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Page 1: Remind What is the four comppponents of the discipline of materials science …home.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture2... · 2008-03-08 · What is the four comppponents

Remind

What is the four components of the discipline of materials science p p

& engineering ?

Page 2: Remind What is the four comppponents of the discipline of materials science …home.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture2... · 2008-03-08 · What is the four comppponents

Chapter 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

1. Atomic Structure

2. Electron configuration in atoms

3. The periodic table

d d b d4. Primary and secondary interatomic bonds

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Chapter 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Atomic Structure

• 원자 (atom)→ 전자 (electron) + 원자핵 (nucleus)→ 전자 (electron) + 원자핵 (nucleus)

→ 양성자 (proton) + 중성자 (neutron)(-)

(+)Charge : 1.60 x 10-19 C

Mass : 양성자, 중성자 → 1.67 x 10-27 kg 전자 → 9 11 x 10-31 kg전자 → 9.11 x 10 kg

• 원자번호 (atomic number, Z)→ 원자핵 내의 양성자 개수 ≡ 전자 개수 (중성 원자의 경우)

→ 1H ~ 92U

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• 원자량 (atomic mass, A)원자량 ( , )→ 양성자 (proton) mass + 중성자 (neutron) mass

개수(N) 가변적 → 동위원소 (isotope)원자번호 같 원자량 다름→ 원자번호 같고 원자량 다름

※ atomic weight : 자연에 존재하는 동위원소들의 mass의 평균값

※ atomic mass unit (amu)

→ 1 amu = 1/12 x A of 12C (A= 12.00000)

A Z NA ≈ Z + N

※ 1 mole : 6.023 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number) 개의 원자 또는 분자

1 amu/atom (or molecule) = 1 g/mol

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A i M d lAtomic Models• Bohr Model

→ 전자의 위치 (electron orbital) + 전자의 에너지 (quantized energy level)

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free electron

Bohr hydrogen atom Wave-mechanical hydrogen atom

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fComparison of two models

Bohr model Wave-mechanical model

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Orbital ?

Atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom.

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Q t N bQuantum Number• n (principle) → shell 에너지 결정의 주인자 (Bohr model)• n (principle) → shell, 에너지 결정의 주인자 (Bohr model)

n = 1, 2, 3, 4, … (정수값)전자각 : K , L, M, N, …

• l (azimuthal) → subshell, angular momentuml = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

s p d fs p d f

• ml (magnetic) → energy shift 공간에서 각운동량의 방향지시 : - l 에서 + l 까지의 정수값

• ms (spin) → spin, 전자 자체의 스핀 각운동량 : ms = +1/2 , -1/2

• j (총 각운동량) → j = l ± m• j (총 각운동량) → j = l ± ms

※ 양자 상태의 에너지 → 주양자수 n 이 증가할수록 증가※ 동일 전자각에서 에너지 궤도양자수 l 이 증가할수록 증가※ 동일 전자각에서 에너지 → 궤도양자수 l 이 증가할수록 증가※ 에너지 상태의 중첩 발생→ 전자각 간의 중첩

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El t C fi tiElectron Configurations※ Pauli 배타율 (exclusion principle)배타율 ( p p )

→ 주어진 한 원자속에 있는 두 개의 전자가 꼭 같은 양자수의 계열을 가질 수 없다.∴ 각 양자 상태에는 단 하나의 전자만이 있을 수 있다.

각 전자 상태 ( l t t t )는 반대 스핀의 두 개의 전자까지 가질 수 있다→ 각 전자 상태 (electron state)는 반대 스핀의 두 개의 전자까지 가질 수 있다.

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Ground state :all electrons occupy the lowest

ibl ipossible energies

Valence electrons :electrons that occupy the outermost filled shell→ participate in the bonding→ affect physical and chemical

properties

11Na 의 filled energy state

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

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At i b diAtomic bonding energy

FN = FA + FR

평형 :FA + FR = 0평형 : A R

r0 ≈ 0.3 nm

∫= FdrE

r

∫ drFEr

NN ∫∞=r

R

r

A drFdrF += ∫∫RA

RA

EE +=∫∫ ∞∞

E0 : 결합에너지 (bonding energy)

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원자 결합(At i b d )원자 결합(Atomic bonds)

P i b d 이온결합(i ) 공유결합( l t) 금속결합( t lli )

방향성 결합 : 공유 수소 반데르발스 결합 (영구 쌍극자)

Primary bonds: 이온결합(ion), 공유결합(covalent), 금속결합(metallic)

Secondary bonds : 반데르발스 결합(van der waals), 수소결합(hydrogen)

방향성 결합 : 공유, 수소, 반데르발스 결합 (영구 쌍극자)

비방향성 결합 : 이온, 금속, 반데르발스 결합 (순간 쌍극자) {

방향성 결합- 결합수, 결합각 고정- 결합 다면체 (bonding polyhedron)의 연결- 최대결합강도 → 다면체 중심에서 꼭지점 방향

비방향성 결합비방향성 결합- 결합각의 제한이 없음 (구면대칭) → 구를 채우는 것과 유사- 원자 배열 → 원자의 상대적 크기에 의존자 배 자의 상대적 기에 의- 배위다면체(Coordination polyhedron) 형성

