Prepared by:

ARCHT. JEYCARTER A. TILOY, UAP

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2

EARLY RENAISSANCE: ELIZABETHAN PERIOD (1558 to 1603 AD)

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followed Tudor

architecture Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail

JACOBEAN PERIOD (1603 to 1625 AD)

During the Reign of King James I of England blended Medieval and Renaissance styles characteristic of formal structures transition from Elizabethan to Pure Renaissance Predominant after Queen Elizabeth's reign Tends to be more unified and consistent

LATE RENAISSANCE STUART PERIOD (1625 to 1702 AD) 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian

Renaissance 2nd Phase: Sir Christopher Wren was influenced by

French Renaissance

GEORGIAN PERIOD (1702 to 1830 AD) Under this title is classed the architecture of the reigns of Anne

(A.D. 1702–14), George I (A.D. 1714–27), George II (A.D. 1727-60), George III (A.D. 1760–1820), George IV (A.D. 1820–30).

The Renaissance in England

Renaissance architecture arrived in England during the

reign of Elizabeth I, having first spread through the Low

countries where among other features it acquired

versions of the Dutch gable, and Flemish strapwork in

geometric designs adorning the walls. The new style

tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses

such as Longleat House.

ELIZABETHAN PERIOD

(1558 to 1603 AD)

The mansions displayed many new combinations of features. Externally,

towers,

gables, parapets, balustrades and chin:mey stacks produced an effective

skyline,

and walls were enlivened by oriel and bay-windows with mullions and

transoms,

while internally the same style, when applied to fittings, furniture, and

decoration,

made for repose, dignity and uniformity.

Elizabethan mansions looked outwards rather than inwards towards

courtyards as in

the Mediaeval periods, so that there now could be formal settings related

to each

ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS

These mansions show a general similarity in their

arrangement with those of the Jacobean period.

The smaller mansions had a central hall flanked at

one end by kitchen and offices, and at the other by

withdrawing and living-rooms; while the larger types

was quadrangular with similar accommodation, but

with additional rooms grouped round the court, and

with a gatehouse in the centre of the entrance side.

Elizabethan and Jacobean architects adhered to

the Tudor plan for smaller

mansions, but they evolved the E-shaped plan from

the quadrangular plan by omitting one side of the

court, thus admitting sunlight and air.

Elizabethan Country Houses

Wollaton Hall by Robert Smythson, 1580

Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire, Robert Smythson (1580-88). Wollaton was

built between 1580 and 1588 for Sir Francis Willoughby and is believed to

be designed by the Elizabethan architect, Robert Smythson, who was the

architect of Hardwick Hall.

Plan of Wollaton Hall

Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire by Robert Smythson

1590-97

Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, Robeert Smythson (1590-97) Hardwick Hall, in

Derbyshire, is one of the most significant Elizabethan country houses in England. In

common with its architect Robert Smythson's other works at both Longleat House

and Wollaton Hall, Hardwick Hall is one of the earliest examples of the English

interpretation of the Renaissance style of architecture, which came into fashion when

it was no longer thought necessary to fortify one's home.

Hardwick Hall

LONG GALLERY

The H-shaped plan was used also in this period. The gatehouse often became a detached building features, such as the great hall, grand staircase, and long gallery, are common to the typical houses . As houses began to look outwards instead of into courts, surrounding gardens developed on formal

lines.

The GREAT HALL still retained its central position, but became more than ever a hall of state, connecting the various parts of the mansion.

The GRAND STAIRCASE, with carved newels and pierced balustrades, and usually adjacent to the hall; forms dignified approach to the rooms above, and its prominence as a feature is in marked contrast with the inconvenient corkscrew stairs of the. Mediaeval period.

The Long Gallery -is perhaps the most striking feature of an Elizabethan mansion, with ornamental chimney-pieces, paneled or tapestried walls, large mullioned windows and modeled plaster ceiling. Long, low and narrow though varied room-like bays.

The Withdrawing room or 'solar' of previous times was often elaborately finished

with carved chimney-pieces and panelled walls. Bedrooms were multiplied and

were often elaborate and a private chapel was frequently incorporated in the

building .

JACOBEAN PERIOD

(1603 to 1625 AD)

As Roman Literature and models became better known, a subtle change

crept in, and

the sober regularity of classic columns and entablatures gradually

supplanted the irregularity

of Elizabethan architecture. There was a greater tendency for new

structures

to be designed by a single hand. Buildings still continued to be for domestic

rather than

religious use. and thus the style developed along lines suited to popular

needs, w1th

considerable latitude in detail and ornament; not only for buildings, but also

tor fittings

and furniture, which now became. more abundant in quantity and more

HATFIELD

HOUSE

Hatfield House is a country house set in a large park, the Great Park, on the

eastern side of the town of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. The present

Jacobean house was built in 1611 by Robert Cecil, First Earl of Salisbury and

Chief Minister to King James I and has been the home of the Cecil family ever

since. It is a prime example of Jacobean architecture and is currently the home

of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury. The house is open to the

public.

