relativity theory by hajnal andréka , istván & péter németi
DESCRIPTION
A Logic Based Foundation and Analysis of. Relativity Theory by Hajnal Andréka , István & Péter Németi. intro. Welcome. Our Research Group: H. Andréka , J. X. Madarász , I. & P. Németi, G. Székely , R. Tordai. Cooperation with: L. E. Szabó , M. Rédei. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
RELATIVITY THEORY by Hajnal Andréka, István & Péter
Németi
A Logic Based Foundation and Analysis of
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 1
INTRO
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 2
WELCOME
Our Research Group: H. Andréka, J. X. Madarász, I. & P. Németi, G. Székely, R. Tordai.
Cooperation with: L. E. Szabó, M. Rédei.
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 3
AIMS OF OUR SCHOOL Analysis of the logical structure of R.
Theory Base the theory on simple, unambiguous
axioms with clear meanings Make Relativity Theory:
More transparent logically Easier to understand and teach Easier to change Modular
Demystify Relativity TheoryRelativity Theory and Logic Page: 4
PLAN OF OUR PRESENTATIONSLogical analysis of: Special relativity theory
Transition to: Accelerated observers and Einstein's EP
Transition to: General relativity Exotic space-times, black holes,
wormholes Application of general relativity to logic Visualizations of Relativistic Effects Relativistic dynamics, Einstein’s E=mc2
SpecRel → AccRel → GenRel transition in detail
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 5
SpecRel
AccRel
GenRel
STRUCTURE OF OUR THEORIES
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 6
SpecRel
AccRel
GenRel
RelDyn(E=mc2)
AIMS OF OUR SCHOOL
R.T.’s as theories of First Order Logic
S. R.
G. R.
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 7
LOGIC AXIOMATIZATION OF R.T.
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 8
StreamlinedEconomicalTransparentSmall
Rich
Theorems
Ax….Ax….Ax….Ax….
Thm …Thm …Thm …Thm …Thm …Thm …
AxiomsProofs
…
PART I
Special Relativity
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 9
LANGUAGE FOR SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 10
Bodies (test particles), Inertial Observers, Photons, Quantities, usual operations on it, Worldview
B
IOb
Ph
0
Q = number-line
W
LANGUAGE FOR SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 11
W(m, t x y z, b) body “b” is present at coordinates “t x y z” for observer “m”
BQIObW 4
t
x
y
b (worldline)
m
1. ( Q , + , ∙ ) is a field in the sense of abstract algebra (with 0 , + , 1 , / as derived operations)
2.
3. Ordering derived:
AXIOMS FOR SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 12
AxFieldUsual properties of addition and multiplication on Q :Q is an ordered Euclidean field.
AXIOMS FOR SPECREL
.Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 13
AxPhFor all inertial observers the speed of light is the same in all directions and is finite.In any direction it is possible to send out a photon.
t
x
y
ph1 ph
2ph
3
Formalization:
vm(b)
AXIOMS FOR SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 14
What is speed?m
b
ppt
ps
qs
qt q
1
AXIOMS FOR SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 15
AxEvAll inertial observers coordinatize the same events.
Formalization:
t
x
y
Wm
b1
b2
mt
x
y
Wk
b1
b2
k
))(,( txyzIObkm
AXIOMS FOR SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 16
Formalization:
AxSelfAn inertial observer sees himself as standing still at the origin.t
x
y
t = worldline of the observer
m
Wm
))(( txyzIObm
AXIOMS FOR SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 17
AxSymd
Any two observers agree on the spatial distance between two events, if these two events are simultaneous for both of them, and |vm(ph)|=1.
