related literature final

8/3/2019 Related Literature Final

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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng MaynilaGraduate School of Management


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LITERATURE

REFERS TO ALL SOURCES OF PUBLISHED

DATA.


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It is the process of exploring the existing

literature to ascertain what has been

written or otherwise published on your

chosen research topic.


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Guide to conducting a literature search

Start exploring the literature as soon as

possible.

Decide the scope of your research and setyour parameters accordingly.

Determine the keywords.

Only collects books, articles, papers, etc.

which are relevant to your research.


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Guide to conducting a literature search

Use the references given the literature youhave collected to guide you to other articles

you should collect.

When you start to recognize the referencecited in other works, you are nearing the end

of your search.

In order to keep up to date with the

literature, continue your literature

throughout the study.


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What are secondary data?

Are the data gathered and recorded by

someone else prior to the current needs of

the researcher.


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Advantages:Obtaining secondary data is less expensive.

It can usually be obtained rapidly.

Disadvantages:

Outdated information

Variation in definition of terms

Different units of measurement

Lack of information to verify the datas

accuracy


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Examples of Secondary Data

Books Articles in journals,

magazines and

newspapers

Conference papers

Reports Archives Published statistics

Companies annual

reports and accounts

Organizations

internal records

Newspapers

Films, videos and

broadcasts

Electronic

databases

The internet


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CLASSIFICATION OF

SECONDARY DATA

*Internal and propriety data

*External data


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Recording references

Citation

is an acknowledgment within the text of the

source from which you have obtained theinformation.

Referenceis the detailed description of the source from

which you have obtained the information.


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Bibliography versus References

References are a detailed list of the sources

which have been drawn from and cited in the

text of document.

Bibliography includes items which were not

cited but are relevant to the document.


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Example:

Reference for an article:

Porter, Michael E. (1990) Competitive advantage

of nations, Harvard Business Review, 68, pp 73-85,

87-93.

Citation:

In an investigation conducted in large factories, it

has been reported that absenteeism was higher inthe night shift than the day (Gibbs, 1993, p 64).


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Reasons for maintaining records

You need to be able to identify the full and

accurate reference in order to find or order

the material

It prevents duplication of effort.


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You can develop links among authors, topics,

results and period of time.

Others reading your finished work will be

able to trace the original sources of

information easily.


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WHAT IS LITERATUREREVIEW?

It is a review of all the literature done so far

on your topic.


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Literature review:

As a list

As a search

As a survey

As a vehicle for learning

As a research facilitator

As a report


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Function of a Literature Review

Focuses on previous research

Shows how your study fills the gap

The necessity for your study

Set boundaries


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Critical Evaluation

It includes critical examination on the

material you have read.


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Scope and Length

Scope

you may limit your review to include current state

of the theory.

Length

may vary but to include the following:

avoid verbosity

your review should demonstrate to synthesize a body of

literature

brief and focused


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Questions in conducting a LiteratureReview

What has been done before?

What have others said?

What is the relevance?

What is the difference?

Agreement and disagreement

Are there flaws?


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Organizing the Literature Review

Components:

Background information

TheoryReview of the literature on instruments

Summary


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Background information

Introduce / discuss the topic

Describe scope and organization

Review past and present literature

Clarify the purpose of your study


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Theory

All research has a precedent

Integrate key points and make

appropriate inferences

Be aware of relationship on your topic


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Review of Literature on

Instruments

Present evidence to support your choice

Reliability and validity estimates

Description of samples


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Summary

Concise account of knowledge and

instruments used

You have done a thorough backgroundinvestigation


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Organizing information

Arrange the review by key themes or findingsand use headings and sub-headings:

Example 1:

2. Literature review

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Broader communication issues

2.3 Likely causes of obesity2.4 Proposed public policy changes to reduce obesity

2.5 Summary of literature and research aims


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Organizing informationExample 2:

2.2 Broader communication issues

2.2.1 Advertising

2.3 Likely causes of obesity

2.3.1 Obesity and genetics

2.3.2 Television watching, exercise and obesity

2.3.3 Lifestyle and eating choices

2.3.4 Advertising, children and obesity

2.4 Proposed public policy changes to reduce obesity

2.4.1 Fat and Sin tax

2.4.2 Health education

2.4.3 Advertising restriction


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Summarizing the Literature Review

How has the topic been studied?

What has been found?

Which issues have been highlighted?

How have key terms / concepts been used?


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Summarizing others work

Participant information

Sample size

Location of studyType of study

Nature of task

FindingsRelationship to your work


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How to synthesize your research?

Not just a list of the work of others

Identify issues highlighted

Highlight differences and similarities

Identify consensus


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Writing the Literature Review

Always begin with an introduction to the review & end

with a summary.

Make the connection for the reader between the

subtopics & the topic.Use direct quotations infrequently.

Always cite your sources.

Present yourknowledge on the topics & subtopics.

Summarize each subtopic.

Include a transition paragraph from one subtopic to the

next.


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