NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Renewable Energy 101

Andy Walker, PhD PE

Principal Engineer, NREL

Renewable Energy Round Table

March 27, 2012

NREL/PR-7A40-54593

2

Outline

• RE Policy o Laws o Executive Orders

• RE Technologies o Operating Principle o Cost and Performance o Incentives o Case Studies o Helpful Resources

• Integration Issues o Net Zero and Beyond o RE Project Planning

Photo by Corey Patrick, NREL/PIX 16580

Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL/PIX 19200

Phot

o by

John

De

La R

osa,

NRE

L/PI

X 19

978

Renewable Energy Policy

4

What is the Federal Definition of Renewable Energy?

Electric energy generated from: • Solar • Wind • Biomass • Landfill gas • Ocean (including tidal, wave, current, and thermal) • Geothermal • Municipal solid waste • New hydroelectric generation capacity achieved from

increased efficiency or additions of new capacity at an existing hydroelectric project o EPAct 2005

5

Renewable Energy Technologies Photovoltaics

Daylighting

Biomass Heat/Power

Concentrating Solar Heat/Power

Solar Vent Air Preheat

Solar Water Heating Wind Power

Ground Source Heat Pump

Landfill Gas

Photo from City of San Jose, NREL/PIX 19487

Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 00595

Photo by Joe Ryan, NREL/PIX 19424

Photo by David Hicks, NREL/PIX 18455

Photo by Geri Kodey NREL/PIX 14380

Photo by Devin Egan, NREL/PIX 17440

Photo by Joe Ryan, NREL/PIX 19691

Photo by Kim Yost, NREL/PIX 11915

Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 03793

6

Legislation

EPAct 2005 • Not less than 5% of electricity

consumed by the Federal government must come from renewable energy in fiscal years 2010-2012

• Not less than 7.5% in fiscal year 2013 and thereafter

• Renewable energy projects provide bonuses if energy is: o produced on Federal lands and

used at a Federal facility; or o produced on Native American land

and used at a Federal facility.

7

Legislation

EISA 2007 • 30% solar hot water in

new buildings • 0% fossil fuels by 2030

in new buildings • 40 year analysis period

for RE • Facilitates ESPC for RE

8

Executive Orders

• Executive Order. 13423 o ½ of RE goal must be

“new” o Thermal counts in ½

new requirement

• Executive Order 13514 • GHG accounting and

sustainability plans

9

Guidance Available from FEMP

• For on-site projects, agency must retain or replace RECs to show use

• Simply hosting a renewable project without RECs does not help meet Federal goals

• Excludes system mix energy and energy used to meet state RPS requirements

• Rules are stricter for GHG accounting than for EPACT 05 accounting www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/epact05_fedrenewenerg

yguid.pdf

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Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy

Any questions?

11 11

EE + RE = 0

Strive for 40-70% energy reduction $1 spent on EE lighting = $6 of PV (an NPS project) $1 spent on EE refrigeration = $2 of PV (an NPS project) $1 spent on EE = $2 spent on RE (EIA Press Release Aug 2011)

Conventional Efficient Integrated efficiency & renewable

Conventional energy use

Renewable energy use Quantity

of Energy

Net Zero

12

EE+RE Example: Camp Smith, HI

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

BaseCase EE Case RE Case EE+RE Case

Annu

al E

nerg

y (m

illio

n BT

U)

Solar Hot Water

Daylight

Wind

Photovoltaics

Fuel

Electric

ARRA/FEMP Assessment PNNL evaluated EE measures NREL evaluated RE measures

Photo by DOE Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), NREL/PIX 17254

Photovoltaics

14

Photovoltaics (PV)

• Photovoltaic cells directly transform solar energy to an electrical energy

• DC converted to AC by inverter

• Solid-state electronics, no-moving parts

Photo from MREA, NREL/PIX 18707

15

Grid Connect PV System

Image by Al Hicks, NREL

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Flat Plate PV Systems Arizona Public Service, Prescott, AZ

Dangling Rope Marina, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, UT

Alamosa PV System, Alamosa, CO

• 5 – 10 acres per MW for PV systems

• Land can be left as is or graded

Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 07990

Photo from Arizona Public Service, NREL/PIX 13739

Photo by Tom Stoffel, NREL/PIX 15558

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18

Concentrating PV Systems Reflective

Photo from David Parsons, NREL/PIX 06639

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20

Price of PV Modules

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Mod

ule

Pric

e ($

/Wat

t)