Formalization:
k t
x
y
m
x
y
t
e1
e2
ph
is the event occurring at p in m’s worldview
SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 18
SpecRel = {AxField, AxPh, AxEv, AxSelf, AxSymd}
AxField AxPhAxEv
AxSelfAxSym
d
Thm1Thm2Thm3Thm4Thm5
SpecRel
Theorems
Proofs …
SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 19
Thm2
Thm1
t
x
y
m
SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 20
Proof of Thm2 (NoFTL):
e1
k
ph
- AxSelf
- AxPh
e2
ph1
e3e
2
ph1
- AxEv
t
x
y
k
e1
- AxFieldph
p
q
Tangent plane
k asks m : where did ph and ph1 meet?
Assume 𝑚,𝑘 ∈𝐼𝑂𝑏,𝑝,𝑞 ∈𝑤𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚ሺkሻ, and a!𝑣𝑚(𝑘)a!> a!𝑣𝑚(𝑝ℎ′)a! for some 𝑝ℎ′
SPECREL
Conceptual analysis Which axioms are needed and why
Project: Find out the limits of NoFTL How can we weaken the axioms to make
NoFTL go away
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 21
SPECREL
Thm3 SpecRel is consistent
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Thm4 No axioms of SpecRel is provable from the rest
Thm5 SpecRel is complete with respect to Minkowski
geometries (e.g. implies all the basic paradigmatic effects of Special Relativity - even quantitatively!)
SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 23
Thm6 SpecRel generates an undecidable theory.
Moreover, it enjoys both of Gödel’s incompleteness properties
Thm7 SpecRel has a decidable extension, and it also has
a hereditarily undecidable extension. Both extensions are physically natural.
RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 24
Moving clocks get out of synchronism.
Thm8vk(m)
MOVING CLOCKS GET OUT OF SYNCHRONISM
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Thm8 (formalization of clock asynchronism)
(1) Assume e, e’ are separated in the direction of motion of m in k’s worldview,
m
yk
k
xk
1t
v
1x
xm
ee’
|v|
Assume SpecRel. Assume m,k ϵ IOb and events e, e’ are simultaneous for m,
m
xm
e’e
MOVING CLOCKS GET OUT OF SYNCHRONISM
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(2) e, e’ are simultaneous for k, too e, e’ are separated orthogonally to vk(m) in k’s
worldview
m
xm
yk
k
xk
ym
e
e’
MOVING CLOCKS GET OUT OF SYNCRONISM
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Thought-experiment for proving relativity of simultaneity.
MOVING CLOCKS GET OUT OF SYNCRONISM
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 28
Thought-experiment for proving relativity of simultaneity.
MOVING CLOCKS GET OUT OF SYNCRONISM
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 29
MOVING CLOCKS GET OUT OF SYNCRONISM
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 30
Black Hole
Timewarp-theory
Wormhole
RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS
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Moving clocks slow down Moving spaceships shrink
Thm9
MOVING CLOCKS SLOW DOWN
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Thm9 (formalization of time-dilation)Assume SpecRel. Let m,k ϵ IOb and events e, e’ are on k’s lifeline.
m
xm
e
e’
k
1
v
k
xk
e
e’
MOVING CLOCKS SLOW DOWN
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MOVING SPACESHIPS SHRINK
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Thm10 (formalization of spaceship shrinking)Assume SpecRel. Let m,k,k’ ϵ IOb and assume
m
xm
k k’
e’e
k
x
k’
MOVING SPACESHIPS SHRINK
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Experiment for measuring distance (for m) by radar:
m’
m’’m
e
e’
Distm(e,e’)
MOVING SPACESHIPS SHRINK
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 36
RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 37
v = speed of spaceship
Relativity Theory and Logic
WORLDVIEW TRANSFORMATION
Page: 38
t
x
y
Wm
b1
b2
mt
x
y
Wk
b1
b2
kwmk
evm evk
p q
SPECREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 39
Thm11The worldview transformations wmk are
Lorentz transformations (composed perhaps with a translation).
OTHER FORMALISATIONS OF SPECREL
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Minkowskian Geometry:
Hierarchy of theories. Interpretations between them. Definitional equivalence.Contribution of relativity to logic: definability theory with new objects definable (and not only with new relations definable). J. Madarász’ dissertation.
