RENNDUDE

A D U N A MBO GEƊE CEERTUƊE

RENNDUDE

UNESCOCAT

A D U N A MBO GEƊE CEERTUƊE

Keewceeral ɗemɗe, pine e tagooje

Leydi ngal

Ɗemngal men angali wañcina gonɗi mum ɗo woni kala sabu hay ɓiɓɓe maggal e ko’e maɓɓe eɓeni ngal ndoga, eɓe ngal ngaccidi kamngal tan e teddeendi dimngal maggal. Haalooɓe ngal ɓee, mbi’aa njahdaani e jamaanu, tee kamngal ɓuri boolumbal ne yaawde ko diwata. Ngal ɗemngal am, mi huutorat ngal ngam meeɗde dakamme; hol no neɗɗo meeɗirta ɗemngal jananal? Jubbannde e yimre wolof nde Useynu GEY Cosaan (Senegaal)1

1 Artiri ɗum ko FISHMAN, Josua A. (1997). In Praise of the Beloved Language: a comparative view of positive ethnolinguistic consciousness. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 292

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Udditirka Monnjalisasiyoŋ (walla winnderankaagal) ina ɓeyda en tan waɗtude hakkille e ngootaagu tummbeere men Leydi ndee, kam e keewceeral mum. Ƴellitaare renndo humpito waɗii haa jokkondiral waawi waɗeede e aduna hee fof, fawaade e peeje ɗe nganndu-ɗaa hay gooto meeɗaa miijaade ɗe e nder ɗii ɗoo duuɓi sappo jawtuɗi; kono noon, ndeen ɗoon ƴellitaare ne, so reppii, maa nde addor etaade waɗtude aduna oo fof pinal gootal e ɗemngal gootal. Laygol ƴellitaare ngalu-e-faggudu aduna oo, waɗii haa renndooji dowri tokoosi ngeggii faade e gure teeruuje mawɗe, walla faade hakkunde leydi e leydi; ɗuum ɗoon fof ɗum ɓeydi momlitgol mbaadiiji renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.

Ko reɗɗii koo hakkunde keewceeral ɗemɗe, pine e tagooje, ko min nginniri koo keewceeral nguurpinal e nder ɗee ɗoo deftere, ina hollira wonde alaa e sago paamen no moƴƴi jotondire jilɓiiɗe tammbiiɗe ɗee ɓamtaare duumiinde wonande aduna oo, nde pot-ɗen

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ndee accirde yontaaji garooji ɗii. Ko ɗoo noon woni ɗo jaŋde e pinal poti ɗoo jogaade darnde timmunde.

So en njannginii ko woni koo tippondiral hakkunde taariindi, pinal e ɗemngal, maa en mballit e heblude ɓiyleydi’en waɗtuɓe hakkille e fotde reentude ndonaandi jamaanu men e nder kala fannu. Ndeen maa en ngartir miijooji e naamnitaade hol ko ngon-ɗen, e hol to ngiw-ɗen: oon sahaa noon, mberno-ɗen miijooji e peeje no ndeentirten, ƴelliten, ko waɗi koo haa en ngalaa nanndo e aduna. Hono no wiiraa nii e tiitoonde ndee ɗoo deftere nde UNESCO muuli, e dow ballondiral Terralingua e WWF (Booñ Aduna wonande Tagoore), janngo men fawii ko e renndude yi’annde. Ko hannde tan ɓur-ɗen soklude peeje no ndenndir-ɗen mooften oo ɗoo aduna keewceero mbo nganndu-ɗaa ɗemɗe, pine e taariiɗe ɗee eɗe nanngondiri, eɗe timminondira hakkunde majje. John Daniel, gonnooɗo Cukko-Gardiiɗo jaŋde e pinal to UNESCO

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E nder mbaadiiji nguurndam dow Leydi fof, ɓuri heen teskinaade ko keewceeral kaawningal gonngal heen ngal. Ndee ɗoo deftere ende jolni helmiire wi’eteende keewceeral nguurpinal. Keewceeral nguurndam dow leydi ngal, wonaa tan jillondiral leƴƴi puɗi e kuule ladde ngal, kam e ekooyuɓɓooji taariindi ji’eteeɗi ɗii e ladde hee (biyoodiwersitee walla mbi’en guurwuurdal ngal) ngaddi ngal; ina saabii ngal kadi jillondiral pine e ɗemɗe gonɗe ɗee e nder renndooji yimɓe (keewceeral ɗemngal e pinal). Eɗen puɗɗoro ɗoo sifodaade gurwuurdal aduna oo kam e keewceeral mum to bannge ɗemɗe e pine, tawa eɗen kollira leɓte walla musibaaji ñeeŋtotooɗi heen kala huunde. Caggal ɗuum, maa en kollir no denndaangal ɗii ɗoo mbaadiiji keewceeral tokkondiriri (njokkondiriri) hakkunde majji. Jokkondiral hakkunde ɗemngal, pinal e taariindi ina artira miijo e wonde keewceeral tagoodi, keewceeral pine e keewceeral ɗemɗe, fof ko ko fotnoo rentude hina janngidee, sabu wonde ɗum maale ceertuɗe kono bannduɗe no feewi, wonande keewceeral nguurndam e dow leydi. Ko ngam jannginde fahmina oon ɗoon fannu keso ndee ɗoo helmere keewceeral nguurpinal tafaa (ƴeew kowol 1).

KOWOL 1 Yi’annde nguurpinal ko hono nii tonngiraa e sifaa: “Keewceeral taariindi (keewceeral ekoolosi) ina soklaa ngam tummbeere leydi ndee waawa wuurde ko juuti. Denndaangal kullon nguurkon, gila e puɗi, kuule ladde e ɗe

Keewceeral nguurndam

nder tagoore e pinal

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wuro, bakteriiji e aadeeɓe, fof taki ɗum wuurde ina yeña ko gaccungol gootol, wonande jokkondire jilɓuɗe, beeɓɗe bonnude. Kala nde heen huunde wootere e ekooyuɓɓo (ekoosistem) ngoo bonnaa, ko batte ɗe hay gooto anndaa no ɗe poti ɗum jibinanta yuɓɓo ngoo fof. Jahgol na wayloo donaangol wonande leƴƴi tagoore ngol, weeɓtini ngol ko keewceeral calsali ndona ɗii, nde wonnoo leƴƴi tagooje na mbayloroo calsali ndona majji mbele eɗi mbaawa daɗde e nder taariiɗe (satooji) ɗe njiidaa. Ko keewceeral ngal soomi ko newnata koo baawgol yahdude e taariindi mum. Baagol no wootere ina waawi reppinde leñol, tawa ɗum haɗ ngol jogaade peeje no waklori e no yahdiri e taariindi mum. Keewceeral ɗemɗe e keewceeral tagooje … alaa ko waawi ɗumen seerndude. Keewceeral baawgol leƴƴi resondirde njeña ngol wonata ko e faaɗtude, ɗoon ɗo ɗemɗe e pine na cuyta, tawa ceedtagol golle hakkilantaagal neɗɗanke kadi na ustoo.

“E nder winndoore ekoolosi, ekooyuɓɓooji ɓurɗi semmbilinde ɗii ko ɓurɗi heen heewde e seertude ɗii. Ɗuum firti ko keewceeral ina jotondiri tigi e deeƴre nguurndam; keewgol seerta ina waɗi fayiida e nder waawde wuurde ko juuti. Nafi en e dow ndii leydi boom ko tawde, ko wonata duuɓi ujunnaaji ujunnaaji, en mbaawii yahdude e ngonkaaji taariiɗe keewɗe ceertuɗe (gila to weeyaawo haa to pinal). Kaan ɗoon mbaawka yahdude, addi ɗum ko keewceeral. Waɗde noon, keewceeral ɗemngal e pinal ina ɓeyda baawgol yimɓe dañde wune e nguurndam mu’en, kam e waawde yahdude e ngonkaaji”2.

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Oon ɗoon fannu keso, woni faandaare mum ko wiɗtude no ɗeen jokkondire mba’i hakkunde sifaaji keewceere fof, e tolnooji kala, gila e nokku haa e winndere huuɓtitinnde. Omo joofii kadi limtude kulhuli kulanaaɗi ɗii keewceeral nguurpinal, ko ɗum waawi jibinoyde e batte bonɗe, kam e peeje potɗe lelneede ngam haɗde ɗum, haa yimɓe mbaawa dartinde, ndeenta, mballita keewceeral nguurndam ngal. Yanti heen noon, maa yimɓe ƴeew ko waawata waɗeede ngam ñawndude (safrude) baasal (anngal, ŋakkere) keewceeral ngurndam ngal, nder tagoore kam e nder pinal kala.

Jotondire nguurpinal ɗee eɗe kolliraa e nder kartal gootal baɗdungal ɗeen ɗoon keewceere. Deftere ndee yoo kartal ngal, ndañaa ko e ballondiral hakkunde UNESCO, Terralingua e Booñ Aduna ngam Tagoore (WWF).

2 Jubbande e kayitol BAKER, COLIN (2001) sur l’ouvrage de TOVE Skutnabb-Kangas Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worlwide Diversity and Human Rights? Londres: Erlbaum 2000. Xxxiii-785 p Journal of Sociolinguistics. 5.2 mai 2001. p 279-283.

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Taarik (daartol) winndere tagoore ndee fof ko taarik ɓeydagol, e nder jamanuuji, keewal leƴƴi tagooje guurɗe ɗee. Hannde hannde oo, annduɓe njiitii ko ina yaha e 1,5 miliyoŋ leƴƴi tagooje ɗi njiidaa: puɗi (leɗɗe, dunnduuji, wertellaaji, kuɗooli, ekn.), kuule (colli, muyninooji, liɗɗi (liƴƴi), paaɓi, kuule njoorndi-e-ndiyam, ladooje, njamkokkooji, gilɗi (gilƴi), koowooje, raaŋa-raaŋooji, ekn.), ufanteeri, wergooji, colle-dawaaɗi, algaaji, bakteriiji e wirisaaji. Ɗuum ne kay, ndee ɗoo limoore hende famɗi, so yerondiraama e denndaangal leƴƴi cikkaaɗi ɗii na nguuri e dow tummbeere leydi ndee, e ko annduɓe mbi’i. Ina waɗi biyolosista’en (fannuyankooɓe nguurndam) jagguɓe wonde keeweendi leƴƴi tagooje gonɗi hannde e dow Leydi ɗii ina waawi wonde hakkunde 5 e 15 miliyoŋ leñol, tawa « limre gollorteende ndee » hende waawi taƴeede tan e 12,5 miliyoŋ leñol. Ko iimetee koo e limooje noon hina heewi hina seerti, sabu alaa mbo waawi iimaade leƴƴi potɗi ɗii waawde « yiiteede », maanaa inneede e sifeede anndinee to bannge wiɗtiyankooɓe. Wiɗtooji e golle ganndal kollirii wonde ko ɓuri koo heewde e keewceeral tagoore niɗɗii (ñoofii) tan ko e nder nokkuuji toropikaaji tummbeere leydi ndee (ƴeew kowol 2). Kono ɗiin ɗoon nokkuuji cuwaa (ciwaa) tawa wiɗteede haa no feewi (haa timmi). Wiɗtooji ceeraani e bettirde en humpitooji kesi jowitiiɗi e keewal (galɗugol, coñcugol) tagoore. KOWOL 2

Yeruuji ɗiɗi nani kollirooji ngal ɗoo gurwuurdal jeñcungal : e dow lekki gooti, to nder ladde Amasoni (Amerik Lateŋ) too, tawaama heen keewal leƴƴi ñuuƴi ɗi njiidaa ɓurngal ko anndaa koo e nder denndaangal duuɗe Engelteer ɗee fof. Waɗii kadi iimiiɓe wonde, e nder feccere ektaar wootere tan nde ladde hakindiinde wulnde, ina waawi taweede heen ko yahata e 50.000 baƴƴi’al (muyninooji, colli, laadooje, e leƴƴi paaɓi), 662.000 ñuuñu, 372.000 ŋayla, 90.000 lirƴolirƴongal, 45.000 mooƴu, 19.000 njam-hokkooru, 89 miliyoŋ nguɗu, 28 miliyoŋ hoowoore collembola e ko wonata kilooji 2.268 puɗi e leɗɗe pecciiɗi e 2.000 leñol kullel, ko famɗi fof : maanaa, ko woni koo e nder ndee ɗoo feccere ektaar nde ladde hakindiinde tan ɓuri heewde e ko tawetee koo e nder leydi Grande-Bretagne ndii fof no fotnoo3. 3 SKUTNABB-KANGAS, TOVE (2000). Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worlwide Diversity and Human Rights ? Mahwah, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 80

Guurwuurdal

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So en ƴeewii e kartal hee (kam e alluwal 3 ngal, to lees), eɗen mbaawi annditde guurirɗe (biyomaaji) tati gadane e doggol ɗee : « laddeele toropikaaje e lestoropikaaje » ɗe sifaaji keewɗi, tawa kamɗe fof ko e goobuuji haako ñebbe ceertuɗi, kam e wuurirde jeeɗiɓiire ndee, « wertellaaje, laddeele jeerenɗe, dunnduuji toropikaaji e lestoropikaaji », tawa ko e goobu oolo laaɓtuɗo cer. Ko e nder laddeele toropikaaje ɗee (hono laddeele leefɗe ɗe ilirde mayo Amasoni to Amerik mbo worgo, ɗe ilirde mayo Konngo to Afrik Hakkunde, kam e nokkuuji Aasi mbo worgo keewɗi e ɗi Pasifik) keewceeral leƴƴi kuule ɓurngal mawnude ngal tawetee, kam e nder won taariiɗe maaje kaaɗɗe (ko wa’i no kaaƴe koraay e manngoroowaaji).

Kono noon, ina woodi leƴƴi kuule e puɗi limlimti gonɗi e nder kala sifaaji taariiɗe. Hino waawi wonde, e yeru, tunndaraaje (ceene ɗe ngala leɗɗe to nokkuuji arkatik - tigilde leydi- too), kam e jeereenɗe (guurirɗe (biyomaaji) 11 e 13 dow kartal hee) ɗe nganndu-ɗaa puɗi e kuule majje eɗe keewi waɗde leƴƴi ɗi keewaani walla « goɗhoɗi » (maanaa ɗi ngoodaani so wonaa e nder won nokku tan).