Year

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Global Module Price Index Aug. '11 Reported Chinese c-Si Price

21

PV Cost, O&M, and Efficiency

PV System Type

Annual O&M Cost as a

Percentage of Installed Cost

Ground Mounted - Fixed 0.17%

Ground Mounted - Tracking 0.35%

Module Efficiencies

Single Crystal 14-19%

Multi Crystal 13-17%

Thin Film 6-11%

Balance of System Efficiency 77%

Efficiency vs. Size – 1 kW of 15% eff. crystalline 71ft2

– 1 kW of 9.5 % eff. amorphous 99ft2

– 1 kW of 19.3% eff. hybrid 55ft2

Efficiency = Power Out/Power In

22

PV Operation and Maintenance

Tuscon Electric Power Data PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2008; 16:249–259 Published online 3 December 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/pip.800

23

Veterans Administration Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Medical Center in Loma Linda, CA

• 309 kWdc • 1,584 PV modules • SunLink racks minimum roof

penetration • Advanced Energy Solaron

333kW inverter • Feasibility Study by NREL

estimates: 475 MWh/year delivery; $60k/year savings; $2.9million cost without any incentives

• Procured off GSA Schedule for complete PV systems

24

Results

• Veterans Administration Loma Linda, CA

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26

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Where to Install Solar

• On the “Built Environment” where unshaded

o On existing building roofs that have an expected life of at least 15 more years and can accept added load. Reduces solar load on building. NEPA categorical exclusion.

o On ALL new buildings – all new building should be “solar ready”

– See http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46078.pdf

o Over parking areas, pedestrian paths, etc. – energy generation and nice amenity.

• On compromised lands such as landfills & brownfields.

o Saves green fields for nature.

o IF installed on green fields minimize site disturbance, plant native low height vegetation as needed.

28

Customs and Border Protection

• Solar-Powered SBInet Towers Secure the U.S. Southwest Border o Solar panels o Battery system o Propane-fueled backup generator

• Federal funding and

appropriations covered the installation costs and continues to cover testing and maintenance costs.

29

Photovoltaics Resources

• Solar Energy Resources o NREL

– http://www.nrel.gov/rredc/ o Firstlook

– http://firstlook.3tiergroup.com/ o TMY or Weather Data

– http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/

• State and Utility Incentives and Utility Policies o http://www.dsireusa.org

• Solar PV Analytical Tools

o Solar Advisor Model (SAM) – https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/sam/

o HOMER – https://analysis.nrel.gov/homer/

o PVWatts – http://www.nrel.gov/rredc/pvwatts/

o RETScreen – http://www.retscreen.net/

o IMBY – http://www.nrel.gov/eis/imby/

Solar Water Heating

31

Solar Water Heating Applications

• Low Temperature o Swimming pool

heating • Medium Temperature

o Domestic water and space heating

o Commercial cafeterias, laundries, hotels

o Industrial process heating

• High Temperature o Industrial process

heating o Electricity generation

Photo from Gen-Con, Inc., NREL/PIX 09320

Photo from Alan Ford, NREL/PIX 09501

Photo by Amy Glickson, NREL/PIX 14167

32

Solar Thermal Collector Types

33

Solar Water Heating System

34

Solar Water Heating System Cost

Average: Around $150/sf

35

USCG Housing, Honolulu HI • 62 units installed 1998 • Savings of 9,700 kWh/yr

and $822/yr per system • $4000/system cost • Simple payback of 4 years

(with rebate)

36

37

Solar Water Heating Resources

• Design Tools o RETScreen - Solar Hot Water

– http://www.retscreen.net/ang/g_solarw.php

• Fchart – Active and Passive Systems Analysis o http://www.fchart.com/fchart/

• Resources o DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Solar Energy Technologies Program

– http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_heating.html o FEMP Federal Technology Alerts

– www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/FTA_solwat_heat.pdf – www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/FTA_para_trough.pdf

o FEMP Case Studies – www.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/renewable_casestudies.html

o Resource maps – http://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar.html

o Solar Radiation Data Manual – http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/redbook

Concentrating Solar Power

39

Concentrating Solar Power Technology

Mirrors are used to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto receivers that collect this solar energy and convert it to heat.

