary to keepthe motor going at a given speed. Simi-larly, if a constant torque is applied tothe output, a constant voltage must beapplied to the motor to keep the outputfrom turning. Again to obtain this con-stant voltage an error must be accepted,and the larger the amplifier gain thesmaller the error. From both these stand-points we must have large amplifier gainfor small error.

LOAD

OUTPUT

/ERROR

CORRECTOR

4. An input member.

5. An output member.

In addition a damping or stabilizingdevice is usually incorporated.

The functions of these various com-ponents are as follows:

1. The instantaneous position of theinput member furnishes a stand-ard reference with which the out-put member is to be made to cor-respond, through operation of theservo system.

2. The output member is that part ofthe system which is driven into aposition corresponding to that ofthe input member.

3. The error-measuring device pro-duces a signal proportional to anyerror or difference between the in-put and output positions. Thissignal may be a mechanical dis-placement or an electrical voltage.

4. The amplifier and servomotor actas the controller. Actuated by theerror signal they develop and de-liver to the output member andthe load a driving force of suchdirection and magnitude as to dis-place the load in a manner thatwill zero the error signal producedby the error-measuring device.

Emphasis should be laid on the factthat while some of these elements maybe electrical, they are not necessarily so,in fact many servomechanisms are en-tirely mechanical or hydraulic. It shouldbe evident that, in many cases, servo-

AMPLIFIER

B

ERROR

MEASURING

DEVICEA

INPUT

/


Quantity Controlled

THESE systems all have in commonthe feedback path which connects theoutput and the input. They have incommon a method of analysis. DuringWorld War II the importance of servo-mechanisms in automatic gun and radarpointing problems stimulated a tre-mendous amount of study, application,and improvement of this method ofanalysis. Mter the war it was realizedthat the method of analysis developedfor military applications could be usedto improve the design of many time-

same system which must be controlled.For example, if the system is a steamboiler. steam pressure, steam tempera-ture, drum "yater level, and internalfurnace pressure may all be regulatedquantities. Such a case must be treated,not as a group of separate sen-omechan-isms, but as one sen'o haYing many feed-back loops. This is because the manycontrollers are coupled through the com-mon system which they control. Indeeda system which is stable when all con-trollers are in operation, may becomeunstable when one of them is discon-nected, even though all of the separatecontrollers are stable when acting alone.A problem of this sort is very difficultto analyze, but great progress is beingmade along these lines at the presenttime.

The following list is typical (but in-complete) of quantities controlled byservomechanisms and their application:

Now let us look at another side of thepicture. If the gain is large a small errorwill driye the motor "ery fast, and atthe instant the error reaches zero themotor will be going at a considerablespeed; and, since it must haye someinertia, it will O\'ershoot, which re-\'erses the sign of the error. The motorwill then reverse and may overshootagain on the other side. Indeed, thereis no guarantee that it may not overshootindefinitely. In other words, the servo-mechanism may hunt continuouslyabout the correct value. This kind ofoperation is called instability. The ten-dency for a servomechanism to be un-stable usually increases as the amplifiergain increases. We see that there aretwo opposing factors in servo design.The chief problem is to balance thesefactors in such a way as to keep theerrors below the required value withoutmaking the servomechanism unstable.

A familiar AA example of this may befound in radar equipment. Since theconnection between the handwheel con-trolling the antenna position and theantenna itself is effectively somewhatelastic because of the action of the elec-trical and magnetic circuits involved, theinertia of the moving antenna causes itto overtravel its required position. Anerror voltage is developed in the servosystem in the opposite direction and theantenna reverses. Successive overtravelsby the antenna would be less and less,and the mechanical oscillation woulddie out except for one factor; there maybe a time lag in the servo system whichcauses reinforced oscillations. In suchcase, the antenna would continue tohunt indefinitely about its normal po-sition.

In order to eliminate hunting, whichwould cause harmful mechanical vibra-tion of the entire antenna rotating sys-tem, an anti-hunt device or circuit isintroduced. These commonly consist ofarrangements to slow up the motor asthe antenna approaches its final position.If the drive power is reduced soonenough the inertia of the moving partscauses the antenna to coast into its finalposition without any overtravel. In otherwords, the position control is made non-oscillatorv.

/

So far the simplest of sen'omechan-isms involving only one regulated quan-tity has been discussed. In practice thereare often many quantities related to the

42

1. Position

2. Velocity

3. Torque4. Power5. Pressure6. Temperature

7. Current

8. Voltage

9. Frequency10. Liquid level11. Liquid and gas flow

honored devices, and to make possiblethe accomplishment of hitherto impos-sible tasks. Dr. Norbert \Viener of the~lassachusetts Institute of Technology,in his book, Cybernetics, has eyen triedto apply the methods of sen'oanalysis tothe behavior of human beings.

Servomechanism, then, is the nameattached to a large class of control sy~terns where control is achieved by com-paring the output to a reference quan-tity. \Vhile such systems are not new aquantitative method of analysis has quiterecently been applied to them, whichleads to a better understanding of theirbehavior, and so to the design of betterservomechanisms.

In many systems the shafts throughwhich the error-measuring device isoperated are connected mechanically tothe input member and to the outputmember respectively. It is not alwayspossible or practical to make the required

Application

Guided missiles, gunfire control, ship steering autopilots.color printing, telemetering, automatic recording, profilemachines, analogue computers.Turbine and engine governors, d-c motors, steel mills,paper machines, printing presses, wire recorders, analoguecomputers.Turbo-propellers, aircraft engines, steel mill motors.A-c generators, doc generators, tie lines.Steam boilers, chemical plants, oil refineries, pipe lines.Homes, steam boilers, chemical processes, annealingfurnaces, dryers.Welders, series lighting circuits, steel mill motors, wirewinding machinery.Generator voltage regulators, induction regulators, recti-fiers, power supplies.Power systems, a-c generators, low frequency standards.Steam boilers, chemical plants, oil refineries, water tanks.Chemical plants, steam boilers, oil refineries.

mechanical connections between theseveral elements of the system, particu-larly when these elements are remotelylocated from each other. In order, then,that the differential device may comparethe relative positions of the input andoutput members of the system, these p0-sitions are transmitted to the devicethrough electromechanical position re-peating apparatus, called self-synchro-nous repeaters or selsyns, although othernames are often used in practice (syn-chros, teletorque, diehlsyn).


One method of classifying these sel-syns is by the general purpose whichthey serve:

L Indicating selsyns, which transmitan indication of angular position toa remote station.

2. Povrer selsyns, which transmitpower synchronously between t\voor more remote positions.

3. Control selsyns (alternatively called"error" selsyns and synchro-trans-formers) and electrical differentialswhich control the angular positionof a remote rotating device.

:\s an example of the use of the indi-cating selsyn consider the simple prob-lem of reading the direction of the windfrom a wind vane at a weather station.The best location for the wind vanemay be comparatively remote from theweather office where the observationsare to be recorded. A mechanical con-nection from the vane to an indicator inthe office by means of shafts and gearswould be complicated and cumbersome,and would probably have so muchinertia and friction that it would ac-tually affect the position of the vaneand introduce errors into the readings.If, however, the freely turning vanecould be made to produce an electricalsignal at the tower which could be trans-mitted by wire to the weather office andthere cause a pointer correctly and con-tinuously to indicate the azimuth of thevane the problem would be solved. Anindicating selsyn system does preciselythat.

The indicating selsyn will not furnishpo\ver, except for the slight amount nec-essary to turn a very light pointer. Occa-sions arise, however, in which it is nec-essary that two physically distant drivingshafts operate in close synchronism. Thusin a vertical lift drawbridge, in whicha section of the bridge is raised bodilyto allow a ship to pass beneath it, it isimportant that the shafts operating thelifting mechanisms at the two ends ofthe draw turn in synchronism, so thatthe ends of the draw will not get out ofline and jam. Power selsyns are designedand used for this purpose, among others.

The need for the third type of selsyn,to control the angular position of a re-mote device, may be illustrated by thesituation in which an operator maywish to control the azimuth or elevationof a radar antenna too remote from the


operating poSItIon for it to be turnedby a mechanical linkage. An indicatingselsyn cannot be used because it doesnot ha\Oe enough power to move theantenna. A power selsyn is primarily adeyice for synchronizing angular speedsand will not synchronize positions suf-ficiently closelv. \Vhat is desired is forthe antenna t~ take precisely the sameazimuth as that set on a pointer or dialby the operator. This result is accom-plished by the use of a control selsyn,or synchro-transformer, which is so de-signed that it furnishes an error signalwhenever the azimuths of the operator'sdial and the antenna are not the same.The error signal then causes an auxiliarymotor, or servomechanism, to turn theantenna to the correct position.