Ngal ɗoo keewceeral tagoore coñcungal, ko ngaal wi’etee gurwuurdal (biyoodiwersitee, e farayse), helmere ganndal toɗɗiinde denndaangal keewal e ceeral tagooje guurɗe ɗee e dow tummbeere Leydi. Keewceeral woni sarɗi ndadduɗi gonal tagoore. Biyolosista’en mbi’i en wonde ko kamngal addanta taariiɗe ɗee baawgol majje haɓtaade, maanaa ko kamngal takata ɗi waawde yahdude e waylowaylooji kam e waawde heɓɓaade, ko aldaa e loraade, baylogol ngonkaaji weeyo, bonanndeeji (walla musibaaji) ɗi Alla waɗi ɗii, njanuuji kullon mbonnoyon, kam e geɗe goɗɗe tilfooje (kowol 1). Gurwuurdal jeñcungal ina haanani nguurndam ekooyuɓɓooji ɗii (yuɓɓooji ɗi tagooje guurɗe cañata ɗii hakkunde majji e taariindi majje) moƴƴam kam e baawgol majji addude nafooje majji guurnooje. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen ɗoon « nafooje ekooyuɓɓooji » : kesɗitingol ñamriiji ɗooɗde leydi ndee, laɓɓingol henndu weeyo nduu, gaddugol ndiyam mbelɗam kam e geɗe biyolosi ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ina waawi dañeede heen ñameele, ko iwi e gaɓɓe e ko huɓɓirtee. Kala nguurndam, haa arti e ɗam aadeeɓe ɗam, ina yowitii e ɗeen ɗoon nafooje.

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Gurwuurdal ngal hangal e reppere

Ndenne dee, gurwuurdal aduna ngal, eɗen nganndi musibaaji (boneeji) mawɗi ina ngal ndooki. Biyoolosisto’en eɓe kaala haala « fitina (kiriis) nuskaare huuɓtidinnde », maanaa cuytugol, e nder denndaangal aduno oo, wonande leƴƴi kuule e puɗi kam e koɗorle mu’en (taariiɗe majji tawaaɗe ɗee). Humpito ɓurngo timmude e ko faati e ɗuum ɗoon ongo tawee e nder « doggi boɗeeji » ɗi leƴƴi deppuɗi (haatumeere 1) ɗi Santar monnjaal mbo reento e mooftugol (Centre mondial de surveillance de la conservation) hesɗitinta ɗii sahaa e sahaa e kala.

HAATUMEERE 1. Doggi boɗeeji wonande kuule e puɗi deppuɗi ɗii Wonande doggi boɗeeji puɗi e kuule paayanaaɗe ɗee, tufnde (sit) web ndee ko : http://www.iucnredlist.org Ɗii ɗoo doggi ina kesɗitinee ñande kala to World Conservation Monitioring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL (Royaume – Uni). Telefon : 44 – 1223 – 277 314 ; faksa : 44 – 1223 – 277 136 Iimeel : info@unep-wcmc.org Situuji goɗɗi (tufle goɗɗe) baɗɗi nafoore : Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement http://sea.unep-wcmc.org Union de la Conservation Mondiale http://www.iucn.org Annduɓe fof kawrii e wiide wonde kiriis nuskaare oo, alaa fof ko saabii mbo ko wonaa junngo neɗɗo. Eɗen kollira ɗoo sababuuji ɗiɗi ɓurɗi heen teskinaade ɗii :

Pusgol koɗorle ngol. So en lewii laddeele mbele eɗen ɓura dañde leydeele demeteeɗe, wonaa no leydi huutorirtee nii tan mbakleten, eɗen pusora (pirtora) kadi koɗorle puɗi e kuule ɗe nganndu-ɗaa eɗe naamnii taariindi laddeeri haa ɗe mbaawa daɗde e nguurndam. Yanti heen kadi, ɗoon ɗo boowe ɓurɗe yaajde e winndere ndee eɗe mbaylee ngam naftoreede e ngoƴaaji yimɓe ɓurɗi famɗude (gila e jolnugol (taraspoor) haa e mahanteeje

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jolnugol), won e leƴƴi tagoore alaa e saga ɗi cuyta (ɗi collita). Pusgol laddeele toropikaaje leefɗe to Amasoni, to Afrik mbo Hakkunde e to Aasi mbo Funnaange worgo too, ko ɗum pille heen laaɓtuɗe.

Njanuuji leƴƴi gar’ari, ɗi njiyaaka e nokku ɗo ɗi njaalotoo ɗoo. Won e leƴƴi eɗi mbaawi yande e koɗorle kese, connga ɗe, ɗi lomtoroo noon leƴƴi jeyanooɗi ɗoon ɗii, walla ɗi ndiiwa ɗi. Leƴƴi gar’ari ina keewi ko mbonnata e nder won e duuɗe moggiiɗe, lobbiniiɗe (ko wa’i no duunde Hawaay e duunde Guwam), kono eɗi mbaawi battinde kadi na feewi e nder nokkuuji leydi ɓurɗi yaajde ne, hono no ko waɗi koo to Ostarali. Ko wa’i boyeeji (welwelaaji tuubakooɓe bi’eteeɗi renaar), be’i, boje (goje) e doombi, walla kadi kuɗooli tuubakooɓe bi’eteeɗi pisanlii, ortii romeen, terefal daneejo, purpiyee, shardoŋ (huɗo waako no kodde bamɗi), palanteŋ, e buubi bi’eteeɗi cooƴi colli, fof ko e misaaluuji leƴƴi cariiɗi njaalii e dow nokkuuji ɓurɗi yaajde e leydi hee : ɗi mbonniri noon ekooyuɓɓooji gaadanteeji e nder nokkuuji keewɗi e aduna hee, hiɗi mbaɗa ko Alfred W. Crosby4 inniri koo « njiimaandi ekoolosi ».

Ɗiin ɗoon njanuuji, kam e golle yimɓe goɗɗe, mawɗe, ina njeyaa e ko ɓuri ustude doole ekooyuɓɓooji to baawgol haɓtaade. Waylowaylooji ɗii mawnat haa ekooyuɓɓooji ɗii nattita hankadi waawde yahdude e majji, ɗi ngona e nuskaade haa mbattinda cuyta. Gooto e dalilaaji mum ina teskee e laawol no jeereende jaalorii nii e nder won e nokke Afrik. Yeru goɗɗo ina tawee e cuytugol nguurndam puɗi e kuule haa laaɓi e nder won nokke ndiyam hono maayo haaɗngo wi’eteengo Araal to Aasi.

KOWOL 3 Ganndo biyoolosisto bi’eteeɗo E. O. Wilson oo, ko nii tonngiri sifaa kiriis oo (saɗeende ndee) : « So geɗe hannde ɗee njokkii e yahrude no ɗe ngoniri nii, ɗum jibinoyta ko ustaare leƴƴi tagoore ɗii nde aldaa e rutto. Hannde hannde oo, hakke feccere leƴƴi puɗi e kuule gonɗi e dow leydi ɗii, maa en mbaas ɗi ɗoo e teemedannde ndee gasde… Kala heen leñol noon, ngol wonnoo ko kaŋŋe tafaaɗo yilmaa e nder yahdu jamaanu, kaŋŋe mbo nganndu-ɗaa ɓiy Aadama alaa fof ɗo rewata haa taftoo mbo, hay so wonii ganndal (aasiñooraagal) calsali ndona ena okki en waawde tafde tagooje kese. Nuskaare leƴƴi huuɓtidinnde noon, ina waawi ustoyde janngo tiiɗgol e deeƴre taariindi aduna ndii. Yanti heen kadi, eɗen mbonnoree defterɗi (cuuɗi defte) ganndal e humpito calsali ndona guurɗi, baawnooɗi nafde ko heewi winndere aadeeɓe janngo»5. 4 CROSBY, Alfred W. (1994). Ecological Imperialism. The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 5 Interview, samviyee 2002. http://www.salon.com/people/conv/2002/01/14/eowilson/.

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Ngam haɓtaade ndee ɗoo saɗeende (oo ɗoo kiriis), peeje deentugol taariindi ɗee ɓeydiima e nder aduna hee fof gila ko wonata han duuɓi noogaas. Biyoolosisto’en kaaldii e dow peeje potɗe reweede haa yimɓe mbaawa anndude hol fannuuji poti idoreede e nder lelngooji ngool ɗoon deentugol taariindi.

E fuɗɗoode, ɓe limtii peññini leyɗeele 17 ɗe « megaakeewceeral (keewceeral ɓurngal mawnude)», maanaa leyɗeele jaggiraaɗe ɗee wonde ko kamɗe ɓuri heewde ko njogii e nder denndaangal ko woodaa koo e ngalu aduna to batte leƴƴi tagooje (haatumeere 2). Ko ɓuri koo heewde e ɗeen leyɗeele ngoni ko e hedde peccol leydi, ɗo laddeele leefɗe, coñcuɗe e keewceeral, ɓuri heewde ɗoo. Leyɗeele rewo e leyɗeele yooro ɗee ngalaa e doggol inɗe hee, nde wonnoo, hono no njiiru-ɗen dow ɗoo nii, tunndaraaje e jeereeɗe ɗee njeñɗaani e keewceeral, ko woni koo noon eɗe ngalɗi e leƴƴi pamɗuɗi e koɗhoɗi kala6.

HAATUMEERE 2. Leyɗeele ɗe «keewceeral nguurndam manngal» ɗee Afrik Afrik Worgo, Madagaskaar, Rippibilik Demookaratik mbo Konngo Amerik Beresil, Kolommbi, Ekwatoor, Etaa-Sini, Meksik, Peru, Wenesuwelaa Aasi Siin, Enndo, Enndonesi, Malesi, Filipiin Pasifik Ostarali, Papuwasii-Nuwel-Gine.

Geɗel ɗimmel ngel, biyoolosisto’en cuɓiima kadi nokkuuji keewceeral gulɗi 25. Ko ɗum nokkuyon kon ɓuraani yaajde (keewkon heen ngoni ko e lees toropikaaji) ɗo leƴƴi pamɗuɗi koɗhoɗi ɓuri heewde e kawral. Ɗum ɗoo ko heen e yeruuji :

Nokku laddeele ɓaarnde Atlantik to Amerik mbo Worgo, ɗo nganndu-ɗaa ɗoo, ladde huurnoonde ndee ustiima haa arti e sappoɓel ko wonnoo koo (ko njaajeendi, wertaango mum waawnoo koo sowaade laabi tati Dowla Kaliforni to Etaa-Sini), haa leƴƴi baaɗi e colli keewɗi ina toon ndeppani suytaare ;

Nokku leɗɗe e puɗi mbo Kap, to daande haaɗngo hirnaange Afrik mbo Worgo, mbo

nganndu-ɗaa oo dental leƴƴi mum koɗhoɗi, gootal e aduna ngal, ina hulanaa hannde sabu ƴellitagol ndema kam e njanuuji leƴƴi gar’ari (ɗi ngonaa koɗhoɗi) ;

Nokku coomduɗo oo kaaƴhaaƴol ƴooŋe (ƴoole) Gahat hirnaange ɗee, to Enndo, kam e

duunde Siri Lankaa ndee : oon omo wuuri baaji (boɗle, mboɗdiiji) koɗhoɗi e muyninooje koɗhoɗe keewɗe ceerɗe. Ɗoon ne woni saɗeende ndee ko koɗki yimɓe ɓee na ɓeydoo toon no feewi7.

6 E dow tufnde (sit) http://www.conservation.org/ƴp/CIWEB/publications/videos/index.xml ina woodi widewoo jannginirɗo ko yowitii e leyɗeele keewceeral manngal ɗee. 7 Oo ɗoo sit na hollira ko heewi e tufle gulɗeɗii : http://www.conservation.org/ƴp/CIWEB/strategies/hotspots/hotspots.xml.

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Geɗel tataɓel, no gurwuurdal ngal waawi yiireede kadi, tee Booñ Aduna wonande Tagoore (WWF) lelni ɗum, ko ko yowitii koo e ekoonokkuuji. Ko ɗum nokkuuji ndiyam walla leydi jaajɗi, jogiiɗi dente keeriiɗe denndinɗe leƴƴi puɗi e kuule, dente tagooje tawaaɗe e sifaaji taariiɗe. WWF limtii ko ina wona 886 ekoonokku dow leydi njoorndi (tawa ekoonokkuuji ɗi mbelɗam e ndiyam lamɗam ɗii eɗi ngoni e wiɗteede haa jooni). Fedde ndee ende jaggi wonde ko ɓuri 200 e nder ekoonokkuuji aduna oo (bi’eteeɗi « Kawral 200 » ɗii) ina naamnii peeje e golle deentugol, e ko ɓuri heñoreede, sabu eɗi ngoni keeriiɗi no feewi, tee kadi ɗi ngonani koɗorle aduna ɗee yeruuji 8.

E ngal kartal jahdungal e ndee ɗoo winndannde, ina holliraa heen denndaangal ekoonokkuuji njoorndi gonɗi e aduna hee, tawa iɗi pecciraa to “biyomaaji” e to “sifaaji koɗorle mawɗi”. Woni biyom noon ko nokku (diiwaan), mbo ndiyam (mbelɗam walla lammuɗam) walla mbo leydi njoorndi (jeereende, ladde, wertello huɗo, tunndaraa), guurnuɗo dental teskiniingal to puɗi, kuule e tagooje guurɗe goɗɗe9. So biyomaaji pecciraama kadi fawaade e won sifaaji, ina adda sifaaji koɗorle mawɗi keewɗi wonande kala biyom. Kartal ngal na hollira 14 sifaa hoɗorde/biyomaaji njoorndi, sifaa kala e goobu mum (tawa ina yanti heen maaje perle, nokkuuji kaaƴe ɓole e galaas to sara tigile leydi – arkatik - too). Ekoonokkuuji mbelɗam ɗii kolliraaka e kartal hee, sabu yoga e majji ina pawtondiri e ekoonokkuuji njoorndi ɗii; ko noon woniri kadi to ekoonokkuuji haaɗngo ɗii, nde wonnoo kartal ngal ɓuri joopaade ko nokkuuji koɗaaɗi yimɓe ɗii, tee ɗiin ngoni ko e njoorndi. Haatumeere 3 ndee hende holliri doggol ɗiin ɗoon sifaaji koɗorle/biyomaaji 14, ina waawi kadi (titi) yi’eede no ɗi peccori e kartal hee10.

HAATUMEERE 3. Sifaaji koɗorle (biyomaaji) njoorndi e nder aduna hee 1. Laddeele ɗe haako, leefɗe, toropikaaje e lestoropikaaje 2. Laddeele toropikaaje e lestoropikaaje joorɗe ɗe haako oloowo 3. Laddeele ɗe leɗɗe konifeer toropikaaje e lestoropikaaje 4. Laddeele ɗe haako, kam e baɗdude fof, kakindiiɗe (to tolnaare nguli e ɓuuɓol) 5. Laddeele ɗe leɗɗe konifeer kakindiiɗe 6. Laddeele tigilde rewo/taygaaaje 7. Boowe durngol, laddeele leɗɗe (sawaan) e dunnduuji toropikaaji e lestoropikaaji 8. Sawanuuji e boowe durngol kakindiiɗe 9. Sawanuuji e boowe durngol ileteeɗe

8 Ina waɗi sit (tufnde) kaaldigal, jowitiiɗo e ekoonokkuuji : http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld walla http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld. 9 Jiɗɗo ɓurde laaɓeede ko faati e biyom fof na waawi ƴeewde ɗoo : http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/. 10 Ngam ɓeydude humpitaade e ɗuum ɗoon, ƴeewen : http://www.panda.org/resources/programmes/global200/pages/terra.htm.

