renal physiology
DESCRIPTION
MBBS LectureTRANSCRIPT
Renal physiology
Dr Raghuveer Choudhary
2
Chief Functions of Renal System
1.Regulation of water & electrolyte balance
2.Regulation of acid & base balance
3.Excretion of waste products of protein metabolism, e.g.,Urea from protein breakdown
Uric acid from nucleic acid breakdownCreatinine from muscle creatine breakdown
End products of hemoglobin breakdown
4.Excretion of foreign chemicals, e.g., drugs, food additives, pesticides, …etc.
5.Endocrine function: erythropoietin, renin, 1,25-dihydoxy-vitamin D.
Physiological anatomy of the Kidney
General organization of the urinary system and the kidney
Kidney: paired organs,about
fist sized, 150 g,
outside peritoneum against the back.
5
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF KIDNEYS & URINARY TRACT
• The kidneys lie high on the posterior abdominal wall below the diaphragm & on either side of the vertebral column.
• In adults each kidney is the size of a clenched fist & weighs ~150 g.
• Urine produced by the kidneys is delivered to the urinary bladder by 2 ureters.
• The bladder continuously
accumulates urine and periodically
empties its contents via urethra
under the control of an external
urethral sphincter – a process
known as micturition.
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY: kidney• Each kidney is formed of 2
distinct parts:An outer cortex An inner medulla.
• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains ~ 1 million nephrons.
• The nephron is composed of 2 main components:
A. The renal corpuscle
B. The renal tubule
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The
Nep
hron
Nephron
the basic functional unit of kidney1 million nephrons in each kidneyThe kidney cannot regenerate new
nephrons.
Nephron
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
glomerulus
Bowman capsule
proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
distal tubule
thick segment of descending limbthin segment of descending limb thin segment of ascending limbthick segment of ascending limb
12
THE NEPHRONA. Renal Corpuscle: (Site of filtration of blood)
1. The Glomerulus:
- It is present in the cortex.
- Each glomerulus is formed of a tuft of capillaries that are invaginated into the Bowman’s capsule.
- Blood enters the capillaries through the afferent arteriole and leaves
through the slightly narrower efferent arteriole.
- Glomerular capillaries are unique in that they are interposed between 2 arterioles. This arrangement serves to maintain a high hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries, which is necessary for filtration.
13
THE NEPHRON
A. Renal Corpuscle: 2. The Bowman’s Capsule: It is the proximal expanded portion of the renal tubule
forming a double-walled cup
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THE NEPHRON
B. Renal Tubule:1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. Loop of Henle: It is further subdivided into:
► Thin descending limb
► Thin ascending limb
► Thick ascending limb
3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- Many DCTs open into a collecting duct (CD). CDs pass from the cortex (cortical CD) to the medulla (medullary CD) and finally drain urine into the renal pelvis.
- PCT & DCT are present in the cortex, while the descending limb of loop of Henle dips into the medulla, forming a hairpin turn & then returns back to the cortex.
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THE NEPHRON
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Each DCT passes between the afferent & efferent arterioles
of its own nephron. At this point there is a patch of cells with crowded nuclei in the wall of the DCT called the macula densa. They sense the concentration of NaCl in this portion of the tubule.
The wall of the afferent arteriole opposite the macula densa contains specialized cells known as the juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells). They secrete renin.
Together, the macula densa & JG cells are called the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).
Juxta Glomerular Cells
Lecis/mesangial cells
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The Juxta-glomerular Apparatus
1. Renin-Angiotensin System:
■ Most important mechanism for Na+ retention in
order to maintain the blood volume.
■ Any drop of renal blood flow &/or Na+, will
stimulate volume receptors found in juxtaglomerular
apparatus of the kidneys to secrete Renin which will
act on the Angiotensin System leading to production of Angiotensin II.
Renin – Angiotensin Vasoconstrictor Mechanism
• Main function – (i) Control of BP (ii)Regulation of ECF VolumeRenin – Secreted from – JG Cells Stimulus – Low BP Function – convert ATG to AT-I ACE
AT-I → AT-II (in lungs endo cells)
Renin
Aldosterone
Adrenalcortex
Corticosterone
Angiotensinogen
(Lungs)
renal blood flow &/or Na+
++ Juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys
(considered volume receptors)
Angiotensin I Convertingenzymes
Angiotensin II(powerful
vasoconstrictor)
Angiotensin III(powerful
vasoconstrictor)
• Renin-Angiotensin System:
N.B. Aldosterone is the main regulator of Na+ retention.