If the servomechanism is to functionproperly in the control system it mustfollow the error voltage continuously,smoothly, and as nearly instantaneouslyas possible. Even if the servo is a DCmotor, some special form of speed con-trol is necessary to make its speed con-tinuously variable in either direction ofrotating starting from rest. The mostpractical method is to supply a variablevoltage to the motor armature, sincecontrol of speed by variation of themotor field is limited in its range. Thereare a variety of methods of controllingthe speed of a DC motor by varying itsarmature voltage. One of these methodsis the Ward-Leonard system. Somewhatsimilar in principle, but superior in prac-tice because of its greater flexibility inresponding to a small error voltage, isthe use of a special generator known asthe amplidyne to supply the motor arma-ture current. This form of generator hasonly recently come on the market, butit has already been put to a wide varietyof uses.

The amplidyne generator is an exter-nally driven DC generator, outwardly'similar to a conventional motor or gen-erator. However, the ingenious additionof a short circuit and a compensatingwinding creates such precise electricalbalance that an electric signal as smallas half a watt will almost instantlv re-lease kilowatts of output power. '

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of acomplete antenna remote control system.In it are shown the essential componentsof a modem remote control arrangement.The operator sets the positioning hand-

Fig. 2. Simple Selsyn-Amplidyne Con-trol System.

wheel to the desired azimuth, therebysetting the control selsyn transmitter.The synchro-transformer produces anerror voltage which feeds into the con-trol amplifier, which in turns excites thefield of the amplidyne generator. Theamplidyne, driven at constant speed bythe three-phase motor, generates thearmature voltage to drive the servo motorand rotate the antenna to the sameazimuth as the positioning handwheel.The synchro-transformer rotor turns withthe antenna, and the error voltage re-duces to zero when the antenna reachesthe proper azimuth, thereby stoppingthe servomotor. A second selsyn trans-mitter also rotates with the antenna andoperates a selsyn receiver which turns aposition indicator pointer at the oper-ating position. As a result the operatorcan observe at all times whether or notthe antenna is following the positioninghandwheel. Obviously the operator canbe replaced by any kind of automaticpositioning device, so that the antennacan be rotated continuously or intermit-tently in either direction instead of be-ing positioned mannally. Normally onlythe positioning and indicating selsynsare located at the control station, the re-mainder of the equipment being assem-bled at the remote antenna position.

It should be obvious that the sametype of assembly can be used in a widevariety of military and industrial appli-cations. Some of them which come t9mind immediately are the remote con-trol of AA guns, the automatic track-ing of targets, the turning of gurI turretson shipboard or in heavy bombers, theoperation of the controls in pilotlessaircraft and guided missiles, and theoperation of automatic steering devices

43

on ships or heavy aircraft. ;\lany of thesesystems are much more complicated thanthe one described but the complexity isprimarily one of detail and multiplicityof components rather than in any of theprinciples invoked.

Although most of the servomechan-isms used in radar work are electrical,many of those used in fire-{:ontrol workare hydraulic. One kind of hydraulicservomechanism dri,'es the gun by a

hydraulic motor supplied with high-pressure oil from a pump. The pump isdri,'en at constant speed and has severalcylinders and pistons the stroke of whichis adjustable. The volume of oil pumpedper unit time is proportional to the pis-ton stroke. The hydraulic motor is simi-lar in construction to the pump, exceptthat it has a fixed piston stroke. Thespeed of the motor varies in proportionto the rate of flow of oil. The stroke of

pump is controlled through a hydraulicrelay by a differential synchro motorwhich measures the error angle.

The first portion of this article wa~ takenwith permission from a lecture by Dr. C. N.Weygandt of the University of Pennsylvaniabefore an Engineering Forum.

The author is also indebted to Col. ClydeR. Nichols. Associate Professor of ElectricalEngineering, Purdue, for some of the re-mainder of the material presented here.

Louisiana Guard Sets Artillery RecordBy Lt. Louis A. Beninate

Battery B, 769th Bn. of Baton Rouge.

TI-IlS is the best AA shooting I'veever seen at any Guard encampment,"said Brigadier General Raymond F.Huft, Adjutant General of Louisiana, ashe watched 37mm guns mounted onhalf-tracks, 40mm guns and quadruple.50 caliber machine guns of the 204thAAA Group knock down 21 R.Cats inone day's firing.

Fourth Army Commander Lieut. Gen-eral Leroy Lutes, and Major GeneralJohn T. Lewis, Commanding General,AA and GM Center, Fort Bliss, Texas,believe that the Louisiana NationalGuard contingent has set an enviablefiring record at Fort Bliss.

Commanding the 204th AAA Groupis Colonel Francis C. Grevemberg, ex-combat and staff officer with Gen. OmarBradley's 12th Army Group during\;\Torld \Var II. Col. Grevemberg statedupon completion of the summer trainingthat, "results from weeks of hard studyand work at home stations proved grati-fying in the field."

At Fort Bliss, the Louisiana guardsmenjoined forces with members of the Newl\lexico National Guard for joint train-

ing. The teamwork and co-ordination be-tween the two state guards resulted inhigh esteem for one another's ability andexcellent co-operation. Brigadier GeneralCharles G. Sage of New i\lexico com-manded the guard units.

Morale stayed at a high pitch through-out the training period, and the firstweek end at Fort Rliss found the guards-men enjoying trips to El Paso, andJuarez in Old Mexico.

The 204th Group consists of 1,500 per-

sonnel organized into three battalions.The 105th AM A \V Battalion stationedat Bogalusa, Franklington, Hammondand Slidell, is commanded by Lt. Co!.Charlie P. Verger of Bogalusa. The527th AAA A \V Battalion stationed inNew Orleans is commanded by Lt. Col.Joseph H. Cunningham, Jackson Bar-racks. The 769th AAA A \V Battalionis commanded by Maj. O'Neil J. Daigle,Gonzales, La., and is stationed at BatonRouge, Plaquemine and Donaldsonville.


FORT BLISS ROTC CAMP, 1951By Captain Haruey H. Whitehill

... l00-degree weather ... sandblowing ... sun-baked parade grounds... sand under the beds ... moreJO(}.degree weather ... more sand blow-inQ ... thunder clouds, no rain!o

It was the usual Fort Bliss of lateSpring and early June that greeted 1,322Reserve Officer Training Corps cadetson June 16. The cadets represented 28colleoes and universities in the UnitedoStates and Puerto Rico. It was the firsttime that all college ROTC antiaircraftunits had trained together.

The cadets found well-grounded plansalready in operation when they arrived.i\lovement in establishing the Campwas directed by Colonel J. H. Madison,Deputy Camp Commander under 1'.llajorGeneral John T. Lewis, CommandingGeneral, AAA and GM Center, FortBliss.

Camp staff members and cadre hadmoved into Fort Bliss a week or moreearlier and had set up a provisional regi-ment of two battalions. Each battalionconsisted of four batteries, three platoonsto the battery.

During the week before the cadetsarrived, each staff section busied itselfformulating training plans, personnelprocessing, gaining clearances on ranges,parade grounds, athletic fields, and thehundreds of other necessary details. Inmost cases, personal contact with estab-lished Post administrative sections wasrequired.

Several weeks before the arrival ofROTC training personnel, a permanentparty of Fort Bliss officers and men hadbeen assigned to start preparations forthe camp. A skeleton crew arranged fordrawing of uniforms. and other neededsupplies, set up temporary administra-tive details, and went to work on prob-lems that arise in the establishment ofa temporary, short-term camp.

The Sl section, charged with the re-sponsibility of personnel administration,consisted of an adjutant, a sergeant-major, a personnel sergeant-major, anadministrative NCO, a payroll NCO,three clerk typists, and two mail clerks.


.1 -

COLONEL J. H. MADISONThe Citadel

This group processed the records andhandled administrative affairs for morethan 1,300 cadets representing: \Vash-ington University of St. Louis, VirginiaPolytechnic Institute, The Citadel, Uni-versity of Delaware, Kansas State Col-lege, Fordham University, I-IamptonInstitute, University of San Francisco,University of !\linnesota, MichiganState College, Florida A & M, UtahState Agricultural College, Texas West-ern College, University of Puerto Rico,1'.lississippi State College, University ofi\laine, University of Kansas, A & 1'.1College of Texas, Northwestern StateCollege of Louisiana, Georgia Tech,University of \Vashington, Universityof Alabama, University of Illinois, Uni-versity of Iowa, University of Cincin-nati, University of California, Univer-sity of New Hampshire, YoungstownCollege.

Common subjects of the training pro-gram covered such matters as processingin and out of camp, parades and cere-monies, physical training, inspections,and visitations of established units. Theantiaircraft field covered such subjectsas maps and aerial photographs, terrainappreciation, military organization, sig-nal communications, motor movements,

field fortifications and camouflage, tac-tics, and field problems. Artillery sub-jects included service of the piece, com-putation of firing data, service firing,and weapons and marksmanship.

For the most part, physical training,drill, ceremonies and parades, inspec-tions, and visits to established units werescheduled by the S3 section, but wereleft to each battery commander for ac-complishment. On the whole, cere-monies and parades were of superiornature.

Several weeks before the openi~g tar-get date, a decision was made by thedeputy camp commander to completeinstruction in such subjects as weaponsand marksmanship, map reading, andother subjects not directly related toantiaircraft weapons during the earlyphases of the camp.

