REHAB 2015

REHAB 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation

of Historical Buildings and Structures Volume 2

Porto, Portugal22-24 July

Edited by

Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira

Cristina Pinheiro

REHAB 2015 Proceedings of 2nd the International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historical Buildings and Structures Edited by Rogério Amoêda, Sérgio Lira & Cristina Pinheiro © 2015 The Editors and the Authors All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the Publisher

ISBN 978-989-8734-07-5 e-ISBN 978-989-8734-10-5 Published by Green Lines Instituto para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development Av Alcaides de Faria, 377 S 12 4750-106 Barcelos, Portugal mail@greenlines-institute org http://www greenlines-institute org 1st edition, July 2015 Published in electronic format Print on demand

Legal Notice The Editors and the Publisher are not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information

Foreword

REHAB 2015 – 2nd International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Structures aims to proceed with the discussion on built heritage and the preservation of its legacy, that was established in the first edition of the event. The impor-tance of conservation of historical constructions (built landscape, urban fabrics, buildings, and engineering works) are of utmost importance to preserve the cultural references of a community and was deeply discussed on March 2014, in Tomar (Portugal). Under the main topics of discussion, subjects of preservation and rehabilitation methodologies and technologies, as well the importance of the economic and social impacts of preservation practices were covered as the main leading guidelines for the conference debate. Furthermore, different communities’ scales (local, regional national or even worldwide) and authenticity in-terpretation raise different questions and approaches, and therefore different solutions that are worthily to study, to compare and to experience. The sustainability approach was again covered, highlighting the importance of the commitment between heritage preservation and technical requirements related to its occupancy and use, such as energy efficiency or materials recovery. Inclusivity was also an important aspect under dis-cussion as public historical sites and buildings need to be adapted to receive different kind of visitors (children, elderly or handicapped persons) and to establish an adequacy with the per-ceiving of the physical environment and information contents. As a Special Chapter, Historical Centres were brought into a particular approach highlighting the complexity of their preservation, maintenance and rehabilitation. Historical urban fabrics raise unique problems of preservation and promotion, and have highlighted the needs of specific solutions to be applied. This second edition of the REHAB conference also gave stage to early stage researchers and students willing to share the results of their research projects, namely post-graduation projects and doctoral projects. REHAB 2015 received a significant number of such proposals the quality of which was confirmed by the members of the Scientific Committee. This high quality level encourages the organisers to keep on this path and attract young researchers to have the stage and present their work.

Foreword v

We would like to express our gratefulness to all the partners and sponsors of REHAB who joined efforts to make it a significant Conference. Our special word or recognition to the Mu-nicipality of Porto, to the Youth Foundation (Fundação da Juventude) and to the Bureau of Tourism of Portugal - Porto and North.

A special word of gratitude to all Members of the Scientific Committee who reviewed the pa-pers and made suggestions that improved the quality of the individual works and the overall quality of the event.

The Editors

Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira Cristina Pinheiro

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)vi

Organizing Committee Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira

Cristina Pinheiro

Organizing Committee vii

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)viii

Scientific Committee Alessandro De Masi João CoroadoMilan Polytechnic II, Italy Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Portugal

Ángela Barrios Padura Jorge BrancoUniversity of Seville, Spain University of Minho, Portugal

Artur Feio José Luis Campano CalvoUniversity Lusíada, Portugal University of Salamanca, Spain

Ataa Alsalloum Josep Lluis i GinovartUniversity of Damascus, Syria University Rovira i Virgili, Spain

Austin Parsons Juan García-EsparzaDalhousie University, Canada University Jaume I, Spain

Carmine Falasca Julio Calvo SerranoUniversity “G D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy University of Granada, Spain

Cristina Pinheiro Koenraad Van CleempoelGreen Lines Institute, Portugal Hasselt University, Belgium

Enrico Quagliarini Maria Cristina GiambrunoTechnical University "delle Marche", Italy Polytechnic of Milan, Italy

Enrique Torrero Fuentes María Isabel Sardón de Taboada University Castilla La Mancha, Spain University Alfonso X El Sabio, Spain

Esther Hiu Kwan Yung Maria Rosaria VitaleThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China University of Catania, Italy

Fernando Branco Mário Mendonça de Oliveira University Lúrio, Mozambique Federal University of Bahia, Brazil

Francisco Fernandes Paulo CruzUniversity Lusíada, Portugal University of Minho, Portugal