Functions of Angiotensin-II• Vasoconstriction → ↑ BP
• Na+ & Water retention by Kidney → ↑ BP
• Stimulate thirst → ↑ BV → ↑ BP
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THE NEPHRON
There are 2 types of nephrons in the kidney:
1. Cortical Nephrons: (80% of nephrons) Their glomeruli lie in the outer layers of the cortex. Their tubular system is relatively short. Their loops of Henle penetrate only for a short distance into
the outer portion of renal medulla.
2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons: (20% of nephrons) Their glomeruli lie at the boundary between cortex & medulla. They have long loops of Henle, which dip deeply down into the
medulla toward the tips of the pyramids. They play a major role in the process of urine concentration.
Types of nephronsItems Cortical nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons
% Of total 85 % 15%
Glomeruli Out part of cortex Inner part of cortex .
Loop of Henle Short i.e. dips to the junction between inner and outer
medulla.
Long i.e. dips deeply into the medullary
pyramids to the inner medulla
Blood supply Peritubular capillaries
No Vasa Recta
Vasa recta and peritubular capillaries
Special function
Na reabsorption Urine concentration
JG apparatus Present Absent
Autoregulation Present Absent
Juxtamedullary Nephron Cortical Nephron
The efferent vessels of juxtamedullary glomeruli form long looped vessels, called vasa recta which is important for urine concentration.
So,why is the loop of Henle useful?
• The longer the loop, the more concentrated the filtrate and the medullary IF become
• Importance: the collecting tubule runs through the hyperosmotic medulla more ability to reabsorb H2O
Desert animals have long nephron Loop More H2O is reabsorbed
Glomerular capillary membrane
1. Three major layers:(1) capillary endothelium
(2) basement membrane
(3) epithelium (podocytes) of visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
Glomerular membrane Capillary endothelium; It has small holes (70-90 nm). It does not act as a barrier against plasma protein filtration. Basement membrane; (BM)filamentous layer attached to glomerular endothelium & podocytes, carry strong-ve charges which prevent the filtration of plasma proteins, but filters large amount of H2O and solutes.Podocytes; Epithelial cells that line the outer surface of the glomeruli. They have numerous foot processes that attach to the BM, forming filtration slits (25 nm wide).
capillary endothelium
fenestrae(fenestration)
①②
③
epithelium
(1) capillary endothelium
• fenestrae(fenestration) 70-90nm
• Not act as a major barrier for plasma proteins
(2) basement membrane
• Meshwork of collagen and proteoglycan fibrillae that have spaces( 2-8nm)
• Filter large amounts of water and small solutes, but effectively prevent filtration of plasma proteins
(3) epithelium (podocytes)
surrounding the outer surface of the capillary basement membrane
podocytes :long foot-like processes
pedicels slit pores(filtration slits) :
25nm Provide some restriction
to filtration
epithelium
Renal blood supplyRenal artery→segmental arteries
→interlobar arteries→arcuate arteries → interlobular arteries(radial arteries)→ afferent arterioles
→glomerular capillaries →efferent arterioles →peritubular capillaries → interlobular vein →arcuate vein
→interlobar vein →segmental vein →renal vein.
characteristics of
renal blood supply:
two capillaries beds
Renal arteryinterlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
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BLOOD VESSELS in the NEPHRONS • Each kidney receives its blood supply from a renal artery,
which arises directly from the abdominal aorta.• In the kidney, the renal artery progressively subdivides into
smaller branches until they form afferent arterioles, which break up into a tuft of capillaries, the glomerulus. Then the capillaries form the efferent arteriole.
• The efferent arteriole again subdivides to form peritubular capillaries, which surround the various segments of the renal tubules.
N.B. There are 2 sets of capillaries & 2 sets of arterioles!!
• The efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons form a special type of peritubular capillaries called vasa recta. They are straight & long capillaries that form hairpin
loops along side the loops of Henle. They play an important role in the process of urine
concentration.
