renewable energy sources and technologies in austria€¦ · • biofuels and hydrogen obtained...
TRANSCRIPT
Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria
State of the Art Report 2005
G. Faninger
Berichte aus Energie- und Umweltforschung
26/2006
Imprint:
Owner and Publisher: Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology Radetzkystraße 2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
Responsibility and Coordination: Division for Energy and Environmental Technologies Head: Michael Paula
This publication series can be ordered via http://www.nachhaltigwirtschaften.ator at
Projektfabrik Waldhör Währingerstraße 121/3
A-1180 Vienna, Austria
On behalf of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology
Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria
State of the Art Report 2005
Gerhard Faninger, Prof., Dr. Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, iff,
University of Klagenfurt, Austria
Austrian Delegate in the IEA/OECD Renewable Energy Working Party
Austrian National Report 2005
For the IEA-Working Party on Renewable Energy Technologies
Klagenfurt, December 2005
3
CONTENT
1. Renewable Sources of Energy and Technologies 5
2. Conditions for the Market Deployment of Renewables in Austria 6
3. The Competence of the Austrian Industry in Renewable Energy Technologies 17
4. The Role of Renewables in the Austrian Energy Supply 22
5. Development of Energy Supply in Austria 36
6. Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria 46
6.1. Hydropower 47
6.2. Bioenergy 52 6.2.1. Solid Biomass 54 6.2.2. Liquid Biomass 55 6.2.3. Bio-gas 55 6.2.4. Installed Electrical Load of Bio-energy Products 55
6.3. Solar Energy and Technologies 64 6.3.1. Solar Heat and Solar Thermal Technologies 65 6.3.2. Solar Electricity and Solar Electricity Technologies 69
6.4. Geothermal Energy 72
6.5. Wind Energy 74
6.6. Ambient Heat and Heat Pump Technologies 77
References 81
ANNEX: Information on Energy Supply in Austria: 1990 – 2004 83
4
5
Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria
State of the Art Report 2005
1. Renewable Sources of Energy and Technologies
Renewable Energy is energy that is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly or indirectly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth.
Included in the definition of renewable energy sources, Renewables is energy generated from solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower and ocean resources, and bio fuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Commercial markets for Renewables are today: Hydropower, Bioenergy, Solar Heating and Cooling, Solar Thermal Power Plants, Photovoltaic, Wind Energy and Geothermal Energy; Fig. 1.
The substitution of fossil fuels with Renewables leads to significant reduction of CO2emissions and to a diversification of supply resources and therefore to a greater security of energy supply. Renewables support the development of a sustainable energy system as a requirement for economic sustainable development. On the political level, this fact was reflected in a continuous promotion of Renewables through Austria’s energy, research and promotional policies – including subsidies.
Renewable Energy Comes in Many Forms
• Electricity generated from solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower, and ocean resources.
• Heat generated from solar thermal, geothermal and biomass resources.
• Biofuels and hydrogen obtained from renewable resources.
Figure 1: Renewable Energy Sources for Energy Supply
6
2. Conditions for the Market Deployment of Renewables in Austria
Austria is among the top countries in Europe using Renewables; Fig. 2.1 to 2.6. Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 show the contribution of Renewables to the total primary energy supply, TPES, in OECD Member States and European countries. Renewables contributes to the total energy supply in Austria about 21.3%. The average annual percent change of Renewables to TPES was in the time period 1990 – 2004 1.3%; Fig. 2.3. Renewables share to electricity production amounts in the year 2004 to 65.0%, compared to OECD/Europe of 18.2%; Fig. 2.4 and Fig. 2.5. The share of electricity productions from “other” Renewables (excluding hydro-power) was 3.4% in 2003. The electricity production by Eco-Power Plants amounts in the year 2004 5433 GWh, from which were produced 73.38% with Small Hydropower, followed with 17.04% with Wind-energy, and 5.76% with solid biomass and renewable waste; Fig. 2.7.
Hydropower and biomass are the major renewable energy sources. Beside of these recourses, Austria is one of the pioneering countries in the thermal use of solar energy, the production of biodiesel, and the use of ambient heat. Combined with the increasing use of Renewables, the design and production of hydro-power plants, solar thermal installations, biomass boilers as well as the manufacturing of components for the use of wind energy and photovoltaic increased in the past years.
Both the extension and the use of Renewables have also created other positive effects e.g. technological innovations. The industry producing the facilities for the use of Renewables belongs to the most dynamic sectors of the Austrian economy. This guarantees regional value added and secure jobs not only today, and offers excellent chances for the future.
Tax system for the Promotion of a Sustainable Energy System
In the context of Austria’s sustainability policy, the tax system was adjusted for the requirements of sustainable energy system (1996). More than 10% of this tax revenue is made available to the federal provinces for the implementation of energy-saving and environmental-protection measures, which also include measures to promote the market deployment of Renewables. On the European level, the preconditions for an “ecologisation” and harmonisation of the Member States’ tax systems were created by the political consensus on the “EU Energy Tax Directive”. Austria has already anticipated most of the required adjustments with its new tax on coal and the increase in diesel tax.
Green Electricity Act
In the course of the gradual liberalisation of the EU’s internal energy market and the full liberalisation of the Austrian energy market, the legal conditions for the generation of electricity from Renewables have been further developed in the past years. The 2002 Green Electricity Act introduces a uniform purchase and compensation obligation for “green electricity facilities” for all of Austria. Green electricity facilities are based on solar energy, wind, biomass, biogas, landfill and sewage sludge gas as well as geothermal energy and particular types of wastes. By 2008, a share of 4% of these energy sources in the overall supply of electricity to the end consumer (final consumption) has to be gradually reached. The same support scheme is used for electricity production from small hydropower stations (<10kW), whereby it was determined to raise their share in electricity generation to 9% by 2008. The aim of measures is to reach the target share of 78.1% of the electricity generation from Renewables of Austrian gross domestic consumption, as defined in the EU directive on the
7
promotion of electricity from Renewables in the internal electricity market (2001). Other changes include:
The certificate system for small-scale hydroelectric power stations expired at the end of 2002. As of 1 January 2003, there was no longer a quota obligation for the network operators and no compensation payments. All operators of green plants have the right to a listing of the certification of origin by the network operators. The electricity identification system, which specifies the source of energy used for electricity generation on consumer bills, will be standardised after a transitional period up to 1 July 2004 and then all electricity suppliers must identify a standard composition on consumer bills (“standard dealer mix”).
The Act guarantees payment of feed-in tariffs for thirteen years at the following rates(per kWh):
Small hydro power, depending upon the amount of electricity fed into the grid: from € 0.0315 to € 0.0568 for existing plants, from € 0.0331 to € 0.0596 for refurbished plants, from € 0.0378 to € 0.0625 for new plants. PV: € 0.47 for plants > 20 kWpeak, € 0.60 for plants < 20 kWpeak.Wind: € 0.078 for new plants. Geothermal: € 0.07. Wood chips: € 0.102 to € 0.16. Waste with high bio-share: € 0.027 to € 0.128. Co-firing in fossil fuel plants: € 0.03 to € 0.065. Bio-fuels: € 0.1 for plants > 200 kW, € 0.13 for plants < 200 kW. Biogas: € 0.0725 to € 0.165. Landfill gas: € 0.03 for plants > 1 MW, € 0.06 for plants < 1 MW.
The actual situation concerning green electricity production and feed-in tariffs are documented in Fig. 2.8 to Fig. 2.10. The average feed-in tariffs by green electricity production are documented in Fig. 2.8. The green-electricity budget for 2004 was 301.924 million Euros (Fig. 2.9) and budget for 2005 is estimated with 284 million Euros (Fig. 2.10).
Bio-fuels for the Transport Sector
Within the new Austrian legislation, biodiesel is added up to 5 % to the fossil diesel since October 2005. This share is related to 440,000 tonnes biodiesel per year, from which 55,000 tonnes are produced in Austria up to now. Therefore, about 90% of biodiesel has to be imported. It is the goal of the Austrian Energy Policy to produce the full requirements for the Austrian Transport sector - with public support - in Austria latest in 2007.
Other Promotion Measures for Market Deployment of Renewables
In addition to “tax revenue” and “green electricity support”, the market penetration of Renewables in Austria is supported by a large number of other promotion instruments as housing and agricultural subsidies as well as financial support for business and industry. For example, the market penetration of Renewables in housing (domestic, commercial and industry) was supported by subsidies of about 50 million Euros in 2004. Also research
8
promotion funds of about 10 million Euros promoted activities in the field of Renewables in 2004 – from basic scientific work to market launch.
Federal grants and incentives for renewable energy producers such as firms, associations and public entities are administered primarily by the “Kommunalkredit”. These federal grants typically constitute 30% of eligible costs and are granted to entrepreneurs investing in small hydro plants, modern biomass-based heating systems which include small networks for district heating, biogas, sewage gas, geothermal systems, heat pumps, solar thermal above 10 m2, photovoltaic and wind installations. These grants can also be combined with financial support from the local governments (“Länder”) to cover 66% of costs.
Public Expenditures for Energy Research, Development and Demonstration
The public expenditures for Energy Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) in Austria is illustrated in Fig. 2.11 for the time period 1977 – 2004. The maximum RD&D budget was in the year 1985 with 33.548 million Euros, the minimum budget in the year 1990 with 10.000 million Euros. In 2004 the RD&D budget reached with 33.534 million Euros the second best value.
Approximately 28.5% of Austria's federal energy R&D budget in 2004 was allocated specifically to renewable sources (39.7% in 2003); Fig. 2.12a and Fig. 2.12b. The public Expenditures for Renewable Energy RD&D are documented for 2003 in Figure 2.13a and Figure 2.13b for 2004. This funding was split in 2004 to 75.4% for biomass, 8.4% for Solar Thermal, 6.1% for Solar Electric (PV), 4.4% for Wind-energy, 2.9% for Geothermal and 2.8% for Hydro-power; Fig. 2.13b.
Summarising, by constantly stepping up Renewables in Austria a domestic sales market as well as stable investment and innovation framework conditions for the further development of Renewables was created. These favourable framework conditions in Austria facilitated not only in the introduction of Renewables technologies to the market but also formed the basis for the domestic economy to develop further internationally outstanding position in the areas of Renewables technologies.
But the reasons for the positive market development for Renewables is not only the continual promotion by means of Austria’s energy, research and promotional policies (including subsidies), but also the traditionally strong environmental awareness of the Austrian citizens, who have supported the idea of using Renewables right from the outset.