Gabriella Caterina Paulo LourençoUniversity of Naples, Italy University of Minho, Portugal

Georges A. Tanguay Petr KabeleUniversity of Quebec at Montreal, Canada Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic

Görün Arun Ricardo MateusYildiz Technical University, Turkey University of Minho, Portugal

Humberto Varum Rogério AmoêdaUniversity of Porto, Portugal University Lusíada, Portugal

Scientific Committee ix

Ron Lovinger Teresa FerreiraUniversity of Oregon, USA University of Porto, Portugal

Ruth Liberty-Shalev Victor Echarri IribarrenThe Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel University of Alicante, Spain

Sally Stone Vlatka Raj�i�Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom University of Zagreb, Croatia

Sérgio Lira Wan-ki ChowGreen Lines Institute, Portugal The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China

Takayoshi Aoki Zeynep AktüreNagoya City University, Japan Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)x

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)xii

Contents

Foreword v Organizing Committee vii Scientific Committee ix Partners xi Contents xiii VOLUME 1 Chapter 1 – Rehabilitation of historical sites, buildings and structures: examples and practices Seismic vulnerability assessment of Handa Akarenga Building, Handa, Japan 3O Balal & T Aoki

Sydney Water’s Strategic Heritage Asset Management Program (SHAMP) 11P T Bennett

Urban settlements, rural architectures and conversion of the landscapes of Basilicata during Land Reform. Documentary research and knowledge about the restoration of the village of Santa Mariad’Irsi

19

A Bixio, D Verrastro & G Damone

From Casino to historic landmark in 85 years. Ensenada México 29C M Calderón Aguilera & C Robles Cairo

Graphic elevation of a cloister in the Cistercian monastery of Valparaiso in Zamora - Spain 41J L Campano Aguirre, J L Campano Calvo, F González Alonso, P Carrasco García & A Farfán Martín

Contents xiii

The rehabilitation of the Engenho Central (Central Sugarcane Mill) of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 49M E Castore

Territories of discourse: Salford’s communities in a changing landscape 59A Catalani & P Panas

Pier pressure: best practice in the rehabilitation of British seaside piers 67A Chapman

Rehabilitation of farm houses and barns – limits of salt content 79H De Clercq & S Godts

Analysis and consolidation of masonry vaults in the restoration of historical constructions 89F De Guglielmo, F Ribera & M Angelillo

Anastylosis of a unique ruin at Umm el-Qanatir 97Y Dray

The gothic cathedral as museum: tourism and spatial use at the basilica of Saint-Denis 113L Dykstra

Process of rehabilitation of a XIXth century building in the city of Porto. Surveys, monitoring and intervention

131

T C Ferreira, A Costa, J Silva, J Gonçalves & P Mendes

The complex engineering design challenges of masonry arch bridge rehabilitation 139S W Garrity

The restoration of wood: application to the paneled ceiling of the exhibition hall of the “Escuelas Menores” of the University of Salamanca

151

F J González Alonso, J L Campano Aguirre & J L Campano Calvo

Traditional Balkan log-houses and sustainable architecture. Preservation of cultural values 157A G Kotevski

The application of nanotextiles in the conservation of the Premonstrate monastery 165K Kroftová, M Šmidtová & J Witzany

Rio Grande Custom House: a proposal for contemporary administrative spaces 173E Kuchpil & A P Santos

Castalla Castle. Architecture and restoration in the 21st century in Alicante 185J A Mira Rico & J R Ortega Pérez

Seismic improvement of historical dry masonry building using basalt fibre ropes: the case of Lossetti Tower in Beura-Cardezza (Italy)

195

F Monni, E Quagliarini, S Lenci, P Clini & R Nespeca

Rehabilitation and change: the IBA Emscher Park case 207I Peron

Design of roof structures in the rehabilitation process 213A Salihbegovi� & A Salihbegovi�

Rehabilitation of a unique building in the historical and cultural center of the Spanish capital, "La Antigua Posada del Peine"

223

B Serrano Pérez, M Serrano Pérez, R Magro Andrade & M J Retana Maqueda

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)xiv

Influence of the wood mechanical properties in the dovetail joint behavior 231K Šobra, P Fajman & J M Branco

Conversion of historic masonry constructions and structural characteristics of walls by intramuralreinforcement

243

N Takiyama, F Matsuno, T Kumagai, N Idate, K Hara & K Kobayashi

Fitting-type joint model for traditional wooden structure 255N Takiyama, N Idate & Y Yamada