Blood supply of the kidney
-It is a portal circulation i.e. blood flows through 2 sets of capillaries (the glomerular and peritubular capillaries) before it drained by veins.- The renal circulation is the only circulation where there are capillaries which are drained by arterioles (glomerular capillaries drain in efferent arterioles).
two capillaries beds• glomerular capillaries:
Higher hydrostatic pressure( about 45 mmHg)--- in favor of rapid fluid filtration ;
• peritubular capillaries:
Lower hydrostatic pressure ( about 10 mmHg)---in favor of rapid fluid reabsorption;
Major Renal Capillaries
Glomerular capillary bed
Peritubular capillary bed
1. Receives bl from afferent art.
Receives bl from efferent art.
2. High presure bed 45- 55 mmHg
Low pressure bed 10- 13 mmHg
3.Represents arterial end of cap.
Represents venous end of cap.
4. allows fluid filtration. Allows fluid reabsorption.
Renal Blood Flow and it’s RegulationCharacteristics of RBF:1. High blood flow:
1200ml/min: 25% cardiac output 0.4 % of total body weight300-400ml/100gm/minA high blood flow is necessary for glomerular
filtration. 2.Distribution: cortex 90% outer medulla 9% inner medulla 1% 。
Vasa recta is 40 mm longLow Hydrostatic PressureIncreased viscosity
RENAL BLOOD FLOW (RBF)
Renal blood flow is about 20% of the cardiac outputThis is a very large flow relative to the weight of the kidneys (≈350 g)
RBF determines GFR
RBF also modifies solute and water reabsorption and delivers nutrients to nephron cells.
Renal blood flow is autoregulated between 80 and 180 mm Hg by varying renal vascular resistance (RVR).
i.e. the resistances of the interlobular artery, afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
4. Physiological control of RBF and GFR
1. Autoregulation of the RBF and GFR
( 1 ) RBF is relatively constant when BP fluctuating between 80 ~ 180 mm Hg even if there are not regulations of nerve and humoral factors. ( 2 ) Myogenic mechanism:
Tubuloglomerular feedback:( 3 ) significance:
to maintain a relatively constant GFRto allow of renal excretion of water and
solutes under normal conditions.
In every nephron, the macula densa senses changes in GFR by measuring the tubular fluid flow rate. If the tubular fluid flow rate increases, the macula densa signals to the afferent arteriole to contract, thereby reducing GFR and normalizing flow .
↓ Arterial pressure
↓glomerular hydrostatic pressure
↓ GFR
↓ Macula densa NaCl
↑ renin
↑ Angiotensin II
↑ Efferent arteriolarresisance
↓ Afferent arteriolarresisance
(-) (-)
Macula densa feedback mechaniam
Autoregulation of RBF & GFR
• Note: Autoregulation is important to prevent large changes in GFR that would greatly affect urinary output.
50 100 150 200
50
100
150
RB
F
or
GR
F (
% o
f no
rmal
)
Arterial Pressure (mmHg)
Urine Output
GFR
RBF
EFFECT OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE CHANGESON GFR, RBF AND URINE OUTPUT
Impact of autoregulation• Autoregulation:
– GFR=180L/day and tubular reabsorption=178.5L/day
– Results in 1.5L/day in urine
• Without autoregulation:– Small ↑ in BP 100 to 125mm Hg, ↑GFR by 25%
(180 to 225L/day)– If tubular reabsorption constant, urine flow of
46.5 L/day• What would happen to plasma volume?
The formation of urine by Kidney
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
Concentration and dilution of urine
Peritubular capillary blood
Urine Formation
• Glomerular Filtration• substances move from blood to glomerular capsule
• Tubular Reabsorption• substances move from renal tubules into blood of
peritubular capillaries• glucose, water, urea, proteins, creatine• amino, lactic, citric, and uric acids• phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium
ions
• Tubular Secretion• substances move from blood of peritubular capillaries
into renal tubules• drugs and ions
Overall fluid movement in the kidneys
Urinary excretion rate=filtration rate-reabsorption rate + secretion rate
Glomerular filtration• The first step in urine formation• when blood flows into the glomerular
capillaries, the water bulk flow of protein-free plasma filtrate into Bowman’s capsule through the glomerular membrane
ultrafiltrate
• Most substances in the plasma(except protein)are freely filtrated,so that their concentrations in Bowman’s capsule are almost the same as in the plasma.
