renal scintigraphy-nuclear medicine
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Dr.J.M.C.Udugama
RENAL SCINTIGRAPHY
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INDICATIONS
Renal perfusion and function
Obstruction (Lasix renal scan)
Renovascular HTN (Captopril renal scan)
Infection (renal morphology scan)
Pre-surgical quantitation (nephrectomy)
Renal transplant
Congenital anomalies, masses
(renal morphology scan)
Evaluation of:
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Blood flow - 20% cardiac output to kidneys (1200 ml/min
blood, 600 ml/min plasma)
Filtration - 20% renal plasma flow filtered by glomeruli (120
ml/min, 170 L/d)
Tubular secretion
Tubular reabsorption (1% ultrafiltrate - urine)
Endocrine functions
RENAL FUNCTION
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RENAL RADIOTRACERSEXCRETION MECHANISMS
GF TS TF
Tc-99m DTPA >95%
Tc-99m MAG3 <5% 95%
I-131 OIH 20% 80%
Tc-99m GHA 40%-60% 20%
Tc-99m DMSA some 60%
Semin NM Apr.92
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RENAL RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Extract. fraction Clearance
Tc-99m DTPA 20% 100-120 ml/min
Tc-99m MAG3 40-50% ~ 300 ml/min
I-131 OIH ~100% 500-600 ml/min
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DTPA MAG3 GHA DMSA I -131OIH rad/10 mCi rad/5mCi rad/300µCi
Kidney 0.2 0.15 1.6 3.5 0.01
Bladder 2.8 5.1 2.7 0.3 0.3
EDE (rem) 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.03
RENAL RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
DOSIMETRY
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CHOOSING RENAL RADIOTRACERS
Perfusion MAG3, DTPA, GHA
Morphology DMSA, GHA
Obstruction MAG3, DTPA, OIH
Relative function All
GFR quantitation I-125 iothalamate,
Cr-51 EDTA, DTPA
ERPF quantitation MAG3, OIH
Clin. Question Agent
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BASIC RENAL SCAN
PROCEDURE
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Patient must be well hydrated
Give 5-10 ml/kg water (2-4 cups)
30-60 min. pre-injection
Can measure U - specific gravity (<1.015)
Void before injection
Void @ end of study
BASIC RENAL SCINTIGRAPHY
PATIENT PREPARATION
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Supine position preferred
Do not inject by straight stick
Flow (angiogram) : 2-3 sec / fr x 1 min
Dynamic: 15-30 sec / frame x 20-30 min
(display @ 1-3 min/frame)
BASIC RENAL SCINTIGRAPHY
ACQUISITION
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DTPA NORMAL
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DTPA NORMAL
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RELATIVE (SPLIT) FUNCTION
ROI’S
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Contribution of each kidney to the total fct
net cts in Lt ROI% Lt kid = --------------------------------------- x 100%
net cts Lt + net cts Rt ROI
Normal 50/50 - 56/44
Borderline 57/43 - 59/41
Abnormal > 60/40
RELATIVE UPTAKE
Taylor, SeminNM Apr 99
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Time to peak
Best from cortical ROI
Normal 3 - 5 min
Residual Cortical Activity (RCA 20 or 30)
Ratio of cts @ 20 or 30 min / peak cts
Use cortical ROI
Normal RCA20 for MAG3 < 0.3
Residual Urine Volume
(post-void cts x void. vol) (pre-void cts - post void
cts)
BASIC RENAL SCINTIGRAPHY
PROCESSING
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DTPA flow + scan
GFR = 29 ml/’
Creat = 2.0
L= 33%
R= 67%
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RENAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
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RT RENAL INFARCT
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I . Vascular phase (flow study): Ao-to-Kid ~ 3”
I I . Parenchymal phase (kidney-to-bkg): Tpeak < 5’
III . Washout (excretory) phase
RENOGRAM PHASES
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RENOGRAM CURVES
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Diuretic (Lasix) Renal Scan
EVALUATION OF HYDRONEPHROSIS
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OBSTRUCTION
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Obstruction to urine outflow leads to obstructive uropathy
(hydronephrosis, hydroureter)
and
may lead to obstructive nephropathy
(loss of renal function)
OBSTRUCTION
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Hydronephrosis - tracer pooling in dilated renal pelvis
Lasix induces increased urine flow
If obstructed >>> will not wash out
If dilated, non-obstructed >>> will wash out
Can quantitate rate of washout (T 1/2)
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
PRINCIPLE
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Evaluate functional significance of hydronephrosis
Determine need for surgery
obstructive hydronephrosis - surgical Rx
non-obstructive hydronephrosis - medical Rx
Monitor effect of therapy
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
INDICATIONS
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Rapidly cleared tracer
Well hydrated patient
Good renal function
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
REQUIREMENTS
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Pt. preparation:
prehydration
adults - oral or 360ml/m2 iv over 30’
peds - 10-15 ml/kg D5 0.3-0.45%NS
void before injection
bladder catheterization ?
