Relationships In Ecology.

Biological CommunityIntra-specific CompetitionIntra-specific CooperationInter-specific relationships:

CompetitionBrowsing/GrazingPredation and ScavengingCommensalismMutualism (symbiosis)Parasitism (ecto and endoparasites)SaprophytismAntibiosis

http://www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/166/tundra-animals_523.jpg

Biological Community.

• A population that all live and interact in the same area is a biological community.

http://www.mass.gov/envir/forest/images/multiLayerForest.jpg

Intra-specific Competition.

• Intra-specific competition is competition between individuals of the same species for essential resources.

• For example these twoDeer are both from the same species but stillcompete for mating rights and territory.

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2150/1523863979_5235218b54.jpg?v=0

Intra-specific Cooperation• Intra-specific competition is when individual

organisms help each other for survival and reproduction.

• An example of this is when

animals join together in

herds and groups and work

together to obtain food,

avoid enemies and

watch out for each other.

http://www.desktopscenes.com/Scenes%20from%20the%20National%20Bison%20Range%20(2004)/Bison%20Herd%20on%20the%20Move.jpg

Competition.

• Competiton is when organisms in the same ecosystem go against each other for the same resources.

• For example when lions

fight against vultures

to keep their kill.

http://picasaweb.google.com/janicetipping/MasaiMaraKenya/photo#5186417424285934258

Browsing/Grazing

• Browsing and grazing is the predation of herbivores after vegetation.

• For example Rhinoceros

graze the Savannahs of

Africa for grass.

http://www.arkive.org/media/45C07EF6-9B43-405D-9A39-4F112BEB841C/Presentation.Medium/Sumatran-rhinoceros-grazing.jpg

Predation.

• Predation is the relationship of an animal hunting and feeding on another known as their prey.

• For example this Hawk

feeding on a vole

that it has hunted.

Scavenging

• Animals rely on other animals kills for food. Carnivorous but don’t hunt for themselves.

• For example Hyenas

roam in packs and

chase the hunter away

from its prey so that

they can feed

http://www.perlgurl.org/archives/blogpics/AfricaFieldNotes/WebHyena02.jpg

Commensalism

• A relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

• For example a bird that

nests in a tree does not

harm the tree but

benefits from it.

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/168/474785895_3bf12968f4.jpg?v=0

Mutualism (Symbiosis)

• Mutualism is a relationship between organisms where both benefit.

• For example this Wood Pigeon (Kereru) feeds on the fruit of Puriri trees and when it excretes it spreads the trees seeds.

http://www.pacifictreasures.co.nz/site/covenant/images/FEB06_3_031_1_3.jpg

Parasitism

• Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is harmed.

• For example maggots in a

sheep's wool. They feed on

the sheep's living flesh

causing great pain to the

sheep and eventually death.

http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/13368.jpg

Saprophytism

• A saprophyte is an animal that gains nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually plant or animal matter.

• For example a dung beetle

using animal manure to

incubate and feed is offspring.

http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/dung-beetle-05a26002.jpg

Antibiosis

• Antibiosis is a relationship between two organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them.

• For example birds and

snakes in the Amazon try

to feed on Poison Arrow

Frogs but are

poisoned in the process. http://zims.isis.org/aark/YOTF%20Campaign%20Pack%20images/Dendrobates%20auratus,%20Green%20and%20Black%20Poison%20Arrow%20Frog,%20Richard%20Gibson.jpg