Glomerular filtration
Fluid and small solutes dissolved in the plasma such as glucose, amino acids, Na, K, Cl, HCO3- , other salts, and urea pass through the membrane and become part of the filtrate.
The glomerular membrane hold back blood cells, platelets and most plasma proteins.
The filtrate is about 20% of the plasma.
The volume of fluid filtered per unite time is called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR is about 180 L/day (=125 ml/min.).
Glomerular membrane
Capillary endothelium; It has small holes (70-90 nm). It does not act as a barrier against plasma protein filtration. Basement membrane; (BM)filamentous layer attached to glomerular endothelium & podocytes, carry strong-ve charges which prevent the filtration of plasma proteins, but filters large amount of H2O and solutes.Podocytes; Epithelial cells that line the outer surface of the glomeruli. They have numerous foot processes that attach to the BM, forming filtration slits (25 nm wide).
Filterability of the Membrane
• Filterability is a term used to describe membrane selectivity based on the molecular size and charge
• Pore size would favor plasma protein (albumin) passage, but negative charge on protein is repelled by the (-) charged basement membrane (proteoglycan filaments & podocytes)
• Loss of this (-) charge causes proteinuria.
GFR (glomerular filtration rate)GFR=volume of glomerular filterate formed each minute by all the nephrons in both kidneys
the amount of ultra filtrate formed by two kidneys per minute.Normal value:125ml/min,180L/day
Filtration fraction
= GFR / Renal plasma flow Normal value:about 20% (125/660=19%)(about 20% of the plasma flowing through the kidney
is filtered by the glomerular capillaries)
Define Filtration fraction It is the fraction of the renal plasma flow (RPF) that becomes glomerular filtrate. the average filtration fraction about 16-20%. It is calculated as (GFR/RPF X100).
–In an average man: 125 ml/minute. In women : 10% less.–High renal blood flow (20-25% of cardiac output) needed for high GFR.–GFR equals about 180 L/day so plasma volume (3L) filtered about 60 times daily, More than 99% of GFR is normally reabsorbed.–Normal volume of urine is about 1.5 litre/day.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
The GFR is determined by
(1)Effective filtration pressure (EFP) and
(2)glomerular capillary filtration coefficient(Kf)
GFR= Kf ☓ EFP
Glomerular filtration rate =Net filtration pressure X Filtration coefficient
GFR = EFP (l0) X Kf (12.5) = 125ml/min.
- Kf is determined by 2 factors: 1- The permeability of the capillary bed. 2- The surface area of the capillary bed.
Kf = permeability of membrane X effective filtration surface area (of both kidneys).
Effective filtration pressure,EFP• Represents the sum of the hydrostatic and
colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration.
Forces favoring filtration:
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure(PG)
Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure (πB)=0
Forces opposing filtration :Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (PB)
Glomerular capsule colloid osmotic pressure (πG)
Forces affecting filtration
Favoring FiltrationOpposing Filtration
Glomerular hydrostatic
pressure45 mm Hg
Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
10 mm Hg
Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure
0 mm Hg
Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure
25 mm Hg
Net = +10 mm Hg
FORCES of GFR
45mmHg 25mmHg
1ommHg
45mmHg 1ommHg 25mmHg
Regulation of Filtration(1) Changes in glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
(1) Diameter of the afferent arterioles. – VD of afferent arterioles ++ Hydrostatic pr. in
glomerular capillary ++ GFR.– VC of afferent arterioles e.g ++ sympathetic activity --
Hydrostatic pr. in glomerular capillary (HPGC) -- GFR. (2) Diameter of the efferent arterioles.
– Moderate VC ++ Hydrostatic pr. in glomerular capillary slight ++ of GFR.
(3) Arterial Blood Pressure:
Between 70 & 170 mmHg: GFR and RBF are kept relatively
constant by autoregulatory mechanisms.
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Changes in GFR by constriction or dilation of afferent (AA) or efferent (EA) arterioles
Constriction of the afferent arteriole reduces both the RBF and theGFR, leaving the filtration fraction unchanged.
Efferent arteriole constriction reduces RBF but conserves GFR, causing an increasein the filtration fraction.