SPECREL
Conceptual analysis of SR goes on … on our homepage
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 41
New theory is coming:
PART II
Accelerated Observers
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THEORY OF ACCELERATED OBSERVERS
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AccRel = SpecRel + AccObs.AccRel is stepping stone to GenRel via
Einstein’s EP
S. R. G. R.
Accelerated Observers
SpecRel GenRel
AccRelAccRel
Relativity Theory and Logic
LANGUAGE FOR ACCREL
Page: 44
The same as for SpecRel.
Recall that
Relativity Theory and Logic
LANGUAGE FOR ACCREL
Page: 45
World-view transformation
t
x
y
Wm
b1
b2
mt
x
y
Wk
b1
b2
kwmk
Cd(k)
evm evk
Cd(m)
AXIOMS FOR ACCELERATED OBSERVERS AxCmv
At each moment p of his worldline, the accelerated observer k “sees”
(=coordinatizes) the nearby world for a short while as an inertial observer m
does, i.e. “the linear approximation of wmk at p is the identity”.
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 46
kϵOb
mϵIOb
p
Formalization:
Let F be an affine mapping (definable).
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
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The Vienna Circle and Hungary, Vienna, May 19-20, 2008
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
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AXIOMS FOR ACCELERATED OBSERVERS
AxEv-
If m “sees” k participate in an event, then k cannot deny it.
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 49
t
x
y
Wm
k
b2
mt
x
y
Wk
b2
k
Formalization:
AXIOMS FOR ACCELERATED OBSERVERS AxSelf -
The world-line of any observer is an open interval of the time-axis, in his own world-view
AxDif The worldview transformations have linear
approximations at each point of their domain (i.e. they are differentiable).
AxCont Bounded definable nonempty subsets of Q
have suprema. Here “definable” means “definable in the language of AccRel, parametrically”.
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ACCREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 51
AccRel = SpecRel + AxCmv + AxEv- + AxSelf - + AxDif + AxContAxFiel
dAxPhAxEv
AxSelfAxSym
dAxCm
v
AxEv-
AxSelf -
AxDifAxCon
t
Thm101Thm102Thm103Thm104
AccRel Theorems
Proofs
…
ACCREL Thm101
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 52
Appeared: Found. Phys. 2006, Madarász, J. X., Németi, I., Székely, G.
IOb
Ob
t1
t1’
t t’
ACCREL
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Acceleration causes slow time.
Thm102ak(m)
ACCREL
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Thm102
I.e., clocks at the bottom of spaceship run slower than the ones at the nose of the spaceship, both according to nose and bottom (watching each other by radar).
Appeared: Logic for XXIth Century. 2007, Madarász, J. X., Németi, I., Székely, G.
ACCELERATING SPACEFLEET
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ACCELERATING SPACEFLEET
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ACCELERATING SPACEFLEET
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ARE THE EFFECTS REAL?
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+ -
-
--
+ -
-
--
+ -
-
--
-
-
--
+ -
-
--
+ -
-
--
+
h
0
ACCREL
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Thm103
Proof:We will present a recipe for constructing a world-view for any accelerated observer living on a differentiable “time-like” curve (in a vertical plane):
r
0
m wlinemh
q
d
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED OBSERVERS
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World-lines are Minkowski-circles (hyperbolas)
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED OBSERVERS
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Result of the general recipe
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED OBSERVERS
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UNIFORMLY ACCELERATING SPACESHIP
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outside view inside view
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATING SPACESHIP
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1. Length of the ship does not change seen from inside.Captain measures length of his ship by radar:
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATING SPACESHIP
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2. Time runs slower at the rear of the ship, and faster at the nose of ship.Measured by radar:
GRAVITIY CAUSES SLOW TIME
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via Einstein’s Equivalence Principle
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EVERYDAY USE OF RELATIVITY THEORY
GPS
-7 μs/day because of the speed of sat. approx. 4 km/s (14400 km/h)
+45 μs/day because of gravity
Relativistic Correction: 38 μs/day approx. 10 km/day
Global Positioning System
GRAVITIY CAUSES SLOW TIME
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via Einstein’s Equivalence Principle
GRAVITIY CAUSES SLOW TIME
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via Einstein’s Equivalence Principle
GRAVITIY CAUSES SLOW TIME
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via Einstein’s Equivalence Principle
APPLICATION OF GR TO LOGIC
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Breaking the Turing-barrier via GR
Relativistic Hyper Computing
ACCREL
Conceptual analysis of AccRel goes on …on our homepage
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New theory is coming:
PART III
General Relativity
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GENERAL RELATIVITY
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 74
Einstein’s strong Principle of Relativity:
“All observers are equivalent” (same laws of nature)