During the second week the carbinewas fired on the known distance rangeat Castner Range, and in addition classeswere held in map reading, aerial photo-graphs, communications, field fortifica-tions and antiaircraft artillery tactics. Onthe carbine range, each cadet fired thepreliminary and record course. Of the1,303 cadets who fired the carbineCourse A, 1,299 qualified as marksmanor better.

!\lap reading and aerial photographreading was squeezed into three hoursof classroom instruction.

As in all other training, the signalcommunication instruction was made aspractical as possible. It consisted of com-munications security, radio operation-its characteristics and capabilities-andradio and telephone transmission pro-cedures. The last two hours of instruc-tion covered a CPX in which the cadetsoperated the nets. Voice procedures andsignal security were stressed during thisexercise.

Field fortifications and tactics stressedthe importance of these subjects as re-lated to antiaircraft in field operations.

During the third week, the cadets at-tended a course in radiological defense-defense against atomic warfare-con-

4S

ducted bv the Post chemical officer. Later"training was given in motor mainte-

nance, operation, and convoy discipline.Cadets \'isited the 581st TransportationTruck Company and observed motorstables in operation.

By the close of the third week. allsubjects common to other branches hadbeen co\'ered, leaving the cadets free tode\'ote themselves exclusively to Antiair-craft Artillery subjects.

In order to stimulate weapons train-ing and service practice firing, twoplaques-known as the Deputy CampCommander's Award-were placed incompetition. These plaques were des-tined for the gun and A\V battery firingthe highest scores during service prac-tice firing.

Service of the piece on A\V weaponsincluded familiarization with the variousweapons and gun drill. During the fa-miliarization stage, assembly, disassem-bly, and functioning were covered. In-struction was given on the 1\'115A1, ]\116,M55 and the 40mm gun. Small groupsof cadets were arranged so that eachstudent would become familiar with thedifferent weapons.

Drill was conducted in the gun parkby rotation of cadets on the variouspieces. Stress was placed on those phasesof gun drill most applicable to actualfiring.

In general, two batteries received in-struction at one time by the committee.Very fine support by the 59th AAA AWBattalion and machine gun sections ofthe 726th AAA Gun Battalion mademaximum student participation possible.These units, in addition to providingsufficient' weapons for small group in-struction, furnished an experienced en-listed instructor with each piece of

equipment.During the fourth and fifth weeks of

training, the cadets mm'ed to OroGrande Range for service practice firing.\ Vhile the firing at Oro Grande covereda period of eight days, each battalionsplit its time between A\ V firing andAA gun firing. The AW firing line wasmade up of twelve sections. Six wereself-propelled units and six were mo-bile. The SP consisted of ;\115Als andM 16s, while the mobile units were40mm (towed) and 1\155s. Since it wasnot possible to maintain all cadets' onthe firing line at the same time, addi-tional weapons were provided behindthe firing lines for training purposes.

The cadets displayed great interestthroughout the training phase on A\Vweapons. The firing of the weapons wasespecially interesting to the students,and the results were extremely gratify-ing. Since the batteries were firing un-der competition for the Deputy CampCommander's Award, enthusiasm wasespecially high during record firing.

Battery D. 2nd AAA A \V Battalion,consisting of cadets from the Univer-sity of California, the University ofCincinnati, the University of Illinois,the University of New Hampshire, andYoungstown College, was awarded theplaque, having fired a score of 75 percent during the competition. The plaquewill remain at Fort Bliss for display inthe winning battery during the 1952Camp, and again be placed in competi-tion at that time.

Support unit for the AA guns com-mittee was the 726th AAA Gun Bat-talion, a federalized New Mexico Na-tional Guard unit. The 726th furnishedone battery of M2s and three batteriesof MIAI guns. In addition to the usual

range equipment, two additional com-puters were set up for training, and oneadditional SCR 584 was used.

The batteries were instructed two ata time, and by using organized crewson a rotation basis, each cadet had anopportunity to recei\'e individual train-ing on each piece of materiel. Service ofthe piece instruction consisted of gundrill, emplacement and march order,orientation and synchronization-thenecessary elements of practical trainingneeded to move into the 65-hour phaseof service practice firing.

Prior to the departure for the firingrange at Oro Grande South, classes wereheld in the computation of firing data.The instruction covered the develop-ment of ballistic corrections, trial shotproblems, and calibration fire.

Upon arrival at the firing points, thebatteries fired trial-shot problems, cali-bration fire, with the cadets performingall the necessary functions.

The training was successful judgingby the scores made during record fire.Battery B, 1st Battalion, with cadets rep-resenting The Citadel, Kansas State Col-lege and the University of Delaware,won the Deputy Camp CommanderPlaque for Guns by firing a record scoreof 73.3 points. With only three days offiring experience, some crews were put-ting four rounds into the air in less thanten seconds.

The firing line at the range was or-ganized with four batteries of guns inline. During familiarization fire, twobatteries were used, and only one firedduring record fire. More than 5,000rounds were expended in eight days offiring.

Plans for processing the cadets throughtheir physical examinations were made

46

90mm guns manned by ROTC cadets. ROTC cadets move into tiring positions on an M-16.


Col. Blake R. Van Leer, president of Georgia Tech, meets the members of a crew.

as early as April. Under this system.1.287 physical examinations were accom-plished in one day-June 17.

A mess was established for each bat-tery and for cadre officers. These wereo~rated through the Food Service Sec-tion of the Post Quartermaster. Oper-ating personnel was furnished by unitsstationed at Fort Bliss.

An athletic and recreation programwas put into effect to fill free time forthe cadets. Camp championships weredetermined in softball, yolley ball, horse-shoes, ping-pong and swimming events.Softball teams were organized at batterylevel for round-robin play and a cham-pionship series. Cadets from Florida A& 1\'1and Utah State teamed up to winthe camp c~ampionship.

Two dances were held for the cadetsat the Fort Bliss Officers' Mess and Club.The first was an informal, while thesecond was formal. Invitations to theformal dance were sent to dignitaries,both military and civilian, and to localgirls and college girls attending Texas\Vestern College. Both dances were wellattended.

Time on the training schedule wasallotted the chaplain for character guid-ance lectures and morality type motionpictures.

From time to time the Fort BlissROTC Camp was visited and inspectedby military and civilian dignitaries. Firstof the military inspections was con-ducted by Brigadier General J. D. Bal-mer, assistant commandant, AA & GMBranch, T AS. Later, visits were made byGeneral Lewis; 1\ lajor General HobartC. Gay, deputy commander, FourthArmy; Major General Andre Zeller, In-spector of Combined Artillery of theFrench Army; Lt. Col. F. W. McGinn,ROTC Section of Army Field Forces;Lt. Col. A. S. Wilder, Chief of ROTCAffairs, Fourth Army; Lt. Col. C. H.Jones, Jr., ROTC Affairs section of theDepartment of the Army; Dr. C. E. Dug-dale, Northwestern State College ofLouisiana; Dean Thomas E. Hawkins,I-lampton Institute; Dr. Howard VV.Jones, Youngstown College; Dr. M. C.Rhaney, Florida A & j\1; Colonel BlakeR. Van Leer, Georgia Tech; Colonel D.S. McAlister, The Citadel; Dean W. G.Bowling, \Vashington University of St.Louis; and Dean E. 1\ 1. Thomas, Texas\\7 estern College. The latter group ofcivilian educators was present at the

camp during service practice firing andwatched cadets from their various schoolsactually serving as gun crews on anti-aircraft weapons.

An outstanding number of individualawards were made available to cadets.Honor cadets were chosen at batten',battalion and camp levels. Each recei,'~da properly inscribed gold or sterling sil-ver belt buckle. i\Iarksmanship medalsgiven for high record firing with thecarbine were presented to four cadets,there being a tie for second place. Theawards were furnished by the El PasoChamber of Commerce.

Cadet Floyd C. Adams, Jr., Athens,Georgia, and The Citadel, won top in-dividual honors at the camp, when hewas selected as the Camp Honor Cadet.Adams was an outstanding cadet dur-ing the training period, and is an out-standing student on his campus. Bat-talion honor cadets were Clifford G.Houchins, University of San Francisco,for the 1st Battalion, and John R. Klus-sendorf, University of Illinois, for the2nd Battalion.

In addition to these top selections,Battery honor cadets were selected. Inorder, according to lettered battery, theselections were: Eugene G. Jones, Vir-ginia Polytechnic Institute; Lorna A.Allen, The Citadel; James E. Hill,Hampton Institute; and Edward B. Baf-nco, University of San Francisco, in theFirst Battalion. Second Battalion batten'honors went to Jack H. Younce, UtahState Agricultural College; Charles L.Warner, Mississippi State College; Mi-

chael J. Bellipanni. Northwestern StateCollege of Louisiana; and John Pete. Jr.,Youngstown College. It is well to notethat ROTC units ha"e been establishedat ~orthwestern State Colleoe of Louisi-oana and Youngstown College for onlyone year.