9
5.6 5.7 6.7 6.85.6 5.6
19.821.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ren
ewab
les/
TPES
, %
OECD, Total OECD, Europe OECD, North America Austria
Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) in OECD and in Austria: 2003 and 2004
20032004
IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.1: Contribution of Renewables to total primary energy supplyIn OECD-Member States: 2003 and 2004
Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) in Europe 2004
1.3
14.9
24.7
6.23.7
14.2
4.91.91.1
5.91.8
40.1
70.7
3.65.23.95.9
22.9
13.7
2.91.5
21.3
5.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
EU-19
Austria
Belgium
Czech
Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Icelan
dIrla
ndIta
ly
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak R
epublic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerl
and
United Kingdom
Ren
ewab
les/
TPES
, %
IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.2: Contribution of Renewables to total primary energy supplyIn EU-Member States: 2004
10
Average Annual Percent Change of Renewables/TPES: 1990 - 2004
0.2
1.3
-0.2-0.1-0,4
-0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
OECD, Total OECD, Europe OECD, North America Austria
Ren
ewab
les/
TPES
, %
IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.3: Average annual change of Renewables to total primary energy supplyIn OECD-Member States: 1990 - 2004
14.9 15.1 16.9 18.2 15.1 14.8
62.9 65.0
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
Shar
e of
Ren
ewab
les,
%
OECD, Total OECD, Europe OECD, North America Austria
Share of Electricity Production from Renewables in OECD and in Austria: 2003 and 2004
20032004
IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.4: Share of electricity production from Renewables In OECD-Member States: 2003 and 2004
11
Share of Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources in Europe 2004, %
3.4
54.645.8
19.213.7
27.2
1.9
99.4
5.46.8
17.5
5.5
99.9
2.89.89.211.3
29.324.4
3.01.7
65.0
13.7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
EU-19
Austria
Belgium
Czech
Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
German
y
Greece
Hungary
Icelan
dIrla
ndIta
ly
Luxembourg
Netherl
ands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak R
epublic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerl
and
United Kingdom
Shar
e fr
om R
enew
able
s, %
IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.5: Share of electricity production from Renewables In EU-Member States: 2004
Share of Electricity Production from "Other" Renewable Energy Sources in Europe 2004, %
Excluding Hydro
1.91.4
4.55.9
0.3
4.5
0.40.5
4.02.4
3.22.2
16.5
0.51.9
4.3
0.8
11.5
18.1
0.61.1
3.43.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
EU-19
Austria
Belgium
Czech
Rep
ublic
Denmark
Finland
France
German
y
Greece
Hungary
Icelan
dIrla
ndIta
ly
Luxembourg
Netherl
ands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Rep
ublicSpain
Sweden
Switzerl
and
United Kingdom
Shar
e fr
om "
Oth
er"
Ren
ewab
les,
%
IEA Statistics 2005
Figure 2.6: Share of electricity production from “other” Renewables In EU-Member States: 2004
12
Green Electricity Production in Austria 2004(Electricity Production by Eco-Power Plants)
Biomass,gaseous1.86%
Solar energy, PV0.22%
Digester and sewer gas
1.36%
Geothermal energy0.04%
Biomass, solid, and waste
5.76%
Biomass, liquid0.33%
Wind energy17.04%
Small Hydropower73.38%
Total: 5,433 GWh
E-Control
Figure 2.7: Electricity production from eco-power plants In Austria 2004 (Source: E-Control)
Average Tariffs for Green Electricity in Austria 2004
7.186.84
65.31
12.9412.549.147.734.36
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
Small Hyd
ropower
Windpower
Biomass,
solid
Biomass,
gaseo
us
Biomass,
liquid
Photovolta
ic
Disposa
l gas
Geotherm
al
Cent/kWh
Average Tariffs for all Green Electricity Production: 5.56 Cent/kWh
Figure 2.8: Average feed-in tariffs for green electricity production In Austria 2004 (Source: E-Control)
13
Green Electricity Tariffs in million Euro (net) in Austria 2004
Biomass, gaseous4.19%
Solar energy, PV2.50%
Digester and sewer gas
1.67%
Geothermal energy0.06%
Biomass, solid, and waste
9.47%
Biomass, liquid0.77%
Wind energy23.70%Small Hydropower
57.63%
Total: 301.924 million Euro
E-Control
Figure 2.9: Green electricity budget In Austria 2004(Source: E-Control)
Green Electricity Tariffs in million Euro (net) in Austria
Estimates for 2005
Windpower79 Mio €; 28%
FossilCogeneration
Plant68 Mio €; 24%
SmallHydropower
57 Mio €; 20%
Biomass, solid; 43 Mio €; 15%
Biogas22 Mio €; 8%
Photovoltaic9 Mio €; 3%
Other6 Mio €; 2%
Gesamt 2005: 284 million €E-Control
Figure 2.10: Green electricity budget In Austria: Estimates for 2005(Source: E-Control)
14
Public Expenditures for Energy RD&D in Austria: 1977 - 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Expe
nditu
res,
mill
ion
Euro
/yea
r Other Cross-Cutting Technologies
Hydrogen & Fuel Cells
Power & Storage Technologies
Nuclear Fusion
Renewable Energy Sources
Fossil Fuels
Conservation
Public Expenditures for Energy RD&D in Austria: 1977 - 2004
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Shar
e of
Ene
rgy
Sect
ors,
%
Other Cross-Cutting Technologies Hydrogen & Fuel CellsPower & Storage TechnologiesNuclear FusionRenewable Energy SourcesFossil FuelsConservation
Figure 2.11: Public expenditures for Energy Research, Development and Demonstration In Austria: 1977 – 2004
(Source: BMVIT-G. Faninger, 1977 – 2002, Austrian Energy Agency, 2003 – 2004)
15
Figure 2.12a: Public expenditures for energy research, development and demonstration In Austria 2003 (Source: BMVIT/Austria Energy Agency)
Figure 2.12b: Public expenditures for energy research, development and demonstration In Austria 2004 (Source: BMVIT/Austria Energy Agency)
Public Expenditures for Energy RD&D in Austria 2003
Other Cross Cutting10.8%
Power & Storage15.8%
Nuclear11.6% Renewables
39.7%
Fossil Fuels1.8%
Conservation20.3%
Total 2003: 24.982 Million EuroBMVIT
Public Expenditures for Energy RD&D in Austria 2004
Other Cross Cutting8.9%
Power & Storage22.4%
Nuclear9.6% Renewables
28.5%
Fossil Fuels1.3%
Conservation29.3%
Total 2004: 33.533 Million EuroBMVIT
16
Public Expenditures for Renewable Energy RD&D in Austria 2003
Biomass53,3%
Wind-Energy8,5%
Solar Electric (PV)13,2%
Solar Thermal21,5%
Hydro-Power3,4% Geothermal
0,1%
Total 2003:9.913 million Euros
Figure 2.13a: Public expenditures for renewable energy research, development and demonstration In Austria 2003 (Source: BMVIT/Austria Energy Agency)
Public Expenditures for Renewable Energy RD&D in Austria 2004
Solar Electric (PV)6,1%
Solar Thermal8,4%
Wind-Energy4,4%
Hydro-Power2,8% Geothermal
2,9%
Biomass75,4%
Total 2004:9.544 million Euros
Figure 2.13b: Public expenditures for renewable energy research, development and demonstration In Austria 2004 (Source: BMVIT/Austria Energy Agency)
17
3. The Competence of the Austrian Industry in Renewable Energy Technologies
The promotion efforts resulted in the creation of a domestic sales market and stable investment and innovation conditions for a further development of renewable energy technologies.
The sector of industry constructing and producing the facilities for the use of renewable energy sources is one of the fastest growing sectors in Austria. Sales, value added and employments in the business sector of Renewable energy technologies are reported in /4/. The following 9 renewable energy technologies which are relevant for Austria are analyzed and documented: biomass (solid, gas and liquids), geothermal energy, small hydro power, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, heat pumps and wind power. For these technologies the aspects of sales, value added and employment are estimated; Fig. 3.1 to Fig. 3.3. The results of the study show the importance of these technologies for Austria. In the year 2004 sales in the context of above specified technologies reach the value of 1.46 billion Euros. The corresponding value added was 1.04 billion Euros. The total number of jobs (full time equivalent) created by the production and installation of renewable energy technologies was 13600 and for this reason, these technologies have a strong impact on the national job market. In addition 19.110 jobs were created through the use of the equipment, from which belong to the employment of the biomass preparation for energy use.
The impact of renewable energy technologies on climate protection is also to point out. The reduction of CO2-emissions caused by renewable energy technologies in Austria in the year 2004 was 11.9 million tons. Even in case of consideration of total life cycle emissions of technologies there are remaining reductions of 10.8 million tons CO2 /4/.
A moderate scenario for the year 2012 show, that there is a high additional emission saving potential in Austria. In case of continuous political efforts for research and development and the diffusion of technologies there can be a net reduction of CO2-emissions in 2012 of about 15 million tons. The fictitious monetary value of the savings in the year 2004 is equivalent to 216 million Euro and can be interpreted as an additional value added of renewable energy technologies. Concluding from present study results, renewable energy technologies developed to a multi dimensional and weighty factor in Austrian’s political economy. Beside the economic and climate protecting effect these technologies show a lot of positive structural effects.
Respective technologies are appropriate for decentralized applications and therefore a high value for rural areas is implicated. Regionally created jobs, regional value added the reduction of necessary transport of persons and goods and the increasing security of energy service provision by decentralized units are some of the additional positive effects of renewable energy technologies. In this sense renewable energy technologies provide a major contribution to sustainable development of Austrians society. Austrians energy policy has the big chance to force this development by supporting research and development and the diffusion of these technologies.
Austrian enterprises are today technological pioneers on the worlds market, especially in the area of solar collectors and components for hydro-power plants and photovoltaic Systems (e.g. inverters). Austria also plays a pioneering role concerning the utilisation of biogas in
18
large facilities that use energy crops as substrate. In the field of heat pump production, Austrian companies assume a leading position concerning efficiency and quality.
Austria’s excellent position on the export markets constitutes a great opportunity for Austrian companies and their employees.
The remarkable market development of renewable energy technologies in Austria has only been possible because Austrian firms have in co-operation with research centres developed cost-effective technologies, especially for solar thermal and solar electric (photovoltaic) applications (including equipment like inverters, modules for solar cells) as well as wind energy converters and advanced environmentally-friendly biomass heating systems with optimised combustion technology. Especially test results led to technical improvements in renewable energy technologies as well as the basis for a common standardisation.
19
Sales in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Sale
s, M
io E
uros
secundary 130 8 19 32 24 54 7 40 25
indirect 153 9 21 36 30 61 8 45 29direct 277 18 41 70 51 117 14 88 53
Biomass, solid
Biomass, liquid
Biomass, gaseous
Hydropower, <10 kW Photovoltaic Solar
Thermal Geothermal Wind-Power Heat Pumps
560
35
106138
81
232
29
173
107
Sales in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
Geothermal; 29 Mio Euro; 2.0%
Biomass, liquid; 35 Mio Euro; 2.4%
Biomass, gaseous; 81 Mio Euro; 5.5%
Hydropower smaller 10 kW;
138 Mio Euro; 9.4%
Solar Electricity (PV); 106 Mio Euro; 7.3%
Solar Heat; 232 Mio Euro; 15.9%
Heat Pumps;107 Mio Euro; 7.3%
Wind-Electricity; 173 Mio Euro; 11.8% Biomass, solid;
560 Mio Euro; 38.3%
Total 2004: 1,461 Mio Euro
Source: EEG-TU Wien/WKO
Figure 3.1: The economy of renewable energy technologies: Sales(Source: EEG-TU Vienna/WKO)
20
Added Value in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Add
ed V
alue
, Mio
Eur
os
secundary 97 6 14 24 14 38 5 29 15
indirect 115 7 16 27 17 43 6 33 18
direct 207 13 30 51 29 83 11 64 33
Biomass, solid
Biomass, liquid
Biomass, gaseous
Hydropower, <10 kW Photovoltaic Solar
Thermal Geothermal Wind-Power Heat Pumps
419
164
60
102
5926
66
126
22
Added Value in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004
Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
Geothermal; 21 Mio Euro; 2.01%
Biomass, liquid; 26 Mio Euro; 2.49%
Biomass, gaseous; 59 Mio Euro; 5.65%Hydropower
smaller 10kW; 102 Mio Euro; 9.77%
Solar Electricity (PV); 61 Mio Euro; 5.84%
Solar Heat; 164 Mio Euro; 15.17%
Heat Pumps; 66 Mio Euro; 6,32%
Wind-Electricity; 126 Mio Euro; 12.07% Biomass, solid;
419 Mio Euro; 40.13%
Total 2004: 1,044 Mio Euro
Source: EEG-TU Wien/WKO
Figure 3.2: The economy of renewable energy technologies: Added value (Source: EEG-TU Vienna/WKO)
21
Jobs (Full Time Equivalent) in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004 Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Jobs
secundary 1765 108 251 429 257 691 88 531 279
indirect 1258 76 176 213 165 516 39 371 205
direct 2464 167 384 466 287 1055 91 818 413
Biomass, solid
Biomass, liquid
Biomass, gaseous
Hydropower, <10 kW Photovoltaic Solar
Thermal Geothermal Wind-Power Heat Pumps
5487
897
1720
218
2262
7091108
811351
Jobs (Full Time Equivalent) in the Business Sector of Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria 2004 Without Hydropower Plants over 10 kW electrical
Heat Pumps; 897 jobs; 6.61%
Solar Heat; 2,262 jobs; 16.68%
Solar Electricity (PV);
709 jobs; 5.23%Hydropower
smaller 10 kW; 1,108 jobs; 8.17%
Geothermal; 219 jobs; 1.61%
Biomass, gaseous; 811 jobs; 5.98%
Biomass, liquid; 351 jobs; 2.59%
Biomass, solid; 5,487 jobs; 40.45%
Wind-Electricity; 1,720 jobs; 12.68%
Total 2004: 13,564 Jobs
Source: EEG TU Wien/WKO
In addition 19,110 jobs were created through the use of the equipment, from which belong to the employment of the biomass preparation for energy use.