Abolish different treatment of inertial and accelerated observers in the axioms
G. R.
GENRELLanguage of GenRel: the same as that of
SpecRel.
Recipe to obtain GenRel from AccRel: delete all axioms from AccRel mentioning IOb. But retain their IOb-free logical consequences.
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 75
AxSelfAxPhAxSymtAxEv
AxSelf-AxPh-AxSymt-AxEv-
AxCmv
AxDif
AXIOMS FOR GENREL
AxPh- The velocity of photons an observer “meets” is 1 when they meet, and it is possible to send out a photon in each direction where the observer stands
AxSym- Meeting observers see each other’s clocks slow down with the same rate
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 76
mϵOb
1t1t’
GENREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 77
GenRel = AxField +AxPh-+AxEv-+ AxSelf- +AxSymt-+AxDif+AxCont
AxField
AxPh-
AxEv-
AxSelf-
AxSym
t-
AxDifAxCon
t
Thm1001Thm1002Thm1003
GenRel
Theorems
Proofs
…
GENREL
Thm1001
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 78
AccRel was stepping stone from SpecRel to GenRel:
Manifold
GENREL Thm1002
GenRel is complete wrt Lorentz manifolds.
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 79
k’
p
kLp
M=Events
evm
evk
wkm
wk
wm
Metric:
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED OBSERVERS
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 80
GENREL
How to use GenRel?Recover IOb’s by their propertiesIn AccRel by the “twin paradox
theorem”IOb’s are those observers who
maximize wristwatch-time locally
Recover LIFs
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GENREL
Relativity Theory and Logic Page: 82
Timelike means: exist comoving observer
GENREL
Thm1003
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SPECIFYING A GENREL SPACE-TIME
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EXAMPLES FOR GENREL SPACETIMES
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EXAMPLES FOR GENREL SPACETIMES
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EXAMPLES FOR GENREL SPACETIMES
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EXAMPLES FOR GENREL SPACETIMES
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EXAMPLES FOR GENREL SPACETIMES
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EXAMPLES FOR GENREL SPACETIMES
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More in our papers in General Relativity and Gravitation 2008 & in arXiv.org 2008
Lightcones open up.
EXAMPLES FOR GENREL SPACETIMES
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Timetravel in Gödel’s univers
PUBLICATIONS
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More concrete material available from our group:
(1) Logic of Spacetime
http://ftp.math-inst.hu/pub/algebraic-logic/Logicofspacetime.pdf
(2) in Foundation of Physicshttp://ftp.math-inst.hu/pub/algebraic-logic/twp.pdf
(3) First-order logic foundation of relativity theories
http://ftp.math-inst.hu/pub/algebraic-logic/springer.2006-04-10.pdf
(4) FOL 75 papers
http://www.math-inst.hu/pub/algebraic-logic/foundrel03nov.htmlhttp://www.math-inst.hu/pub/algebraic-logic/loc-mnt04.html
(5) our e-book on conceptual analysis of SpecRel http://www.math-inst.hu/pub/algebraic-logic/olsort.html
(6) More on István Németi's homepage http://www.renyi.hu/~nemeti/ (Some papers available, and some recent work)Thank you!