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
PROCEDURE
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Tracers: Tc-99m MAG3 5-10 mCi
(preferred over DTPA)
Acquisition: supine until pelvis full
(can switch to sitting post- Lasix)
Flow (angiogram) : 2-3 sec / fr x 1 min
Dynamic: 15-30 sec / frame x 20-30 min
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
PROCEDURE (CONT’D)
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Void before Lasix
Lasix: 40mg adult, 1mg/kg child iv
@ ~10-20 min (when pelvis full)
or @ -15min (“F -15” method)
Acquisition for 30 min post Lasix
Assess adequacy of diuresis
Measure voided volume
Adults produce ~200-300 ml urine post-Lasix
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
PROCEDURE (CONT’D)
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Don’t give Lasix if
Collecting system still filling
Collecting system not full by 60 min
Collecting system drains spontaneously
Poor ipsilateral fct (< 20%)
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
PROCEDURE (CONT’D)
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DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
PROCEDURE (CONT’D)
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PRE-LASIX
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POST-LASIX
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NO UPJ OBSTRUCTION
T1/2
R = 6’
L = 2’
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POST-LASIX CURVE
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PRE-LASIX
10 y/o M
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POST-LASIX
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RT UPJ OBSTRUCTION
T1/2
R = N/A
F/U - nephrostomy tube placed
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31648973-wk old baby
Lt hydronephrosis
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3164897
Lt UPJ obstruction
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RT UPJ OBSTRUCTION
T1/2
R = N/A
F/U - nephrostomy tube placed
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3164897
Lt UPJ obstruction
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T1/2
time required for 50% tracer to leave
the dilated unit
i .e. time required for activity to fall
to 50% of peak
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
WASHOUT
(DIURETIC RESPONSE)
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T1/2 WASHOUT
cts
100%
50%
T1/2 min
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Variables influencing T1/2 value:
Tracer
State of hydration
Volume of dilated pelvis
Bladder catheterization
Dose of Lasix
Renal function (response to Lasix)
ROI (kidney vs. pelvis)
T1/2 calculation (from inj. vs. response, curve fit)
T1/2 VALUE
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Normal < 10 min
Obstructed > 20 min
Indeterminate 10 - 20 min
Best to obtain own normals for each institution, depending on
protocol used
T1/2
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Interpret whole study, not T1/2 alone
Visual (dynamic images)
Washout curve shape (concave vs. convex)
T1/2
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
INTERPRETATION
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False positive for obstruction
Distended bladder
Gross hydronephrosis
T(transit time) = V (volume) F (flow)
Poorly functioning / immature kidney
Dehydration
False negative
Low grade obstruction
Poorly functioning / immature kidney
DIURETIC RENAL SCAN
PITFALLS
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EFFECT OF CATHETERIZATION (1)
full bladder,
no catheter
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with catheter
in bladder
EFFECT OF CATHETERIZATION (2)
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EFFECT OF CATHETERIZATION (3)
with catheter without catheter
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Captopril Renal Scan
(ACEI Renography)
EVALUATION OF RENOVASCULAR
HYPERTENSION
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Renal artery stenosis (RAS)
Ischemic nephropathy
Renovascular hypertension (RVH)
RAS RVH
RENOVASCULAR DISEASE
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Caused by renal hypoperfusion
Atherosclerosis
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Mediated by renin - AT - aldosterone system
Potentially curable by renal revascularization
RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
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Prevalence
<1% unselected population with HTN
Clinical features
Abrupt onset HTN in child, adult < 30 or > 50y
Severe HTN resistant to medical Rx
Unexplained or post-ACEI impairment in ren fct
HTN + abdominal bruits
If these present - moderate risk of RVH (20-30%)
RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
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RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
RAS
Captopril
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone Vasoconstriction
HTN
Renin
ACE
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EFFECT OF RAS ON GFR
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Gold std: angiography
Initial non-invasive tests:
ACEI renography
Duplex sonography
Other tests:
MRA - insensitive for distal / segmental RAS
Captopril test (PRA post-C.) - low sensitivity
Renal vein renin levels
DIAGNOSIS OF RAS
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ACEI RENOGRAPHY
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Off ACEI & ATII receptor blockers x 3-7 days
Off diuretics x 5-7d
No solid food x 4 hrs
Patient well hydrated
10 ml/kg water 30-60 min pre- and during test
ACEI
Captopril 25-50 mg po (crushed), 1 hr pre-scan
Enalaprilat 40 µg/kg iv (2.5 mg max), 15 min pre-scan
Monitor BP q 15 min
ACEI Renography
Patient Preparation
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Tracer: Tc-99m MAG3 (or DTPA)
Protocol: 1 day vs . 2 day test
1 day test: baseline scan (1-2 mCi) followed by
post-Capto scan (8-10 mCi)
2 day test: post-Capto scan,
only if abnormal >> baseline
Acquisition: flow & dynamic x 20-30 min.