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10. Boowe durngol e luge ɗe ƴooŋe 11. Tunndaraaje (boowe) 12. Laddeele e lugge cukkuɗe to mediteraaneeje (takko maayo haaɗngo Mediteraane) 13. Laddeele baape cooñaaɗe (ɗo yoori) e jeereeɗe 14. Manngoroowaaje (leɗɗe ndiyam).

WWF na fecciri kadi ekoonokkuuji fawaade e no ɗi ndeentiraa hannde oo (maanaa hono no heen ekoonokku kala reeniraa, haɗaa bonneede e jamaanu mbo ngon-ɗen oo), fawaade kadi e no reppere majji foti tawa ko junngo neɗɗo hulaa heen. Ko takata yimɓe anndude ɗo fa’aa ɗoo, maanaa anndude hol ɗi ngoni ekoonokkuuji “ɓurɗi huleneede ɗii” no feewi, ɗi nganndu-ɗaa waɗde ko kamɗi ɓuri fot yaawreede e ndeenka. Nokkuuji “ɓurɗi huleneede ɗii” no feewi iɗi kolliraa e goobu moow (koobu dahaa lekkol) e kartal hee. So en laartindiima, maa en taw yoga e ɗii nokkuuji ngoni ko e leydeele toropikaaje e lestoropikaaje ɗe Amerik, Afrik, Aasi e ɗe Pasifik, ɗo nganndu-ɗaa ɗoo koɗorle laddeele ɗee ina ngoni e fuseede pusgu kulɓiniingu. Kono laddeele e koɗorle goɗɗe, kulanaaɗe no feewi, eɗe tawee kadi e nokkuuji rewo ɗi Amerik Rewo kam e Orop: ɗoon ko ndemaaje ɓurɗe yaajde kam e ƴellitaare mbaylaari e gure mawɗe ndee ngoni ko ɓooyi boomde taariindi ndii e boomngo muusngo.

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Keewceeral

Ngannden noon, keewceeral wonaa tagoore tan ɗum woodani. Miijo « keewceeral nguurndam » jellitii (diwtii, tiimtii) gurwuurdal tan. Hangal nawori (soomori) keewceeral pine e ɗemɗe gonngal e renndooji aadeeɓe ngal. Taarik leñol innama aadee yaltaani taarik nguurndam e dow Leydi oo, gila leñol gadanol e ngonka men hono Homo (woni “neɗɗanke” e lateŋ), bi’eteengol Homo habilis (woni “neɗɗanke karallo”) ngol feeñi e Afrik, ko ina iimee e duuɓi miliyoŋaaji ɗiɗi e feccere (2,5). Taarik men aadeeɓe oo ne, ina siforii keewceertugol jahoowol na laya, na ɓeydoo, ɗoon ɗo yimɓe na njahda e taariiɗe mu’en kam e ngonkaaaji weeyo kesi. Kono tan noon, ko waylowaylooji to batte ɗaɗi ndonaagu (calsali ndona) ngoodani koo leñol aadeeɓe fof dee, ɗiin ɗoon waylowaylooji ko ɗi dowrowi tan, haa ɗum waɗi, so ƴeewaama to bannge winndoore, innama aadee’en ko leñol gootol tan haa jooni.

pine e ɗemɗe ngal

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Haɗaani noon, renndooji aadeeɓe cariiɗi ɗii e nder aduna hee fof mbayliima no feewi, e nder yahdu jamanuuji, to batte nguurndam pine e ɗemɗe : yimɓe njiidaa no nganndiri e no njahdiri e aduna taariiɗo (catiiɗo) ɗumen oo, juɓɓuli renndo ɗi njiidaa, diineeje, aadaaji e baɗle, e peeje kaaldigal e jokkondiral ɗe njiidaa hakkunde mu’en e ngurndam ñande kala, kam yoo nder kewkewuuji (joljole) nguurndam, politik, daarti jamaanu, ciimti e daari, jimɗi (jimi, jiɓɓi) e nder kala ngonka ɗo pot-ɗen jokkondirirde haala (layaa).

Keewceeral pinal e ɗemngal ina waawi jaggireede tan maanaa denndaangal “ngalu pinal e ɗemngal” gonɗo oo e nder tagoore aadee. Fawaade e taarik (daartol jamaanu), ko sifaaji keeriiɗi to batte pinal e ɗemngal mbaɗi ndaɗɗudi ɗo renndooji yimɓe pawi ɗoo mbaadi mu’en keeriindi: eɗen njaggiri ko’e men wonde haalooɓe won e ɗemɗe, eɗen kadi ngooŋɗini won e laabi diine, aadaaji (neesuuji, finaa-tawaaji), ɓure e nji’anɗe aduna ɗe potndu-ɗen ko noon tan huunde foti waade. Ko dow ngool ceerndugol hakkunde ko nanndi e ko seerti, renndooji ɗii njahniri gondigal hakkunde majji. Jiiduɓe ɗemngal, njiidi ko gooŋɗini, njaggiraa ko wonɓe “minen” - ; haalooɓe ɗemɗe goɗɗe, ɓe njogii aadaaji e diineeji goɗɗi, ɓeen kam mbaɗaa tan ko “woɗɓe”. Ɓeen ɗoon “woɗɓe” noon eɓe mbaawi ƴewreede yitere wonde “jananɓe” tan, walla ndeen, ko ɓuri koo bonde, ɓe ƴeewre no ko wi’etenoo koo “barbaar” e jaamaanu kiiɗɗo (antikitee), walla ndeen, ko samori koo, ɓe njaggiree “hoɓɓe” jaɓɓaaɓe sabu mu’en addorde ganndal e ɓeydaare hesre.

Waɗde noon, gannde, aadaaji e diineeji fof waklata ɗum ko sabaabu nde renndo. Kono ina fawii kadi e sifaaji taariindi keeriiɗi ndi nguurndam yimɓe ɓee yahdi ndii – ko ñaameten koo, no ñameele ɗee mooftirtee, saangaaji nde golletee (so wonii ñalawma; lomtondirgol ɓuuɓol e nguli, lomtondirgol dabbunde e ndunngu, sahaaji toɓo e sahaaji yooro), ekn. – fof fawii ko e nokku mbo nguur-ɗen oo ñannden heen. Sifaaji pinal ina keewi na ceeri hakkunde renndooji yimɓe ɗii. Ina woodi kadi ko winndere ndee fof renti (renndi). Sabu ɗum, ko diineeji e joljole jamaanu keewi ceerti koo fof, leƴƴi yimɓe fof eɗi ngooŋɗini won e tagooje

Nanndugol e ceertugol

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jaltuɗe aadeeɓe, cuuɗiiɗe, kalfuɗe ɗumen walla peejanooje ɗumen, tee yimɓe fof eɓe njogii joljole nguurndam ɗe ɓe mawninta heen sa’aaji (ñandego): jibinegol, mawnugol, dañcagol, maayde, ekn.

Ko noon ɗemɗe ne njahri: eɗen heen njogii geɗe nannduɗe e geɗe ceertuɗe. Ɗemɗe fof ndenti “geɗe mahngo”: ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe ɗee fof eɗe njogii gowlaali (hito), daaɗe walla kelme, pelle celluka, konngi. Kono noon, no mbiireten nii geɗe, no ɗemɗe men kuutorirta nii geɗe mahngo goodaaɗe ɗee, ina heewi ina seerti no feewi. E yeru, keewal pelle darɗe celluka (ko wi’etee koo “kaa’uuji”) e nder ɗemɗe ina seerti no feewi, gila e ŋakkere firlito fedde darnde (hono no farayse nii), haa e 14 fa’i 16 fedde darnde (nder ɗemɗe finoo-uguriyeen keewɗe) haa e ɗemɗe ko wa’i no tsez to Dagestaan jogingal 126 fedde darnde. Ko min mbi’i koo, nuunɗal mum ina tawee kadi e sato men nguurndam e renndo; kaaleten ko ko joganii en fayiida. Demɗe keewɗe mbaɗii kelmeendi keeriindi ngam maandinde ceertugol won geɗe joganiiɗe haalooɓe mu’en faayiida. So en ƴeewii han, hay gooto miijotaako tawde kelme jahatɗe e sappo e ko fawi ngam innude sifaaji mbaadiiji nees (toɓo galas) walla leƴƴi reen (leñol be’i leydeele galaas) e nder ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗo e jeereende Sahaara ndee; ko noon ne kay, kelme ginnirɗe sifaaji leƴƴi njaarnde e geelooɓi mbeeɓataa tawde e nder ɗemɗe to Rewo Manngo too. Ko ɗuum addi de ɗemɗe na mbi’ee ngoni “ADN pine” yimɓe, eɗe mbinnda e nder sarɗiiji donaagu gannde pinal donaaɗe ɗee e taaniiɓe, ɗe nganndu-ɗaa kala yonta na jokka e ɓeydude heen geɗal mum. Ko goonga noon, neɗɗo guurɗo e lees toropikaaji ɗii, ina waawa sifaade e ɗemngal mum reen baaɗo nii walla noya, kono haawnaaki tawa ko maa o huutoro sifaa pacciraaɗo, tawa wonaa helmere wootere tan huutorta.

De noon, ina famɗi boom ko nganndu-ɗen hannde e ɗemɗe maandinal (ɗe muumɓe ɓuri heew huutorde ɗee), kam e ɓaylagol mahirɗe baawɗe woodde ɗee hakkunde ɗeen ɗemɗe, kam e hono ɗeen mahirɗe mbaawi seertirde e ɗe ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe ɗee (ƴ. Kowol 4).

KOWOL 4

Ko ɓuri koo heewde e ɗemɗe maandinal ɗemɗiyankooɓe ciwaa ɗe boom wiɗtude e sifaade. Ndenne dee, ɗemɗe maandinal ko ɗum ɗemɗe tigi rigi, luugguɗe e miijo, jilɓiiɗe. Ɗee jahɗe heen haa njogii kelmeendi mu’en timmundi, eɗe mbaawi huutoreede e kaaldigal e kala fannu baawɗo haaldeede e ɗemɗe gowleteeɗe ɗe, gila e

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nguurndam ñande haa e gaadondire jowitiiɗe e hakkeeji ɓiy aadee, walla yuɓɓo Dental Dowlaaji walla fisik nikleyeer11.

E ko ɓuri heewde, keewceertugol ɗemɗe ɓuri mawnude to aadeeɓe e dow ceertugol mu’en tagoodi. Haa jooni, ko ɓuri koo heewde e ngool ɗoon ceertugol anndaaka ko waɗi ngol. Ɗemɗe ko ɗum oogirde humpito tigi rigi wonande peeje no yimɓe jokkondirirta hakkunde mu’en, nder renndo jiidungo ɗemngal yoo hakkunde renndooji ɗi ɗemɗe (e pine) ɗe njiidaa.

11 Ƴeewen situuji web ɗi Iñoo Oropeyeen wonande muumɓe (http://www.eudnnet.org) kam e ɗi Kawtal muumɓe Aduna (http://www.wfdnews.org/).

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Ko iimaa koo e keewal pine e ɗemɗe ɗe njiidaa, gonɗe hannde e dow Leydi ɗee, ɓuri famɗude fuuf keewal leƴƴi tagooje ganndaaɗi ɗii; kono ɗum haɗaani keewal ngal teskinaade, tee heewɓe mbaawaa nii miijo Alla e no ngal foti. Ɗoo ne kadi, lime ɗee na ceerti, fawaade e ko hawraa e wi’eede “ɗemngal” tigi rigi koo. Heewaani e cuɓorɗe ɗemɗiyankaagal baawɗe takde neɗɗo taƴnaade wi’a ɗum ko “ɗemngal” keeringal wall ko ɗum “ngaddiin, haala walla caltal” e nder ɗemngal ɓurngal yaajde. Baawgol fahmondirde hakkunde haalooɓe ina waawi, heen sahaaji, seerndude hakkunde ɗemngal e ngaddiin (caltal). Kono, ina waɗa calte ɗemngal gootal, hono ɗe engele walla siinuwa, ɗe haalooɓe mmu’en pahmondirtaa no feewi, walla nii ɓe nanondirtaa fes. Nanndugol e ceertugol mbildi kadi ina seernda ɗemɗe goɗɗondirɗe; hono nii, ko seerndi koo ɗemngal enndo-oropeewal (ko wa’i no riisi, hindi, italiyeŋ, engele walla almaa ) e ɗemngal bantu afriknaayal (hono sulu walla koosaa). Kono, ɗum takataa haa jooni waawde wi’de so español e italiyeŋ, nannduɗe ɗee mbildi, ko ɗum ɗemɗe ɗiɗi ɗe njiidaa walla ko calte ɗemngal gootal (hono lateŋ, yummaawal majje ngal). So ƴeewaama haa ƴeewaama noon, maa tawe ɓuri wonde addude ceerndugol ngol ko sabaabu

e huutortooɓe ɗe

Ɗemɗe ɗee

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nde politik : wonde ɗum ɗoo ko calte, ɓuri heewde ko ardiiɓe taƴna ɗum; ko ɓeen ɗoon, cuɓotoo caltal gootal, mbi’a ngal ɗoo wonii ɗemngal.

Saɗde ndee anndinde ko woni ɗemngal, ina jeyaa e ko saɗtini koo iimaade, e nuunɗal, no ɗemɗe aduna oo poti. Saɗeende woɗnde ndee, ko ɗemɗe keewɗe ɗemɗiyankooɓe cuwaa ɗe wiɗtude tawa. Ko wi’etee koo woodi hannde e ɗemngal ɗe njiidaa kaaleteeɗe, ina yaha hakkunde 5.000 e 7.000, haa yottoo nii10.000 ñandegoo. Yanti heen kadi, haawnaaki tawa no ɗemɗe haala ɗee keewri nii, ko noon nɗemɗe maandinal ɗee ne poti. Alaa mbaawɗo han wi’de ko nii ɗe poti, sabu ɗe cuwaa tawa wiɗteede no haanirta nii, tee kadi Dowla fof heewi heɓtinde heen tan ko gootal, walla nii waasa heen woodde hay gootal. Ko ɓuri koo heewde e ɗemɗe aduna oo ko yimɓe seeɗa tan kaalata walla maandinta ɗe (ƴ. kowol 5) KOWOL 5 Seeɗa e humpito faayidinngo e ko fai’ti e ɗemɗe:

Ina woodi hakkunde 6.000 e 7.000 ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe, e ko foti noon joo e ɗemɗe maandinal

Keewal haalooɓe ɗemngal,e hakindaare, ina waawi wonde 5 haa 6.000 neɗɗo Ko ɓuri 95% e ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe ɗee e aduna, halooɓe ɗe, tawaa ko muynuɓe ɗe ɓee

keɓaani miliyoŋ gooto Hakke ɗemɗe 5.000 kaaleteeɗe, halooɓe ɗe keɓaani 100.000 neɗɗo Ko ɓuri ɗemɗe 3.000 kaaleteeɗe, huutortooɓe ɗe keɓaani 10.000 neɗɗo Hakke ɗemɗe 1.500 kaaleteeɗe e ko ɓuri heewde e ɗemɗe maandinal, huutortooɓe ɗe

keɓaani 1.000 neɗɗo Hakke ɗemɗe 500 njoganooki ko heɓi halooɓe 100 e hitaande 1999 hee 83 haa 84% e ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe e aduna hee, ko koɗɗe: ɗe ngoodi tan ko e leydi

ngootiri.