Cadet Thomas A. Reed, Texas \Vest-ern College, won the carbine marksman-ship high score, nring 195 out of 200.Earl S. Ashton, The Citadel, and JamesE. Hill, Hampton Institute, were tiedfor second, while Lawrence N. Birch-etta, Hampton, placed third.

i\Iajor General Terry de la M. Allen,U.S.A., Ret., was invited for the secondconsecutive year to delh'er the gradua-tion exercise address. He was introduceClby General Lewis, who later awardedcommissions to 144 second lieutenants.Awards for outstandino achievementowere awarded by Colonel Madison. Theinvocation and benediction were de-livered by Chaplain Luther \V. Evans,Fourth Army Chaplain, who had twosons in the training class as cadets fromThe Citadel.

Following graduation the cadets de.parted for their homes, singing a littlejingle which was developed during thetraining period:

Fort Bliss is a blot all the whole humanrace,

BIIt cheer up, dear brotllers, we'releaving this place.

\Ve've had lots of gripes, alld we've bee/lall the ntn,

But thillking it over-we've had lotsof fUll.

--SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1951 47

GOVERNOR BYRNES VISITS CAMP STEWART

48

Color guard of the 705th AAA Gun Battalion (Rhode Island National Guard)recently rated the finest at Camp Stewart. Pfc. Robert E. Turner, Sgts. Marino

Coletta, Charles H. Dexter and Joseph M. Perrotti.

"Forces of the United Nations shouldnot withdraw one foot from positionsthey now occupy," South Carolina Gov-ernor James F. Byrnes told units of hisstate's National Guard and OrganizedReserve Corps at Camp Stewart, Ga., onJuly 21st. ''These positions should not besurrendered for reasons other than mili-tary necessity."

Speaking prior to a mounted review,by the Carolina units taking their sum-mer field training. Governor Byrnespointed to the fine record of the NationalGuard in the two world wars and said:'The Guard today has even better sol-diers for they arc better trained." Taking

the rc\'iew with the Go\'ernor was 1\lajorGeneral James Dozier, adjutant generalof South Carolina, who accompaniedhim to Camp Stewart.

i\lajor Julian B. Crayton, Jr .. Green-ville, S. c., commanding the 698th AMA\ V Battalion, S.C.N .G., led the review.Other South Carolina troops participat-ing included the 316th AAA Group,ORC. Col. Donald 1\1. White; 376thAW Battalion, ORC, Lt. Col. Thomas J.Thorne; the 331st and 335th OperationsDetachments and the 246th Army Band,S.C.N.G.

North Carolina units also in summertraining at Camp Stewart included the

252nd AAA Group, Col. Kenneth Cor-bett, Wilmington. and the 725th AAAAW Battalion, Capt. John C. 1\laultsby,\ Vhiteville.

During August, the 214th AA-\Group. Col. Jack C. Johnson, command-ing, and other National Guard AMunits from Alabama, Florida and Georoia

<>conducted intensive training at CampStewart.

Lt. Col. John C. Parker, former assist-ant chief of staff; Lt. Col. John E. Bur-rows, former commander of the 35thAAA A\V Battalion, and Lt. Co!. PeterL. Urban departed from Camp Stewarton August 1st to attend the Commandand General Staff School at Fort Leav-enworth.

Col. Donald B. Herron. the deputypost commander, retired on August 31stafter 33 years' service in the Army. Col.and 1\'lrs. Herron plan to make theirhome in Florida.

Col. Lloyd A. Corkan is now the chiefof staff of the Third Army AAA TC.

Lt. Col. John J. Deane, GSC recentlyarrived to take over duties at G I.

Col. Robert G. Jones, G3, recentlyannounced the plan to award six goldcups at Camp Stewart during the Fallfor proficiency in antiaircraft gunnery.The cups will be presented by the com-manding general, Brigadier GeneralClare H. Armstrong, to the winners asdetermined by the G3 records division,

Competing for the cups will be the 11battalions of the 47th AAA Brigad~ nowin training under Col. Gerald G. Gibbs,commanding officer.

The battalion having the highest scorein each of five record firing practices willbe presented one of the five cups. Asixth and larger cup will be awarded to

the battalion with the highest o\'er-allaverage.

ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL........l

Status O~ ~:ai~:ng L:te~att.:reMar!ualsBy Major 8. G. Oberlin

~o new AAA manuals have come offDepartment of the Army presses sincethe last report in the A"'TIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL. Manuals prepared at AA &G~l Br, TAS, and forwarded to OCAFFfor final apprO\'al and publication in-clude:

F1\1 44-19, Examinations for AA Artil-len'man, which contains an outline fortes~ing expert, first class, and second classgunners in various types of AM units,~ F1\l 44-57, Service of the Piece l\'lul-tiple Caliber .50 MG Motor Carriage1\116 and 1\luJtiple Caliber .50 MGTrailer 1\lount 1\155.

Fi\ 1 44-60, Service of the 40-mm Gunand Associated Fire Control Equipment.

T1\1 44-225, Orientation for Artillery,which covers surveying, astronomical ob-servations, and a complete description ofvrid svstems with many illustrations andb ,

charts.FI\1 44-1, AM Employment, which

co\'ers command, control, and relation-ships with other arms in the employmentof units above the battalion level.

1\lanuals in various stages of prepara-tion include:

FM 44-38, Service of AA Directors~19, 1\191\1, M9A2, and MI0.

TM 20-300, Radio-Controlled Air-plane Targets.

FM 21-80, Recognition Training,which is being prepared as a revision andwill describe the approved methods ofteachino recoonition of aircraft.o 0

CHANGES

Recently approved doctrines and prin-ciples require changes to manuals alreadyin print. The following changes are inpreparation:

Cl, F1\l 44-2, will cover indirect firemethods for light AAA, incorporatingresults of tests at Fort Bliss.

Cl, F~1 44-4, describes the use of thelire unit analvzer and sets forth the tacti-cal principles' for employment of mediumand heavy AAA. C2 to this same manual


contains oeneral corrections to the text,oinc1udino the elimination of fuze erroroin the analysis of fire.

Cl, Ti\l 44-225, contains generalchanges in AAA service practice.

T RAL'\'INGCIRCULARS

The last training circular to come offthe press was TC No. 18, Basic TacticalPrinciples for the Employment of 1\le-dium and HeaV\' Antiaircraft ArtilleryGuns in Air Def~nse. A number of newand interesting training circulars havebeen prepared and are waiting for finalapproval and publication.

A new circular will describe the or-oanization and functions of the AAAOCoand AAAIS. AAAIS now stands forAAA Information Service instead of In-tellioence Service. AAAOC representsothe antiaircraft artillery operations cen-ter, replacing the former antiaircraft op-erations room (AAOR).

Basic tactical principles for light AAAwill be covered in another new circular.Use of the fire unit analyzer with lightAAt\ will be included.

The new antiaircraft fire control sys-tem T33 will be explained fully in acircular which will describe it and coverservice of the AAFCS T33.

The Skysweeper, T69, downgradedin classification to RESTRICTED, isdiscussed in detail in a circular withmany illustrations on the service of theT69.

Service of the AN/TPS-l D, an ac-quisition radar used in the AAA warn-ing system, is the subject of another newcircular.

Circulars scheduled for early comple-tion at AA & G1\l Br, TAS, will coverthe tactical employment of the T69(Skysweeper), the improved 40-mm gunon carriage i\12Al, and the twin 40-mmgun on carriage 1\ 119 with recent im-prO\'ements in design.

SPECIALTE.'\ls

A useful handbook on trouble shoot-inv for the SCR-584 has just beenoprinted at AA & Gl\ 1 Br, T AS. In 64pages, arranged in tabular form, troubleswhich may be encountered are named,symptoms are described, remedies aresuooested and references are listed. The00 ,

Book Department stocks this handbookfor sale at 50 cents a copy under sched-ule number 5000.

Other special texts which may be ex-pected in the next few months will coverservice of a surface-ta-air missile, a sur-face-to-surface missile, and the perimeterdefense for AA units.

TRAINING FILl\iS

Two films on the employment of lightAAA in a close support role will bemade at Fort Hood with personneldrawn from At\A units at Fort Bliss assoon as scenarios can be rewritten to in-corporate lessons learned from Korea.Light AAA experience in Korea has re-ceived much attention in pictures andstories in the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOlIRNALforthe past year. A training film on theAAFCS T33 is scheduled for productionduring this fiscal year.

Silver Star

Private First Closs Frederick B. Duke, Bat-tery D, 21st AAA AW Bn ISP). On the. morn.ing 01 16 February 1951, while suppartong oninlantry assault near Naegong-ni, Korea, thegunner on Private First Closs Duke's hall:trackreceived a severe wound which necessitatedevacuation. While two 01 the crew assistedthe injured man, Private First Closs Duk~ a~da comrade operated the turret to malntolna heavy volume 01 effective fire, When devas-tating machine gun fire impeded the advance,he ran to a nearby tonk and used its machinegun to point out the emplacement to the cre~.By thus directing the destructIon. 01 the mainhostile strangpaint he enabled Irlendly forcesto secure the objective and drive the enemyinto disorganized retreat. Private First CI~ssDuke's courage, initiative and selfless devoho."to duty are in keeping with the great trad.-I tions of the service. )( x x Minnesota.