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O t t R lOctet Rule• 결합의 안정성 : 불활성가스의 전자구조 (8개 전자, s2p6)결합의 안정성 : 불활성가스의 전자구조 (8개 전자, s p )

→ He 제외 (1s2 구조)

원소 주기 기호 전자구조

Helium 1 2He 1s2

Neon 2 10Ne 1s2 2s22p6

Argon 3 18Ar 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6

Krypton 4 36Kr 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 3d104s24p6

Xenon 5 54Xe 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 … 5s25p6

Radon 6 86Rn 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 … 6s26p6

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이온 결합 (i i b di )이온 결합 (ionic bonding)• 금속원소 (+이온) + 비금속원소 (-이온)

rAEA −=

B

Attractive energy :

nR rBE =Repulsive energy :

A, B, n : 상수, n ≈ 8

• 비방향성 결합• 대부분의 세라믹스• 결합에너지 : 600 ~ 1500 kJ/mol

( 3 ~ 8 eV/atom)→ 고융점

NaCl

고융점• 경(hard)하고 취성 강함(brittle)

N 1 2 2 2 2 6 3 1 N + 1 2 2 2 2 6 N 전자배치11Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 ⇒ Na+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 : 10Ne 전자배치

17Cl : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 ⇒ Cl- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 : 18Ar 전자배치

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N Cl 구조NaCl 구조

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공유 결합 (covalent bonding)공유 결합 (covalent bonding)• 원자간의 전자의 공유 H H:

H-C-HH

Lewis structure : H:C:HH

:

:

6C : 1s2 2s2 2p2 ⇒ 1s2 2s1 2p3 ⇒ 전자 공유 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 ⇒ 10Ne 전자배치

CH4

sp3 hybridC : 1s 2s 2p ⇒ 1s 2s 2p ⇒ 전자 공유 : 1s 2s 2p ⇒ Ne 전자배치

1H : 1s1 ⇒ 전자 공유 : 1s2 ⇒ 2He 전자배치

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공유 결합 ( l t b di )공유 결합 (covalent bonding)• 방향성 결합방향성 결합

비금속분자 (H2, Cl2, F2 …)• 이종 원소간 분자 (CH4 H2O HF HNO3 )• 이종 원소간 분자 (CH4, H2O, HF, HNO3 …)

다이아몬드, Si, Ge화합물 (GaAs, InSb, SiC …)

• 공유결합 팔의 수 (#CB) → 최외각전자 수(N ′) 에 의존 : #CB = 8 – N ′ex) Cl : N ′= 7 → #CB = 1 (octet rule)) CB ( )

• 결합은 강할 수도 (diamond, Tm > 3550℃), 약할 수도 (bismuth, Tm≈270℃)

• 대부분 이온결합과 공유결합의 혼성% ionic character = {1-exp[-(0.25)(XA – XB)2]} x 100

XA , XB : 각 원소의 전기음성도• 고분자 물질

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• 탄소의 4개 결합팔에 다른 원자 → 고분자 (polymer)

에틸렌 (ethylene)

폴리에틸렌 (polyethylene)폴리에틸렌 (polyethylene)

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NH3

H2O

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참고 (결합각)

CH4 CH3Cl NH3 H2O

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금속 결합 ( t lli b di )금속 결합 (metallic bonding)• (+) ion core + electron cloud

• 비방향성 결합금속 합금• 금속, 합금

• 자유전자

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참고 (결합형태)참고 (결합형태)

• 대부분의 재료는 혼합된 형태의 결합 특성을 보임• 대부분의 재료는 혼합된 형태의 결합 특성을 보임→ bonding mixture

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Van der Waals bondingVan der Waals bonding• 불활성 기체원소간의 결합

• 쌍극자(dipole) 형성에 따른 분자간의 결합

• 약한 결합 : 결합에너지 ≈ 10kJ/mol (0.1 eV/atom)

1) 순간 쌍극자 (fluctuating induced dipole)

→ 전기적 중성이고 대칭적 전자분포를 가지는 H Cl 가스의 액화→ 전기적 중성이고 대칭적 전자분포를 가지는 H2, Cl2 가스의 액화→ London force (by Fritz London, 1928)

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Van der Waals bonding

A BCharge induced d t P l i i

London force

+- +-

Charge interaction

due to instantaneous inhomogeneous distribution of

Polarization from interaction with molecule A

Charge interactiondistribution of electrons

분자 또는 원자사이의 런던 힘

2) 영구 쌍극자 (polar molecule induced dipole)

→ 비대칭적 전자분포를 가지는 극성분자(polar molecule)에 의한 쌍극자p→ 쌍극자-쌍극자 힘

A B

+- +-

Charge interactionCharge interaction

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극성 ( l it )

Van der Waals bonding

극성 (polarity)

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Van der Waals bonding

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Van der Waals bonding

3) 수소 결합 (hydrogen bond)

→ H-F (HF), H-O (H2O), H-N (NH3), H2Se, 에탄올, DNA 등

→ O, F, N 등과 같이 결합에 참여하지 않는 전자를 갖는 두 원자 사이에수소원자가 있을 때수소원자가 있을 때

→ bridge bond

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Van der Waals bonding

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Van der Waals bonding

물 (H2O) 분자의 결합 → 육각구조의 얼음

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B di E iBonding Energies