Tower

Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 00327

Trough

Dish

Photo from Sandia, NREL/PIX 08469

Phot

o by

Hug

h Re

illy,

NRE

L/PI

X 02

186

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CSP Applications • Typically utility-scale

applications • Heat from CSP

o Generate hot water or steam

• Steam o Generate electricity

Photo by Geri Kodey, NREL/PIX 14383

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RE in ESPC Example

Concentrating Solar Thermal (Industrial Process Heat) Federal Correctional Institution - Phoenix, AZ

0

100

200

300

400

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecTo

tal D

eliv

ered

Hea

t(m

illio

n Bt

u)Month

Month Energy and Cost Savings

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

•17,040 square feet of parabolic trough collectors •23,000 gallon storage tank •Installed cost of $650,000 •Delivered 1,161,803 kWh in 1999 (87.1% of the water heating load). •Saved $77,805 in 1999 Utility Costs

Solar Ventilation Air Pre-heat

43

• Panels are aluminum or steel • Roll-punch slots with three porosity options • Corrugated to increase structural rigidity

• High outdoor air ventilation requirement in heating dominated climate • South-facing wall surface is best

o 45° of south gives 80% • Unshaded surface

o Especially during low winter sun angles • Dark collector color

o Black is best, other colors have efficiency loss up to 10%

Project Considerations

Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 14383

44

Solar Vent Preheat Principle

• Sun warms the collector surface

• Heat conducts from collector surface to thermal boundary layer of air (1 mm thick)

• Boundary layer is drawn into perforation by fan pressure before heat can escape by convection

4 - 6 in.

South wall Solar wall

Boundary layer

45

System Components

• Transpired solar collector o Perforated sheet of

corrugated metal

• Air distribution o Ductwork, fan and

bypass damper

• Controls o Temperature and

timeclock, or EMCS

46

Solar Vent Preheat Resource

47

48

Solar Ventilation Air Preheating: EPA Lab (Golden, CO)

• Hazardous material storage building

• Installed in 2001 • 296 sf, 2000 cfm • 58% measured

efficiency • Saves 60 Mil Btu/yr and

$450/yr of natural gas • Payback = 13 years

49

Advantages

• Relatively low cost for on-site renewable energy utilization • Reliability of equipment and system

– Only moving part is the fan – Operates at ambient temperature

• Very low maintenance • High efficiency • No storage

Photo by Patrick Corkery, NREL/PIX 17424

Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL/PIX 17825

50

Solar Vent Preheat Resources

• FEMP Federal Technology Alert o www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/FTA_trans_coll.pdf o Solar Ventilation Preheating Resources and Technologies

– http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/renewable_svp.html • NREL

o Solar Process Heat – http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_solar_process.html

o Solar Space Heating Maps – http://www.nrel.gov/gis/femp.html#space

• Conserval Systems, Inc.: SOLARWALL® o www.solarwall.com/sw/solarwall.html

• ATAS International, Inc.: InSpire™ o www.atas.com

• American Solar Inc.: Solar Thermal Tile System o www.americansolar.com

• RETScreen® International Clean Energy Project Analysis Software o www.retscreen.net

Passive Solar in New Construction

52

Passive Solar

• Types: o Direct Gain o Sunspace o Thermal Storage Wall (Trombe Wall)

• For new construction, in areas with low internal heat gain • South-facing Solar Apertures • Added thermal mass to absorb heat and release at night • Controls such as operable shades and windows

Trombe Wall, NREL. Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 01693,

53

Daylighting

• Lighting accounts for 25% of total electricity used in Federal sector

• Daylighting uses windows & skylights in conjunction with automatic light controls to minimize the need for electric lighting during daylight hours

• Daylighting combined with lighting controls can reduce lighting energy consumption by 40 -60%

Wind

55

Wind Sizes and Applications

Small (≤10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Applications (e.g. water pumping,

telecom sites, icemaking)

Intermediate (10-250 kW) • Village Power • Schools,

businesses • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power

Large (660 kW - 2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power • Community Wind

56

Wind Generation in the U.S.