Figure 3.3: The economy of renewable energy technologies: Jobs(Source: EEG-TU Vienna/WKO)
22
4. The Role of Renewables in the Austrian Energy Supply
The Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources has a long tradition in Austria - due to the nature of its landscape. Since the middle of the 1970s, the contribution of Renewables to the energy supply in Austria has been steadily increasing; Fig. 4.1 to Fig. 4.4. Fig. 4.3 illustrates the market development of renewable energy supply in Austria from 1970 to 2003. All Renewables increased during this time period. The market deployment of the “other” Renewables from 1990 to 2004 shows Figure 4.4. There are a number of renewable energy and waste sources which are considered to be economically viable or approaching economic viability: hydro-power, solar-energy, geothermal-energy, wind-energy, solid biomass (fire wood, wood/biomass waste), biogas (landfill gas, sewage sludge gas), and liquid bio-fuels, as well as industrial and municipal solid waste. Besides hydropower, biomass and solar energy - used in the different ways - and for some places also wind energy are promising renewable energy sources for Austria. In 2003 the share of Renewables in total energy consumption (supply) amounts to an average of about 21.1%, of which 9.4% is accounted to hydro power and 10.7% to “other” Renewables (Bio-energy, Solar-thermal, Geothermal, Wind-energy, Photovoltaic); Fig. 4.5a and Fig. 4.5b. Austria is amongst the leaders when it comes to using renewable energy sources both the traditional and the “other” Renewables. About 93.8% of the contribution of “other” Renewables is shared by bioenergy, followed with 2.3% by ambient heat, 1.9% by solar thermal, 1.8% by wind-energy, 0.2% by geothermal and 0.02% by solar-electricity, PV; Fig. 4.6. The heat-/electricity output of solar-heat, solar electricity, wind-electricity and ambient heat is shown in Figure 4.7a and the installed heat/electrical load in Figure 4.7b. At the end of 2004 the heat/power output reached 12,243 TJ and the installed heat/power load was 3,282 MW.
The electricity production in Austria in the year 2004 is documented in Fig. 4.8 to Fig. 4.14. The total electricity production was in 2004 about 59,354 GWh, from which were produces 62% from hydro-power plants, 37% from thermal power plants and 1% from Renewables and non-renewable wastes; Fig. 4.8. To the electricity production in 2004 contributed 96.3% hydro-power plants, 3.1% was produced from “other” Renewables and 0.6% from non-renewable wastes; Fig. 4.9. The gross electricity production from “other” Renewables to the electricity supply in 2004 is shown in Fig. 4.10. About 1.210 GWh were produced. The electricity production from eco-power plants reached 286 GWh in 2002, 375 GWh in 2003 and 941 GWh in 2004; Fig. 4.11. The electrical capacity of electricity power plants with Renewables was in 2004 15,785 MWel,Fig. 4.12. Summarizing, the electricity production in Austria in the time period is illustrated in Fig. 4.13a and b. Fig. 4.14a illustrates the gross electricity and heat production (CHP-plants) and Fig. 14b the heat production by Renewables in 2004. Gross and final consumption of “other” Renewables are documented in Fig. 4.15a and Fig. 4.15b. Production/gross energy consumption of wood/wood waste/other solid wastes and of liquid bio-fuels is shown in Fig. 4.16a and Fig. 4.16b.
The market deployment of Renewables in Austria has been quite successful. Larger contributions of renewable energy carriers in total energy consumption require more activities to reduce the energy demand within higher energy-efficiencies in all sectors of energy consumption. Especially the substitution of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources should be considered.
In terms of lessons learned, there was a certain tendency in the past to put too much emphasis on high-technology solutions in the end-user sector. Experience shows that intermediate-technology solutions which are reliable and easy to handle are of more importance, at least for
23
near-term applications and commercialisation. Sufficient experience and operational data exist now to ensure that renewable energy technologies are professionally designed and installed to provide optimum performance.
Energy Consumption in Austria 1970 - 2004
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ
Renewables & Electrical EnergyGasOilCoal
Figure 4.1: Gross energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Renewable Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Gro
ss E
nerg
y Su
pply
, TJ Other Renewables
Hydro-Power
Figure 4.2: Gross hydro- and other renewable energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2003(Source: Statistik Austria)
24
Gross Renewable Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2003
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
35000019
7019
7219
7419
7619
7819
8019
8219
8419
8619
8819
9019
9219
9419
9619
9820
0020
02
Ener
gy S
uppl
y, T
J Hydropower
Solarenergy, Ambient heat,Windenergy, Geothermal Biomass and Biofuel
Fuel Wood
Solid Waste (Industrial andMunicipal)
Figure 4.3: Gross Renewables energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2003(Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Consumption of "Other" Renewables in Austria: 1990 - 2004
Without Biofuels
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Gro
ss C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ
Other Biogas
Sludge Gas
Landfill Gas
Gas from Biomass
Wood/Wood Waste/Other Solid Wastes
Municipal Waste (non-renewable)
Municipal Waste (renewable)
Municipal Waste
Industrial Waste (non-renewable)
Solar Thermal
Geothermal
Figure 4.4: Gross “other” Renewables energy supply In Austria: 1990 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
25
Share of Renewables on Gross Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
22,0
24,0
26,019
7019
7119
7219
7319
7419
7519
7619
7719
7819
7919
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Shar
e of
Ren
ewab
les,
%
Figure 4.5a: Share of Renewables on energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
Share of Renewables on Gross Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Shar
e of
Ren
ewab
les,
%
Hydro-Power Other Renewables
Figure 4.5b: Share of hydropower and other Renewables on energy supply In Austria: 1970 – 2004
(Source: Statistik Austria)
26
Contribution of "Other" Renewables to Energy Supply in Austria 2004
Bioenergy93.79%
Solar Thermal1.90%
Solar-Electricity (PV)0.02%
Wind-Electricity1.78%
Geothermal0.23%Ambient Heat
2.28%
Total 2004:187,519 TJ
Figure 4.6: Contribution of „Other“ Renewables to energy supply In Austria 2004
27
Heat- and Electricity Output of Solar Energy-, Wind Energy- and Heat Pump Technologies in Austria
2004
Ambient Heat34.9%
Solar-Electricity (PV)0.4%
Solar-Heat29.1%
Wind-Electricity35.6%
Total: 12,243 TJ/year
Fig. 4.7a: Heat-/electricity-output of solar energy-, wind energy, and heat pump technologies In Austria 2004
Heat- and Electrical Load of Solar Energy-, Wind Energy- and Heat Pump Technologies
in Austria 2004
Ambient Heat21.9%
Solar Electricity (PV)0.6%
Solar Heat59.0%
Wind Electricity18.5%
Total: 3 282 MW
Fig. 4.7b: Heat-/electrical load of solar energy-, wind energy, and heat pump technologies In Austria 2004
28
Electricity Production in Austria 2004 Contribution of Hydropower and "Other" Renewables
Hydropower; 37 211.569 GWh;
97%
Other Renewables;
1 209.530 GWh; 3%
Total 2004:38,421 GWh=138,316 TJ
Figure 4.8: Electricity production from Hydropower and “Other” Renewables In Austria 2004
Electricity Production in Austria 2004 Contribution of Renewables and Non-renewable Waste
Hydropower; 37 211.569 GWh;
96,3%
Other Renewables;
1 209.530 GWh; 3,1%
Non-renewable Wastes;
225.871 GWh; 0,6%
Total 2004:38,647 GWh=139,129 TJ
Figure 4.9: Contribution of Renewables and Non-renewable wastes on electricity production In Austria 2004
29
Gross Electricity Production in Austria 2004 Share of "Other" Renewables
Wind76.39%
Solar Photovoltaics0.93%
Liquid Biofuels0.05%
Geothermal0.16%
Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid
Wastes14.08%
Municipal Wastes (renewable)
7.18%
Other biogas0.53%
Landfill gas0.33%
Sewage sludge gas0.35%
Total 2004: 1 210 GWh= 4 356 TJStatistik Austria
Figure 4.10: Share of „Other“ Renewables on electricity production In Austria 2004
Green Electricity Production in Austria: 2002 - 2004
286375
941
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
2002 2003 2004
Elec
tric
ity P
rodu
ctio
n, G
Wh
E-Control
Figure 4.11: Green electricity production In Austria 2002 – 2004 (Source: E-Control)
30
Figure 4.12: Electrical capacity of power plants in Austria 2004: Share of Renewables
Electrical Capacity of Electricity Power plantsin Austria 2004
Share of Renewables
Hydropower> 10 MW;
10.693 MW; 67.74%
Hydropower1-10 MW;
738 MW; 4.68%
Hydropower <1 MW; 112 MW; 0.71%
Hydropowerpumped storage; 2.543 MW; 16.11%
Solar Photovoltaic; 9 MW; 0.06%
Municipal Wastes; 364 MW; 2.31%
Wind; 560 MW; 3.55%
Wood/Wood wastes/
Other Solid Wastes; 766 MW; 4.85%
Total 2004: 15,785 MWelStatistik Austria
31
Electricity Production in Austria: 1975 - 2004
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
7000019
7519
7619
7719
7819
7919
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
8919
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
GW
h/ye
ar
Green ElectricityThermal PowerHydropower
E-Control
Figure 4.13a: Electricity production In Austria: 1975 – 2004 (Source: E-Control)
Electricity Production in Austria: 1975 - 2004 Share of Energy Sources/Production
0102030405060708090
100
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1989
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Shar
e of
Ene
rgy
Sour
ces,
%
Green Electricity
Thermal Power
Hydropower
E-Control
Figure 4.13b: Share of power plants on electricity production In Austria: 1975 – 2004 (Source: E-Control)
32
Gross Electricity and Heat Production by Renewables in Austria 2004
CHP Plants
Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid
Wastes; 72,716 TJ; 62.66%
Other biogas; 2,840 TJ; 2.45%
Industrial wastes (non-renewable); 3,322 TJ; 2.86%
Liquid Biofuels; 375 TJ; 0.32%
Municipal Wastes (renewable);
14,168 TJ; 12.21%
Municipal Wastes (non-renewable); 22,632 TJ; 19.50%
Total 2004: 116,053 TJ
Figure 4.14a: Gross electricity and heat production by Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Heat Production by Renewables in Austria 2004
Solar thermal; 3,561 TJ; 2.21%Geothermal;
793 TJ; 0.49%Industrial wastes (non-renewable); 12,469 TJ; 7.75%
Municipal Wastes (renewable);
2,480 TJ; 1.54%
Municipal Wastes (non-renewable); 5,101 TJ; 3.17%
Liquid Biofuels; 607 TJ; 0.38%
Other biogas; 800 TJ; 0.50%
Sewage sludge gas; 492 TJ; 0.31%
Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid
Wastes;134,564 TJ; 83.65%
Total 2004: 160,867 TJ
Figure 4.14b: Gross heat production by Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
33
Gross Consumption of "Other" Renewables in Austria 2004
GeothermalEnergy; 793 TJ;
0.49%
Solar Thermal; 3,561 TJ; 2.21%Sewage sludge
gas; 800 TJ; 0.50%
Other Biogas; 607 TJ; 0.38%
Landfill Gas; 492 TJ; 0.31%
Municipal Wastes(renewable);
2,480 TJ; 1.54%
Industrial Wastes (non-renewable); 12,469 TJ; 7.75%
Municipal Wastes(non-renewable); 5,101 TJ; 3.17%
Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid
Wastes; 134,564 TJ; 83.65%
Total 2004: 160,867 TJ
Figure 4.15a: Gross consumption of “other” Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Final Consumption of "Other" Renewables in Austria 2004
Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid
Wastes; 100,934 TJ; 88.18%
Other Biogas; 322 TJ; 0.28%
Geothermal Energy; 269; 0.24%
Solar Thermal; 3,561 TJ; 3.11%
Industrial Wastes (non-renewable); 9,378 TJ; 8.19%
Total 2004: 114,446 TJ
Figure 4.15b: Final consumption of “other” Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
34