Ethnologue, katalog (limtirgol) ɗemɗe aduna12 ɓurɗo jaalaade oo, ina limti, wonande hitaande 2000, hakke ɗemɗe 6.809 e nder leyɗeele 228., tawi ko ɓuri koo heen heewde ko kaaleteeɗe (doggol na waɗi 114 ɗemngal maandinal). E down gal ɗoo kartal, ɗeen ɗemɗe 6.809 eɗe maandiniraa toɓɓoñ mbaɗo koñ e hakkunde nokku ɗo ɗemngal heen fof haaletee ɗoo, fawaade e ko Ethnologue tinndini koo. Ko goonga, ɗemɗe na kale e nder bertaaɗe leyɗeele ɓurɗe yaajde, kono ina saɗa no feewi

12 Ƴ. http://ethnologue.com

20

hollirde, e dow kartal aduna, no ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe ɗee fof caroririi nii e jaati e dow Leydi. Tee kadi, humpitooji jowitiiɗi e carogol ɗemɗe keewɗe e dow Leydi ngoodaani, walla so woodii ne tawa hoolnaaki. Hay so wonii ko ɓuri koo heewde e ɗemɗe ko koɗɗe ne, (maanaa, ɗe kaaletee tan ko e nokku gooto), ko ɓuri koo heewde e ɗemɗe ɓurɗe faayiida to keewal ɗee, eɗe kaalee e nokkuuji keewɗi ceertuɗi sabu eɗe caraa, njaaloyii to woɗɗi ɗo ɗe cosii ɗoo, tawi waɗi ɗum ko njiimaandi (kolonisasiyoŋ) walla uujooji ma fergooji. Keewɗe e ɗemɗe koɗɗe ɗee e ko’e majje ne boom, caragol majje ko taƴri. Waɗde noon, kartal amen ngal foti ƴeewreede tan ko kolliroowal wonorde ɗemɗe ɗee e miijo huuɓtidinngo, kono wonaa humpito laaɓtungo. Woni faandaare maggal, ko adii fof, ko hollirde tan sifaaji caragol ɗemɗe aduna ɗee e kuuɓal.

Geɗel gootel na jari teskinde e ngal ɗoo keewal ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe e aduna hee: ko heɓaani heen 300 ɗemngal woni ko jogii haalooɓe ɓurɓe miliyoŋ. Ɗeen ɗoon “ɗemɗe ɓurɗe mawnude (megaaɗemɗe)” ngonani ko ɓuri 95% yimɓe aduna oo fof, iimeteeɓe hannde e 6,1miliyaar neɗɗo. E hitannde 2001, ɗemɗe 10 ɓurnooɗe haaleede ɗee ngonnoo ko: siinuwa, hindi, español, engele, benngali, purtugees, arab, riisi, sapone, e alma. Dental majje heɓaani 1% ɗemɗe aduna oo, kono eɗe kawridini ko ina yaha e feccere yimɓe aduna oo (ƴ. Haatumeere 413 e natal 1).

HAATUMEERE 4. Ɗemɗe sappo gadane ɗee, fawaade e ko haalooɓe mu’en ngoni musnuuɓe ɗe

Darnde Ɗemngal Miliyoŋaaji haalooɓe muynuɓe

1 siinuwaa, manndareŋ 874

2 hindi 360

3 español 358

4 engele 341

5 benngali 207

6 purtugees 176

7 arab 175

8 riisi 167

9 sapone 125 13 Ɗum ɗoo ko ko Terralingua (2002) iimii, fawaade e limoore 14e nde Ethnologue.

21

10 almaa 100

Natal 1. Ɗemɗe ɓurɗe heewde haalooɓe muynuɓe, so yerondiraama e yimɓe aduna oo fof14

Geɗel goɗngel ngel, ko seɓi feccere ɗemɗe aduna oo, ina kaalee e renndooji ɗi yimɓe 10.000 ko famɗi fof. Ɗum holliri tan ko, ɗemɗe jogiiɗe ɗee haalooɓe 10.000, heewi heewi, ndarii ko e miliyoŋaaji 8 neɗɗo, ɗum woni maanaa 0,13% yimɓe aduna oo (natal 2).

Natal 2. Deggondiral ɗemɗe aduna ɗee, fawaade e keewal haalooɓe muyniyankooɓe ɓee (ko ɓe 6.760 kamɓe fof)15.

14 Fawaade e HARMON, David (1995). The status of the world’s languages as reported in Ethnologue. South West Journal of Linguistics 14, p. 1-33. 15 Fawaade e HARMON, David (1995). The status of the world’s languages as reported in Ethnologue. South West Journal of Linguistics 14, p. 1-33.

Keewal fofof ɗemɗe ɗe halooɓe 10.000 heewi heewi=3.406

siinuwaa manndareŋ

almaa

Keddiiɗe ɗee fof

sapone

riisi arab purtugees benngali

engele

español

hindi

22

[*] Ɗemngal ballitorgal no waawi faamireede tan no ɗemngal « keeringal », ngal yimɓe seeɗa, jeyaaɓe e pelle keeriiɗe (ko wa’i no fedde njulliiɓe), kuutortoo tawa ngal janngirtaake no ɗemngal muynangal. En mbaawii noon teskaade wonde, so wonii ko ɓuri yimɓe 9 e dow 10 e nder aduna hee, ɗemngal mu’en neenewal (muynangal) ko jeyangal e goomu mbo ɗemɗe 300 sot (tan), ɗuum noon kay ko e nder renndoyon ɓurkon tokosiɗde kon keewceeral ɗemɗe ɓurngal mawnude e aduna ngal tawetee. Ɓuri heew, ɗum wonata ko yimɓe hoɗɓe e jattiiji taaniiɓe mu’en, tawa ko ɓe renndooyoñ pamaroñ, heddiiɓe e haalɗe ɗemɗe taaniiɓe mumen. Ko ɗeen ɗoon ɗemɗe noon ngonnoo, ngoni haa jooni kadi, deppuɗe ɗee, nde wonnoo aduna oo daranii tan ko ñaamtude ɗe.

Peccogol ɗemɗe aduna oo to batte wertaango leydi kadi ko noon waasri fotde. Ko adii fof, ɗe potaani no peccori hakkunde njoorndeele (kontinaaje) ɗee : 33% ina layee (kaalee) to Aasi, 30% to Afrik, 19% e nder Pasifik, 15% to Amerik e 03% tan to Orop. (haatumeere 5, fawaade e Ethnologue, muulngo 14°).

HAATUMEERE 5. Peccagol ɗemɗe ɗee

DIIWAAN E ADUNA KEEWAL ƊEMƊE NJERU E FOFOF OO

Orop 230 03% Amerik (worgo, leri, rewo) 1.013 15% Afrik 2.058 30% Aasi 2.197 33% Pasifik 1.311 19%

Ɗimmiti ɗum, nii no tufle gurwuurdal gulɗe ngoodiri, ko noon kadi tufle keewceeral ɗemɗe gulɗe ne ngoodiri, maanaa nokkuuji aduna ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko ɗoon diɗɗe mawɗe wonande ɗemɗe ɗe njiidaa ɗee tawetee, tawa ko ɓuri koo heen heewde ko ɗemɗe koɗɗe (ɗemɗe jattiije) e ɗeen nokke walla leydeele. Kaaɗtudi keewceeral ɗemɗe, e nder aduna hee noon tawetee ko to duunde nder Pasifik wi’eteende ndee Nuwel-Gine, huufnde ndee Dowla Papuwasii-Nuwel-Gine kam e doŋre Endonesi wi’eteende Papuwasi ndee (wonnoonde Iriyan Jayaa ndee): ina tawee toon ko ɓuri 1.000 ɗemɗe, kaaleteeɗe e nder leydi ndi 885.000 km2 wertaango (ko jaasi seeɗa wertaango Faraas e Almaañ, so

KEEWAL ƊEMƊE : 0-1.800

cuytuɗe

ɗe keewal anndaaka

ballitorgal tan [*]

23

kawridinaama), tawi yimɓe mum fofof keɓaani miliyoŋaaji 7 koɗɗo. Tufle gulɗe keewceeral ɗemɗe goɗɗe na tawee to Aasi (teeŋti noon to Enndonesi e Enndo), to Afrik (teeŋti noon to Niiseriyaa, Kamerun, e Rippibilik Demokaratik mbo Konngo), nder Pasifik (teeŋti noon to Papuwasii-Nuwel-Gine e Ostarali) kam e Amerik (teeŋti noon to Meksik e to Beresil).

Papuwasii-Nuwel-Gine, leydi mbaɗndi ndii 850 ɗemngal, kam e Enndonesi, njogiindi ndii 670 ɗemngal, eɗe njogii kañje ɗiɗi tan ko wonata nayaɓal ɗemɗe layeteeɗe ɗee e aduna hee hannde, nokkuuji gulɗi keddiiɗi ɗii fof njogii heen ko ɓuri 200 ɗemngal gooto kala (haatumeere 6, fawaade e Ethnologue, muulngo 13°). E dow kartal hee, keewɗe e ɗee ɗoo tufle gulɗe eɗe mbeeɓi annditde (heɓtinde): to Meksik e Amerik leri (hakkunde), to Afrik hirnaange e leri, to Aasi mbo Worgo e to Nuwel-Gine, diɗɗal toɓɓe ɗee ina mawni haa ɗum wonti ko wa’i no rayre yaajnde e won nokkuuji. E gooto kala e ɗiin nokkuuji, keewal ɗemɗe ceertuɗe manngal ina kaalee (layee) e nder leydel paaɗngel. E nokkuuji goɗɗi noon (hono Beresil walla Ostarali), ɗemɗe ɗee na keewi kono eɗe peccii, carii e nder leydeele ɓurɗe yaajde.

HAATUMEERE 6. Leyɗeele ɗe “megaakeewceeral” ɗemɗe Afrik Niiseriyaa, Kamerun, Rippibilik Demokaratik mbo Konngo (RDK) Amerik Beresil, Meksik Aasi Enndonesi, Enndo Pasifik Papuwasii-Nuwel-Gine, Ostarali

Ko njiidaa koo e ɗee ɗoo tufle gulɗe, ɗee ɗoo leyɗeele ne ina njogii ko ɓuri ɗemɗe 100, ngootiri kala: Filipiin, Riisi, Etaa-Sini, Malesi, Rippibilik popileer mbo Siin, Sudaan, Tansani, Ecopi, Caad, Nuwel-Ebrid (Wanuwatu), Rippibilik Santa Afrik, Birmani (Miyanmaar),e Nepaal. Haawnaaki boom tawa ɗee lime njottaki goonga oo. Ɗoon ne, kartal ngal angal holliri wonde, e won nokkuuji (ko wa’i no Wanuwatu), ɗemɗe keewɗe ina kaalee nder leydel tokosel tawa ɗo goɗɗum (wano Riisi, e yeru) eɗe njaalii e nder hetto leydi yaajngo no feewi.

24

Ɗemɗe aduna ɗee, ko ɗum ngalu mbo alaa wano to batte waawtafngo aadeeɓe. Eɗen mbaawi wii wonde, e nder fofof majje e winndere ndee, eɗe loowi te eɗe kaala denndaangal “booñ miijjooji” fof, hono winndere miijooji nde leñol ɓiy-aadee’en ngaddi ndee (ƴ. kowol 6).

KOWOL 6

Kala ɗemngal ndaartinta, tiimtinta - hollitta ayaawo - ko yi’annde aduna e pinal keeringal; ngal maandinta ko no renndo jiiduɓe ɗemngal gootal waɗi nii haa safri caɗeele ɗe ɓe kawri e nder jotondiral mu’en e aduna, e no ɓe mahri yuɓɓo mumen miijogol, hono miijankaagal (filoosofi) mu’en kam e no ɓe pahmiri winndere taariinde ɗumen ndee. Ko ɗuum waɗi, kala ɗemngal ko ɗum feere peññingol ndonaagu pinal miijiyankeewu wonande leñol; angal jokka boom e ndaartin ngaal ɗoon pinal, haa wona dumunna, caggal nde pinal ngal yanti haa maayti, tawa ɓuri ɗum aamtu saabaade ko njanuuji pinal goɗngal, jomdoolewal, iwrungal e teeruuji mawɗi ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde. So woodii ɗemngal maayngal, suyti, ko heɗɗaawo ngo alaa lomto wonande pahmugol men miijo ɓiy-aadee’en kam e ji’anɗe aduna ceertuɗe ɗee woni ko mbaas-ɗen abada16.

Ɗemɗiyankeeɓe e aadeeyankooɓe mberliima miijo ɓe mbi’i: keewceeral miijooji ɗi keewal ɗemɗe feññinta ɗii, tee pine ceertuɗe na coomi ɗi, kañum e keewceeral leƴƴi e ekooyuɓɓooji ngal, kañji poti sokleede ngam daɗndugol jamaanu aadeeɓe, kam e nguurndam e dow tummbeere men Leydi ndee. Hol ko waɗi ɗum? Waɗi ɗum, ko tawde ko ngaal ɗoon keewceeral ɓuri heewde dame ɗe udditanta safaruuji caɗeele men, to batte daɗgol men e nguurndam. Kala no “defterdu” ganndal aadee’en ɓuri 16 Atlas des langues en péril dans le monde [Kartal wonorde ɗemɗe deppuɗe ɗee e aduna hee], Steven A. Wurn (dir. Pub.), Editions UNESCO/Pacific Linguistics, 1996, p. 13.

Ɗemɗe,

ngalu mawngu wonande waawtafngo ɓiy-aadee’en

25

yaajrude, tawa gooto kala na waawi yottaade heen, ko noon ɓurdata mawnude njoorta men wonde, so en ngetorii ɗii banngeeji, yahaani, haawnaaki banngeeji goɗɗi ngaddoyana en ji’anɗe kese ɓurɗe waɗde faayiida. Tee, keɓgol e nduun ɗoon “defterdu” waawa tabitde gaagaa kuutoragol ɗemɗe aduna ɗee. Ndee ɗoo joopannde, feeñii e Eeraango UNESCO winndereyankeewo yowitiingo e keewceeral pinal, ngo Batu UNESCO kuuɓtidinɗo taƴni ngo e joɗnde mum 31e ndee (Pari, 15 oktoobar – 3 nowammbar 2001) (ƴ. kowol 7).

KOWOL 7

“ […] keewceeral pinal, ina lollirani leñol neɗɗanke no gurwuurdal lollirani nii nguurndam tagoore ndee fof. Ko ɗuum waɗi, ko kamngal woni ndonaari ɓiy-aadee’en fof, tee angal foti jaɓeede, teeŋtinee, ngam nafoore yontaaji hannde e garooji ɗii kala” (taƴre adande)17.