57

Warren Air Force Base, Cheyenne

• 600 kW wind turbines • $2.5 million installed • Generates energy to

power 522 households on base

• Avoids 5,000 tons/year in GHG emissions

• Saves $3 million in energy costs over 20 years

• Additional capacity planned

58

RE in ESPC Example - BOP Federal Correctional Institution - Victorville, CA

• Awarded 09/03 • Initial capital investment

$5.4M, 19 year term with NORESCO

• Scope includes HVAC controls upgrade, 750 kW wind turbine, and 74.5KW PV Carport

• First ESPC financed wind turbine

• SCE provided RE generation financial incentive $4/W

• Escrow account for wind turbine maintenance

59

60

Installed Costs and O&M Costs

Installed Costs

< 500kW $2500 to $3500/kW

>500kW $2000/kW

Operation and Maintenance Costs

< 500kW $0.035/kWh

>500kW $0.025/kWh

These numbers can be used for feasibility calculations. There is huge variability depending on the current market and the site selected.

61

Wind for the Coast Guard

• Generate 2.4 kW at 24 mph wind

• 1 kW for augmenting power at telecom sites

62

Wind Resources

• AWEA Web site o http://www.awea.org

• NWTC Web site o http://www.nrel.gov/wind

• National Wind Coordinating Collaborative o http://www.nationalwind.org

• Utility Wind Interest Group site o http://www.uwig.org

• WPA Web site o http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov

• Homepower Web Site o http://www.homepower.com

• Windustry Project o http://www.windustry.com

• Best Links o www.fresh-energy.org

63

Other Wind Resources

• American Wind Energy Association http://www.awea.org/ o AWEA Small Wind Toolbox

– www.awea.org/smallwind/

• AWS Scientific Inc. “Wind Resource Assessment

Handbook” produced for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Subcontract number TAT-5-15283-01, 1997 o http://www.nrel.gov/publications

• Wind Energy Explained;J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan, A. L.

Rogers; John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2002.

• Wind Power; Gipe, Paul; Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004

Biomass

65

• Wood and wood waste • Agricultural waste • Bagasse • Food processing residues • Animal wastes • Municipal solid waste • Energy crops • Landfill gas • Methane from waste and

wastewater treatment

What is Biomass in Terms of Renewable Technologies?

Photo by Warren Gretz NREL/PIX 11597

66

Products Fuels Ethanol Biodiesel “Green” Gasoline & Diesel

Power Electricity Heat

Chemicals Plastics Solvents Chemical Intermediates Phenolics Adhesives Furfural Fatty Acids Acetic Acid Carbon Black Paints Dyes, Pigments, and Ink Detergents Etc.

Food and Feed

• Combustion

• Gasification

• Pyrolysis

• Co-firing

• Enzymatic Fermentation

• Gas/liquid Fermentation

• Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation

• Trans-esterification

Conversion Processes

Range of Bioenergy

• Trees

• Grasses

• Agricultural Crops

• Residues

• Animal Wastes

• Municipal Solid Waste

• Algae

• Food Oils, Waste Oils

Biomass Feedstock

Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 11597

67

68

Commercial Technologies

• Almost all commercial power systems are combustion/steam turbine

• Efficiencies in 15% – 30% range power only, (60%-70% CHP)

• Stokers and fluidized bed • 500+ facilities in U.S • Installed costs $1,700 -

$3,500/kW • Smaller systems (< 5 MW) still

have poor economics • LCOE = $0.06 - $0.20/kWh

69

NREL Renewable Fuels Heating Plant (Golden, CO)

• $3.3 million cost under an ESPC

• Pine beetle waste wood • 75% of the 50,000 million

Btus to heat campus. • Cost savings projected

$400,000/year • The wood chips cost $29 per

ton or $2.42 per million BTUs • During cold weather, plant

burns a truckload of wood chips per day; produces 600 gallons of hot water per minute

• Stores four days of wood chip fuel

70

RE in ESPC Example - DOE Savannah River Site

• New 20 MW wood waste cogeneration plant and two biomass heating plants with local fuel source