49

BOOK REVI EWSTHE SOVIET STATE AND ITS INCEP.TlON. By Harry Best. PhilosophicalLibrary. 448 pp.; $6.00.

The book outlines the developmentsof this gigantic nation, even beyond thelimitations of its title. Early chapterspresent historic studies of Russian geog-raphy, history, government and religion,and add to the well written documen-tation a discussion of the Hussian people,their industries and their social life. Hav-ing provided an adequate factual back-ground, the author then traces the Rus-sian ingestion of revolutionary doctrines,culminating in the October Uprising.Mr. Best concludes the first section ofhis book with a description of the seiz-ure of power by the Bolsheviks and theinitial establishment of the Soviet State.

In discussing the leaders of the newstate, Mr. Best is in full agreement withother historians, for he states "Neverbefore had partisanship on so large ascale, so narrow and so bloody-minded acast, taken over the reins of a ooyern-

I:>

ment in a great nation."The need for preparedness is advanced

in the author's warning that Americamust be on armed guard at all times tomaintain world peace.

Those who advance the socialist con-cept will gain comfort from many state-ments of the author, one of which ad-vocates the acceptance by America of aprogram wherein there are no unfair orinordinate accumulations of wealth inthe hands of individuals or groups. Tothis he adds a condemnation of thosewho would allow graft and corruption ingovernment, and further suggests thatwe in America have an obligation toput our own house in order if we areto combat Communism effectivelv.Throughout the entire book there "isemphasis upon "giving the devil hisdue."

Mr. Best's latest contribution will holdthe reader's interest and can be extreme-ly valuable to those who desire a generalknowledge of the Soviet State and theRussian people.

CmlDR. \\T. T. GREENHALGH,USN.

50

Silver StarSergeant James T. Patterson, 21st AAA AW

Bn. (SP)."On the night of 24-25 April 1951, the half-

track an the left of Sergeant Patterson's ve-hicle was virtually isolated during 0 stronghostile attack. After several casualties hadbeen sustained, he secured a machine gunand fought his way through the surroundingenemy to enable an aid man to reach the be-leaguered crew. After locating the moinstrongpoint of the foe, he exposed himselfogain to deadly fire to direct its complete de-struction. Sergeant Patterson's valorous initia-tive ond selfless devotion to duty and hisfellow soldiers are in keeping with the hightraditions of the United States Army. x x xArkansas.' .

TITO AND GOLIATH. By Hamilton FishArmstrong. MacMillan. 300 pages.Price $3.50.

CRACKS IN THE KREMLIN WALL. ByEdward Crankshaw. Viking. 279pages. Price $3.50.

Two authors, acknowledged expertsin their fields and eminently qualified towrite on their respective subjects, havebrought out two new and unrelatedbooks that, taken together; give thereader an over-all picture of the prob-lems that Soviet Russia is faced with inits own carefully sealed-off back yard.

l\1r. Armstrong gives an interestingand highly illuminating backgroundstory on Tito's Jugoslavia, explaining therelationship of the Jugoslav Communistparty with Moscow, past and present.

Mr. Crankshaw, who also wrote "Rus-sia and the Hussians," delves into themany weaknesses of Stalinist Russia andexamines a hopeful possibility that anall-out war with Soviet Communism maybe avoided.

Either book is worth while readingand the two shed much light on thedifficulties faced by Stalin in keeping hisown house in order. Neither authorpoints to complacency on the part of the\Vest as being an antidote but Mr.Crankshaw particularly pin-points Sta-linism rather than Commllnism as theenemy to be faced and shows how far

the present Hussian regime has deviatedfrom the social doctrine of Lenin.

No easy solution to the existing threatto the free world is offered in eitherbook but the fact of Tito's defection fromMoscow and the multitudinous conRict-ing forces within the Soviet orbit, pointto a possible downfall of Russia's presentmasters.

Both books are recommended reading.-RWO.

14th AAA COMMAND HISTORY. 268pp.; $2.00.

Latest of \\Todd "Var II operationalhistories to be published is a chronologyof the 14th 1\AA Command and its sub-ordinate units in the war in the Pacific.

Prepared in Japan under the directionof Major General William F. l\larquat,wartime commander of the unit, thebook gives the story of the movementsand operations of the command and itscomponents.

It is well illustrated with photographsand graphical studies. The annex alsoincludes a roster of the officers and war-rant officers with all of the AAA unitsand other historical data.

Former members of the units of Gen-eral Marquat's command will want thisauthoritative record of their achieve-ments.

Books Received

STRUGGLE FOR THE MEDITER-RANEAN-1939-1945. By Raymond DeBelot. Princeton University Press .. $4.00UNDER THE SOUTHERN CROSS.History of the Americal Division. Com-bat Forces Press $6.00Al\IERICAN CAMPAIGNS. By ?\Iat-thew Forney Steele. Combat ForcesPress $6.00l\IELVILLE GOODWIN U.S.A. ByJohn P. Marquand. Little, Brown. 53.75Al\lERICAN DEMOCRACY A~Dl\IILIT AHY POWER, Bv Louis Smith.Uni,'ersity of Chicago Pr~ss ..... 55.00


51

ARMY SECRETARY VISITS BLISS

Central Army AntiaircraftCommand

The Central Army Antiaircraft Com-mand was established in !\lay with head-quarters at 25 East 12th Street, KansasCity, .\ 10. The commanding officer isColonel Donald J. Bailey, the welI-known antiaircraft artilleryman whocommanded the 12th AAA Group withthe XIX Army Corps in Europe duringWorld War II.

Prior to this assignment Colonel Baileywas the ExecutiYe of the \Vestern ArmyAA Command. His staff includes Lt.Col. James H. ~ IcCann, J r., MajorHorace C. Lorek, J\lajor Roy H. Lund-gren and WOJG Ralph C. Gallion.

This command constitutes the Armyelement of the Central Air DefenseForce, commanded by ~Iaj. Gen. George\\T. Acheson. Its responsibility extendsover an area of eighteen states in cen-tral United States. Both headquartersare located in the Twelfth and \Valnutstreets area in Kansas City.

Joint Air Defense BoardThe Joint Air Defense Board has been

organized recently at Colorado Springs,Col., in close proximity to the Air De-fense Command. Maj. General Grandi-son Gardner, A. F., is chairman. Theboard will include Army, Navy and AirForce members in approximately equal

BLISSTO HONORARTILLERYMEN

Major General John T.Lewis, commanding the AAAand GM Center, Fort Bliss,Texas, is preparing a list ofoutstanding former artillery-men, for whom new build-ings, training fields, roads,and other facilities at FortBliss will be named.

He requests our readerswho are interested to send inrecommendations.

Lt. lien. LeRoy Lutes; Lt. George H. Sim, Comdg. Off., Btry. A, 516th AAAGun Bn.; Hon. Frank Pace, Seery. of the Army; Maj. Gen. John T. Lewis; andMr. Karl 1. Bendetsen, Asst. Seery. of Army, chat before a 120mm antiaircraft

gun at Hueco Range.

as an authoritv on Armored Artillerv\Varfare, he b~ame a warm enthusia;tin the Guided 1\ lissile field during histour at Fort Bliss.

Brigadier General Frederic L. Hay-den, 38th AAA Brigade, took over theduties as assistant commandant pendingthe permanent assignment of GeneralBalmer's replacement.

AA General Officer PromotionsFour wartime brigadier generals who

sen'ed with the AAA have again beenpromoted recently to their \\Torld \Var11 rank.

Brig. Gen. Hobart Hewett commandsthe 31st AAA Brigade at Fort Lewis,\Vashington, the same unit he took fromCamp Haan, California to the l\lediter-ranean Theater in February 1943. Sincethe war he served with the Chief of theArmv Field Forces on research and de-\.eJopment and later served in Hawaii.

Brig. Gen. Nathaniel A. Burnell, II,who commanded the 52nd AAA Brigadein Europe, has recently been assigned asChief of the U. S. Military AssistanceAdvisory Group in Belgium and Luxem-bourg. He had previously been Chiefof the Army Section of the MAAG inThe N ethedands.

Brig. Gen. Harry F. Meyers, com-mander of the 74th AAA Brigade inthe ETO during the late war, is pres-ently commanding the 56th AAA Bri-gade at Camp Edwards, Mass. Since thewar he has served as Military Attache toPakistan and with the Central Intelli-gence Agency in \Vashington, D. C.

Brig. Gen. Marshall S. Carter is pres-ently assigned as Director, Executive Of-fice of the Secretary of Defense. Heserved on the General Staff during\ Vodd War II and was later detailed tothe Department of State as Special As-sistant to Secretary i\hrshall. He waslater assigned as Deputy to the AmericanAmbassador in England for lVlilitary As-sistance Programs for Europe.