ACEI RENOGRAPHY
PROCEDURE
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Relative renal uptake (bkg corrected)
Time to peak (Tp) - from cortical ROI
normal < 5 min
RCA20 (20 min/peak ratio) - from cortical ROI
normal < 0.3
ACEI RENOGRAPHY
PROCESSING
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ACEI Renography
Grading renogram curves
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High probability RVH (>90%)
Marked C-induced change
Low probability RVH (<10%)
Normal Captopril scan
Abnormal baseline, improved p-C.
Type I curve - pre- and post-C.
Intermediate probability RVH
Abnl baseline, no change p-C.
ACEI RENOGRAPHY
INTERPRETATION
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CAPTOPRIL RENAL SCAN
MAG 3
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Captopril Renal Scan MAG3
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Captopril Renal Scan
MAG 3
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Captopril Renal Scan
MAG 3
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In normal renal function - sens/spec ~ 90%
In poor renal fct / ischemic nephropathy, ACEI renography often
indeterminate
>>> do MRA, Duplex US, angio
ACEI RENOGRAPHY
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Renal Morphology Scan
(Renal Cortical Scintigraphy)
EVALUATION OF RENAL
INFECTION
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UTI
VUR
risk factor for PN,
not all pts w PN have VUR
PN may lead to scarring >>> ESRD, HTN
early Dx and Rx necessary
Clinical & laboratory Dx of renal involvement in UTI unreliable
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RENAL CORTICAL SCINTIGRAPHY
INDICATIONS
Determine involvement of upper tract
(kidney) in acute UTI (acute pyelonephritis)
Detect cortical scarring (chronic pyelonephr.)
Follow-up post Rx
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RENAL CORTICAL SCINTIGRAPHY
PROCEDURE
Tracers
Tc-99m DMSA
Tc-99m GHA
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RENAL CORTICAL SCINTIGRAPHY
INTERPRETATION
Acute PN
single or multiple “cold” defects
renal contour not distorted
diffuse decreased uptake
diffusely enlarged kidney or focal bulging
Chronic PN
volume loss, cortical thinning
defects with sharp edges
Differentiation of AcPN vs . ChPN unreliable
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RENAL CORTICAL SCINTIGRAPHY
“COLD DEFECT “
Acute or chronic PN
Hydronephrosis
Cyst
Tumors
Trauma (contusion, laceration, rupture,
hematoma)
Infarct
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DMSA
PARALLEL HOLE COLLIMATOR
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Normal DMSA
pinhole
LPO RPO
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DMSA
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ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
DMSA
post L
LPO pinhole
post R
RPO
LEAP
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RENAL CORTICAL SCINTIGRAPHY
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
Agenesis
Ectopy
Fusion (horseshoe, crossed fused ectopia)
Polycystic kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Pseudomasses (fetal lobulation, hypertrophic
column of Bertin)
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DMSA
HORSESHOE KIDNEY
parallel pinhole
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DMSA
LT AGENESIS
parallel
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GHA
Crossed ectopia
74%
26%
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RADIONUCLIDE
CYSTOGRAM
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Evaluation of children with recurrent UTI
30-50% have VUR
F/U after initial VCUG
Assess effect of therapy / surgery
Screening of siblings of reflux pts.
INDICATIONS
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Tc-99m S.C. or TcO4
via Foley
can do at any age
VUR during filling
catheterization
Tc-99m DTPA or Tc-99m MAG3
i.v.
no catheter
info on kidneys
need pt cooperation
need good renal fct
METHODS
Advant.
Disadv.
Direct Indirect
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1 mCi S.C. in saline via Foley
Fill bladder until reversal of flow
(bladder capacity = (age+2) x 30
Continuous imaging during fill ing & voiding
Post void image
Record volume instilled
volume voided
pre- and post- void cts
DIRECT CYSTOGRAPHY
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Lower radiation
dose
(5 vs 300 mrad to
ovary)
Smaller amount of
reflux detectable
Quantitation of
post-void residual
volume
Cannot detect distal
ureteral reflux
No anatomic detail
Grading difficult
RN CYSTOGRAM VS. VCUG
Advantages Disadvantages
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NORMAL CYSTOGRAM
filling voiding post-void
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VUR - FILLING PHASE
A
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VUR - VOIDING PHASE & POST-
VOID
B
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POST VOID RESIDUAL VOLUME
voided vol x post-void cts
pre-void cts - post void ctsRV =
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Reflux nephropathy
16% 84%