• 19 year contract • Includes performance

guarantee and O&M • Annual Savings of $34 M

project cost of $183 M • Task order signed 5/15/09 • Construction completed

December 2011 • Important project to meet

federal renewable goal/DOE Order 230.2b

71

RE in ESPC Example - USCG Baltimore, Maryland Landfill Gas

• Boiler Conversion to LFG o Cogeneration Plant o 4 MW Electricity

• 8,000 lb/hr Steam • 15 year contract length • Project Investment : $15.0

million • Annual Savings: $2.5

million • Offsets 18,000,000 kWh/yr

and 71,000 decatherms/yr of Natural Gas

• Operational: April 2009

72

Biomass in Kodiak, AK

• Wood pellets in Coast Guard boilers in place of expensive fuel oil o Pellets from wood waste and second-growth trees from local Tongass

National Forest • Benefits

o Save taxpayer dollars o Improve operations and resiliency o Support energy independence o Foster environmental stewardship

73

Biomass Resources

• DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy o http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/

• NREL o http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/

Geothermal

75

Geothermal Energy Technology Overview

• Direct Use - Using hot water from springs or reservoirs near the surface.

• Electricity generation – Using steam, heat or hot water from deep inside the earth to drive turbines.

• Geothermal heat pumps – Using the earth, groundwater, or surface water as a heat source and heat sink

Application opportunities include:

76

Geothermal Application

Heat Production o District Heating o Process Heat o Agriculture o Aquaculture

Electricity Generation o Distributed Power o Central Station

Power

77

Ground Source Heat Pumps Marine Corps Air Station, Beaufort, SC

• Geothermal heat pump technology is the energy-saving centerpiece of this Marine housing facility.

• Energy-efficient geothermal heat pumps replaced 2,500 tons of existing HVAC systems and hot water heaters.

• These heat pups provide space heating, cooling, and domestic hot water for 1,235 family housing units at the Beaufort Marine Corps installation.

Photo by Belton Tisdale, NREL/PIX 12372

78

79

Geothermal Resources

• Western Area Power Administration o http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/fctsheet/GHP.pdf

• DOE Geothermal Technologies Program o http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/faqs.ht

ml

• Resource Maps o http://www.nrel.gov/gis/geothermal.html

Hydro and Ocean Energy

81

What are the Hydropower and Ocean Energy Options?

• Small projects use turbines in place of pressure reducing valves

• Large Hydropower is typically not cost-effective unless the site has access to existing hydroelectric dam

• Hydropower is a common form of Renewable Energy Credits

82

Ocean Energy

• Wave power • Marine current power • Tidal Energy • Ocean Thermal

Energy Conversion o Relatively immature

83

Wave Energy Technology

84

Wave Power for U.S. Coast Guard 1st District Lighthouses

85

Marine Current Technology

86

Wave Power Levels in KW/m Crest Length

Tidal Energy Resource

87

OTEC functions best when there is a 36° F (20°C) difference

Ocean Thermal Technology

The OTEC energy resource constitutes an estimated 1013 W (876,000TWh/yr) for potential base load power generation.

Integration Issues

89

Net Metering

Net Metering

State policy

Voluntary utility program(s) only

www.dsireusa.org / March 2010

* State policy applies to certain utility types only (e.g., investor-owned utilities)

WA: 100

OR: 25/2,000*

CA: 1,000*

MT: 50*

NV: 1,000*

UT: 25/2,000*

AZ: no limit*

ND: 100*

NM: 80,000*

WY: 25*

HI: 100KIUC: 50

CO: no limitco-ops & munis: 10/25

OK: 100*

MN: 40

LA: 25/300

AR: 25/300

MI: 150*WI: 20*

MO: 100

IA: 500*

IN: 10*IL: 40*

FL: 2,000*

KY: 30*

OH: no limit*

GA: 10/100

WV: 25

NC: 1,000*

VT: 250

VA: 20/500*

NH: 100MA: 60/1,000/2,000*RI: 1,650/2,250/3,500*CT: 2,000*NY: 10/ 25/500/2,000*PA: 50/3,000/5,000*NJ: 2,000*

DE: 25/500/2,000*

MD: 2,000

DC: 1,000

Note: Numbers indicate individual system capacity limit in kW. Some limits vary by customer type, technology and/or application. Other limits might also apply.

NE: 25

KS: 25/200*

ME: 660co-ops & munis: 100

PR: 25/1,000

AK: 25*

43 states + DC & PR have adopted a net

metering policy

DC

90

Problems with “Net” Metering

• Pros: o Incentive for RE o Saves Some Fuel (up to a limit)

• Cons: o Limits to Fuel Savings o Doesn’t save any other utility

operating costs o RE may be curtailed; limits on

installations (eg 15% in HI) o Socio-economic problem: foists

utility costs on those least able to afford it.