Production of Wood/Wood Wastes/Other Solid Wastes in Austria: 1990 - 2004
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
16000019
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Prod
uctio
n, T
J
Other Solid WastesBlack liquorOther vegetal materials and waste Wood
Figure 4.16a: Production of wood/wood wastes and other solid wastes In Austria: 1990 - 2004
(Source: Statistik Austria)
Production/Gross Consumption of Liquid Biofuels in Austria: 1990 - 2004
24,583
21,00021,00022,000
20,00018,000
16,00015,000
14,000
11,000
7,0009,0009,000
8,0007,000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Prod
uctio
n/G
ross
Con
sum
ptio
n, T
onne
s
Figure 4.16b: Production of liquid bio-fuels In Austria: 1990 - 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
35
Gross Consumption of "Other" Renewables in Austria: 1990 - 2004
Without Biofuels
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Gro
ss C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ
Other Biogas
Sludge Gas
Landfill Gas
Gas from Biomass
Wood/Wood Waste/Other Solid Wastes
Municipal Waste (non-renewable)
Municipal Waste (renewable)
Municipal Waste
Industrial Waste (non-renewable)
Solar Thermal
Geothermal
Figure 4.16c: Gross consumption of “other” Renewables In Austria: 1990 - 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
36
5. Development of Energy Supply in Austria
The development of energy consumption in Austria in the time period 1970 – 2004 is illustrated in Fig. 5.1. Gross energy / final energy consumption as well as the contribution of Renewables in energy supply increased: gross energy consumption with 75.02% (related to an average annual change rate of 2.21%), final energy consumption with 90.51% (related to an average annual change rate of 2.66%) and the contribution of Renewables in energy supply with 146.29% (related to an average annual change rate of 4.30%); Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2. Also the share of Renewables in energy supply increased from 15.53% in the year 1970 to 21.86% in the year 2004 (related to gross energy consumption) and from 21.50% in 1970 to 27.79% in 2004 (related to final energy consumption).
Even if Renewables production has increased remarkable since 1970, the share of Renewables in energy supply did not growth at the same level. This means that Renewables just could keep pace with the overall increase in energy demand but more needs to be done to expand their shares in the fuel mix.
The gross-consumption of Renewables and wastes from 1990 – 2004 is shown in Fig. 5.3, and the share of Renewables and wastes in the energy consumption in the year 2004 in Fig. 5.4.
The gross energy supply related to energy sources is shown in Fig. 5.5a for 2003 and in Fig. 5.5b for 2004. Oil is dominating with about 43%, followed by gas with 23% and Renewables with about 21%. Fig. 5.6a and Fig. 5.6b illustrate the final energy supply for 2004 and 2004.
The gross energy consumption in Austria from 1970 to 2004 and related to energy sectors is shown in Fig. 5.7a and in Fig. 5.7b. Fig.5.8a and Fig. 5.8b show the share of energy consumption sectors in the year 2003 and 2004. The largest energy consumer with about 30% is the transportation sector, followed from the production and household sectors with both about 27%- 28%, the energy service sector with about 12% and the agriculture sector with about 2.4%. The market development of energy supply in the different supply sectors is illustrated in Fig. 5.9a, and in the year 2004 in Fig. 5.9b. The transportation sector is leading with 31.8%, follows by space heating, air-conditioning and hot water preparation with 29.3%.
The total electricity supply was in 2003 62,916 GWh (Fig. 5.10a) and in 2004 64,776 GWh; Fig. 5.10b. The grid losses are of about 5.2% to 5.3% and the internal electricity supply of about 3.1% to 3.2%.
The market development as well as the electricity production in Austria from 1970 to 2004 is characterized in Chapter 4.
37
1970 1990 2004Gross-Energy Consumption 796822 1052150 1394573Final-Energy Consumption 575725 773760 1079718Renewables Consumption 123770 210196 304829
1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004Gross-Energy Consumption 597751 255328 342423Final-Energy Consumption 521069 198035 323034Renewables Consumption 181059 86426 94633
1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004Gross-Energy Consumption 597751 255328 342423Final-Energy Consumption 503993 198035 305958Renewables Consumption 181059 86426 94633
1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004Gross-Energy Consumption 75,02 32,04 32,55Final-Energy Consumption 87,54 34,40 39,54Renewables Consumption 146,29 69,83 45,02
1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004Gross-Energy Consumption 2,21 1,6 2,33Final-Energy Consumption 2,66 1,72 2,98Renewables Consumption 4,30 3,49 3,22
1970 1990 2004Gross-Energy Consumption 15,53 19,98 21,86Final-Energy Consumption 21,5 19,99 28,23
Average Annual Change in Energy Consumption, %
Share of Renewables , %
Energy Consumption, TJ
Change in Energy Consumption, %
The Change of Energy Consumption in Austria 1970 - 2004Gross-, Final-Energy and Renewables Consumption
Change in Energy Consumption, TJ
Change in Energy Consumption, TJ
Gross- and Final- Energy Consumption in Austria: 1970 - 2004
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
160000019
7019
7119
7219
7319
7419
7519
7619
7719
7819
7919
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ
Gross-Energy ConsumptionFinal-Energy Consumption
2004:Gross-Energy Consumption: 1 394,573 TJFinal-Energy Consumption: 1 079,718 TJ
Figure 5.1: Energy consumption In Austria: 1970 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
38
Energy Consumption in Austria Changes 1970 - 2004
Gross- and Final-Energy Consumption & Renewables Consumption
255,328
597,751
342,423323,034
198,035
521,069
94,63386,426
181,059
0
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.000
700.000
1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004Time Period
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ Gross Energy
Final EnergyRenewables
Energy Consumption in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Average Annual Change Rate
Gross Energy and Final Energy & Renewables Consumption
2.33
1.60
2.21
2.98
1.72
2.66
3.223.49
4.33
0,000,501,001,502,002,503,003,504,004,505,00
1970 - 2004 1970 - 1990 1990 - 2004Time Period
Ave
rage
Ann
ual
Cha
nge/
%/y
ear
Gross EnergyFinal EnergyRenewables
Figure 5.2: Average annual change in energy consumption In Austria: 1970 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
39
Renewables and Waste Consumption in Austria: 1990 - 2004
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
45000019
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ
Non-renewable WastesAmbient HeatSolar ElectricityWind ElectricityGeothermalSolar ThermalBioenergyHydro-Power
Figure 5.3: Renewables and waste consumption In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Renewables and Waste Consumption in Austria 2004
Geothermal0.20%
Wind Electricity0.85%
Solar Electricity0.01%
Ambient Heat1.08%
Solar Thermal0.90%
Bioenergy44.63%
Hydro-Power36.91%
Non-renewable Wastes15.41%
Total Consumption 2004: 394,073 TJ
Figure 5.4: Renewables and waste consumption In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
40
Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2003, TJ
Gas; 319,481 TJ; 23.0%
Oil; 593,438 TJ; 42.8%
Coal; 172,163 TJ; 12.4%
Electricity; 20,209 TJ; 1.5%
Renewables; 281,794 TJ; 20.3%
Total 2003: 1 387,085 TJ
Figure 5.5a: Gross energy supply in Austria 2003 Related to energy supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2004, TJ
Gas; 322,260 TJ; 23.1%
Oil; 595,306 TJ; 42.7%
Coal; 165,834 TJ; 11.9%
Electricity; 11,089 TJ; 0.8%Renewables;
300,083 TJ; 21.5%
Total 2004: 1 394,573 TJ
Figure 5.5b: Gross energy supply in Austria 2004 Related to energy supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
41
Final Energy Supply in Austria 2003, TJ
District Heat; 54,653 TJ; 5.1%
Renewables; 119,753 TJ; 11.2%
Gas;183,768 TJ; 17.2%
Oil; 483,910 TJ; 45.2%
Coal; 29,135 TJ; 2.7%Electricity;
199,298 TJ; 18.6%
Total 2003: 1 070,517 TJ
Figure 5.6a: Final energy supply in Austria 2003 Related to energy supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
Final Energy Supply in Austria 2004, TJ
District Heat; 54.091 TJ; 5,0%
Renewables; 119.190 TJ; 11,0%
Gas;197.849 TJ; 18,3%
Oil; 479.319 TJ; 44,4%
Coal; 25.714 TJ; 2,4%Electricity;
203.556 TJ; 18,9%
Total 2004: 1,079.719 TJ
Figure 5.6b: Final energy supply in Austria 2004 Related to energy supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
42
Gross Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Related to Energy Supply Sectors
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
120000019
70
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Gro
ss E
nerg
y Su
pply
, TJ
HouseholdsEnergy ServiceTransportationProductionAgriculture
Figure 5.7a: Gross energy supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Related to energy supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Energy Supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Share of Energy Supply Sectors
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Shar
e of
Ene
rgy
Sect
ors,
%
HouseholdsEnergy ServiceTransportationProductionAgriculture
Figure 5.7b: Gross energy supply in Austria: 1970 - 2004 Share of energy supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
43
Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2003 Related to Energy Supply Sectors
Transportation; 321,220 TJ; 30.0%
Energy Service; 132,108 TJ; 12.3%
Households; 297,113 TJ; 27.8%
Production; 295,738 TJ; 27.6%
Agriculture; 24,337 TJ; 2.3%
Total 2003: 1 070,516 TJ
Figure 5.8a: Gross energy supply in Austria 2003 Share of energy supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2004 Related to Energy Supply Sectors
Energy Service; 126,846 TJ; 11.7% Transportation;
333,305 TJ; 30.9%
Production; 301,680 TJ; 27.9%
Agriculture; 25,399 TJ; 2.4%
Households; 292,488 TJ; 27.1%
Total 2004: 1 079,718 TJ
Figure 5.8b: Gross energy supply in Austria 2004 Share of energy supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
44
Gross Energy Supply in Austria1995 - 2004
Related to Supply Sectors
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
120000019
95
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Gro
ss E
nerg
y Su
pply
, TJ
Electro-chemistry
Non-mobile Engines
Industry Furnaces
Steam Production
Lighting & EDV
Space Heating, Airconditioning, Hot Water
Transportation
Figure 5.9a: Gross energy supply in Austria: 1994 - 2004 Related to supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
Gross Energy Supply in Austria 2004Related to Supply Sectors
Non-mobile Engines;
146,316 TJ; 13.6%
Industry Furnaces; 155,997 TJ; 14.4%
Steam Production; 81,854 TJ; 7.6%
Lighting & EDV; 33,623 TJ; 3.1% Space Heating,
Airconditioning,Hot Water;
316,541 TJ; 29.3%
Transportation; 343,678 TJ; 31.8%
Electro-chemistry;1,708 TJ; 0.2%
Total 2005: 1 079,717 TJ
Figure 5.9b: Gross energy supply in Austria 2004 Related to supply sectors
(Source: Statistik Austria)
45
Electricity Supply in Austria 2003
Grid Losses; 3 292 GWh; 5.2%
Internal Demand; 2 009 GWh; 3.2%
FinalConsumption; 57 615 GWh;
91.6%
Total 2003: 62 916 GWh
E-Control
Figure 5.10a: Electricity supply In Austria 2003 (Source: E-Control)
Electricity Supply in Austria 2004
Grid Losses; 3 423 GWh; 5.3%
Internal Demand; 1 999 GWh; 3.1%
FinalConsumption; 59 354 GWh;
91.6%
Total 2004: 64 776 GWh
E-Control
Figure 5.10b: Electricity supply In Austria 2004 (Source: E-Control)
46
6. Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies in Austria
Renewable Energy Technologies in Austria
47
6.1. Hydropower
Hydro-Power:Hydro refers to potential and kinetic energy of water converted into electricity in hydroelectric plants. Hydro includes also the output from pumped storage plants.