Kiriis cuytugol ɗemɗe e pine ngol

Ndenne dey, ndii ɗoo ndonaari aadeeɓe kaŋŋeeri, ko ndi ndeppundu kamndi e hoore mayri. Lohre (kiriis) cuytugol ndee, ende nii waɗa e yeeso men, ende ñeeŋtoo keewceeral pine aduna ngal, teeŋti noon keewceeral e galɗugol ɗemɗe ɗee. Ko heewi e pine e ɗemɗe aduno oo – teeŋti noon, kono tawa wonaa tan, ɓurɗe ɗee famɗude to limoore – eɗe deppani yoolaade e nder ɗemɗe e pine goɗɗe, ɓurɗe njiimaandi. Ɗemɗe teemedde teemedde cuytii haa gasi, gila e teemedanɗe jawtuɗe, haa teeŋti noon gila e huuɓirde teemedannde 15e, saanga nde jiimgol leyɗeele joli ndee. Tee ina wa’i no ko ko ɓeydotoo tan e nder aduna hee fof, sabaabu nde ɓeydagol doole gootitingol ummoriiɗe e nannditingol nder leyɗeele kam yoo winnderankaagal ngalu-e-faggudu. Denndaangal ɗemɗe ɗe haalooɓe mu’en ngoni 1.000 famɗi famɗi ɗee, seeɗa haɗi ɗe wonde deppuɗe e nder ɗuum ɗoon; kono hay ɗemɗe ɓurɗe ɗoon heewde haalooɓe, ɗe ndaɗaani e ndeen ɗoon reppere. E nder kooñ ɗemkoñ “tosoñ”, keewɗe heen tolniima ɗo ɗe kulantee cuytugol, nde wonnoo ko nayeeɓe seeɗa tan lutti koñ lay hanti. Limooje estatitistik jowitiiɗe e ɗemɗe “ ngonɗe e suytude” ɗee kollirii wonde ɗeen ɗoon ina mbaawi wonde hakkunde 6 e 11% nder ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe hannde ɗee18.

Cuytugol ɗemɗe ngol ɓurii jaalaade to Amerik e Pasifik. Nder ɗemɗe Ostarali 250, ɗe calte 600 ɗee, heen 50 famɗi famɗi cuytii hankadi19, 100 goɗɗe eɗe ɓadii cuytugol ko ɓooyaani. E fuɗɗorde kitaale 1990’en, heen 9 tan ngoodnoo ko ɓuri 1.000 haalooɓe. To Etaa-Sini e Kanadaa too ne, ko noon

17 http://www.unesco.org/confgen/press_rel/021101_clt_diversity.shtml. 18 Fawaade e MAFFI, Luisa (1998). Les langues ressources naturelles (Zemze, ngaluuji tawaazi). Nature et Ressources. Revue trmestrielle de l’UNESCO sur l’environnement et la recherche sur les ressources naturelles 34(4), p. 12-21. 19 Walla, so ɗe « cuytaani » ne, eɗe « ɗaanii » kam, eɗe padi findineede, hono no leƴƴi jattiyankeeji Ostarali ɗii mbiirata nii, e moƴƴere mu’en njoorta.

26

caɗeele ɗee mawniri20. Ethnologue limtii 417 ɗemɗe “jogorɗe suytude” e hitaande 2000 hee, maanaa ɗemɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa, lutti ɗe haalde tan ko mawɓe nayeeɓe seeɗa heddiɓe e balɗe ɓee. Ɗuum firti ko ɗeen ɗoon ɗemɗe nattii yottineede e yontaaji kesi ɗii, tee waɗde so yontaaji ɓurɗi naywude ɗii njawtii han, maa ɗe nattu haaleede. Kartal jahdungal ngal e ndee ɗoo deftere angal holliri ɗeen ɗemɗe ɗe Ethnologue wi’i ko ɗe “jogorɗe suytude”. Ɗeen ɗemɗe bi’aaɗe ko “jogorɗe suytude” eɗe ñemmbiraa toɓɓe boɗeeje, tawa ɗemɗe goɗɗe ɗee eɗe mbaɗaa toɓɓe ɓaleeje. Nder ɗeen ɗemɗe “jogorɗe suytude”, heen 161 eɗe kaa le to Amerik (teeŋti noon to Etaa-Sini), heen 157 nder Pasifik (teeŋti noon to Ostarali). Aasi na jogii ɗemɗe 55 “jogorɗe suytude”, Afrik jogii 37, Orop 7.

Ɗee ɗoo limooje ɗemɗe “jogorɗe suytude”, eɗe mbaawi wa’de no ɗe keewaani, kono ɗemɗiyankooɓe eɗe njeertina wonde ko ɗe ko feeñata koo isbergo tan, maanaa ko anndaaka heen ko ɓuri heewde fuuf. Ɗemɗe goɗɗe kadi, ɓurɗe heewde no feewi, eɗe njaggiraa “deppuɗe”, sabu ina teskaa wonde haalooɓe majje ɓee eɓe puɗɗii yawtude e ɗemɗe goɗɗe, tee kadi yontaaji sukaaɓe ɗii ngaccii janngude ɗemɗe mawniraaɓe mu’en ɗee. Nii no doggi boɗeeji ngoodirani kuule e puɗi deppuɗi ɗii, “defte boɗeeje” na mbaɗiranaa noon ɗemɗe deppuɗe ɗee (haatumeere 7).

HAATUMEERE 7. Defte boɗeeje ɗemɗe deppuɗe ɗee.

Orop http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_inde.html

Aasi mbo Funnaange-Rewo http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_index.html

Aasi e Pasifik http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/redbook/asiapacific/asia-index.html

Afrik http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/redbook/africa-index.html Kaggu humpito (ndoɓande)wonande ɗemɗe finoo-uguriyeeje deppuɗe ɗee

http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/deful.html ; http://www.suri.ee

Riisi http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/

Afrik mbo Worgo http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/redbooks/samerica/index.html

Nder deftere UNESCO wi’eteende Atlas mondial des langues en peril dans le monde (2001), muulngo mum sakkitiingo (wattindiingo) ngoo, e engele, ina iimaa wonde haawnaaki tawa feccere ko woni koo ɗemɗe aduna ko ko reppi fof, tawa ɗe ɓurondir tan. Fawaade e ko won wiɗtooɓe njoortii, ina waawi boom tawa 90% e ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe hannde ɗee maa cuytu walla njogora suytude ɗoo e gasirde teemedannde21 nde ngon-ɗen ndee.

20 Kono noon, ɗemɗiyankooɓe Leanne Hinton e Ken Hale naatnii daande “werta [haako ñebbe]” e nder tiitoonde deftere nde ɓe ngardii muulngo mayre ndee, The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice (Academic Press, 2001), ngam hollirde ɗaminaare mbelee maa wood ɗemɗe cortaaɗe e defte « boɗeeje » ɗemɗe deppuɗe ɗee (ƴ. haatumeere 7), walla boom tawa ɗe potaano heen nii waɗeede. 21 KRAUSS, Michael (1992). The world’s languages in crisis. Langauage 68(1), p. 4-10.

27

Tee, hono no ko ɓuri koo heewde e leƴƴi tagooje guurɗe, kulanaaɗe suytude, ngoniri nii ɗeen ɗe mbiɗtaake to bannge nganndal, ko noon ne ko ɓuri koo heewde e ɗemɗe deppuɗe ɗee ngoniri ɗe mbiɗtaaka, piilaaka (e lefi mañetofon), mbaanjitaaka (e biinndol). So ɗe nattii (ngaccii) haaleede (wowleede, layeede) noon, ɗum wonata ko basal ɓaleyal, tawa wonaa tan wonande reendooji kaalatnooɗi ɗe ɗii, kono ko basal winndere aadeeɓe ndee fof.

So ɗemngal waasaama, ko ko heewi e gannde, gooŋɗine e ɓure renndo kuletee woto mbaasore heen, walla ngustoo no feewi, tawa ina lomtii ɗumen ko iwi e ɗemngal e pinal goɗngal ɓurngal jiimtude (ñoƴƴude) e dow ɗemngal baasangal ngal.

Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e sababuuji cuytugol ɗemɗe, ɗee ɗoo geɗe:

Jannginirgol sukaaɓe, e nder ekkolaaji, ɗemngal ngal wonaa ngal ɓe muyni ngal; ɗuum addani sukaaɓe ɓee waasde ɗigginde ɗemngal mu’en neenewal ngal (maanaa, waasde janngude binndol e taro, kam e waasde janngude kelmeendi e celluka ɗe yonta jibnaaɓe mu’en ngaandi ɗee). Ko ɗuum woni wonorde jaŋde ɗemngal ustoore, ɗoon ɗo ɗemngal jiimngal ngal janngetee, neewewal ngal woppee. Kono haɗaani noon, ganndugol ɗemɗe jiimtuɗe ina waawi nii wonande sukaaɓe ɓee ɓeydaare to ganndal mu’en ɗemɗe, tawa ɗemɗe muynaaɗe ɗee mbelsindaaka. E ngoo ɗoo ayaawo wonorde jaŋde ɗemngal ɓeydoore, njeƴcudi ndii ko ɗemɗiiwal ɓeydoowal, walla keewɗemɗiiwal ɓeydowal, kam e deentugol ɗemngal neenewal ngal. Jaŋde ɗemngal ustoore ndee noon, firti kadi ko sukaaɓe ɓee pa’aani janngo haalanoyde ɓiɓɓe mu’en ɗemngal neenewal ngal.

Gootidinal ngol mejaaji (rajo, tele, ekw.), pijirlooji, e geɗe pinal goɗɗe e nder ɗemɗe jiimtuɗe ɗee tan. Ɗeen ɗoon geɗe pinal kollirta ko miijo wonde ɗemɗe kuutorteeɗe e filmaaji, e teleeji hee, e njimri “pop” ɗee, ko kamɗe keedti dow, ɓuri, goɗɗe ɗee fof.

Koɗki gure mawɗe kii, uujooji e ɗatle ɗee, kam e dilligol liggotooɓe (gollooɓe) ɗee, ina heewi addude pusgol renndooji ɗemɗe ɗii, sukaaɓe ɓee natta waawde nande e huutorde ñanda kala ɗemngal (walla ɗemɗe) jibnaaɓe mu’en ɗee.

Jehre liggeey naamniinde nande ɗemɗe jiimtooje, tawa nde okkirtaa peeje, to batte ngalu-e-faggudu walla to hakkilantaagal, no ɗemɗe “tokoose” ɗee ndeentiraa.

Hakkeeji ɓiy aadee, to batte ɗemɗe, waasde haɗaneede no haanirta nii. Yuɓɓooji miijo gooŋɗinɗi “fof walla ndiga”, pellitɗi ɗii wonde wonaa keewɗemɗal

kono ko ɗemgootal nder ɗemɗe jiimtuɗe ɗee woni ko haani, yoni, yiɗaa, wonande Dowlaaji (tawa ko leydi ngootiri, ɗemngal gootal) e aadeeɓe heeriiɓe kala. Ko ɗuum heewi addande jibnaaɓe ɓee miijaade wonde sukaaɓe maɓɓe ɓee poti suɓaade ko: maa wonii janngude ɗemngal mu’en neenewal (ɓe tawee to jehre golle too), maa wonii janngude ɗemngal jiimtungal ngal (ɓe mbara ɗemnagl mu’en ngal).

28

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Nate ngoo ɗoo hello ngummii ko e fedde beresilnaare wi’eteende Commissão Pró-Índio do Acre, jannginoore ko yowitii e taariindi e pinal nder leƴƴi yimɓe Amasoni 11 gila 1979. Oo ɗo yeru limtugol duɓɓe to Kaxinawá, ɗe golloowo nder laddeele gooto, bi’eteeɗo Arlindo Tene Kaxinawá nati, ina hollira tippondiral hakkunde ɗemngal e gurwuurdal e nder diiwaan Amsoni gooto: ko yahata e leƴƴi duɓɓe 10, nokku oo na seerndi inɗe mu’en. Komisoŋ oo na liggoo e jaŋde ɗemɗiɗiire, nde hakkunde pine, nder oon diiwaan to Amasoni, e dow gollondiral e yimɓe jattiyankooɓe (cosaan) ɗoon ɓee kam e laamu Beresil. Ɗum ɗoo ko yeru moƴƴo nder kollirgol holno jaŋde waɗtoriinde tippondire hakkunde keewceere ɗemɗe, pine e tagooje waawi jibinirde njeñcudi newiindi.

Shebu

Kuta

Isã Taú

Nisti

Boni Newã

Peri Isã Neno

Hepe Awa Pani

30

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Ina teskaa hannde ɓaarondiral gonngal hakkunde ruñño miijooji ɓeydungo ngoo gooŋɗinde, ñande kala, njaajeendi e batteeji ƴiiwɗi ɗii e nder jirwere keewceeral ɗemɗe ɗee, kam e dillere jibinnoonde ndee, ko adii ɗuum, gartirgol hakkille e jirwere gurwuurdal ndee. Kono ena yanti heen, no haaldiraa nii e kelle caagal ɗee, ƴeewaama kadi tawaa wonde: keewceeral tagooje ngal, e keewceeral pine e ɗemɗe ngal, ɗum wonaa geɗe keewceeral nguurndam ceertuɗe; alaa, ko ɗum geɗe tippondirɗe no feewi, ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko ɗe boom njaggondirɗe, mballondirooje kadi hakkunde majje. Ko noon ne kay, jirwe cuytugol jonngiiɗe ɗee hannde ɗiin ɗoon ngonkaaji keewceeral nguurndam, haawnaaki tawa kañje kadi ko ɗe baɗduɗe hoore wootere – fawaade e sababuuji denndaaɗi to batte ngalu-e-faggudu, politik walla renndo – tee ina waawi boom tawa eɗe ɓamtondira hakkunde majje.