The house is E-shaped in plan,

with central hall and projecting

symmetrical wings, and is set off

by formal gardens.

The entrance front is 68.5 m

long, is of daringly plain

brickwork with stone mullioned

windows, relieved by a

projecting central entrance;

while the bay-windows of the

wings are taken up as small

lateral towers, and the building

is finished by a flat roof and

balustrade and dominated by a

central clock-turret. The South

front is much ornate in

treatment, with Doric, Ionic and

Corinthian orders superimposed

to form a center-piece flanked

by an arcaded ground storey·,

mullioned windows and pierced

parapet. The two storey hall with

mullioned windows,

minstrels's gallery, and modeled

plaster ceiling, is a Renaissance

STUART PERIOD

(1625 to 1702 AD)

Inigo JonesJuly 15, 1573 - June 21, 1652

Inigo Jones is regarded as the first significant British architect of the modern period, and the first to bring Italianate Renaissance architecture to England. He left his mark on London by single buildings, such as the Banqueting House, Whitehall and in area design for Covent Garden square which became a model for future developments in the West End. St.

Above: Queen's House, Greenwich, 1616 was

built for James I’s wife, Anne of Denmark. It was

finished in 1635 and was the first strictly

classical building in England, employing ideas

found in the architecture of Palladio and ancient

Rome. This is Inigo Jones's earliest surviving

work.

Plan of Queen’s House by Inigo

Jones

THE WHITEHALL PALACE

The Palace of Whitehall (or Palace of White Hall) was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. Before the fire it had grown to be the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms, overtaking the Vatican and Versailles. The palace gives its name, Whitehall, to the road on which many of the current administrative buildings of the UK government are situated, and hence metonymically to the central government itself.

In Tudor and Early Stuart English architecture a

banqueting house is a separate building reached

through pleasure gardens from the main residence,

whose use is purely for entertaining.

Banqueting House, Whitehall, London (1619-22) The Banqueting House, Whitehall, London, is the grandest and best known survivor of the architectural genre of banqueting house, and the only remaining component of the Palace of Whitehall. The building is important in the history of English architecture as the first building to be completed in the neo-classical style which was to transform English architecture.

Begun in 1619, and designed by Inigo Jones in a style influenced by Palladio, the Banqueting House was completed in

SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN

October 20, 1632 - February 25, 1723

Sir Christopher Michael Wren is one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666, including his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.

The principal creative responsibility for a number of the churches is now more commonly attributed to others in his office, especially Nicholas Hawksmoor. Other notable buildings by Wren include the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and the south front of Hampton Court Palace. The Wren Building, the main building at the College of William and Mary, is attributed to Wren. It is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States.

Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics at the University of Oxford, Wren was a notable anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist, as well as an architect. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and

Wren’s plan for Rebuilding the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666

Old map of London before the Great Fire of 1666

Map of the Spread of the Great Fire in

London, 1666

St Paul’s London

St Paul’s

• The Cathedral is one of the most famous andmost recognizable sights of LONDON, with itsdome, framed by the spires of Wren's CityChurches, dominating the skyline for 300years. At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was thetallest building in LONDON from 1710 to1962, and its dome is also among the highestin the world. In terms of area, St Paul's isthe second largest church building inthe UNITED KINGDOM after LIVERPOOLCathedral.

Old St. Paul Cathedral before the Great Fire of 1666.

St Paul's Cathedral, London, is an Anglican cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church of the Diocese of London. It sits at the top of LudgateHill, the highest point in the City of London. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present church, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed within Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme which took place in the city after the Great Fire of London.The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London, with its dome, framed by the spires of Wren's City churches, dominating the skyline for 300 years. At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1962, and its dome is also among the highest in the world. In terms of area, St Paul's is the second largest church building in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral.St Paul's Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity of the English population. It is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as postcard images of the dome standing tall, surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz. Important services held at St Paul's have included the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher; Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, the launch of the Festival of Britain and the thanksgiving services for the Golden Jubilee, the 80th Birthday and the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. St Paul's Cathedral is a busy working church, with hourly prayer and daily services.

Architect

Sir Christopher Wren was the Architect Who Rebuilt London.After the Great Fire of London, Sir Christopher Wren designed new churches and supervised the reconstruction of some of London's most important buildings.