Hydropower Technologies in Austria
48
Hydro-power is the most commonly used of all Renewables for power generation in Austria. About 70% of the exploitable hydro-power sites have been harnessed. The exploitable potential for hydro-power in Austria is estimated to be 58% of the present average electricity generation per year. Some more “green” electricity production can be realised within rehabilitated, modernized or redeveloped small hydropower plants.
Hydro-power is also one of the most cost effective sources of Renewables, and offers significant benefits such as flood control, irrigation, potable water etc.
New technology developments in the area of hydro-power technologies have allowed the efficiency of these plants to rise, while the environmental impact of them has been significantly reduced. Small hydro-power plants can be used competitively as distributed or captive power where there is sufficient resource, or as bulk power.
The market deployment of electricity production by hydro-power plants in Austria is shown in Fig. 6.1 and Fig. 6.2, and the actual situation (end of 2004) in Fig. 6.3. The contribution of hydro-power for electricity production was at the end of 2004 37,200 GWh (135,720 TJ), from which were produced 85% from hydro-power plants 10 MW, 7% 1 – 10 MW, 1% smaller 1 M, and 7% production from pumped storage; Fig. 6.3. The installed hydropower load is shown in Fig. 6.4a for the time period 1990 – 2004 and in Fig. 6.4b in detail from 1999 – 2004. Table 1 illustrates the gross electricity production by hydropower and “other” Renewables in 2004.
More information about electricity production in Austria is provided in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5.
49
Electricity Production by Hydropower in Austria: 1990 - 2004
39 462
35 292
42 05741 83743 528
41 74638 716
37 29335 580
38 47736 89438 020
36 08232 72832 492
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
5000019
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Hyd
ro E
lect
ricity
Pro
duct
ion,
GW
h
Source: E-Control
Figure 6.1: Electricity production by hydro-power plants In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (GWh) (Source: E-Control)
Electricity Production by Hydropower in Austria: 1990 - 2004
30000
32000
34000
36000
38000
40000
42000
44000
46000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Hyd
ro E
lect
ricity
Pro
duct
ion,
GW
h
Source: E-Control
Figure 6.2: Electricity production by hydro-power plants In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (GWh) (Source: E-Control)
50
Hydro-Power Plants in Austria Gross Electricity Production 2004
Hydro-Power, larger 10 MW;
31 876 GWh; 85%
Hydro-Power, 1 to < 10 MW;
2 793 GWh; 7%
Production from pumped storage; 2 543 GWh; 7%
Hydro-Power, < 1 MW;
489 GWh; 1%
Total 2004: 37 700 GWh
Statistik Austria
Figure 6.3: Gross electricity production from hydro-power plants In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Installed Hydro-Power Load in Austria: 1990 - 2004
12262
14086
13750
11550
1154711648
11444
11533
11367
113041123911181110951102610947
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Inst
alle
d Po
wer
Loa
d, M
W el
Figure 6.4a: Installed hydropower load In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
51
Installed Hydro-Power Load in Austria: 1999 - 2004
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000In
stal
led
Load
, MW
el
Production from pumped storage 3.568 3.568 3.568 3.568 3.568 2.543Hydro, > 10 MW 7.237 7.136 7.139 7.147 8.675 10.693Hydro, 1 to < 10 MW 561 561 561 1.083 740 738Hydro, < 1 MW 282 282 282 464 767 112
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
11,648 11,547
13,750
12,26211,550
14,086
Figure 6.4b: Installed hydropower load In Austria: 1999 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Power Plant MWh/year Share, %Hydropower 37.700.239 96,3322Geothermal 1.976 0,0050Solar Photovoltaics 11.307 0,0289Wind 923.915 2,3608Industrial wastes (non-renewable) 25.320 0,0647Municipal Wastes (renewable) 86.819 0,2218Municipal Wastes (non-renewable) 200.551 0,5125Wood/Wood wastes/Other Solid Wastes 170.300 0,4352Landfill gas 3.938 0,0101Sewage sludge gas 4.248 0,0109Other biogas 6.390 0,0163Liquid Biofuels 637 0,0016
Total 39.135.640 100
Gross Electricity Production by Renewables in Austria 2004
Table 1: Gross electricity production by Renewables In Austria 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
52
Biomass Technologies in Austria
6.2. Bioenergy
Bioenergy:Bioenergy is solar energy captured by plants through photosynthesis
and fixed in carbohydrate material.
53
The term “bioenergy” is used for biomass energy systems that produce heat and / or electricity and “bio fuels” for liquid fuels for transportation. Bioenergy products are offered in form of firewood, bark and wood chips from the forests and as remnants of the wood processing industry. In many ways biomass can be considered as a form of stored solar energy. The energy of the sun is “captured” through the process of photosynthesis in growing plants. There is a vital difference between energy production from fossil fuels and from biomass. Burning fossil fuels releases CO2, which has been locked up for millions of years in the ground and will require many more millions of years to return back to the ground. By contrast, burning biomass simply returns to the atmosphere the CO2 that was absorbed as the plant grew over a relatively short period of time and there is no net release of CO2 if the cycle of growth and harvest is sustained. Using biomass as a fuel means that carbon dioxide (CO2)that was absorbed from the air while the plant was growing is released back into the air when the fuel is burned. The system is said to be “carbon neutral”. Providing the balance is maintained between the plant growth and biomass use, the system is sustainable and helps combat climate change. On the other hand, deforestation cannot be considered “carbon neutral”. For managing eco-systems for bioenergy production good and environmental sensible forest management is essential.
In reality bioenergy products are not strictly “carbon neutral” because energy is needed for production and transport of fire wood, barks and wood chips. But the environmentally relevant CO2-emissions are low compared with the CO2-emissions of fossil energy sources (e.g. about 6 to 43 g CO2/kWh for solid biomass products compared with 247 g CO2/kWh (gas) to 452 (lignite) g CO2/kWh). Bio-fuels depend on hydrocarbon fuels to the degree that they are agriculturally produced, result in soil impoverishment and hence are neither really carbon-free nor limitless. The issue requires further research to prioritise among them.
There are different categories of Bioenergy-products: Solid Biomass: Covers organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat production or electricity generation. It comprises: fire wood, wood wastes, other solid wastes. Fire Wood, wood wastes, other solid wastes: Covers purpose-grown energy crops (poplar, willow etc.), a multitude of woody materials generated by an industrial process (wood/paper industry in particular) or provided directly by forestry and agriculture (firewood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, shavings, chips, black liquor etc.) as well as wastes such as straw, rice husks, nut shells, poultry litter, crushed grape dregs etc. Combustion is the preferred technology for these solid wastes. Biogas: A gas composed principally of methane and carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass, comprising landfill gas, formed by the digestion of land filled wastes, sewage sludge gas, produced from the anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge, and other biogas, such as biogas produced from the anaerobic fermentation of animal slurries and of wastes in abattoirs, breweries and other agro-food industries. Liquid bio-fuels: cover bio-ethanol (ethanol produced from biomass and/or biodegradable fraction of waste), biodiesel (a diesel quality liquid fuel produced from biomass or used fried oils), bio-methanol (methanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste), bio-dimethylether (a diesel quality fuel produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste) and bio-oil (a pyrolysis oil fuel produced from biomass).
54
Renewable wastes: Cover renewable industrial waste, municipal solid waste (waste produced by households, hospitals etc.).
The market deployment of bio-energy consumption in Austria is illustrated for the time period from 1980 until 2004 in Fig. 6.2.1. In 2004 about 175,882 TJ were produced from bio-energy, from which 34.5% comes from fuel wood and also 34.5% from industrial waste, followed with 19.2% from wood waste and 9.3% from other solid biomass; Fig. 6.2.2.
6.2.1. Solid Biomass
Solid biomass is defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into other forms before combustion. Included are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), animal materials/wastes, sulphite lyes (also known as black liquor, this is sludge that contains the lignin digested from wood for paper making), and other solid biomass.
The market deployment of consumption of fuel wood, wood waste and other solid biomass is illustrated for the time period 1980 – 2004 in Fig. 6.2.3 to Fig. 6.2.5. Other Renewables and waste are non-specified combustible Renewables and wastes associated with one or more of the following four products: industrial waste, municipal waste, solid biomass and biogas. Energy sources are reported as non- specified when national administrations are unable to break down the data into the different products (especially in earlier years of the time series), or when data are confidential.
The renewable solid waste consumption in Austria from 1980 to 2004 is documented in Fig. 6.2.6. Renewable municipal waste consists of the biodegradable part of municipal waste products that are combusted directly to produce heat and/or power. It comprises waste produced by the residential, commercial and public services sectors that is collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location, including biodegradable hospital waste.
Renewable industrial waste consists of solid, liquid and gaseous products combusted directly, usually in specialised plants, to produce heat and/or power and that are not reported in the category solid biomass; Fig. 6.2.7.
Non-renewable municipal waste consists of the non-biodegradable part of municipal waste products that are combusted directly to produce heat and/or power. It comprises waste produced by the residential, commercial and public sectors that is collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location, including non-biodegradable hospital waste; Fig. 6.2.8.