• Utility Cost Recovery o Spinning Reserve o Retail/buy-back spread (c/kWh) o Stand-by Charges ($/kW/month)

91

Zero = EE+RE+Microgrid

• Strategies for “Zero” rather than “Net Zero” o Tracking Solar o Solar on different orientations (East-South-West) o Spatial Diversity o Diversity of RE Measures (Solar, Wind, Etc) o Dispatchable RE (biomass, hydro, geothermal, landfill gas) o Flexible Grid Layout (circuits) to route power around o Isolate Critical Circuits: exercise Demand Control o Energy Storage (short and long term, electric and thermal) o Micro-grid controls

– Control requirement: maintain required frequency and voltage levels – Grid disconnect and seamless resynchronization – Micro-grid start-up (“black start”) – Load control (interfaces with SCADA and EMCS) – Supply control (optimized operation of DERs)

92

Tracking the Sun

93

Zero = EE+RE+Microgrid

Figure by Ben Kroposki, NREL

RE Project Planning

95

Best Mix of Renewable Energy Technologies Depends on:

• Renewable Energy Resources • Technology Characterization

– Cost ($/kW installed, O&M Cost) – Performance (efficiency)

• Economic Parameters – Discount rates – Fuel Escalation Rates

• State, Utility and Federal Incentives • Mandates (Executive Order, Legislation)

96

Summary Comparison

Technology Level of Commercialization.

R R W

Photovoltaics; Mature 3 k

Solar ventilation air preheating ;

Underutilized

3 k

Solar water heating;

Mature 3 k

Solar thermal and solar thermal electric;

Mature 2 k

Biomass thermal and electric

Mature H

Geothermal Power;

Early L

Ground Source Heat Pump

Mature N

Landfill gas; Mature > C

Fuel Cells; Early N

Wind; Mature 1

LCOE with tax incentives

Capital Cost ($) 2011

Level of Site Impact

$0.128/kWh to $0.154/kWh

$6,870/kW Low, most buildings.

$0.064/kWhthermal

$27.40/sf Medium, limited to low-heat-gain buildings

$0.08 to $0.20/kWhthe

rmal

$75-225/sf Medium, hot water loads only.

$0.090 to $0.145/kWh

$5,132/kW HIgh

$0.050 to $0.094/kWh

$3,995/kW High

$0.042 to $0.069/kWh

$4,000/kW High

$0.027/kWhthermal

$835/ton Medium

$0.0493/kWh $2,100/kW Medium, virtual power from landfill

$0.115 to $0.125/kWh

$3,800/kW Low

$0.044 to $0.091/kWh

$1,966/kW High

97

97

REO: Renewable Energy Optimization

Site Data

Geographical Information System (GIS) Data

Incentive Data from DSIREUSA.ORG

PV SVP Wind Daylighting SWH CSP Biomass

Dispatch Algorithm

Life Cycle Cost

Technology Characteristics.

Optimization

98

Without Tax Incentives

With Tax Incentives

PV (kW) 0 737 Wind Energy (kW) 2,491 3,689 Solar Ventilation Air Preheat (sf) 93,265 119,652 Solar Water Heating (sf) 28,464 90,703 Solar Thermal Parabolic Trough (sf) 0 0 Solar Thermal Electric (kW) 0 0 Biomass Gasification Boiler (MBH) 1.3 1.8 Biomass Gasification Cogen (kW) 134 193 Biomass Anaerobic Digester (ft3) 0 0 Biomass Anaerobic Digester Cogen (kW) 0 0 Skylight Area (sf) 190,951 209,666

REO for Land and Ferry Points of Entry

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

Ann

ual E

nerg

y (M

btu)

Photovoltaics (Mbtu) Wind (Mbtu) Solar Vent Preheat (Mbtu)Solar Water Heating Solar Thermal (Mbtu) Biomass Gasifier (Mbtu)Anaerobic Digester (Mbtu) Daylighting (Mbtu)

Questions? Thank you!

Andy Walker National Renewable Energy Laboratory Andy.walker@nrel.gov