• Born:October 20, 1632 at East Knoyle in Wiltshire, England

• Died: February 25, 1723 in London, at age 91.

• The St. Paul is constructed in BAROQUE STYLE.• A style of architecture and art originating in ITALY in the early 17th

century and variously prevalent in EUROPE and the New World for acentury and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of theclassical orders and ornament, by forms in elevation and plansuggesting movement, and by dramatic effect in which architecture,panting, sculpture, and the decorative arts often worked tocombined effect.

Length 555ft (160m)Nave width 121ft (37m)Width across transepts 246ft (75m)

Details

The WHISPERING GALLERY runs around the inside of the dome 99 feet (30.2 m) above thecathedral floor. It is reached by 259 steps from ground level. It gets its name because of theacoustic effects peculiar to domes; a whisper against its wall at any point is audible to a listenerwith an ear held to the wall at any other point around the gallery. A low murmur is equallyaudible.

Specifications

Height 365ft (111m)

Dome height (outer) 278ft (85m)

Dome height (inner) 225ft (68m)

Dome diameter (outer) 112ft (34m)

Dome diameter (inner) 102ft (31m)

Structural Features

Buttress given for extrastrength for screen walls.

Deep recesses in the walls for windows.

Thick walls are provided internally.

The large crossing dome is composed of three layers: the first triple domeever to be constructed. The inner and outer layers are catenary curves,but the structural integrity to support the heavy stone structure atop thedome is provided by a intermediary layer which is much steeper andmore conical in shape. The dome is restrained round its base by awrought iron chain to prevent it spreading and cracking.

Structural Features

Vault

Number of towers 2 Tower height 221ft (67m)

• Details of the towers at thewest end (illustration, left)and their dark voids areboldly scaled, in order toread well from the streetbelow and from a distance,for the towers have alwaysstood out in the urbanskyline. They are composedof two complementaryelements, a central cylinderrising through the tiers in aseries of stacked drums,and paired CORINTHIANCOLUMNS at the corners,with BUTTRESSES abovethem, which serve to unifythe drum shape with thesquare block plinthcontaining the clock.

Description

• The base of the inner dome is 173 feet (53.4 m) above thefloor. Its top is about 65 m above the floor, making this thegreatest height of the enclosed space. The cathedral is some574 feet (175 m) in length (including the portico of theGreat West Door), of which 223 feet (68 m) is the nave and167 feet (51 m) is the choir. The width of the nave is 121feet (37 m) and across the transepts is 246 feet (75 m). Thecathedral is thus slightly shorter but somewhat wider thanOld St Paul's.

Corinthian columns

• The clock mechanism wasbuilt in 1893 by Smith ofDerby incorporating a designof escapement. clockmechanism is 5.8 meters longand is the most recent of theclocks introduced to STPAUL'S CATHEDRAL over thecenturies.

GEORGIAN PERIOD

(1702 to 1830 AD)

The Georgian house was generally planned as a simple symmetrical

square or rectangular block with or without wings. The grander winged

examples

were the seats of the more well -to-do and the aristocracy. The centre .third of

the main

block in both types was usually occupied by the entrance hall, which, in the

larger

houses was carried up the full height of two storeys. The staircase, also

designed for

show, was either axially beyond or to one side of the hall and was seen

through columned

or arched screens. In the simple block type a single staircase sufficed, but in

winged mansions, two staircases became necessary on account of the high

BLENHEIM PALACE

Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshlre (1704-20) is the most

monumental mansion in England. Sir John Vanbrugh's

bold and forceful personality stamped itself on all his

designs which are characterized by his love of

projecting porticos, twined columns supports for

trophies and the contrast of light and shade.

Designed by William Kent a representative of Palladian character in the present class.

The plan shows no deliberate framing of the entrance court by the wings, which here

number four instead of two and give symmetrical elevations on all four fronts. A grand

feature of the central block is the halt, adorned by Ionic, colonnades which turn in an

apse to enclose an axial flight of steps rising to the 'piano nobile' or principal floor; the

chief apartments include a stately gallery of three related rooms. Externally. on the south

WILLIAM KENTPLAN OF BLENHEIM PALACE

The SWAN HOUSE, Chichester

The SWAN HOUSE, Chichester (1711) is built wholly in gauged and rubbed brickwork, the centre third thrust forward to frame narrow lights on either side of the pilastered and segmentally pedimenteddoor case. Above the dentil and moulded brick cornice is a panelled parapet partly concealing the hipped and tilled roof. Exposed sash boxes and thick glazing bars enliven the front. As this is a town house, it is set back from the pavement edge and ha.s a wrought-iron balustrade on a low wall with gate piers and steps.