Teeŋti noon, ko nii woniri wonande renndooji jattiyankooji, ɗi yimɓe seeɗa ɗii, ɗi nganndu-ɗaa eɗi ɓadtii no feewi taariindi majji tawaandi ndii, tawa ko heen ɗi njowitii kadi to batte guurgol majji. Ko e taariindi ndii tan ɗi pawii ngam ñaamde majji, cellal majji, geɗe kowirɗe koɗorle majji, kam e geɗe goɗɗe ɗe nguurndam mu’en ñande kala naamnii (so won to bannge ndema, ngaynaaka, raddo (waaño), awo, walla ɓoggo), kam yoo ko ñawndata haajuuji (yooltata hujjaaji) mu’en to bannge pinal e hakkilantaagal. E no jamaanu yahrata, ɗiin ɗoon renndooji yimɓe, fawaade e ɗeen ɗoon golle majji fof, ɗi keɓii ganndal luggungal wonande ekooyuɓɓooji nokke ɗii. Ɗi mbaawii yahdude e ɗiin ekooyuɓɓooji, tawi eɓe njannga no ɓe kuutorortoo ɗi, kam e no ɓe njogortoo ɗi ngam ñawndude

Keewceeral

nguurpinal

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haajuuji (soklaaji) mu’en. Ɗiin ɗoon renndooji, haa jooni, ɓe peewnii yuɓɓooji jilɓuɗi ceerndugol limta geɗe aduna e tagoore: ɗiin yuɓɓooji kollirii wonde eɓe njoganii puɗi, kuule ladde, jotondire ekolosii nokkuuji kam e nguurndam ekooyuɓɓooji ganndal luggungal. Ko ɗuum aadeyankooɓe nginnirta ganndal ekolosii gaadanteewal. Ko ɓuri heewde e nder ngaal ganndal, ko ɗemngal haalata ngal, yottinirangal kadi kelme (konngi, daaɗe), daari e jeeti (tinndi), geɗe njalniika, carwooje e ñiŋooje, heblooji e ciimti yaŋgeeji, kam e kadi, e nder haalaaji ñande kala, joljole, aadaaji e pijirlooji. E sahaaji keewɗi, teskaama wonde ganndal jaattiyankeewal e lasliyankeewal ngal ina ɓuri yeñde e luggiɗde ganndal tuubakooɓe ngal, tawa heen sahaaji boom ko kamngal adii ngal tuubakooɓe e wiɗtiyankooɓe ngal. Ina jalnii boom, sabu heen sa’aaji, gannde ɗe ɗemkon “tokoson” kon coomnoo ɗee, ko ɗeen hoɓɓe ngonata e “yi’tude”, tawa noon eɗe ngoodnoo gila de eda-wedda (kowol 8).

KOWOL 8 Pekka Aikio, hooreejo (persidaa) Galle sarɗiiji saami, to Fenlannda (gaynaako reenuuji mawɗo kadi), haalii (e settammbar 2001) e ko fa’ti e “yi’tannde” nde wiɗtiyankooɓe liƴƴi (liɗɗi) rewankooɓe njaayni, caggal nde ɓe teskii wonde ndeke liingu soomoŋ na waawi jibinde e nder mbeelon tokoson, ko ɓe meeɗaa sikkude na wona koo. Kono, ndeke Saami’en, hono no Aikio holliri nii, meeɗaa ɗum majjude: ko heewi e mbeelon mbiɗtakon ina boom ngoodi innde, e ɗemngal saami, soomnde helmere firtunde “nokku jibinirde soomoŋeeji”.

So sukaaɓe nattii janngude ɗemngal taaniiɓe mu’en, walla ɓe nganndataani heen ko wonaa seeɗa, ina aamti waɗde haa gannde keeriiɗe coominooɗe e gaal ɗoon ɗemngal ɗee mbaasa yottineede e ɗemngal njiimaandi lomtingla ngal. Ɓuri ɗum heew addude noon ko tawde ɗemngal njiimaandi ngal alaa kelmeendi kaalirdi ɗeen gannde keeriiɗe, walla boom tawa ko wonorde ɗo ɗe njanngetee ɗoo, e ɗo faayiida majje ngam daɗde e nguurndam anndetee ɗoo, ngoodaani e nder pinal njiimaandi ngal yimɓe jattiyankooɓe, walla famarɓe ɓee, ƴetti ngal ɗemngal mum. Ɗum ɓuri fof heewde waɗde noon, ko saanga nde jaŋde-e-ne’di gaa gaa janngirde, waɗetenoonde e nder galleeji e renndooji, lomtiniraa janngingol e nder ekkolaaji. So en ƴetti yeru, sukaaɓe Maayaa wonɓe e dinnde-felooji Shiyapaas’en ɓee, keɓata hannde oo e ko ɓuri heewde e jaŋde mu’en ndee ko ko ummorii e ekkol; kono defte ekkol ɗee njanngintaaɓe hay batte e ko yowitii e leɗɗe cafroopje (ñawndooje) gonɗe e taariindi nokkere

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mu’en ndii, ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko kamɗe yontaaji gadiiɗi ɗii kuutoratnoo, na nafo ɓe, gila ko ɓooyi. Ko nii woni, ko ɓuri heewde e ngal ɗoo ganndal nattii yottineede e ngurndam ñande kala ɗam. Yoga e sukaaɓe ɓee njanngataa inɗe, sifaaji e laabi kuutorɗi ɗeen ɗoon lekɗe, tawa noon ko ɗe nafooje, beeɓɗe heɓde. Ɗuum waɗi, alaa e sago ɓe nduttoo e safaarooji (ñawndiigu) bi’aaɗi “kesi” (jahduɗi e jamaanu) ɗii, tawa noon nafoore majji ɓuraani boom wonde nuunɗunde. Hay so woni noon ko heewi e leƴƴi lasliyankooji (jattiyankooji) ɗii, caggal nde ɗi ñaamaa e doole majji no muusi, nokkuuji mu’en kadi ŋeeftaa, na ngustoo, ngoni ko e ruŋtoraade seeɗa seeɗa peeje mu’en karaalle ɗe keewaani ngartam ɗee, ɗum haɗaani won e renndooji ina ngetoo jokkude e wiɗtude gannde taaniiɓe ɗee, eɓe ɗe njottina yontaaji kesi ɗii. Goodgol ganndal ekolosii gaadanteewal ngal, e hoore mum boom, fawaaki tan e kagguuji geɗe ($bases de données), walla kuɓeeje duttorɗe e defte wiɗtooji: engol fawii kadi e baawgol huutoraade e ƴellitde ngaal ganndal, tawa rewaa ko peeje ngonkaaji gaadante kam e yuɓɓooji kisnal gaadanteeji.

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Eɗen mbaawi teskaade jokkondire hakkunde keewceeral ɗemɗe e pine, kam e gurwuurdal, so tawii en njerondirii caragol gurwuurdal aduna ngol e caragol keewceeral ɗemɗe e pine ngol e dow leydi, walla ndeen ƴeewtindo-ɗen jotondire hakkunde nokkuuji taariiɗe deppuɗe e ɗe ɗemɗe deppuɗe ɗee. E ko ɓuri heewde, nokkuuji gurwuurdal manngal ɗii, ko ɗoon ɗemɗe keewɗe ɗe njiidaa ɗee ne tawetee. So en kuccondirii han haatumeere 2 (leyɗeele megaakeewceeral tagooje) e haatumeere 6 ndee (leyɗeele megakeewceeral ɗemɗe), leyɗeele 7 e nder 9 gardiiɗe ɗee to keewceeral ɗemɗe eɗe njeyaa kadi e leyɗeele 17 gardiiɗe ɗee to batte keewceeral tagooje. Yanti heen kadi, nder leyɗeele 25 gardiiɗe ɗee to keewal ɗemɗe koɗɗe (maanaa kaaleteeɗe ɗo ɗe ngoni ɗoo tan), maa en taw ɗoon 13 e nder leyɗeele 17 ɗe megakeewceeral tagooje ɗee (ƴ. gorol battindiingol ngol e haatumeere 8 ndee).

Ɗo woni kala e aduna hee, ina hawree e kawrital manngal, nder gongol koɗɗo, hakkunde kuule baƴƴi’e [baɗɗe ƴi’e] e ɗemɗe, puɗi e ɗemɗe, colli e ɗemɗe. Ɗeen ɗoon jokkondire eɗe peeñi e haatumeere 8 ndee. Doggol ngol limtiraani leyɗeele ɗee ɗemɗe ɗee fof, kono ko fawaade e ɗemɗe koɗɗe ɗee. Ciwtoren noon, ko ɗeen ngoni ɓurɗe heewde (83 haa 84% ) ɗemɗe aduna hee fof. Eɗen mbaawi teskaade, e kartal hee, wonde Papuwasi-Nuwel-Gine, ngardiindi ndii fof e keewal ɗemɗe koɗɗe, ko mayri woni 13i to bannge baƴƴi’e koɗɗe ɗee. Etaa-Sini darii darnde 11e to doggol ɗemɗe yoo to ngol baƴƴi’e fof. Niiseriyaa noon, ngonndi ndii 3i to doggol ɗemɗe, ina haawnii kono ndi wonaani e nder leyɗeele 25 gardiiɗe ɗee to fannuuji keewceeral leƴƴi limtaaɗi ɗoo’en ɗii.

Kartal jahdungal ngal e ndee ɗoo deftere, ina holliri no ɗemɗe aduna ɗee fof (6.809, e ko Ethologue feññini) pawfawtondiriri e ekoonokkuuji 866 ɗii (no WWF limtiri ɗi nii). Eɗen mbaawi yi’de e dow kartal hee wonde, ngaal ɗoon pawfawtondiral ɓuri wonde fof ko e nokkuuji laddeele $tropiques ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ɗee ko kamɗe ngoni biyomaaji kartal tati ɗi hoore ɗii. Ngonkaaji weeyo (weeyaaje) ɗi toropikaaji leefɗi ɗii, ina feeñi e majji wonde jaɓɗi keewceergol tagooje e keewceergol ɗemɗe.

Kawrite

gonɗe ɗee nder caragol keewceere leñɗemngal e tagoore

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HAATUMEERE 8. Jerondiral hakkunde koɗgol ɗemɗe e deggondirgol to gurwuurdal ngol22

Darnde, Keewal fofof … Ina feeñi e doggol mega- keew- ceeral?

LEYDI Ɗemmɗe koɗɗe Baƴƴi’e koɗɗe Puɗi ɗi piindi

Koɗorle colli koɗɗi (KCK)

Darnde Keewal Darnde Keewal

Papuwasi-Nuwel-Gine

01 847 13 203 18 06 eey

Enndonesi 02 655 04 673 07 01 eey Niiseriyaa 03 376 Enndo 04 309 07 373 12 11 eey Ostarali 05 261 01 1.346 11 09 eey Meksik 06 230 2 761 04 02 eey Kamerun 07 201 23 105 24 Beresil 08 185 3 725 01 04 eey Rip. Dem. Konngo

09 158 18 134 17 eey

Filipiin 10 153 06 437 25 11 eey Etaa-Sini 11 143 11 284 09 15 eey Wanuwatu 12 105 Tansani 13 101 21 113 19 14 Sudaan 14 97 Malesi 15 92 14 oui Ecoppi 16 90 25 88 Siin 17 77 12 256 3 06 eey Peru 18 75 08 332 13 03 eey Caad 19 74 Riisi 20 71 06 Iil Salomoŋ 21 69 24 101 Nepaal 22 68 22 Kolommbi 23 55 9 330 2 05 eey Koduwaar 24 51 Kanadaa 25 47

22 Haatumeere ndee, Skutnabb-Kangas waylii nde, fawaade e HARMON, David e MAFFI, Luisa (2002): Are Linguistic and Biological Diversity Linked? Conservation Biology in Practice 3(1), p. 26-27. Lime jowitiiɗe e ɗemɗe ɗee, ƴettaa ko e Harmon (Ethonolgue, muulngo 12o), jowitiiɗe e baƴƴi’e ɗee ko e GROOMBRIDGE, B. (gardiiɗo muulngo) (1992), Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth’s Living Resources. Centre mondial de surveillance la conservation, Londres: Chapman and Hall. Inɗe leyɗeele hoore doggol ɗee, to koɗgol baƴƴi’e e ɗemɗe kala, eɗe mbaaɗaa e binndi ɓaleeji mawninaaɗi e nder haautumeere 8 hee.

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KARTAL 1. Gonal koɗɗum wonande ɗemɗe e baƴƴi’e dowrowe ɗee: Jerondiral hakkunde leyɗeele 25 gadane ɗee23

23 Fawaade e MAFFI, Luisa (1998). Les langues, resources naturelles [Demɗe, ngaluuji tawaaɗi] : Nature et Ressources : Revue trimestrielle de l’UNESCO sur l’environnement et la recherche sur les ressources naturelles 34(4), p. 12-21. Kartal ngal waɗaa ko ummoraade e wiɗtooji David Harmon.

Ɗemɗe koɗɗe

Baƴƴi’e koɗɗe

Ɗemɗe e baƴƴi’e koɗɗe

Iwdi : HARMON, 1996, fawaade e doɓinde [geɗe humpito kawridinaaɗe] Groombridge 1992, 139-41 (wonande leƴƴi ɗii) kam e Ethnologue, muulngo 12° (wonande ɗemɗe ɗee). Doɓinde limaaɗe to Ecopi too, eɗe nawori Eriitere. Kuule muyninooje, colli, ladooje e guurɗiɗiije fof naattinaa ko e baƴƴi’e dowrowe ɗee. Ladooje ɗee mbaɗtaaka heen to Etaa-Sini, Siin, e Papuwasii-Nuwel-Gine, nde wonnoo limooje majje kolliranooka e haatumeere yummaare ndee.

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Geɗel goɗngel ngel ne, hono no kartal ngal holliri nii, laddeele toropikaaje ɗee ne eɗe njeyaa e nokkuuji ɓurɗi ɗii reppude no feewi, tee eɗe kawridini diɗɗe ɗemɗe “jogorɗe suytude” ɓurɗe mawnude (no ɗum feeñri nii e pawtondiral toɓɓe boɗeeje ñemmbinɗe ɗemɗe “jogorɗe suytude” kam e diidi pali ooli-niɓɓuɗi (moow) ñemmbinɗi ekoonokkuuji deppuɗi sanne ɗii). Kono aadeeɓe e ɗemɗe mu’en ne eɓe ngoni e nder ko ɓuri koo heewde e ekoonokkuuji ɗii, e biyomaaji, tee yoga e ɗiin ekoonokkuuji e ɗemɗe ko ko reppi kañum’en ne. Ko heewi koo e reppere ndee wonani ko ekooyuɓɓooji ɗii e yimɓe mu’en wuurɓe ɓee heen kala; ɗuum noon, ko reppere ɗemɗe mu’en ɗee ne. Hono no kuutoragol leydi waylortoo nii hannde e mawneeki, kam e kuutoragol ngaluuji tawaaɗi ko yahdaani e duumaare, sabaabu nde ndema-mbaylareeje, ngaynaaka ransaaji, peƴƴugol leɗɗe, gasgol oogirɗe, boyɗi petorolaaji, baɗgol uddooji mawɗi, ƴellitagol gure teeruuje kam e mahgol boli mawɗi, fof ina jeyaa e golle boomooje ɗee ɗiin ekoonokkuuji.