Regulation of Filtration(2) Changes in Bowman’s Capsule hydrostatic
pressure++ Hydrostatic pr in Bowman’s capsule e.g. stone in
ureter -- GFR .(3) Change in glomerular colloidal osmotic pressure
Increased Colloidal osmotic pressure in glomerular capillary
• e.g in dehydration decreased GFR.Decreased Colloidal osmotic pressure in glomerular
capillary • e.g in hypoproteinemia increased GFR.
(4) Functioning kidney mass When the number of functioning nephrons decreases
e.g. in renal disease (failure), there is reduction of filtration coefficient (kf) & decrease in GFR (decreasing the filtering surface area).
Determinants of GFR
3. glomerular capillary filtration coefficient(Kf)
Kf is the product of the permeability and filtering surface area of the capillaries.
Kf ↑ GFR ↑
Example:
diabetes mellitus thickness of glomerular membrane ↑ Kf ↓ GFR↓
Changes in filtering surface area: This is changed by contraction or relaxation of mesangial cells.
They are contracted by vasopressin (ADH), adrenaline, angiotensin II, prostaglandin F2 and sympathetic stimulation.
They are relaxed by prostaglandin E2, dopamine, cAMP and ANP. Contraction of mesangial cells → decrease surface area available for filtration → decrease in Kf & decrease in GFR and vice versa.
Changes in the permeability of glomerular membrane: GFR is directly proportional to the permeability of glomerular membrane e.g. hypoxia, fevers, some renal diseases increases this permeability.
Renal Clearance• Clearance is the virtual volume of plasma
from which a substance is completely removed and excreted in to the urine in one minute
• Or• Clearance is a ratio of the amount of
substance excreted in urine to the plasma concentration of the substance i.e.
• Urinary excretion rate/plasma concentration
Arterial PlasmaEach Block=100ml
PX=1mg/ml
Urine output=1ml100mgx
In One Minute
Venous Plasma
Renal clearance
Definition:
The renal clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of the substance by the kidneys per unit time.
the ability of the kidneys to "clear" or remove a specific substance from the blood.
Clearance equation:
C = U ×V / P ( ml/min )
Renal Clearance
• Clearance and urinary excretion rate (U x V) of a substance are not identical because increasing the plasma concentration of a substance leads to an increased rate of excretion; clearance remains unchaned.
Clearance equation:
C = U ×V / P ( ml/min )
• The concept of clearance can be applied for determination of
• GFR (Glomerular Filteration Rate)• RPF (Renal Plasma Floow)• FF (Filtration Fraction)
GFR
• Suppose there were a magic substance freely filtered ,neither reabsorbed nor secreted then the amount of the substance excreted per minute would be equal to the amount of substance filtered
• i.e. P x GFR = U x V• GFR= U x V/P =clearance
Inulin clearance; Inulin has the following characteristics:
Freely filtered i.e. plasma conc.= filtrate concentration.
not reabsorbed or secreted by renal tubules i.e. amount filtered per min.= amount excreted in urine/min.
Not metabolized.
Not stored in the kidney.
Does not affect filtration rate & its conc. is easily measured.
There is such a substance –Inulin
• C inulin = 125ml/min=GFR
• Inuline is freely filtered.• Biologically inert & non toxic.• Not bound to plasma proteins.• Not metabolized to another substance
Substances that are freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted have renal clearance rate equal to GFR and hence are called glomerular markers.
• Inulin• Mannitol• Sorbitol• Sucrose (i.V.)• Radioactive Cobalt labeled Vit
B12
• 51 Cr Labelled EDTA• Radio-iodine labeled
Hypaque
Renal Blood Flow
• RBF can be measured by Fick’s Principle.• Imagine about the organ(kidney)• -Blood conc. Of substance on arterial end.• -Blood conc. Of substance on venous end.• Amount of substance either added or
taken out of body by organ• Then Flow= Amount of substance removed per min• Arterial-Venous plasma conc.
Fick’s Principle
• The amount of substance removed (excreted) by an organ(kidney) per unit time(U x V) is equal to the renal plasma flow multiplied by the arteriovenous difference in plasma concentration.
Flow= Amount of substance removed per min
Arterial-Venous plasma conc.
Fick’s Priciple
• But suppose we had a magic substance that was so completely cleared by the kidney that the venous conc were zero .
