1.RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Advanced Conversion Technologies and Applications

2. IndustrIal ElEctronIcs sErIEs Series Editors: Bogdan M. Wilamowski J. David Irwin PuBlIsheD TITles Renewable energy systems: Advanced Conversion Technologies and Applications, Fang Lin Luo and Hong Ye Multiobjective Optimization Methodology: A Jumping Gene Approach, K.S. Tang, T.M. Chan, R.J. Yin, and K.F. Man The Industrial Information Technology handbook, Richard Zurawski, The Power electronics handbook, Timothy L. Skvarenina supervised and unsupervised Pattern Recognition: Feature extraction and Computational Intelligence, Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou switched Reluctance Motor Drives: Modeling, simulation, Analysis, Design, and Applications, R. Krishnan FORThCOMIING TITles extreme environment electronics, John D. Cressler and H. Alan Mantooth Power electronics and Control Techniques for Maximum energy harvesting in Photovoltaic systems, Giovanni Spagnuolo, Nicola Femia, Giovanni Petrone, and Massimo Vitelli Industrial Wireless sensor Networks: Applications, Protocols, standards, and Products, Vehbi Cagri Gungor and Gerhard P. Hancke Multilevel Converters for Industrial Applications, Sergio Alberto Gonzale, Santiago Andres Verne, and Maria Ines Valla smart Grid Technologies: Applications, Architectures, Protocols, and standards, Vehbi Cagri Gungor, Carlo Cecati, Gerhard P. Hancke, Concettina Buccella, and Pierluigi Siano sensorless Control systems for AC Machines: A Multiscalar Model-Based Approach, Zbigniew Krzeminski 3. CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Advanced Conversion Technologies and Applications FANG LIN LUO HONG YE Boca Raton London New York 4. MATLAB and Simulink are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 5. v Contents Preface.................................................................................................................. xxiii Author...................................................................................................................xxvii Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................1 1.1 Stars in the Universe...................................................................2 1.2 Our Mercury Galaxy, Nebulae, and Black Hole........................5 1.3 Redshift and Big Bang...............................................................5 1.4 Solar System...............................................................................7 1.5 The Earth..................................................................................12 1.5.1 The Earth Is Round..................................................... 14 1.5.2 Revolution and Rotation.............................................. 14 1.5.3 The Earth Is a Planet in the Solar System................... 16 1.5.4 Layers of the Earth...................................................... 17 1.5.5 Chemical Composition of the Earths Crust................ 18 1.5.6 Water on the Earth...................................................... 18 1.5.7 Plates...........................................................................19 1.5.8 The Earth Is Very Fragile...........................................20 1.5.9 The Earths Geological Age........................................20 1.5.10 Protection of the Earth................................................20 References...........................................................................................21 Chapter 2 New Energy Sources...........................................................................23 2.1 Nuclear Fission.........................................................................23 2.1.1 Fission Process............................................................23 2.1.2 Chain Reactions..........................................................24 2.2 Nuclear Fusion..........................................................................26 2.2.1 Fusion Process.............................................................27 2.2.2 Hydrogen.....................................................................28 2.2.3 Fusion Reactions.........................................................29 2.2.4 Hot Fusion...................................................................30 2.3 Capture of Neutrino.................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Neutrino....................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Neutrino Sources.........................................................32 2.3.2.1 Artificial.......................................................32 2.3.2.2 Geological....................................................32 2.3.2.3 Atmospheric.................................................33 2.3.2.4 Solar.............................................................33 2.3.2.5 By Supernovae.............................................33 6. vi Contents 2.3.2.6 By Supernova Remnants..............................34 2.3.2.7 By the Big Bang...........................................35 2.3.3 Neutrino Detection......................................................35 2.4 Conclusion................................................................................36 References...........................................................................................37 Chapter 3 3G and Renewable Energies................................................................39 3.1 Distributed Generation.............................................................39 3.1.1 Economies of Scale.....................................................39 3.1.2 Localized Generation..................................................40 3.1.3 Distributed Energy Resources.....................................40 3.1.4 Cost Factors................................................................. 41 3.2 Microgrid.................................................................................. 