Waywaylooji jaawɗi, to batte renndo-e-ngalu e politik ɗii, ina battina e renndooji lnokke ɗii, ɗi nduŋtina ɗumen aadaaji nguurndam mu’en cosaan, walla boom ɗi ɗoofa ɗumen e taariindi mu’en tawaandi ndii. Ndeen ɗoon dillere ina heewi ko firtata ngonka ɗemɗe e pine yimɓe (ɓe ƴetta ɗemngal e pinal jananal, ngal arani’en ɓee, ko ɓuri aamtude, maa ndeen ɗemngal e pinal njiimaandi ngal). Ina jeyaa e ko ɗuum ɗoon jibinta, kuutoragol ganndal ekolosii gaadantewal e baawgol yottinirde ngal ɗemngal mum fuɗɗaade suytude. Heen sa’aaji, batte ɗee na muusii e jam yimɓe ɓee yoo mbo taariindi mu’en. So reenaanki, yimɓe hoɗnooɓe ɓee mbattindat ƴettude (walla mbaawnee ƴetta) peeje kuutoragol taariindi ɗe ngonaa cosaneeje, tawa kadi ɗe njahdaani e ngonka casaan kaa. Ɗum jibina noon kuuɓgol ngaluuji tawaaɗi jaawngol, kam e maaytugol taariindi ndii. Eɗen mbaawi tottiren heen yeru, hono baylugol laddeele toropikaaje jiɗaaɗe waɗtaneede ndema e ngaynaaka ngol. Ɗooɗde leydi laddeele toropikaaje leefɗe ɗee ko weeɓnde bonnude, tee nguurtugol mum waawi fawaade tan ko ladde ndee e hoore mum. So leɗɗe ɗee peƴƴaama, cuytii, ɗoon e duuɓi tan leydi ndii hortoto (ronkitat), natta wuurde. Ɗum ustana yimɓe hoɗɓe ɓee baawgol dañde ñaamde, ndiyam, leɗɗe cafrorɗe, koɗki e geɗe goɗɗe ɗe nggurndma mu’en naamnii; ɗum battina kadi e cellal mu’en, kam yoo e ngonka mu’en to bannge hakkilantaagal, renndo e gooŋɗinaaɗi kala.

Ndekete noon, keewceeral ɗemɗe ko ɗum ngalu men gannde kawridinaaɗe gila e jamanuuji, teeŋti noon gannde jowitiiɗe e hol no won taariiɗe, ɓurɗe weeɓde bonnude e burɗe heewseertude to tagooje e aduna, ɗee mooftirtee e no ɗe kuutoriree e duumaare. So tawii, e nder teemedannde aroore ndee, en mbaasii ko ina wona feccere ɗemɗe men ɗee, maa e tilfore kadi wuneeji men guurgol e dow Leydi. Ɗuum noon, wallitde cellal e semmbe ekooyuɓɓooji ko ɗum faandaare wootere kañum e ballitgol cellal e semmbe renndooji aadeeɓe, kam e pine mu’en e ɗemɗe mu’en. Alaa e sago, njuurnito-ɗen jirwere taariindi tummbeere (weeyoore) men Leydi ndee, tawa ndew-ɗen ko e jaɓɓal nguurpinal tippondirngal.

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Wallitde ƴellita ɗemɗe aduna ɗee, wallitoro heen kadi, fawaade e majje, ndonaari pinal haalooɓe ɗe ɓee, ina fotnoo wonde ko ardii e ngoƴaaji kala mbo nganndu-ɗaa mooftugol taariindi e ɓamtaare duumiinde ina woni himme maa. Miijooji, ganndal e humpito, ko ɗuum ɓuri teeŋtude e ko dañetee koo e ko min mbi’ata koo “renndo ganndal” walla “renndo humpito” Nokkuuji aduna coñcuɗi (galɗuɗi) e ɗemɗe ɗii, ko kanji kadi coomi gannde keewɗe ceertuɗe, jowitiiɗe e taariiɗe keewɗe, e ji’annɗe aduna ɗe njiidaa, kam e ngalu miijooji guurɗi. Ɗiin nokkuuji eɗi ngalɗi e ko min mbi’ata koo “hoore ngalu ganndal” [capital du savoir], tee ko soklaa ngam cosgol ko heszi. Jaggude wuurna denndaangal ɗemɗe men, ko ko jojji, so en njiɗii safrude caɗeele ɗe kawreten ɗee, tawa ɗum fawii ko e gannde gaadante coomiiɗe e ɗemɗe e pine keewɗe ceeri ɗee, walla ɗum rewi ko e cosgol ko hesɗi ummoraade e ɗeen gannde.

Jaŋde, ɗe ekkolaaji yoo nde wonaa, ina waawi wallitde e jaggugol moofta kam e ƴellitgol ɗemɗe e pine, e nder lommboode [contexte] mu’en ekolosii, walla ɓura ngol saɗtinde. Duttorɗe keewɗe kolliri, ndallini, wonde kuutoragol jaŋde ekkolaaji “bonngol” ina waawi wonde gooto e sababuuji cuytugol keewceeral ɗemɗe ngol. Waasde nande ɗemngal kuutorteengal e nder duɗal ekkol ngal, ina jeyaa e ko ɓeydata jaawgol woppude jaŋde ngol, ɗum ɓeydoo saɗtinande kadi sukaaɓe ɓee waawde mu’en tarde e winndude. Ko ɓuri koo heewde e sukaaɓe ummiiɓe e renndooji ɗemɗe pamari doole ɗii, hay so ɓe ngoodii naatde ekkol ne, alaa e sago ɓe njaɓnee janngineede e nder ɗemɗngal ngal ɓe kaalataa.

Nannditingol to bannge ɗemngal, ko addata koo haa sukaaɓe yimɓe jattiyankooɓe, famarɓe to keewal ɓee, na mbayla ɗemngal saanga nde ɓe naati jaŋde ekkolaaji ndee, ngam nannditde e haalooɓe ɓee ɗemngal dowrowal njiimaandi nagal tan (walla e ko ɓuri teeŋtude), ɗum wonaa ko teyaa. Jibnaaɓe jattiyankooɓe, famarɓe to keewal ɓee, ngalaa no ɓe mbaɗi sabu ekkolaaji jannginiratɗi ɗemngal maɓɓe ngal ngoodaani. Hay sinnoo noon woodii, tee jibnaaɓe ɓee na mbaawi suɓaade, ɓe keewaani anndude ko cuɓagol ngol jibinoyta koo janngo.

Ɗemɗe sukaaɓe jattiyankooɓe ɓee, jeyaaɓe e renndooji pamari ɗii, keewaani yi’eede e nder ekkolaaji hee. Ko sikka koo, tee ɗum wonaa goonga, ko ɗeen ɗemɗe mbaawaa huutoreede e ko nafata, tee ɗe njahdaani e renndooji jamaanu humipto karallaagal [technologie] kesi ɗii. Jibnaaɓe ɓee e sukaaɓe ɓee eɓe kadi puuntee, ɓe mbi’e wonde alaa e sago ɓe cuɓoo hakkunde ɗemɗe ɗee sabu ɓe mbaawataa janngidde heen ɗiɗi kala no haanirta nii. Peeje juɓɓingol yuɓɓo jaŋde-e-ne’di ɗee mbaɗata haa ɓe cikka, e majjere, wonde alaa e sago ɓe njedditoo, ɓe ɗala ɗemngal mu’en ngal, so ɓe njiɗii janngude ɗemngal njiimaandi ngal mbele eɓe njahra yeeso.

Haɓtaade kiriis cuytugol keewceeral nguurpinal oo

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So en ƴeewii ko wirnii koo caggal batteeji jaŋde e mejaaji gootidinooji ɗii, maa en taw toon: dooleeɓe ngalu-e-faggudu, rendiyankooɓe, harbiyankooɓe e politikeeɓe duñcooɓe e gootidinal ɗemɗe, pine e miijooji, nder aduna hee e nder leyɗeele ɗee kala, tawa ɓe mbaɗirɗa ɗum ko sabaabu nde jehe bellitaaɗe, diine, ngootaagu ngenndi, njaruuji, hujjaaji ko teknolosii (karalleegal), jumtugol golle, e kesamkesaagu naamnii koo, ekn. Konngol UNESCO winndereyankeewol wonande keewceeral ɗemɗewal (2001) no waggini peeje e taƴnanɗe ngam faddaade gootidinal ɗemɗe e pinewal. Lelngo golle UNESCO ongo toɗɗii paandale keewɗe cihnooje ngoon ɗoon miijo, haa teeŋti noon faandaare “daɗndugol ndonaari ɓiy aadaadam’en ɗemɗeeri ndii, kam e wallitde peññingol, cosgol e cargol e nder kala ko waawi heewde e ɗemɗe” (toɓɓere 5).

Gila duuɓi han sappo, heediyankooɓe nder renndooji [militants communautaires], wiɗtooɓe, e woƴaaɓe woɗɓe, teeŋti noon pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, e pelle hakkunde-leyɗeele, eɓe ndeni doole maɓɓe ngam sihnude ɗiin ɗoon ngoƴaaji. Golle maɓɓe na nokki tan gila e wiɗtooji no ɗemɗe aduna ɗee ngoniri, doɗindagol duttorɗe jowitiiɗe e ɗemɗe deppuɗe ɗee, darnugol lelngooji guurnugol ɗemɗe kam e janngingol e ɗemɗe neeneeje, haa to baɗgol kuutorɗe jowitiiɗe e hakkeeji ɓiy aadee, e jowitiiɗe e politikaaji jaŋde-e-ne’di (jaŋdeeneedi). UNESCO waɗii golle jooɗɗe e oon ɗoon fannu. Kono noo, ko yimɓe etii koo jaɓnude e ƴellitde keewceeral ɗemɗe e pineewal fof, ɗum takkaaji ɗum battiinde e politikaaji laamuuji ɗii, e ko ɓuri heewde. Miɗen ɗoo tottira dalillaaji seeɗa baawooji wallitde e safrude kaan ɗoon ngonka.

Nder ɗo heewi e nokkuuji aduna, wiɗtooji kollirii wonde, sukaaɓe renndooji jattiyankooji (lasliyankooji) pamari, jaanginirteeɓe ɓee, ko adii fof, e ɗemngal mu’en gadanal ngal, tawa eɓe heen njahdidinora jaŋde newiinde e nder ɗemɗngal njiimaandi ngal, tawa ko ngal ɗimmal (tawa ko jannginooɓe ɗemɗiɗiiɓe), ko ɓeen sukaaɓe ɓurata yaawde ɗigginde, e ko ɓuri heewde, ɗemngal njiimaandi ngal e dow sukaaɓe ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ɓee jaŋde mu’en fof ko e ɗemngal jiimngal ngal ɓe mbaɗi ɗum. Yanti heen kadi, ɓe ngonta ɗemɗiɗiiɓe walla heewɗemɗeeɓe24 [multilingues].

Ina aamti wi’eede wonde, kaalis woodanaani janngingol e nder ɗemɗe Afrik walla Aasi keewɗe ɗee fof. E nder wiɗto mum jerondiral jaŋdeele duɗe lees to Sammbi e to Malawi, Edward Williams (1995) tonngii wi’i wonde “ellee ko janngaa koo e golle baɗaaɗe to Malawi too hollri ko, so dañal heewaani, ko jannginde sukaaɓe e ɗemngal nokkere ganndangal ngal ɓuri yaawrude wune e dow jannginde ɓe e ɗemngal ngal ɓe nganndaa25”. Ɗemɗe ɗe meeɗaa wiindeede ina mbaawi tigi jannginirde kala huunde, to ekkolaaji too, hay so ɗe ngonii ɗemɗe keewɗe, hono ko waɗaa koo to Papuwasi-Nuwel-Gine (ƴ. Kowol 9).

24 Ɗoon, eɗen mbaawi ruttaade e deftere CUMMINS, Jim (2000). Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire in education – or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah. New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. 25 WILLIAM, Edward (1998). Investigating bilingual literacy : Evidence from Malawi and Zambia. Education Research N° 24. Londres: Department for International Development.

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KOWOL 9

Papuwasi-Nuwel-Gine, leydi ɓurndi heewde ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe e aduna ndii (ɗemɗe 850 e nder yimɓe seɓɓe miliyoŋaaji 5 seeɗa), huutoratnoo ko ɗemɗe 380 e hitaande 2000/2001ngam jannginde e duɗe entirɗe kam e kitaale ɗiɗi gadane ɗee e nder duɗe lees; ɓe lelni kadi ɓeydude heen 90 goɗɗe e hitaande 2001/2002. Ko caɗeele e joɓɓi mbaɗi heen koo fof noon, haɗaani “ ellee [sukaaɓe ɓee] ko e ɗemngal mu’en neenewal ngal ɓe ɓuri yaawde tarde e winndude e newaare e dow engele oo. Yanti heen kadi, ina wa’i no ko kamɓe ɓuri yaawde e newaade ko janngata engele oo e dow mawniraaɓe mu’en janngirnooɓe ɓee yuɓɓo hiiɗngo ngoo. Jaŋde sukaaɓe ndee na ƴellitoo, sabu jibnaaɓe haawɓe ellee pelliti hankadi nawde sukaaɓe mu’en to ekkolaaji too, hay so mbaɗat heen jawdi maɓɓe mbele ɓeen na keddoo toon. Goppugol jaŋde ngol ustiima. Kadi, njeru [taux, proportion] sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓee, e nder jaŋde ndeen e ɓeydiima. Sukaaɓe ɓee ne, ellee ko jooni ɓe ɓuri hakkilinde, ɓuri kadi softude, hoolaade ko’e mu’en e yiɗde janngude. Ko jooni ɓe ɓuri heewde naamnitaade. Hay jannginooɓe ɓee, eɓe keewi siwtorde weemre e faayre mu’en saanga nde ɓe puɗɗii naatde ekkol, tawi jannginoowo mu’en na haalana ɗumen ɗemngal ngal ɓe mbaawaano faamde. Eɓe mbeltii e anndude hankadi eleweeɓe mu’en kawraani e ɗeen ɗoon caɗeele. Won e jannginooɓe boom, miijo mu’en na jilɓii seeɗa: eɓe cikki ɓe ɓurnoo waawde gollaade ko nde eleweeɓe mu’en ngonatnoo ndee yankiniiɓe, hulɓe; kono eɓe mbeltii e tawde hannde oo sukuuɓe ɓee ɓuri yaawde ko janngata, gila waylo ngoo jolnaa26”.

Peeje keewɗe, ummoriiɗe to ekkolaaji, jannginooɓe, renndooji kam e eɓɓooji golle nokke, ena njoopii kadi hollirde gooŋdugol miijo wonde, so newaagol majji to batte renndo e pinal woodii tabitde, laabi e lelngooji janngingol na poti naworde gannde lasli gaadante ɗee, hono no UNESCO (Jaŋde e keewceeral pinal, 2001) wagginiri ɗum nii. Ekkol ɗemngal eskolta saami gonɗo to Sevetti-järvi, to Fenlannda oo, ko mbo yeru gooto tan e yeruuji (ƴ.kowol 10 e foto ngoo ).