General Balmer TransferredBrigadier General Jesse D. Balmer re-

linquished his duties as assistant com-mandant of the Antiaircraft Artillery andGuided Missile Branch of the ArtillerySchool, Fort Bliss, Texas eady in Augustto assume his new assignment with TheJoint Chiefs of Staff in \Vashington.

General Balmer has served as assistantcommandant since December, 1949.

During \Vodd \Var 11General Balmerserved as the Commandant of The FieldArtillery School at Fort Sill. Recognized


numbers. The Army personnel for theboard will be provided by the Artilleryfrom officers with an antiaircraft back-ground. Colonel Arthur E. \ Vilson hasbeen assigned as the Senior Army :\Iem-ber. Colonel James 1\1. Donohue alsosen-es with the board. The board isalready a going concern. and has re-quested that anyone with a problem in,or an idea to improve, air defense willcontact the board.

.Membership Addresses\Ve regret to announce that for secur-

ity reasons we are not permitted to pub-lish this year our Association 1\lember-ship listing and addresses. \Ve shall hopeto renew that splendid feature as early asconditions permit.

To The Editor:In the article Airborne AAA in the

July-August issue Captain I-I. \V. C.Furman stated: "Airborne antiaircraft,however, has made little progress. \Vehave a poorly defined mission, a poorsystem of employment and are inade-quately equipped for maximum employ-ment ... " So true. The fact that the187th Airborne Regimental CombatTeam utilized its AA Battery as a 75mmHowitzer unit furnishes ample proof.

The Joint Airborne Troop Board wasactivated 1 July, 1951, for the specificpurpose of coordinating matters pertain-ing to the development of doctrine andprocedures, the e\'aluation of joint tacticsand techniques, equipment, and jointtraining. 1\lajor General \V. 1\1. 1\liley,an airborne pioneer and former com-mander of the 17th and 11th AirborneDivisions, is assigned as Director.

The board will include an airborneAA and GM Member. Ideas and sugges-tions to be passed on to this officer areurgently solicited, and may be addressedto the Secretary.Fort Bragg, C. \\T. BRIGHTN. C. Major, Arty. Secretary

To The Editor:1\lajor M. R. 1\ lcCarthy's article on

bore gauges in the July-August issue ofthe JOURNALis thought provoking in thepoint made that trial fire may be im-practicable. However, I am not at allsure that the case has been proved.

It is always a good idea to know wherethe shells are going to burst by actuallyseeing them burst there. Atmosphericconditions are more variable than theinterior ballistics of a gun. :\lethods of

52

Silver Star

Corporal lynwood E. Collins, Battery C,21st AAA AW Bn ISP). On 16 February 1951,near Yongdongpo, Korea, Corporal Collins'half-track was suddenly attacked by a hos-tile potrol whic~ was attempting to cross theHan River. Although the entire crew wasforced to seek cover in the initial onslaught,he made his way bock through the encirclingfoe. mounted the blazing driving comport-ment and moved the vehicle into firing po_sition. He then assisted in monning the ma-chine-gun mount to inflict heavy casualties onthe enemy and drive the remainder to flight.Corporal Collins' valorous initiative and self-less devotion to duty are worthy of emula-tion. x x x Georgia.

computing ballistic wind and density arenot perfect. In summary, tri~l fire isneeded in order to make corrections forall possible variables.

Trial fire as now conducted does notmake it possible to correct separately forvariations in wind, density, velocity andfuze running time. However, techniqueshave been developed for use with the'1'33 Fire Control System whereby allfour of these principal variables can becorrected by firing and analyzing a singleproblem. This should enhance the valueof trial fire.

Before embarking on a program ofissuing bore gauges, therefore, the leastthat should be done is to:

(1) Evaluate tile accuracy of a boregauging system in llredictingmuzzle velocity:

(2) Evaluate the relative effects oferrors in meteorological correc-tio1ls as compared to errors inmllzzle velocity. This wouldrequire a careful mzalysis of alarge 1lulllber of trial fire }Irob-lellls.

Let's have some factual informationbefore spending the taxpayer's money.Bell Tel. Labs., A. A. CURRIE\Vhippany, N. J. Lt. Col., Arty, USAR

Your Rank and AddressOne loyal subscriber's wife along with

the renewal check writes: "I do thinkthe JOURNALshould look at a promotionlist once in a while. Pappy's had hiseagles since December, '50." She's rightand we appreciate everything about thenote, particularly her interest.

\Ve are trying to do better, but we dohave a problem in keeping up with thechanges in addresses and in rank. Pleasenotify us of your own changes. The cardattached in each JOUR..."ALcan be usedfor convenience.

MILITARY JUSTICE 1951

1. THE SERVICEMANAND THE LAW

Explains the spirit and intent of the newUniform Code of Military justice, andshows how the Code and the Manual forCourts-Martial (1951) are applied.

Discusses leadership and discipline, andthe need for keeping servicemen out of legaldifficulties.

Aids those detailed to an investigation.Tells each participant in a trial what isrequired of him-as member, defendant,witness. Full instructions for key personsin the trial. Detailed examples of pro-cedures.

$3.50

__ You need these 2 booh, to use

the Uniform Code of Military Justice

and the Manual for Courts-Martial,

U. S., 1951, to the best advantage.

2. INDEX-DIGEST TO THEUNIFORM CODE OFMILITARY JUSTICE

An invaluable aid in finding your way inthe Uniform Code and the new Manual.With this compact book you carl find-quickly, accurately-what you want to knowabout a particular subject. "The Accused,"for example, is in 20 different Articles; butthis book gives you what you want inone spot.

Aiio includes Ihl' Uniform Code of MililaryjUJlice, compil'll'.

Save Time-Save Money

$2.50Order from

ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL~

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *....

• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •53

592 pages

THEOFFICERS' GUIDE

1951 Edition

The turn-to book for every Armyofficer-from the first day he reportsfor duty until he retires .

A veritable encyclopedia

PARTIAL CONTENTS

More than 560,000 Army officershave found the OFFICER'S GUIDEhelpful in their careers .

Customs and courtesies

The Code of the Army

Leadership techniques

Arrival at a new station

.Efficiency re}>Qrts

Uniforms, insignia, medals

Schools-Army, Joint

Duty (and living) overseas

Pay and allowances

New travel regulations

Career planning

Your personal affairs

Rights and restrictions

Army posts-facilities

Practical public speaking

17th Edition

$3.50

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BA.\.LLOTUNITED STATES -ANTIAIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION

o

Rank & Organizatioll

5-51

FOR VICE-PRESIDENTo l\lajor General Willard \\T. Irvine,

Commanding General, Army AntiaircraftCommand.

oo

oFOR MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVECOUNCIL (Vote for four)o Brigadier General Robert \\T. Crichlow, Jr.,

Army Secretary, Research and Develop-ment Board, Department of Defense.

o Colonel Norman E. Hartman,Chief, AA Section, Artillery Branch, Careerl'vlanagement Division, AGO, Departmentof the Army.

o Lt. Colonel Francis X. Bradley,Assistant Secretary of the General Staff,Office of the Chief of Staff, Department ofthe Army .

o [vlajor James E. Calkins,Assistant Gl, 8600 ASU, Department ofthe Army.

oSignature

The Vice-President and four members of theExecutive Council are to be elected on this ballot,to replace. officers whose terms of office expireDecember 31, 1951.

Please record your vote by making an "X" in theappropriate square or indicate your choice by writ-ing the name of your candidate. Ballots receivedwith signatures, but with no individual votes re-corded, will be considered proxies for the Presidentof the Association .

Each candidate was considered in connectionwith the geographic location of his residence. TheConstitution of the Association requires that atleast the members of the Council reside in theWashington area, and that at least three of thembe on active duty, in order to facilitate the trans-action of business .

Ballots received after December 31, 1951, cannotbe counted .

Use the ballot below or prepare one to indicateclearlv vour vote. Mail to the AXTIAIRCRAFTJOUliX'AL, 631 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.,Washington 4, D. C.

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ARTILLERY ORDERSDA Special Orders Covering July 1, 19;1 through August 31, 19;1.

Promotions and Demotions not included.

1

COLONELS

Buchwald, Donald F., to 4052d ASU AAA andGM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Burgess, George R., to Office Secy of Def,Wash, DC.

Button, Ronald E., to Sixth A 6514th ASU OregORC Instr Gp, Vancouver Bks, \X'ash.

Carey, George R., to First A, Sta Comp, Cp Ed-wards, Mass.

Crowell, Evans R., to ROTC Instr Gp, Tex\X'estern College, EI Paso, Tex.

DeRita, Joseph, to 4051st ASU Arty Sch, FtSill, Okla.

Donohue, James M., to A Sec Joint Air Def Bd8601st AAU, Ent AFB, Colorado Springs,Colo.

George, Max S., to Hq Sp W'pns Comd 845ZdAAU Sandia Base, Albuquerque, N Mex.