Flow= Amount of substance removed per min
Arterial Plasma concentration
• So the clearance of such substance would equal RPF
RPF
• Para-amino-Hippuric acid is continuously (freely) filtered by the glomeruli & also secreted by the proximal convoluted tubules to such an extent that it is completely removed during it’s renal circulation.
• RPF = UPAH x V/PPAH = Clearance PAH
• At low plasma conc.• CPAH = 650ml/min = ERPF (10% lower
then actual RPF)• RBF=RPF x I/I-Hct
Describe how to measure renal blood flow By PAH clearance
►The substance used is PAH (paraminohippuric acid) because
If is freely filtered by the glomerulus.
It is completely secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen in single circulation.
►Measurement of the effective renal plasma flow ERPF. The extraction ratio of PAH is 90% i.e. only 90% of PAH in renal arterial blood is removed in a single circulation. This is because only 90% of ARPF go to the nephrons Actual RPF = ERPF.x 100/90. ►Measurement of the actual (total) renal blood flow RBF Knowing the haematocrite value. RBF = RPF / 1 – HV = about 1200 mL/min
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance: (Exogenous).
It is freely filterable, almost complete secretion in one single circulation (90%) with no absorption. So, it is used for measurement of RBF. Why?
a- It is not metabolized and not stored nor produced by the kidney. b- It does no affect RBF. c- Its level can be measured easily. d- 90% is removed from the blood in a single circulation.
Substances that are filtered and also secreted by the tubules, but not reabsorbed have the highest renal clearance rate.Such substances are thus entirely exreted by a single passage of blood through kidneys. Clearance of such substances represent the range of blood flow
• PAH=650ml/min• Diodras
Substances that are freely filtered ,but are partially reabsorbed in the tubules have renal clearance rate less than GFR
• Urea (partially reabsorbed)
• Urea Clearace < 125ml/min
Substances that are freely filtered ,but are completely reabsorbed have lowest clearance rate
• Sodium• Glucose• HCO3
• Amino acids• Chloride
Filteration Fraction (FF)• Given that GFR is about 125ml/min and RPF is
about 650ml/min, only about @19% of the renal plasma flow is actually filtered in to Bowman’s space
• FF is the ratio of GFR to the Renal Plasma Flow or the ratio of inulin clearance to that of Para-aminohippuric acid clearance.
• FF= GFR/RPF = Cin/CPAH
• RPF = GFR/FF
Creatinine clearance:
• Actually GFR is rarely measured clinically by inulin clearance. Rather ,Creatinine,a normal product of muscle metabolism is used
• Creatinine is not an ideal substance for this purpose since it is not only is filtered but also secreted to a small extent in the human.
• The error introduced by this secretory component is about 10%
Creatinine clearance:
• Fortunately the laboratory methods of measuring plasma creatinine overestimate the true value by about 10%.
• Consequently the two error cancel & in most clinical studies Ccr provide a reasonable estimate of GFR.
Creatinine clearance:
• Finally in most cases the muscle mass does not changes day to day,so the amount of creatinine presented to the kidney for excretion is relatively constant.
• Pcr x GFR = Rate of production(constant)• Given this constancy there are 2 varibles.• GFR & Plama creatinine
Creatinine clearance:
• So as one variable decrease, the another increases. Pcr x GFR = Rate of production(constant)
• Imagine a normal person with the following renal values• GFR=100ml/min, Pcr=1mg/dl• Now if the kidney fails & GFR decreases to
50ml/min ,Pcr would increase to 2mg/dl.• As physician you should note that when plasma
creatinine value doubles this means GFR must have fallen to ½ of it’s normal Value
Estimates of GFR while creatinine
clearance is a good estimate of GFR,
plasma creatinine is often used as a clinical indicator of GFR
Creatinine clearance:
• Two groups in which this method should not be used (1) New Born (2) Individuals with wasting diseases (cancer)
• In both cases one cannot assume a constancy of muscle mass
Creatinine clearance:
-Mode of handling: complete filtration, partial secretion, no reabsorption. So, creatinine clearance is more than GFR = 140 ml/min.
-It is an endogenous substance coming from creatine metabolism in skeletal muscles. It is released into blood at relatively constant rate.
- It can be used clinically for measuring GFR, it is easier but it is slightly inaccurate.