KOWOL 10

Yimɓe haalooɓe eskolta saami e aduna ɓee keɓaani 400. Ngonka mu’en kaa ne, ko yeru gooto tan e nder yeruuji, kolliroowo no gannde nguurpinal ɗee mbaawri naattinireede e nder lelngooji jaŋde ekkolaaji ɗii. Sukaaɓe Sevetti-järvi ɗemɗiɗiiɓe e eskolta-saami e finuwaa ɓee, ɓe njanngitee ko e ɗemɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Deftere janngirɗe ɗee, ko sukaaɓe ɓee e jannginoowo mu’en mbaɗata ɗe, ummoraade e taariindi mu’en. Jaŋde nde na wallita e jaggugol ganndal ekolosii gaadanteewal ngal, tawa ina teeŋti ɗum gollondiral e jibnaaɓe e mawɓe arooɓe ɓee e ekkol hee kam e tufnde pinal mum (tawa eɓe njoɓee e ko ɓe mballata koo). Nder duɗal no foto ngo’en ƴettaa ɗoo, sukaaɓe ɓee puɗɗiima kadi janngude ɗemngal mu’en tataɓal, engele oo, tawa ko ngal fannu e nder porogaraam (lelngo) hee. 26 KLAUS, David (ina e muuleede). The use of indigenous languages in early basic education in Papua New Guinea: a model for elsewhere? Language and Education.

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Colli gonɗi ɗii e seŋgo nano foto ngoo, ɗi ngoodi inɗe tan ko e ɗemngal sami. Kuule gonɗe e hakkunde (leri) ɗee, eɗe njogii inɗe e saami yoo e engele fof; ndefton loggakon kon e bannge nano, haa jooni, mbinndaa ko e finuwaa e saami. Ɗemngal eskolta-saami ngal na woni kala, tee ko noon jokkondiral maggal e ganndal lasli ngal ne woniri27.

27 SKUTNABB-KANGAS, roɓindooji dowri, ɗi Satu Moshnikoff yottini, Ulla Aikio-Puoskari, nowammbar 2001.

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E hitaande 1992, Nasiyoŋ-Sinii (Dental Dowlaaji) joɗɗinii, to Riyoo de Janeero (Beresil) too, Batu jowitiiɗo e taariindi e ɓamtaare (“Rommaaki Leydi”) ngam feewnude hurum golle tippondiroowo deentugol taariindi e ɓamtaare aadeeɓe duumiinde. Duttorɗe hakkunde-leyɗeele jaltuɗe ɗee e Rommaaki kii (Konngol Riyoo, Nanondiral e keewceeral nguurpinal (ƴ. kowol 11), Konngol sarɗi jowitiingol e laddeele, Gollal 21 kam e, e sakket hee, Nanondiral ngam haɓtaade jeereende, e Nanondiral jowitiingal e nokuuji leefɗi), ɗe ceedtiima faayiida ganndal ekolosii gaadanteewal ngam mooftugol e kuutoragol gurwuurdal ngal e duumaare28.

KOWOL 11

Fawaade e taƴre 8j nde Nanondiral keewceeral gurwuurdal ndee, kala Dowla jeyaaɗo heen “na ɗoftii, reenti kadi jaggi gannde, keshese [innovations] e baɗle renndooji jatti e nokke jogiiɗi ɗii yuɓɓooji nguurndam gaadanteeji, goodanɗi nafoore mooftugol, e kuutoragol e duumaare, keewceeral gurwuurdal ngal; [tawa Dowal oo] na wallita kadi e sihnude ɗuum ɗoon e ko ɓuri yaajde, e dow jaɓondiral e ɓeen jogiiɓe ɗeen ɗoon gannde, keshese e baɗle, duñca kadi e peccondirgol potfotondirngol nafooje jibinteeɗe ɗee e kuutoragol ɗeen gannde, keshese e baɗle”.

Kono tan noon, alaa fof e ɗee ɗoo duttorɗe seedtiinde jaɓi, e laaɓal, wonde mooftugol, jaggugol e ƴellitgol ganndal ekolosii gaadanteewal ngal ina naamnii, alaa e sago, mooftugol, jaggugol e ƴellitgol ɗemɗe ɗe ngaal ɗoon ganndal haalirtee, yottinee, ɗee. Kono, ko ɓooyaani koo, darned nde ɗemɗe ɗee ndariinde ndee e jaggugol ngaal ganndal, wattindii jaɓeede, e ko laaɓi. Sabu ɗum, e 1999, Porogaraam Nasiyoŋ-Sinii ngam Taariindi (PNUE) muulii deftere tiitiinde Cultural and Spiritual Values 28 Binndanɗe ɗeen ɗoon duttirɗe na tawee e sit http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/documents/unceddocs.html.

Laawol

guddittoongol ngol

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of Biodiversity [Ɓure to Pinal e Hakkilantaagal gonɗe e Gurwuurdal ɗee ] (D. Posey, gardiiɗo muulngo), yahdunde e deftere 1995 wi’eteende Global Biodiversity Assessment [Ɓeto Gurwuurdal huuɓtidinngo] (V. N. Heywood, gard. mlgo) seedtiinde jaɓi wonde ɗeen ɗoon ɓure, kam e ɗemɗe jottinooje ɗee eɗe njoggi darned mawnde e nder mooftugol gurwuurdal. Ko ɗuum kadi lelngo golle e bidsee UNESCO mbo 2002-2003 feññini (ƴ. kowol 12).

KOWOL 12

“Ɗoftagol gurwuurdal ɗemɗe e pineewal ngal, kam e yuɓɓooji gooŋɗinaaɗe e gannde lasliyankooje ɗee, maa ɗum daroya darnde mawnde e nder ɗaɓɓitgol safaruuji nokkuyankeeji wonande saɗeende tabitgol, tawa ina waɗtoraa, teeŋti noon, darnde ɗemɗe jattiyankooje ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ɗee, ko ɗe sakeeji (paabi mooftirɗi) gannde jowitiiɗe ɗee e gurwuurdal kam e ɓamtaare duumiinde29”.

Duuɓi han sappo caggal batu Riyoo oo, ko heewi na foti faaynude yimɓe e ngoka “jaale” tati tammbiiɗe ɓamtaare duumiinde ɗee: taariindi, renndo e faggudu. Ko hannde tan fof ɓuri heñoreede ƴellitgol pinal doondingal jam, mbele (ndaka) ɓiy aadee’en na njannga hormaade e reentude oo ɗoo aduna geɗe ceertuɗe mbo ndenndu-ɗen. Maa wonan teemedannde 21e ndee taaɓal manngal, so tawii jamaanu oo naatanii gollal ɓamdaangal ngam jaggude, dartina baawgol yahdude e tabitgol ekooyuɓɓooji men, pine men e ɗemɗe men, ko nganndu-ɗaa koo ko heen fawoytoo janngo nguurndameeje yontaaji garooji ɗii.

29 UNESCO, lelngo golle e Bidsee 2002-2003, 31 C/5, taƴ. 01212.

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CROSBY, Alfred W. (1994). Ecological imperialism. The biological expansion of Europ, 900-1900. Cambridge, Royaume Uni: Cambridge University Press.

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Language Death. Cambridge, Royaume Uni: Cambridge University Press.

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Can Threatened languages Be Saved ? Reversing Language Shift. Revisited. A 21st Century Pesrpective. Clevedon, Royaume Uni: Multilingual Matters.

HARMON, David (na muulee). (2002) In Light of Our Differences: How Diversity in Nature and Culture Makes Us Human. Washington, D.C. : The Smiyhsonian Institute Press.

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MAFFI, Luisa (dir. publ.) (2001). On Biocultural Diversity. Linking language, Knowledge and the Environment. Washington, D.C. : The Smiyhsonian Institute Press.

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Linguistic ecology. Language change and linguistiq imperialism in the Pacific Region. Londres : Routledge.

NABHAN, Gary Paul (1997). Cultures of Habitat: On Nature, Culture and Story. Washington, D.C. : Counterpoint

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SKUTNABB-KANGAS, Tove (2000). Linguistic genocide in education – or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, New Jersey et Londres: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

WILSON, Edward O. (1992). The Diversity of Life. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press

WURM, Stephen A. (dir. publ.) (2001). Atlas des langues en peril dans le monde. Paris : Editions UNESCO

Denndaangal dutɗte toɗɗaaɗe ɗee e nder ndee ɗoo deftere, ina tawee e tufnde web nde o Terralingua ndee ɗoo: (http://www.terralingua.org)

So en njiɗii ɓeydo

humpitaade

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Biyom Nokku (hodorde), so won ndiyam (mbelɗam walla kaaɗɗam), so won njoorndi (jeereende, ladde sukkunde, wertello, tunndaraa) jogiiɗo renndo heeriingo soomngo puɗi, kuule e e geɗe guurɗe goɗɗe. Ɗemɗe ɗe koraaki reppude Ɗemɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa sukaaɓe heewɓe na kaala ɗe haa hannde, kono tawa ɗe ngalaa darnde laamu walla ɗe ngalaa martaaba.

Ɗemɗe cuytuɗe Ɗemɗe (ɗe njiidaa e ɗemɗe ganni ɗee) nattuɗe haaleede (layeede) ɓoccet. Ɗemɗe ɗe koraaki suytude Ɗemɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ɗe ngalanaaka humpito laaɓngo wonande goodal haalooɓe heddiiɓe. Ɗemɗe ɗe ndeppaani Ɗemɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa, jokkondiral majje hakkunde yontaaji ina yahra no haanirta nii.

Ɗemɗe deppuɗe Ɗemɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa won sukaaɓe na kaala ɗe haa jooni, e won bannge famɗi famɗi, e nder won fannu ɗemɗe, kono tawa hina ustoo.

Ɗemɗe deppuɗe sane (no feewi) Ɗemɗe keddorɗe haa jooni haalooɓe seɓorɓe, kono tawa hay suka gooto nattii ɗe haalde. Ɗemɗe jogorɗe suytude Ɗemɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa, lutti ɗe haalde tan ko yimɓe capanɗe, so heewii haa heewii, tawa kadi fof ko nayeeɓe.

Ekoonokkuuji Nokkuuji leydi njoorndi walla ndiyam mawɗi jogiiɗi dente keeriiɗe wonande leƴƴi guurɗi, renndooji tagooje tawaaɗi, kam e taariiɗe mu’en. Ekooyuɓɓo Yuɓɓo tippondirngo wonande geɗe guurɗe e ɗe ngalaa pittaali, kono tawa eɗe njogii nafoore e nguurndam hee; helmere ndee na toɗɗii yuɓɓooji ɗi leydi yoo ɗi ndiyam, ɗi alaa no njaajeendi mu’en fotataa: gila e lugge haa e laddeele toropikaaje, gila e ceene haa e wertellaaji, gila maaje perle haa e oseyaŋeeji (maaje kaaɗɗe taariiɗe duunde Leydi ɗee). Ganndal ekolosii gaadanteewal Gannde lugguɗe wonande leƴƴi puɗi e kuule, kam e jotondire hakkunde majje e hakkunde ɗe e ekooyuɓɓooji nokkuuji, ɗe nganndu-ɗaa renndooji koɗɗi walla gaadanteeji (lasliyankeeji) eɗi ɗe njogii, tawa eɗe ƴellitee, eɗe ndonotiree hakkunde yontaaji. Gurwuurdal Denndaangal ko tawetee koo, nder keewal e cereal mumen, hakkunde ɗaɗi ndonaagu, leƴƴi puɗi e kuule e ekooyuɓɓooji, e nder tagoore tawaande ndee. Jaŋde ɗemɗe ɓeydoore Janngugol ɗemngal kesal jantungal e ɗemngal muynangal ngal, tawa angal jokkaa e huutoreede e ƴelliteede. Oon sahaa, denndaangal ganndal ɗemɗe neɗɗo oo wonata ko ko ɓeydii.

Kelmeendi

46

Jaŋde ɗemɗe ustoore Janngugol ɗemngal kesal (jiimtungal walla ɓurngal haalooɓe) gustowal ɗemngal muynangal ngal, tawa hangal joñaa (ngal waawataani huutoreede e kala sahaa) walla ndeen hangal lomtinaa ñandegoo (heen sahaaji). Oon sahaa, denndaangal ganndal ɗemɗe neɗɗo oo wonataa ko ɓeydii, walla tawa ko seeɗa ngool ɗoon janngugol ɓeydi heen. Keewceeral ɗemɗiwal Keewal, cereal e galɗugol ɗemɗe e nder renndooji aadeeɓe ɗii. Keewceeral nguurpinal Keewceeral nguurndam e dow leydi ngal, gila to tagoore haa to pinal. Keewceeral pinal Keewal, cereal e galɗugol pine e nder renndooji aadeeɓe ɗii.

Koɗɗum / jattiyankeejum Ko nganndu-ɗaa koo ko e nokku gooto walla leydi ngootiri tan tawetee. Leydeele megaakeewceeral Leydeele ɗe nganndu-ɗaa, haawnaako tawa ko kamɗe njogii gooto e njeruuji ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii to keewal leƴƴi winndere ndee. Sifaaji (mbaadiiji) koɗorle Mbaadiiji keeriiɗi wonande biyomaaji limtirteeɗi fawaade e won sifaaji (ko wa’i no, e yeru, laddeele toropikaaje ma rewankooje, walla ndeen wertellaaji kakindiiɗi, walla kadi wertellaaji dow ƴooŋe). Tufle gurwuurdal gulɗe Nokkuuji ɗi ɓuraani yaajde no feewi, tawa noon eɗi njogii diɗɗe leƴƴi koɗɗi mawɗe haa ɓurti keerol.

47

Jettooje: Colin Baker, David Klaus e Edward William njaɓii yo min njubbu e defte mu’en kam e Southwest Journal of Linguistics ngam waanjitaadee nate David Harmon ɗee (nate 1 e 2). Ulla Atkio-Puoskari e Satu Moshnikoff ngokki amen humpito e ko faati koo e ɗemngal sami skolt. Kari Torikka yamiri baanjitagol foto duɗal sami skolt ngoo. Anthea Fallen-Bailey tottiri hummpitooji ko faati koo ganndal leydi e keewal yimɓe Nuwel Gine ngal. Wiɗto ngam waɗde kartal leydi ngal e muulngo ngoo ne, heen bannge ko ballal kaalis Fondation Ford to Terralingua waɗi ɗum. Nate leɗɗe duɓɓe ɗee waɗi ɗe ko Arlindo Mata Tene, golloowo laddeele koɗɗo to Amasoni hirnaange mbo Beresil; ɗe ngittaa ko e deftere wi’eteende Forest and Management nde Commission Pro-indigène e Ministeer Taariindi mbo Beresil muuli e hitaande 2002.

Winnduɓe ɓurɓe teeŋtude: Tove Skutnabb-Kanga, Luisa Maffi e David Harmon. Jokkondiral e muulngo: Linda King. Muulngo adano ngoo yaltini ngo ko Fedde Denntal Dowlaaji ngam Jaŋde, Ganndal e Pinal (hono UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris, 07 SP, France, kam e Terralingua, 217, Baker Road, Salt Spring Island BCV8K 2N6, Canada, kam e Booñ Winndere ngam Tagoore (hono WWF), Aɓenue du Mont-Blanc, CH 11 96 Gland, Suisse.

© UNESCO - Terralingua – Fonds Monsial pour la Nature 2003

© Linguapax, Unescocat – Centre UNESCO de la Catalogne, wonande ngoo ɗoo muulngo

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