The market deployment of biomass-heating systems was actively supported by R&D efforts to improve combustion technology for domestic heating, industrial process heat applications and district heating. Also the operating comfort of biomass boilers could be improved by features of full automatic operation and a similar comfort as oil or gas fired boilers: wood chips and pellets boilers. Since 1989 about 4138 of biomass heating systems were installed in Austria; Fig. 6.2.9a and Fig. 6.2.9b. The annual increasing rate of pellets boilers is since the last three years more than 30% per year.
55
6.2.2. Liquid Biomass
Liquid biomass includes fuels and bio-additives such as bio-ethanol, biodiesel, bio-methanol and bio-dimethylether.
Along with the use of forestry products for bioenergy, agricultural biomass production has also received significant attention. Most progress has been made in the field of biodiesel.
The shortage of mineral oil supply led to two major bio-fuel projects after 1979. The construction of 80,000 t/year ethanol plant and the development of the biodiesel technology were planned. Whereas the ethanol project could not be realized due to the changed economic framework, the biodiesel project has developed successfully. Biodiesel has been examined in collaboration with science, economy and administration in laboratories, pilot projects, on the test bench and in fleet tests. Initially rape seed and sunflower oil were tested as raw materials, but later on cost-efficient used frying fat was also used successfully. In recent years, a market for neat biodiesel has developed.
In 1991 the world’s first industrial plant for the production of biodiesel at Mureck/Styria, was founded. One of the main advantages of biodiesel production technique applied is its high flexibility with regard to the quality of the raw materials used. Even low-cost used cooking oil as well as animal fats may be processed without the addition of expensive and unused plant fats. By-products such as glycerine and solid fertilizers that are created in the course of production are sufficiently acceptable to be sold and thus contribute to the profitability and economic efficiency of biodiesel production.
The biodiesel production in Austria is shown in Figure 6.2.10. The bio-fuel production in 2004 was about 28.000 tonnes.
6.2.3. Bio-gas
Biogas is derived principally from the anaerobic fermentation of biomass and solid wastes and is combusted to produce heat and/or power. Included in this category are landfill gas and sludge gas (sewage gas and gas from animal slurries) and other biogas.
Biogas has also received a lot of attention and the number of biogas plants is increasing both in agriculture and in waste management.
The market deployment biogas consumption is shown in Fig. 6.2.11, from landfill gas in Fig. 6.2.12 and from sewage sludge gas in Fig. 6.2.13.
6.2.4. Installed Electrical Load of Bio-energy Products
The installed electrical load of wood/wood waste and other solid wastes in Austria is illustrated for the time period 1990 – 2004 in Fig. 6.2.14 and for municipal wastes in Fig. 6.2.15.
56
Bioenergy Gross-Consumption in Austria 1980 - 2004
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Gro
ss-E
nerg
y C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ Municipial Solid Waste
(renewable)Industrial Waste
Sewage Sludge Gas
Landfill Gas
Biogas
Other Solid Biomass
Wood Waste
Fuel Wood
Figure 6.2.1: Bioenergy gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
Bioenergy Gross-Consumption, TJ, in Austria 2004
Landfill Gas0.3%
Biogas0.3%
Other Solid Biomass9.3%
Sewage Sludge Gas0.4% Wood Waste
19.2%
Industrial Waste34.5%
Fuel Wood34.5%
Municipial Solid Waste (renewable)
1.4%
Total 2004: 175,882 TJ
Figure 6.2.2: Bioenergy gross consumption In Austria 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
57
Fuel Wood Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
8000019
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year
2000: 24 902 TJ2001: 30 848 TJ2002: 27 029 TJ2003: 34 349 TJ2004: 33 741 TJ
Figure 6.2.3: Fuel wood gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
Wood Waste Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year 2000: 24 902 TJ
2001: 30 848 TJ2002: 27 029 TJ2003: 34 349 TJ2004: 33 741 TJ
Figure 6.2.4: Wood waste gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
58
Other Solid Biomass Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2500019
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year 2000: 4 352 TJ
2001: 5 357 TJ2002: 9 516 TJ
2003: 13 538 TJ2004: 16 305 TJ
Figure 6.2.5: Other solid biomasses gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
Municipal Solid Waste (renewable) Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year 2000: 1 765 TJ
2001: 1 803 TJ2002: 1 868 TJ2003: 2 210 TJ2004: 2 481 TJ
Figure 6.2.6: Renewable municipal gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
59
Industrial Waste Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
8000019
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year
2000: 58 624 TJ2001: 64 482 TJ2002: 60 782 TJ2003: 63 872 TJ2004: 60 734 TJ
Figure 6.2.7: Renewable industrial waste gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
Non-renewable Solid Waste Gross- Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year 2000: 2 755 TJ
2001: 2 806 TJ2002: 3 047 TJ2003: 3 574 TJ2004: 5 100 TJ
Figure 6.2.8: Non-renewable solid waste gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
60
Wood Chips and Pellets-Heating Systems in AustriaYearly Installed Heat Load: 1989 - 2004
41 49 75 69 60 59 59 70,5 102 110 130 156197 191 222 252
29 4639 40 36 37 53
7596 54
6870 67
9490
3453 19 35 44 43
46101
112116
10591
13171
125
222
54
0
100
200
300
400
500
60019
89
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Inst
alle
d H
eat L
oad,
MW
/yea
r
larger MW
100 - 1 000 kW
smaller 100 kW
Figure: 6.2.9a: Market deployment of wood chips and pellets heating systems In Austria: 1989 – 2004
(Source: Niederösterreichische Landwirtschaftskammer)
Wood Chips and Pellets-Heatingsystems in Austria: Installed Heat Load:1989 - 2004 (Cumulative Data)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Hea
t Loa
d, M
W larger MW
100 - 1 000 kW
smaller 100 kW
Figure: 6.2.9b: Market deployment of wood chips and pellets heating systems In Austria: 1989 – 2004
(Source: Niederösterreichische Landwirtschaftskammer)
61
Biodiesel Production in Austria: 1994 - 2004Tonnes per year
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Bio
dies
el p
rodu
ctio
n, to
nnes
/yea
r
Sunflower oil 500 400 400Used frying fat 2300 2500 3400 4500 4500 4500 4500Rape seed oil 77000 14700 17000 22000 20500 15600 23100 24200 24200 24200 24200
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
2002 - 2004: Estimated data
Figure 6.2.10: Biodiesel production In Austria: 1994 – 2004(Source: BLT-Wieselburg)
BiogasGross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year
2000: 337 TJ2001: 253 TJ2002: 281 TJ2003: 322 TJ2004: 607 TJ
Figure 6.2.11: Biogas gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
62
Landfill Gas Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
90019
80
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year
2000: 457 TJ2001: 859 TJ2002: 381 TJ2003: 527 TJ2004: 492 TJ
Figure 6.2.12: Landfill gas gross consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
Sewage Sludge Gas Gross-Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year
2000: 791 TJ2001: 725 TJ2002: 721 TJ2003: 745 TJ2004: 789 TJ
Figure 6.2.13: Sewage sludge gas consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004(Source: Statistik Austria)
63
Installed Electrical Load of Wood/Wood Waste/Other Solid Waste
in Austria: 1990 - 2004
400 400 400 412 412
544607 609
747787 780 766 766 766 766
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Elec
tric
al L
oad,
MW
el
Figure 6.2.14: Installed electrical load of wood/wood waste and other solid wastes In Austria: 1990 – 2004
(Source: Statistik Austria)
Installed Electrical Load of Municipal Waste in Austria: 1990 - 2004
6 6 6 6 6 6 13 14 9 12 12 12 12
364 364
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Inst
alle
d El
ectr
ical
Loa
d, M
W el
Figure 6.2.15: Installed electrical load of municipal waste In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
64
Solar Thermal Technologies in Austria Photovoltaic Technologies in Austria
6.3. Solar Energy and Technologies
Solar Energy:
Solar energy is generated deep in the interior of the sun by nuclear fusion reactions, is carried to its surface by high-energy radiation and then to Earth
and down through the atmosphere by sunlight,that is electromagnetic radiation primarily in the visible and infra-red.
Solar technologies use solar radiation to produce both heat (Solar Thermal Technologies) and electricity (Solar Electric Technologies, Photovoltaic).
Solar thermal and electric transformation inputs into heat and electricity production are estimated on the basis of 100% efficiency (based on the IEA methodology that the first energy form downstream in the production energy is considered the primary supply).
65
6.3.1. Solar Heat and Solar Thermal Technologies
The conversion of solar radiation in heat occurs through collectors. There are two types of collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating collectors. In case of non-concentrating collectors the global radiation (direct beam and diffuse radiation) can be fully utilized. In case of concentrating collector systems – parabolic and cylindrical collector type with point and line focussing mirrors - only the direct beam of the radiation can be used by optical installations with which the irradiation is concentrated on the absorber thus increasing the intensity of radiation on the absorber. The concentrator is equipped with a tracking device, which, in effect, ensures that it "follows the sun" continuously.
The choose of a collector-type depends from the application, e.g. the required temperature. Flat-plate collectors operates at temperatures up to 150°C, concentrating collectors at temperatures above 200°C, up to more than 1000°C for process heat and thermal electricity production.
Concentrating collector systems are preferably used in regions with more than 2500 annual sunshine hours.
Solar thermal systems for low- and medium temperature applications are mainly based on non-concentrating collectors: selective coated flat-plate collectors and evacuated tube-collectors. This type of collector allows the conversion of the global solar radiation and therefore can be used also in regions with low direct solar radiation e.g. lower sunshine hours. In Austria, flat-plate collectors are on the market. Typically applications are swimming pool heating, solar heating and cooling of buildings, drying of crops – mainly biomass products -and process heating below 200 °C.
The development of large-scale collectors with up to 15 m² absorber area has not only reduced the costs for the collectors and for the installation but also the problems arising when connecting the pipes by means of prefabricated collector modules were reduced by more than 30%.
With the rapid market development of solar thermal systems, new firms for collector production were formed and the export rates increased in the last years remarkable.
Sustainable Solar Buildings
The hot water preparation in new buildings is today standard in Austria. In the area of building renovation, solar systems for hot water preparation are attractive on the market. Especially ineffective heating systems for hot water preparation outside the heating season have been replaced by solar hot water preparation. Thus pollutant emissions through heating (wood, coal, oil boilers) could be reduced and at the same time a high comfort in hot water preparation could be reached.
The use of solar energy for space heating in buildings can be justified in the case of lowenergy buildings (new buildings) with a maximum design temperature of the heating distribution system of 40°C. Quite satisfactory technologies and approaches exist for heating systems. Combined solar heating systems increased remarkable since 2001. Today, about 20% of the installed solar thermal systems are connected to the heating system. Favourite solar combined heating systems are solar assisted biomass and ground-coupled heat pump systems.
66
Practical research in and demonstration of solar thermal systems in both new and renovated buildings have resulted in a number of economical and marketable solutions with solar thermal utilisation in the building sector: Sustainable Solar Buildings.
The market deployment of solar thermal collectors is shown in Figure 6.3.1.1 and the actual solar collector area in operation in Figurer 6.3.1.2. Figure 6.3.1.1 illustrates the positive market introduction of solar thermal systems in Austria. At the end of 2004 about 2.8 million m² collector area were in operation, from which 77.5% are glazed collectors, 1.3% vacuum-tube collectors and 21.2% unglazed plastic absorbers; Figure 6.3.1.2.
The development of useful heat output and the installed thermal load are shown in Figure 6.3.1.3 and Figure 6.3.1.4. At the end of 2004 about 3,561 TJ useful heat were contributed from solar thermal systems to the energy supply in Austria; Figure 6.3.1.3. The installed heat load of solar thermal systems in operation reached at the end of 2004 1,938 MW; Figure 6.3.1.4.