Hayden, John c., to Stu Det A WC, CarlisleBks, Pa.

Hennessy, Harold P., to 51st AAA Brig, Chi-cago, Ill.

Hollingshead, Frank A., to Hq Fourth A, FtSam Houston, Tex.

Howell, James F., to Hq AAA Comd 8577thAAU, Ent AFB, Colo.

Lepping, Aloysius)., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Owen, Ernest T., to OC of S, Wash, DC.Roper, Harry McK., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Sherburne, Thomas L., Jr., to Third A, 8zd Abn

Div, Ft Bragg, NC.Stubbs, Guy H., to Sixth A 6513th ASU Calif

ROTC Instr Gp, Univ of San Francisco.Wilson, Arthur E., to A See Joint Air Def Bd

8681st AAU, Ent AFB, Colo.Worthington, James M., to A WC, Carlisle Bks,

Pa.LIEUTENANT COLONELS

Backes, Robert M., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Branson, Lounsbury, to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Brown, Charles M., to 10zd AAA Brig, Ft

Wadsworth, 1\.'1'.Buynoski, Adam S., to Hq AAA Comd 8577th

AAU, Ent AFB, Colo.Difusco, Manrico P., to Hq E Army AA Comd

8577th AAU, Stewart AFB, NY.England, Sanford P., to Stu Det Hq First A,

Harvard Univ, Boston, Mass.Ganter, Frederick R., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Gilchrist, Richard W., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Kuhn, William F., to 705th AAA Gun Bn,

Indiantown Gap, Pa.Moore, James M., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Munson, Thomas V., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Pell, Kenneth E., to Hq First A, Governors

Island, NY.Ranney, Daniel A., to W Army AA Comd,

8577th AAU Hamilton AFB, Calif.Santilli, Carl, to 405Zd ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft. Bliss, Tex.Smith, John A., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Stone, Robert 0., to W A AA Comd 8577th

AAU Hamilton AFB, Calif.Sweek, Jacj G., to Stu Det AWC, Carlisle Bks,

Pa.Turner, Hugh J., Jr., to 8th AAA Bn, Camp

Lucas, Mich.Von Kolnitz, Henry, to 59th AAA A W Bn, Ft

Bliss, Tex.Williams, Ralph I., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.

MAJORS

Abramoski, James W., to FEC, Yokohoma,Japan.

54

Backes, Herbert \\7., Jr., to FEC, Yokohama,Japan.

Brown, Burrell G, to AFF Bd No 1, Ft Bragg,NC.

Burgess, George R., to Office Sec of Def, Wash,DC

Daniel, Robert J., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Davies, Sam L., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Doane, Leslie 0., to Stu Det, AA and GM Br,Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Fadden, Victor J., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,Arty Sch, Pt Bliss, Tex.

Foster, William B., to FEC, Yokohama. Japan.Fuller, Carl \X'., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft. Bliss, Tex.Fulmer, Richard P., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Geddis, Howard A., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.George, Max S., to Hq Sp \X'pns Comd, 845Zd

AAU, Sandia AFB, N Mex.Herren, John C, to Office Secy of Def, \Vash,

DC.Hudak, Edward 1£., to US Army Alaska, Big

Delta, Alaska.Jackson, James 1£., Jr., to 51st AAA Brig, Chi-

cago, Ill.Kehs, Charles H., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Kuznicki, John F., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Kym', Edward G., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Linck, Oswald H., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Loos, Lawrence E., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Lorck, Horace c., to 710th AAA Gun Bn, Ft

Myer, Va.Lundgren, Roy H., to Cen A AA Comd 8577th

AAU, Kansas City, Mo.Malone, Robert H., to Stu Det AA and Gm Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Mauck, Charles A., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Moyer, Maynard G., to 80th AAA Gp, Ft Tot-

ten,NY.Scott, Laurence A., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Stanwood, Arthur H., to 3d AAA Gp, Cp Stew.

art, Ga.Stenstrom, Lawrence E. V., to Stu Det AA and

GM Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Vogel, John F., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Whitaker, Edwin H., Jr., to Hq Second A, Ft

Meade, Md.\Vorley, Thomas G., to Stu Det AA and GM

Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Worthen, Frank P., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Yaple, Wellington, to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Young, Cecil G., Jr., to Hq Sp Wpns Comd,

Sandia AFB, N Mex.

CAPTAINS

Anderson, Forrest E., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Andersen, Oscar W., to Stu Det AA and GM

Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Armstrong, John L., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Arndts, Virgil G., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Arvin, Charles R., to 405Zd ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Attebery, John J., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan:Auer, Richard M., to AFF Bd No 4, Ft Bhss,

Tex.Baer, Adolph]., to 405Zd ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Bardolph, Peter P., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Bender, Robert M., to fEC, Yokohama, Japan.

Biersack. Kennetj D., to 4052d ASC AAA andGl\1 Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Bowling, William E., to 4052d ASU AAA andGl\1 Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Bowman, Joseph A., to 43d Inf Div, Cp Pickett,Va.

Brooks, Ralph D., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Carter, Ro)' c., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Catrell, Frederick A., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Chadderton, George W., to 405Zd ASC AAA

and GM Cen, Pt Bliss, Tex.Cookerl)', Ernest S., to OCOFS, Wash, DC.Cornell, John J., to 405Zd ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Darrow, Eugene A., to Stu Del Art)' Sch, Ft

Sill, Okla.Davis, Robert 1., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Dean, Albert V., to 3444th ASU Sta Comp, Cp

Stewart, Ga.Decker, Wilson K., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

Gl\1 Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Dietsch, Howard J, to Stu Det AA and Gl\1 Br,

Art)' Sch, Ft Bliss, TexDoesburg, Charles E., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Dolan, William M., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Dorian, Robert A., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Douthitt, Charles 1., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Everett, Don W., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Fimiani, Joseph c., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Foster, Leonard B., Jr., to 4054th ASU AA and

GM Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Fowler, Wilbur B., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Frazier, Robert E., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Fuller, Roy T., to 405Zd ASU AAA and G:>I

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Gladu, Theodore E., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Goudriet, Edward A., Jr., to 405Zd ASU AAA

and GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Graham, James A., Jr., to FEC, Yokohama.

Japan.Griffith, Leonard E., to Z16th AAA Gp, Cp

McCoy, Wise.Groetzinger, Philip W., to 405Zd ASU AAA

and GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Grout, Charles W., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Guillot, Lawrence M., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Gwin, Thomas J., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Haden, Walter R., to 405Zd ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex ..Haiston, Joseph H., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Hall, Walter E., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Haller, William S., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Hammond, Norman, to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Head, Nathaniel W., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Heaser, William J., Jr., to Stu Det AA and GM

Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Herlihy, Joseph B., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Hilditch, Edgar \X'., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Horanic, John S., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Howard, Perry 1., Sr., to 405Zd ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Hurney, Joseph H., Jr., to EUCOM, Bremer.

haven, Germany.H)'de, Thomas I., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.


!enn\', Elmer V., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.'johnson. Ronald C, to FEC Yokohama, Japan.kelly, Andrew 1., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Kelley, Richard B.. to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Kennaman, Jack R., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Art\" Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Kennedy, William D., Jr., to Stu Det AA and

GM Br. Artv Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Kinney, Joseph R., to 4052d Ase AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Kraft, Harold C, to 4054th ASe AA and GM

Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.LeMaster, Roger H., to Stu Det AA and GM

Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Lichtenegger, Siebold, to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Long, Roy J., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Loving, Walter H., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Lytle, Ernest J., Jr., to Stu Oct AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.McCann, Thomas E., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.McClure, Charles J., to 4052d ASU AA and

GM Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.McQuillan, William F., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Marshall, Vernon T., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Mason, David P., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Massey, William M., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Matthews, Joseph J., Jr., to FEe, Yokohama,

Japan.Mayers, Eugene D., to 4054th ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Messina, Peter J., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Meyer, Harlan M., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Miller, Francis M., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Mitchell, Charles E., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Moony, Thomas 1., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Morrisey, John P., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Mosebrook, Harry 5., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Moskowitz, Marvin, to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Murray, John A., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Naples, Ralph N., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Newell, Charles A., to 9th AAA Gun Bn, San

Francisco, Calif.Parks, David H., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Pettigrew, George W., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Pitney, Charles H., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Pringle, Ralph S., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Ramsey, Edgar M., Jr., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Ray, Byron C, to 770th AM Gun Bn, Ft

Lewis, Wash.Regelin, Herbert W., to 4054th ASU AA and

GM Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Rice, John W., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Roughner, Duncan 5., to 398th AAA AW Bn,

Cp Edwards, Mass.Rounds, William C, to 633d AAA Gun Bn, Cp

Edwards, Mass.Rush, Robert I., to 459th AAA AW Bn, Cp Ed-

wards, Mass.Sather, Arthur M., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Schlarb, William E., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Selle, Fred A., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Soucy, Robert H., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Spencer, Oliver E., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Sprague, William T., to FEe, Yokohama,

Japan.Stevens, Roger J., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Supple, Edward A., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Thorpe, Charles E., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft Lewis,

Wash.t"nderwood, Thomas A., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Vancelette, Paul D., to 56th AAA Brig, Cp

Edwards, Mass.