Keeping the fathers alive: the conservation of funeral architecture in Ugarit 263T Teba & D Theodossopoulos

Conservation techniques and valorization strategies for rock-cut architecture 279A Versaci & D Indelicato & A Cardaci

Restoration and extension of Baeza Town Hall. Baeza. Andalcía. Spain. 2001-2012 291I de Viar

Antoni Gaudí and the Cathedral of Mallorca a hundred years on. Restoration of the restoration 301A J Villalonga Vidal & M Gambús Saiz

Strengthening of damaged historic vault structures in the Premonstrate Monastery at Teplá with composites based on high-strength fibres and epoxy resin

311

J Witzany, T �ejka, K Kroftová & R Zigler

Chapter 2 – Economics and management of historical sites, buildings and structures Problem issues with using transfer of development rights (TDRs) for built heritage conservation -controversial cases in Hong Kong

323

J Hou & E H W Chan

A calculation model of the harmful effects of road traffic in the historic centers of major cities 331R Magro, M J Retana, A Ventoso & M Serrano

Strategies for the rehabilitation of the monumental Cemetery of Bonaria in Cagliari, Italy 339P Mura

Sustaining heritage conservation and community access in Melbourne’s most popular cultural attraction: the Former Abbotsford Convent Arts and Cultural precinct

349

A Smith & M Maguire

Chapter 3 – Tourism and promotion of historical sites, buildings and structures From Greek town to Turkish tourism resort: Kayaköy since early 20th century 361Z Aktüre

The touristification of the ancient city of Pingyao, between renewal and new problems 371F Chignier-Riboulon & Cui Can

Heritage and global resources: Draa Valley in Morocco 379P Raffa

Contents xv

A replica Roman villa in Egypt: the house of Serenos in the oasis of Dakhla 389N Warner

Chapter 4 – Authenticity and built heritage How to make rehabilitation intersubjective: the “Gesture” tool 403P Abreu & P Esteves

Rejuvenating the urban wet market as an authentic community space. Case study: Pudu Market, Jalan Pasar Kuala Lumpur

413

R Ahmad & M A R Megat Akhbarruddin

Reviving the authentic cultural landscapes of Siamese community. Case study: Kampung Balai, Bachok Kelantan

423

R Ahmad & M S Ismail

The conservation of Muro Leccese’s olive oil mill: authenticity and rehabilitation 435E Brocca & D Besana

The urban center of San Demetrio (Italy): historical analysis after the 2009 earthquake 445C A Cacciavillani & C Mazzanti

The Municipal Hall of Crevalcore. Remarks about history as a tool for restoration project 453C F Carocci, C Circo, C Manfredi, L A Scuderi & C Tocci

A participatory approach for built heritage preservation. Case study: the Municipality of Sassano,Italy

463

G Caterina, M R Pinto, S Viola, A Bianchi, D Diano, T Napolitano, P F Biancamano & A Onesti

Traditional constructions and earthquake in L’Aquila, Abruzzo 471S Cecamore

Disturbed heritage now disturbing. The case study of the historical area of K�m ad-Dikka 481M Damir

Small-scale architecture of timber in historic gardens 491A Drexel & A Eberhart

Degradation by intervention and loss of authenticity in historical centers 503C C Falasca

The sugar factory of Pinos Puente. The relentless drive of the Meadow of Granada 513G Fernandez Adarve, F J Lafuente Bolivar & J M Santiago Zaragoza

Knowledge and dating for preservation of historical and cultural significance of the building: the case study of the medieval Castello quarter in Cagliari (XVII-XIX century)

523

D R Fiorino, C Giannattasio, S M Grillo, V Pintus, M Porcu & M S Schirru

Rome’s sampietrini pavements: a material identity to be preserved 535F Geremia

Travel in Time. Is it the informal a heritage to be preserved? 545E Giani

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The question of authenticity in preservation of modern architecture 555M Hadighi

Authenticity as a sustainable value of holistic conservation 565Ö Karakul

Casanueva and its “Torre de los Jerónimos”. Identity and patrimonial feeling 571F J Lafuente Bolívar, G Fernández Adarve & J M Santiago Zaragoza

JAI TEK: Aibar, Benabarre, Beruete… 581M Mujika & R Villamayor

The maker’s authenticity: including the craftsperson when replacing in-kind 587A Parsons

The authenticity of architectural heritage: a definition of an evaluation methodology 595R Reis & A Alegre