67
Installed Collector Area in Austria: 1975 - 2004Cumulative Data
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1989
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Inst
alle
d C
olle
ctor
Are
a, m
² Plastic Absorber
Vacuum Collector
Glazed Collector
Figure 6.3.1.1: Installed collector area In Austria: 1975 – 2004(Source: G. Faninger)
Solar Collector Area in Operation in Austria 2004
Glazed collector77.5%
Plastic absorber21.2%Vacuum collector
1.3%
Total: 2 769,000 m²
Figure 6.3.1.2: Solar collector area in operation In Austria 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
68
Solar Thermal Systems in Operation in Austria Heat Output in TJ: 1990 - 2004
546694
864
3 5613 309
3 0702 8632 856
2 4452 274
2 0321 763
1 4941 242
1 044
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
400019
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Hea
t Out
put,
TJ
Figure 6.3.1.3: Heat output of solar thermal systems in operation In Austria:1990 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
Solar Thermal Systems in Operation in Austria Installed Heat Load in MW (thermal) : 1990 - 2004
323 409507
611726
868
1 9381 8851 752
1 6381 525
1 4051 309
1 1731 020
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Inst
alle
d H
eat L
oad,
MW
(the
rmal
)
Figure 6.3.1.4: Installed heat load of solar thermal systems in operation In Austria:1990 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
69
6.3.2. Solar Electricity and Solar Electricity Technologies
Photovoltaic (PV) systems use semiconductor materials to convert sunlight directly into electricity. They can be used separately or in hybrid form, in combination with another generating option such as other Renewables or fossil fuels.
For Solar Electricity Systems (Photovoltaic Systems) there exist a number of market targets for near-term and large scale opportunities. These include PV stand-alone and grid-connected distributed generation, both in building-integrated configurations, and in utility support configurations. Several different variants of solar PV technology exist (e.g. single- and multicrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride), and it is currently unclear which will dominate in the future. Efficiencies as well as costs of PV technologies increased in the last decade, but there is left a potential for further development, especially for cost reductions.
An increasing market share for photovoltaic applications has been observed in Austria in the last years. The future use of photovoltaic power generation systems in Austria is of special interest in connection with grid-connected systems including, for example, small rooftop installations. For the market deployment of small grid-connected photovoltaic systems, the roof or facades of buildings will be preferred to central installations.
As there has been no extension to the 15 MW cap allocated to feed-in tariff support – which reached in March 2003 – the only new initiates have been capital support grants funded by the Provinces (“Länder”). Upper Austria, with a grant level up to 65%, has had a reasonable uptake, but similar measures in Vienna and Lower Austria with lower grant levels (up to 40%) have received no applications in 2004.
The market deployment of photovoltaic systems in Austria from the very beginning up to 2004 is shown in Figure 6.3.2.1. At the end of 2004 about 19,180 kW(peak) were installed in Austria, from which 86% are grid-connected and 14% stand-alone systems. The electrical output is shown in Figure 6.3.2.2 for all installed PV-systems and in Figure 6.3.2.3 only for grid-connected PV-systems. The annual electricity production from PV-systems was in 2004 12.818 GWh for all PV-systems, and 11.7 GWh (42,3 TJ) only for grid-connected systems.
70
Photovoltaic Systems in Austria: 1992 - 2004Cumulative Installed Load in kW (peak)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inst
alle
d Lo
ad, k
W(p
eak) Stand alone Grid connected
Grid connected 187 346 453 586 831 1.196 1.648 2.189 3.219 4.263 8.357 14.660 16.493
Stand alone 338 423 610 775 908 1.012 1.213 1.413 1.671 1.857 1.984 2.173 2.687
until 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
525 769 1 063 1 361 1 739 2 2082 861
3 6024 890
6 120
10 341
16 833
19 180
Figure 6.3.2.1: Installed electrical load of photovoltaic systems In Austria: 1992 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
Photovoltaic Systems in Austria: 1992 - 2004Electrical Output in MWh/year
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Elec
tric
al O
utpu
t, M
Wh/
year
Grid connected, MWh 133 246 323 417 592 852 1.173 1.559 2.292 3.035 5.950 10.438 11.743
Stand alone, MWh 135 169 244 310 363 405 485 565 668 743 794 869 1.075
until1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
268 416 567 727 9551 256
1 6592 124
2 9603 778
6 774
11 307
12 818
Figure 6.3.2.2: Electrical output in MWh of photovoltaic systems In Austria:1992 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
71
Electricity Production from Grid-connected Photovoltaic-Systems in Austria: 1992 - 2004
42.275
37.577
21.421
10.9278.251
5.6114.2243.0662.1301.5021.1610.8870.4790
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
until199
219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Elec
ticity
Pro
duct
ion,
TJ/
year
Figure 6.3.2.3: Electrical output in TJ of grid-connected photovoltaic systemsIn Austria: 1992 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
72
6.4. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy: Per definition, geothermal energy is the energy in form of heat below the earth’s surface,
usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is exploited at suitable sites as well as for electricity generation using dry steam or high
enthalpy brine after flashing and directly as heat for district heating, agriculture etc.
Beside electric power generation, geothermal energy is today used in Austria for district heating, as well as for heating (and cooling) of individual buildings, including offices, shops, small residential houses, etc.
Promising areas for exploiting geothermal energy in Austria are only some areas in Austria: South Styrian/Burgenland and Upper Austrian where some geothermal district heating systems are situated.
The gross-consumption of geothermal energy from 1990 – 2004 is shown in Fig. 6.4.1, the final energy consumption in Fig. 6.4.2 and the geothermal output in public heat/electricity plants in Fig. 6.4.3. At the end of 2004 the gross consumption amounts to 793 TJ, the final consumption to 269 TJ and the total geothermal output in public heat/electricity plants was 524 TJ.
Gross Consumption of Geothermal Energy in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year 2000: 569 TJ
2001: 590 TJ2002: 725 TJ2003: 794 TJ2004: 793 TJ
Figure 6.4.1: Gross geothermal energy consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
73
Geothermal Final Energy Consumption in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
35019
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
TJ/
year
2000: 191 TJ2001: 212 TJ2002: 336 TJ2003: 267 TJ2004: 269 TJ
Figure 6.4.2: Geothermal final energy consumption In Austria: 1980 – 2004 (Source: Statistik Austria)
Geothermal Energy Output in Austria: 1980 - 2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ener
gy O
utpu
t, TJ
Public Heat plants
Public Electricity plants
Statistik Austria
Total Geothermal Energy Output:
2000: 378 TJ2001: 378 TJ2002: 389 TJ2003: 527 TJ2004: 524 TJ
Figure 6.4.3: Geothermal energy output from public heat/electricity plants In Austria: 1980 - 2004
(Source: Statistik Austria)
74
Wind Energy Technologies in Austria
6.5. Wind Energy
Wind energy: Kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines.
Atmospheric wind is created by sunlight, the energy of which is converted into the movement of air via convection in the atmosphere and evaporation over oceans.
75
The market of today for Wind Energy Technologies is bulk grid power. This focus results from the increasing size of the machines, which has come from the drive for increased efficiency, as well as increased power output per installation.
With new technologies the market penetration of wind energy converters becomes successful in the last five years.
The market for wind-power increased since 2001 and reached 606 MW(electric) at the end of 2004; Figure 6.4.1. The electricity production was in 2004 926 GWh, Figure 6.4.2, related to 3,334 TJ; Figure 6.4.3.
Electrical Installed Load of Wind Power in Austria: 1990 - 2004
1 10 19 27 3577 94
139
415
606
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Inst
alle
d Lo
ad, M
Wel
ectr
ical
IG-Windkraft
Figure 6.4.1: Installed electrical load of wind-power In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (Source: IG-Windkraft)
76
Electricity Production of Wind Energy Converters in Austria: 1990 - 2004
926.0
366.0
202.9172.2
66.850.645.420.24.60.70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Elec
tric
ity P
rodu
ctio
n, G
Wh
Statistik Austria
Figure 6.4.2: Electricity production from wind-power In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (GWh) (Source: E-Control/Statistik Austria)
Electricity Production of Wind Energy Converters in Austria:
1990 - 20043 333.6
1 317.6
730.5619.9
240.3182.0163.672.816.72.71.10
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Elec
tric
ity P
rodu
ctio
n, T
J/ye
ar
Figure 6.4.3: Electricity production from wind-power In Austria: 1990 – 2004 (TJ) (Source: E-Control/Statistik Austria)
77
Heat PumpTechnologies in Austria
6.6. Ambient Heat and Heat Pump Technologies
Ambient heat:
Renewable and locally available energy source from outside air, ventilation air, the ground, water (ground, lake, sea, sewage) and from waste heat for the production of useful heat
Heat pump technologies:
Heat pump technologies different types are using the ambient heat for useful heat production.
78
Heat pump technologies are widely used for the production of heat for space heating and/or space cooling of residential and commercial buildings, water heating, refrigeration and industrial processes. In many industrial processes, heat pumps are applied to recover process waste heat.
Heat pump technologies use different heat source types. Ambient air, ventilation air, the ground, water (ground, lake, sea, sewage) and waste heat can all be used as heat sources for residential applications. Air is often used as the heat source for the reversible heat pumps providing cooling in the summer as well as heating in the winter. In colder and moderate climates, the ground is a very suitable heat source since its temperature is relatively stable throughout the year. Ground-coupled heat pumps show increasing popularity in countries such as Austria.
The performance of heat pumps is usually described as the Coefficient Of Performance(COP), which is the ratio of useful heat produced to the drive energy of the heat pump. The Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF) is the average COP taken over one heating season. through ground ducts.
Heat pump technologies using the ambient heat as a renewable and locally available energy source for the production of useful heat are generally environmentally attractive. The main environmental impact of this technology is that they can reduce emissions by displacing some fossil fuels through the energy production. Displacing emissions is seen as the most important environmental benefit of heat pump technologies.
The market deployment of heat pump systems in Austria is positive and characterised in Figure 6.6.1. At the end of 2004 about 154,283 heat pump systems were in operation, from which 73.2% are used for hot water preparation, 24.9% for space heating, 1.3% for swimming pools and 0.6% for air-conditioning; Figure 6.6.2.
The renewable energy source for heat pumps is ambient heat, which was utilised with 1,674 TJ in 1990 and with 4,273 TJ in 2004; Figure 6.6.3. The heat load of ambient heat, utilised by heat pump technologies was at the end of 2004 719 MW(thermal); Figure 6.6.4.
Ambient heat - utilised by heat pump technologies - is besides solar radiation an interesting energy source for heat production.