41 3.3 Smart Grid................................................................................42 3.4 Solar Energy.............................................................................43 3.5 Renewable Energy....................................................................46 References...........................................................................................48 Chapter 4 Power Electronics................................................................................49 4.1 Symbols and Factors Used in This Book.................................49 4.1.1 Symbols Used in Power Systems................................49 4.1.1.1 Summary of the Symbols............................ 51 4.1.2 Factors and Symbols Used in AC Power Systems......52 4.1.2.1 Summary of the Symbols............................54 4.1.3 Factors and Symbols Used in DC Power Systems......55 4.1.3.1 Summary of the Symbols............................55 4.1.4 Factors and Symbols Used in Switching Power Systems........................................................................56 4.1.4.1 Summary of the Symbols............................58 4.1.5 Other Factors and Symbols.........................................59 4.1.5.1 Very Small Damping Time Constant..........59 4.1.5.2 Small Damping Time Constant...................60 4.1.5.3 Critical Damping Time Constant................62 4.1.5.4 Large Damping Time Constant...................62 4.1.6 Fast Fourier Transform................................................64 4.1.6.1 Central Symmetrical Periodical Function......65 4.1.6.2 Axial (Mirror) Symmetrical Periodical Function......................................65 4.1.6.3 Nonperiodical Function...............................65 4.1.6.4 Useful Formulae and Data...........................66 4.1.6.5 Examples of FFT Applications....................67 4.2 AC/DC Rectifiers.....................................................................72 4.2.1 Historic Problems........................................................72 7. viiContents 4.2.2 Updated Circuits..........................................................73 4.2.3 Power Factor Correction Methods..............................73 4.3 DC/DC Converters...................................................................73 4.3.1 Updated Converter...................................................... 74 4.3.2 New Concepts and Mathematical Modeling............... 74 4.3.3 Power Rate Checking.................................................. 74 4.4 DC/AC Inverters.......................................................................75 4.4.1 Sorting Existing Inverters...........................................76 4.4.2 Updated Circuits..........................................................76 4.4.3 Soft Switching Methods..............................................76 4.5 AC/AC Converters....................................................................76 4.6 AC/DC/AC and DC/AC/DC Converters..................................77 References...........................................................................................77 Chapter 5 Uncontrolled AC/DC Converters........................................................79 5.1 Introduction..............................................................................79 5.2 Single-Phase Half-Wave Converters.........................................80 5.2.1 R Load.........................................................................80 5.2.2 RL Load.....................................................................82 5.2.2.1 Graphical Method........................................85 5.2.2.2 Iterative Method 1........................................86 5.2.2.3 Iterative Method 2........................................87 5.2.3 RL Circuit with Freewheeling Diode .......................88 5.2.4 An RL Load Circuit with a Back emf.......................90 5.2.4.1 Negligible Load-Circuit Inductance............94 5.2.5 Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with a Capacitive Filter..........................................................94 5.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Converters.........................................98 5.3.1 R Load.........................................................................98 5.3.2 RC Load..................................................................102 5.3.3 RL Load .................................................................. 105 5.4 Three-Phase Half-Wave Converters.......................................107 5.4.1 R Load.......................................................................107 5.4.2 RL Load...................................................................109 5.5 Six-Phase Half-Wave Converters............................................ 110 5.5.1 Six-Phase with Neutral Line Circuit......................... 110 5.5.2 Double Antistar with Balance-Choke Circuit........... 111 5.6 Three-Phase Full-Wave Converters........................................ 113 5.7 Multiphase Full-Wave Converters.......................................... 113 5.7.1 Six-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers...................... 113 5.7.2 Six-Phase Double-Bridge Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers................................................................... 116 5.7.3 Six-Phase Double-Transformer Double-Bridge Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers....................................... 118 8. viii Contents 5.7.4 Six-Phase Triple-Transformer Double-Bridge Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers....................................... 119 References......................................................................................... 119 Chapter 6 Controlled AC/DC Converters.......................................................... 121 6.1 Introduction............................................................................ 121 6.2 Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Converters.................... 121 6.2.1 R Load.......................................................................122 6.2.2 RL Load...................................................................123 6.2.3 RL Load Plus Back emf Vc......................................126 6.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Converters.....................128 6.3.1 >, Discontinuous Load Current...........................129 6.3.2 =, Verge of Continuous Load Current................. 132 6.3.3