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER,1951

Virgil, Donald R., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Walton, Charles E, to ECCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Ward. James W., to EeCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.\X'ebb, Perry A., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Wilkins, Elmer 1., to FEC, Yokohama. Japan.\X'oIlh, Amos R., to 51st AAA Brig, Chicago,

IlLWright, Jack W., to 51st AAA Brig, Chicago,

III.Yeager, Bernard D., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Young, Jack, to Stu Det AA and GM Br, Arty

Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Young, James M., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.

FIRST LIEUTENANTS

Ahrens, Jack C, to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Baker, Harvey B., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Barbour, Orvil C, Jr., to EUCOM, Bremer-

haven, Germany.Bayne, Edward D., Jr., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Blocker, Stanton, Jr., to FEC, Yokohama, Jllpan.Budd, William A., fo FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Calvert, Elmer A., Jr., to 4054th ASU AA and

GM Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex ..Campbell, Edward D., EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Chavers, Sidney 1., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.eiley, Colin D., Jr., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Corley, William P., to 31st Inf Div, Ft Jackson,

SCEmery, Hazen C, to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Ferguson, Lawrence P., to Stu Det AA and GM

Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Fleming, Carl E., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Gennany.Gardner, Vincent C, Jr., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Gibbs, James E., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Ceo, Ft Bliss, Tex.Green, Edward, to FEC, Yokohama, JapanHanson, John, to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, TexHeidy, Albert F., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Hunter, Carl R., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Hurst, Thomas N., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Jackson, Austin F., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Jones, Jack 1., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Kinnan, Floyd H., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Knechel, William F., to 4052d ASU AM and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.McClive, Douglas W., Jr., to EUCOM, Bremer-

haven, Germany.McConatha, Bufford M., to 4052d ASU AAA

and GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Maynard, James E., Jr., to Third A 344th ASU

Sta Comp, Cp Stewart, Ga.Mohler, Donald E., to 4054th ASU AA and

GM Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Moore, Harold E., to Stu Det Arty Sch, Ft Sill,

Okla.Muehsam, Martin, to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Musser, William A., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Nash, Nathaniel C, to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Nelson, Reed H., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Ordway, Thurman J., to 4052d ASU AM and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Pickett, Christiancy, to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Pocalika, Theodore T., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Ragsdale, Billy E., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Reilly, Frank G., to 4052d ASU AM and GM

Ceo, Ft Bliss, Tex.Reioux, Paul J., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven, Ger-

many.Ryan, Wendell ]., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Saunders, Douglas 1., to 82d Abn Div, Ft

Bragg,NC.

Schulz, Charles, to Stu Det AA and GM Br,Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Tofani, Omello, to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Tracy, John F., to FEe, Yokohama, Japan.Vickers, John, Jr., to El.TOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.\X'alter, Eugene P., to Stu Det AA and GM: Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex. 'Warrick, Stuart C, to ELCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.\X'ebster, Wilbur R., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft

Lewis, Wash.Weitz, Harry 1., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Wells, Wayne W., to 4<l52d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Wiggins, Joseph D., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Woolfstead, James M., to FEe, Yokohama,

Japan.

SECOND LIEUTENANTS

Alff, Lawrence E., to 4052d ASU AAA and GMCen, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Attisano, Larry A., to 4054th ASU AA and GMBr, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.

Avis, William T., to 209th AAA Gp, Indian-town Gap, Pa.

Baird, Olin J., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Baldwin, Fredue 1., Jr., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Beightler, Charles S., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft. Bliss, Tex.Beloy, Frank R., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft. Lewis,

Wash.Boyd, Howard E., Jr., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Brissette, Alphonse 1., to Stn Det AA and GM

Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Brown, Harry W., to 38th AAA Brig, Ft Bliss,

Tex.Bruneman, Gilbert J., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Cain, Joseph A., Jr., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Cannon, Archie 5., Jr., to FEC, Yokohama,

Japan.Carr, William, to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Cashman, William R., Jr., to 41st AAA Gun

Bn., Ft Hancock, NJ.Cartan, Joseph E., Jr., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft

Lewis, Wash.Carvajal, Joseph R., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Chatto, Kenneth A., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Clark, Charles R., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Coady, Ralph F., Jr., to 80th AA Bn, Ft Bragg,NCCollis, Lester L., to 22d AAA Gp, Ft Custer,

Mich.Comisky, William T., to 80th AAA Gp, Ft Tot-

ten,NY.Conlee, John F., to 216th AAA Gp, Cp McCoy,

Wisc.Coxe, Robert 1., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany ..Davis, Frank, Jr., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Donnan, Joseph A., to 47th AAA Brig, Cp

Stewart, Ga.Duffy, William D., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft Lewis,

Wash.Ehni, Richard 1., to 41st AAA Gun Bn, Ft Han-

cock, NJ.Field, Ralph G., to 4052d ASU AM and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Flanagan, Walter J., Jr., to 4052d ASU AAA

and GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Fossett, John 1., to 459th AAA AW Bn, Cp Ed-

wards, Mass.Fratus, John V., Jr., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Frederick Mishia, to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Friend, Edgar V., Jr., to 41st AAA Gun Bn, Ft

Hancock, NJ.Fulton, James F., Jr., to 7l0th AAA Gun Bn, Ft

Myer, Va.Gallagher, Tom P., Jr., to 216th AAA Gp, Cp

McCoy, Wisc.

S5

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Gamble, James F., to ElJCOM, Bremerhaven,Germany.

Giescke, Raymond e., to 38th AAA Brig, FtBliss, Tex.

Gray, Daniel P., to 38th AAA Brig, Ft Bliss,Tex.

Gressette, W'illiam e., to 47th AAA Brig, CpStewart, Ga.

Gross Gordon W., to FEC, Yokohama, Tapan.Guest: Charles B., Jr., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft

Lewis, \\'ash.Harrison, Charles H., to 47th AAA Brig, Cp

Stewart, Ga.Hirschmann, W'illiam F., Jr., to 80th AAA Gp,

Ft Totten, NY.Hooker, Joe R., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Huffman, Roy T., Jr., to FEe, Yokohama,

Japan.Hunter, Horace L., to 38th AAA Brig, Ft Bliss,

Tex.Hutto, Richard 0., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Jennewein, Jacquelson A., to 40S2d ASU AAA

and G1( Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Katz, Richard A., to 40S2d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Kidd, David H., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Kilburg, Robert G., to Stu Det AA and GM

Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Kirmse, George R., to 80th AAA Gp, Ft Totten,

NY.Knight, Herman \X'., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Knoll, Arthur WI., to FEe. Yokohama, Japan.Kulik, Frank M., Jr., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Lawry, W'alter A., to 47th AAA Brig, Cp Stew.

art, Ga.Lawson, Malcolm S., to EUCOM, Brcmerhaven,

Germany.LeFevre, Luke D., to 5th AAA Gp, North Rich.

land, Wash.Littman, Irwin D., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.McCarty, Glenn M., to 4054th ASU AA and

GM Br, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.McDaniel, Albert W., to 710th AAA Gun Bn,

Ft Myer, Va.McGrccvy. Leonard F., to EUCOM, Bremer-

haven, Germany.McTaggart, George D., to 4052d ASU AAA

and GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Metcalfe, Samuel 1., Jr., to 80th AAA Gp, Pt

Totten, NY.Miller, Stanley W., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Moore, Lyndon A., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Mortimore, Harold E., to 71st AAA Gun Bn, Ft

Belvoir, Va.Nickerson, Fred E., to FEC, Yokohama, Japan.Nutting, Ehard F., to 22d AAA Gp, Ft Custer,

Mich.Oberman, Nathan M., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Orr, Hugh F., Jr., to 22d AAA Gp, Ft Custer,

Mich.Osborne, Homer e., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Osborn, Miles H., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM

Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Paulson, Lawrence e., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Porter, John F., Jr., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.Redden, PaulL., Jr., to 47th AAA Brig, Cp

Stewart, Ga.Rehm, William 1., to 38th AAA Brig, Ft Bliss,

Tex.Rennebaum, Raymond G., to 209th AAA Gp,

Indiantown Gap, ParRespess, Robert B., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven,

Germany.Ridgill, Julia R., to 47th AAA Brig, Cp Stewart,

Ga.Rigby, William J., to 4052d ASU AAA and

GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.Roberts, Lilbern B., to Stu Det AA and GM Br,

Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.(Continued on page 27)

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