79
Installed Heat Pump Technologies in Austria: 1975 - 2004 (Cumulative Data)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
20000019
7519
7719
7919
8119
8319
8519
8719
8919
9119
9319
9519
9719
9920
0120
03
Hea
t Pum
p Sy
stem
s
Swimming PoolAir ConditioningSpace HeatingHot Water
Figure 6.6.1: Installed heat pump technologies In Austria: 1975 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
Heat Pump Technologies in Operation in Austria: 2004 Installed 1984 - 2004
Swimming Pool1.3%
Air Conditioning0.6%
Hot Water73.2%
Space Heating24.9%
Total:154,283 Systems
Figure 6.6.2: Installed heat pump technologies In Austria 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
80
With Heat Pumpes utilised Ambient Heat in Austria: 1990 - 2004
4 2734 003
3 7733 589
3 3953 240
2 8262 6712 5202 3682 2212 2012 001
1 8301 674
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Use
d A
mbi
ent H
eat,
TJ
Figure 6.6.3: With heat pump technologies In Austria utilised ambient heat: 1990 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
Utilised Ambient Heat Load in Austria: 1990 - 2004
282 308337
370 374 399 424 450 476545 572
604635
674719
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Am
bien
t Hea
t Loa
d, M
W(th
erm
al)
Figure 6.6.4: With heat pump technologies In Austria utilised heat load: 1990 – 2004 (Source: G. Faninger)
81
References:
/1/ Statistik Austria: Energiebilanzen 1970 – 2003. Bittermann, W.: Statistik Austria. Wien, Januar 2005
http://www.statistik.at
/2/ E-Control: http://www.E-control.at
/3/ Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. Wörgetter, M. et al.: BLT-Wieselburg, Austria. 2004 IEA-Statistics: Renewable Information 2005. EA/OECD, Paris. June 2005
/4/ „Technologien zur Nutzung Erneuerbarer Energieträger - wirtschaftliche Bedeutung für Österreich“. Biermayr et. All, TU Vienna, Energy Economics Group (EEG). On contract of "Umbrella Organization Energy Climate Protection", Austrian Federal Economic Chamber (WKÖ). November 2005
/5/ Austrian Energy Agency. Vienna
/6/ Der Thermische Solarmarkt in Österreich 2004. Faninger, G. University of Klagenfurt, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, Abteilung für Weiterbildung und systemische Interventionsforschung. April 2005.
http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/iff/wbi/inhalt/18.htm#energie_und_umwelt
/7/ Der Photovoltaikmarkt in Österreich 2003. Faninger, G. University of Klagenfurt, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, Abteilung für Weiterbildung und systemische Interventionsforschung. April 2005.
http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/iff/wbi/inhalt/18.htm#energie_und_umwelt
/8/ Der Wärmepumpenmarkt in Österreich 2004. Faninger, G. University of Klagenfurt, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, Abteilung für Weiterbildung und systemische Interventionsforschung. April 2005.
http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/iff/wbi/inhalt/18.htm#energie_und_umwelt
/9/ Biomasse – Heizungserhebung 2004. Furtner, K. und Haneder, H. NÖ Landes-Landwirtschaftskammer, Abteilung Betriebswirtschaft und Technik. Wiener Straße 64, 3100 St. Pölten. Eigenverlag.
http://www.landwirtschaftskammer.at.
/10/ IG Windkraft-Austrian Wind Energy Association. http:// www.igwindkraft.at.
82
83
ANNEX
Information on Energy Supply in Austria: 1990 – 2004
84
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Sola
r Hea
tTo
tal P
rimar
y En
ergy
Sup
ply
(Mto
e)0,
0130
50,
0165
90,
0206
40,
0249
40,
0296
60,
0356
80,
0421
10,
0485
40,
0543
00,
0584
00,
0682
10,
0683
70,
0733
40,
0790
50,
0850
6H
eat O
utpu
t (G
Wh)
151,
745
192,
907
240,
022
290,
057
344,
963
414,
953
489,
718
564,
574
631,
550
679,
228
793,
300
795,
200
852,
900
919,
398
9,2
Hea
t Out
put (
TJ)
546,
282
694,
465
864,
079
1044
,205
1241
,867
1493
,831
1762
,985
2032
,466
2273
,580
2445
,221
2855
,880
2862
,720
3070
,440
3309
,48
3561
,12
Tota
l Cap
acity
(MW
)32
2,99
140
9,14
050
6,99
761
0,78
772
5,92
486
8,31
810
20,0
0811
72,5
6613
08,6
9214
04,7
8015
25,4
4716
37,9
7017
52,4
9018
85,2
239
1938
,350
4Am
bien
t Hea
tTo
tal P
rimar
y En
ergy
Sup
ply
(Mto
e)0,
0399
90,
0437
00,
0478
00,
0525
60,
0530
40,
0565
60,
0601
80,
0638
00,
0675
10,
0773
90,
0810
80,
0857
30,
0901
10,
0956
10,
1020
6Am
bien
t Hea
t (G
Wh)
465,
101
508,
289
555,
906
611,
275
616,
812
657,
785
699,
866
741,
946
785,
134
900,
000
943,
000
997,
000
1048
,000
1112
,000
1187
,000
Ambi
ent H
eat (
TJ)
1674
,362
1829
,839
2001
,262
2200
,591
2220
,523
2368
,027
2519
,517
2671
,007
2826
,483
3240
,000
3394
,800
3589
,200
3772
,800
4003
,200
4273
,200
Ambi
ent H
eat,
Tota
l Cap
acity
, MW
281,
879
308,
054
336,
913
370,
470
373,
826
398,
658
424,
161
449,
664
475,
839
545,
455
571,
515
604,
242
635,
152
673,
939
719,
394
Sola
r Ele
ctric
ity
Grid
-con
nect
ed
Ele
ctric
al O
utpu
t (G
Wh)
0,00
00,
000
0,13
30,
246
0,32
30,
417
0,59
20,
852
1,17
31,
559
2,29
23,
035
5,95
010
,438
11,7
43
Ele
ctric
al O
utpu
t (TJ
)0,
000
0,00
00,
479
0,88
71,
161
1,50
22,
130
3,06
64,
224
5,61
18,
251
10,9
2721
,421
37,5
7742
,275
T
otal
Cap
acity
(MW
)0,
000
0,00
00,
187
0,34
60,
453
0,58
60,
831
1,19
61,
648
2,18
93,
219
4,26
38,
357
14,6
6016
,493
S
tand
-alo
ne
Ele
ctric
al O
utpu
t (G
Wh)
0,00
00,
000
0,13
50,
169
0,24
40,
310
0,36
30,
405
0,48
50,
565
0,66
80,
743
0,79
40,
869
1,07
5
Ele
ctric
al O
utpu
t (TJ
)0,
000
0,00
00,
487
0,60
90,
878
1,11
61,
308
1,45
71,
747
2,03
52,
406
2,67
42,
857
3,12
93,
869
T
otal
Cap
acity
(MW
)0,
000
0,00
00,
338
0,42
30,
610
0,77
50,
908
1,01
21,
213
1,41
31,
671
1,85
71,
984
2,17
32,
687
S
olar
Ele
ctric
ity, T
otal
T
otal
Prim
ary
Ene
rgy
Sup
ply
(Mto
e)0,
0000
00,
0000
00,
0000
20,
0000
40,
0000
50,
0000
60,
0000
80,
0001
10,
0001
40,
0001
80,
0002
50,
0003
20,
0005
80,
0009
70,
0011
0
Ele
ctric
al O
utpu
t (G
Wh)
0,00
00,
000
0,26
80,
416
0,56
70,
727
0,95
51,
256
1,65
92,
124
2,96
03,
778
6,74
411
,307
12,8
18
Ele
ctric
al O
utpu
t (TJ
)0,
000
0,00
00,
965
1,49
62,
040
2,61
83,
438
4,52
35,
971
7,64
610
,657
13,6
0124
,278
40,7
0646
,144
T
otal
Cap
acity
(MW
)0,
000
0,00
00,
525
0,76
91,
063
1,36
11,
739
2,20
82,
861
3,60
24,
890
6,12
010
,341
16,8
3319
,180
Win
d El
ectr
icity
Tota
l Prim
ary
Ener
gy S
uppl
y (M
toe)
0,00
00,
0000
00,
0000
00,
0000
00,
0000
30,
0000
60,
0004
00,
0017
40,
0039
10,
0043
50,
0057
40,
0148
10,
0174
50,
0314
80,
0796
4El
ectri
cal O
utpu
t (G
Wh)
0,00
00,
000
0,00
00,
001
0,30
00,
745
4,63
720
,219
45,4
4850
,556
66,7
5417
2,19
520
2,90
536
6,00
092
6,00
0El
ectri
cal O
utpu
t (TJ
)0,
000
0,00
00,
000
0,00
41,
080
2,68
216
,693
72,7
8816
3,61
318
2,00
224
0,31
461
9,90
273
0,45
81.
317,
600
3.33
3,60
0To
tal C
apac
ity (M
W)
0,00
00,
000
0,00
00,
001
0,32
00,
780
11,8
0020
,310
31,5
7044
,020
77,2
0794
,000
139,
000
415,
000
606,
170
Ener
gy In
form
atio
n on
Sol
ar H
eat,
Ambi
ent H
eat,
Sola
r-El
ectr
icity
and
Win
d El
ectr
icity
in A
ustr
ia: 1
990
-200
4
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Geo
ther
mal
151
151
151
151
151
173
212
220
283
517
569
590
725
794
793
Bio
ener
gyW
ood/
Woo
d W
aste
/Oth
er S
olid
W94
.299
102.
749
99.9
3610
4.29
110
0.47
810
6.77
911
3.70
511
3.61
110
8.03
411
9.73
811
1.63
312
3.58
311
9.68
213
4.29
713
4.56
4G
as fr
om B
iom
ass
00
070
872
684
91.
014
1.26
31.
269
1.58
81.
586
1.83
71.
383
1.59
41.
899
Land
fill G
as0
00
7788
195
307
524
527
524
457
859
381
527
492
Slud
ge G
as0
00
631
638
619
668
691
715
714
792
725
721
745
800
Oth
er B
ioga
s0
00
00
3539
4827
350
337
253
281
322
607
Mun
icip
al W
aste
(ren
ewab
le)
917
1.10
11.
324
1.42
91.
452
1.48
61.
812
1.86
01.
817
1.71
71.
765
1.80
31.
868
2.21
12.
480
Liqu
if Bi
ofue
ls (t
onne
s)0
00
00
00
00
00
00
024
.583
Non
-ren
ewab
le W
aste
Indu
stria
l Was
te (n
on-r
enew
able
)6.
576
7.18
08.
525
6.01
56.
704
7.00
59.
246
8.22
77.
503
9.59
88.
454
8.90
810
.826
11.8
5312
.469
Mun
icip
al W
aste
(non
-ren
ewab
le)
1.49
71.
797
2.16
12.
331
2.37
12.
425
2.95
73.
034
2.96
52.
802
2.75
52.
806
3.04
73.
574
5.10
1
Ener
gy In
form
atio
n on
Geo
ther
mal
, Bio
ener
gy a
nd N
on-r
enew
able
Was
te in
Aus
tria
: 199
0 -2
004
85
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1989
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Hyd
ropo
wer
32.4
9232
.728
36.0
8238
.020
36.8
9438
.477
35.5
8037
.293
38.7
1641
.746
43.5
2841
.837
42.0
5735
.292
39.4
62Th
erm
al P
ower
17.9
2118
.756
15.0
9814
.655
16.4
1518
.110
19.2
5519
.557
18.7
2118
.623
18.2
7020
.416
20.3
2824
.552
24.2
31G
reen
Ele
ctric
ity28
637
594
1To
tal
50.4
1351
.484
51.1
8052
.674
53.3
0956
.587
54.8
3556
.851
57.4
3760
.369
61.7
9862
.253
62.6
7160
.219
64.6
34
Ener
gy In
form
atio
n on
Hyd
ro-P
ower
Pro
duct
ion
in A
ustr
ia: 1
990-
2004
(GW
h)
Con
vers
ions
Fac
tors
for
Ene
rgy
1 G
Wh
= 3,
6 T
J =
0,00
0086
Mto
e (8
,6*1
0-5)
1 T
J =
0,27
78 G
Wh
= 0,
0000
2388
Mto
e (2
,388
*10-5
)