Proof of concept: wrestling with F. L. Wright’s historic affordable housing vision 605G Snyder & M Jarosz

Building on the Past: exploring the intersections between energy, environment and authenticity through an ethnographic study of renovation

615

T Yarrow

Index of Authors 625 VOLUME 2 Chapter 5 – Inclusivity of historical sites, buildings and structures Capturing the realities through digital preservation and scanning techniques: the case ofZouMaTang Ancient Village, China

633

A Cheshmehzangi, E Ch’ng & D A Adkins

Discussing inclusivity of historic sites: Istanbul Historical Peninsula 645A S Ergenoglu

Accessible Museums: approaches, methods and tools to stress inclusivity 657V Giacometti

Tactile maps for historical buildings: design methods and approaches 665A Greco

Adapting historic structures for the blind and visually impaired: a comparative analysis ofnavigational technologies

673

E H Helfers, M Pochily, J Muir, & J Flattum

Enhancing cultural venues through accessibility: recent experiences in Italy and Portugal 683A Laurìa, S Di Salvatore & T Heitor

The complexities of heritage preservation in multicultural environments: identification,conservation and management

693

D Whelan

Contents xvii

Chapter 6 – Inspection and monitoring of historical sites, buildings and structures Historic centres’ surfaces. Integrated procedures for survey, diagnosis and conservation 705M Balzani & F Maietti

Inspecting historic buildings using ontologies 715R Cacciotti & J Valach

Vibration characteristics of a brick lighthouse in Japan 725AM Hidaka & T Aoki

Monitoring of traditional dwelling in Mediterranean climate: an approximation 735V Jiménez-López, C M Calderón-Aguilera, G Bojórquez-Morales, A Luna-León & C García-Gómez

Protective effect of clay plaster for the fire design of timber constructions 745J Liblik & A Just

Seismic assessment of baroque buildings: large scale inspection tools for the meshing process and the validation of numerical models

755

C Limoge Schraen, C Giry, F Ragueneau & C Desprez

Techniques of massive data capture: experiences in the Gothic Cathedral of Tortosa 767J Lluis i Ginovart, A Costa-Jover & S Coll-Pla

Assessment of the South aisle in Canterbury Cathedral, UK 777P B Lourenço, G Karanikoloudis, N Mendes & C Corallo

Vibration characteristics of historical masonry buildings based on seismic observation 789M Miyamoto & T Hanazato

Typology based method for choosing old masonry walls inspection procedures 799L F Ramos, F M Fernandes & D Chesler

Applying the principles of intervention in Libyan historic buildings 809S M Tarhuni

Non-destructive techniques used in the chapel of Muñoz. Cathedral of Santamaria of Cuenca, Spain 821E Torrero, N Arroyo, D Sanz & V Navarro

Chapter 7 – New materials and products for the rehabilitation of historical buildings and structures Applied materials valuation in the chromatic reintegration of polychrome facades 833M Juan Baldó & J L Regidor Ros

Design method and chromatic characterization of restoration mortars for concrete façade panels 841J Miranda, J Valença, L Sousa & E Júlio

Lime-based repair mortars with water-repellent admixtures: laboratory durability assessment 851C Nunes & Z Slížková

Rheological properties of hydraulic grouts used in consolidation of brick masonry walls 861D Oktay, N Yüzer & S Ulukaya

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The potential of wood-based solutions for sustainable rehabilitation 869J M Silva & J Branco

Mechanical behavior of two-wythe brick masonry walls injected with hydraulic lime grout 879N Yüzer, D Oktay, S Ulukaya & E Y Gökyi�it-Arpac�

Chapter 8 – Sustainability principles and practices in the rehabilitation of historicalbuildings and structures Energy modeling and historic masonry building energy retrofit 891N Ahn

Energy use reduction for sustainable reuse of public heritage buildings: the stakeholders’perspectives

901

O K Akande, D Odeleye, A Coday & C Jimenez Bescos

Reducing environmental impacts by closing life cycle of buildings and materials 911R Amoêda

The HQDIL method to assess the sustainability of an historic center case of Mansourah K’bira (Algeria)

921

S Farida & M Said

Documentation tools and decision systems for built heritage rehabilitation 931E Gigliarelli, L Cessari & G Quattrone

The redevelopment of the Roebling complex in Trenton: a case study in historic preservation and sustainable design

941

J D S Hatch

The rehabilitation and sustainability of vernacular heritage housing: a case study in Madeira Island 951A M T Martins, J S Carlos & E Vieira

Between sustainability and preservation, a case study approach 959R Millo-Steinlauf

Life cycle assessment of energy retrofitting solutions for Portuguese buildings from the 70s 969R Morbey, R Mateus & L Bragança

The sustainability of façades preservation: LCA of maintenance techniques for finishing 979M Paleari, M Lavagna & A Campioli

Energetic refurbishment results of single house according to their construction period 989A Pérez Fargallo & J Canivell Garcia de Paredes

Evaluation of bioclimatic design features of vernacular architecture in Cyprus. Case studies from rural settlements in different climatic regions

999

M Philokyprou, A Michael, A Savvides & E Malaktou

An evaluation tool for the rehabilitation of existing university residences 1009E Romano

Eco efficient recovery of historical buildings and eco innovation of building elements 1017A M Scolaro

Contents xix

The sustainable reuse of existing buildings 1029S H Stone

Symbiotic Architecture for building and urban rehabilitation 1037E Zamperini & S Lucenti

Comparative study on preservation and reuse of historical buildings between China and Japan: a legal and policy perspective

1047

S Zheng, L Cai & Y Chen

Chapter 9 – Historical centres Tiberias; Historic City with no Historical Center 1057A Amiri

Strolling city centers: the issue of accessibility versus the recovery and conservation of historical pavements

1067

A Arenghi, B Chiarelli & I Garofolo

Methodology for analysis and urban critical survey of the historical centre of the blue city of Jodhpur

1077

M Balzani, F Maietti, P Massai & L Rossato

Earthquake pedestrians’ evacuation in historical urban scenarios: a combined simulation model including human behaviors and post-earthquake modifications

1085

G Bernardini, M D’Orazio, E Quagliarini & L Spalazzi

Active preservation and use of historical urban centers – the case study of the Belgrade old city core

1095

M R Blagojevi� & M Nikoli�

Interstices: a virtuous chain to reanimate historical centres 1105G Carnevale

Conservation and restoration in the post-seism reconstruction plan of Fossa. Typological and construction features of the urban fabric

1115

C F Carocci & S E Petrella

The historical centre of Crevalcore (Bologna). Seismic damage, historical characters, rehabilitation strategies

1125

C F Carocci & C Tocci

Recycling/reuse: the project dimension of historic cities conservation 1135N Carrà

A semiotic reading of the urban context and its layering through the illustrative example of the city of Bari

1143

V Dario

Rehabilitation vs. renovation: re-using landmarked houses in the historic centre of Athens 1153A Dimitrakopoulos

The urban archaeology contribution to city design 1169C Fallanca

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Understanding place. An empirical appraisal of the appropriation of historic built environments 1179J A García-Esparza

From billiards to Vice-Chancellery: Fremantle’s West End 1187S Mcgann

From disused production buildings to working machines in the historic city 1197P Miano

The impact of conflict on the treatment of architectural heritage: Walled Nicosia, Cyprus 1207C Pieri

Green spaces as a strategy for urban heritage preservation of historical center Ensenada, Mexico 1219C Rivera Torres & E Padrés León

Using the heritage trail to rehabilitate Boston’s Government Center 1229T M Rohan

Urban archaeology: a planning proposal in sensitive areas 1235A Taccone

Conservation and restoration in the post-seismic Reconstruction Plan of Fossa. Architectural features and external finishes of the historical centre

1243

M R Vitale & C Serra

The rehabilitation of Italian small historical centers: Monasterace, a recent case-study 1253M Zampilli & F Geremia

Index of Authors 1263

Contents xxi

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)xxii

1 INTRODUCTION

Preservation of relevant buildings and monuments is a major challenge of our times. The fast technological development is changing the way we interact with our environment, but also is opening new possibilities of assessment and maintenance procedures. The contemporary princi-ples for the preservation and restoration of cultural and natural heritage are based in the refer-ence documents of the Venice Charter (UNESCO, 1965) and the ‘Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage’(UNESCO, 1972). About the specific sub-ject of surveying heritage constructions, the reference is the text ‘Principles for the recording of monuments, groups of buildings and sites’ (ICOMOS, 1996).

In this context, an accurate topographic base is a fundamental tool of built heritage. Current procedures enable to survey the geometry of a building with great precision (Al-kheder et al., 2009), and make possible to detect and monitor degradation process. This enables to adequate the maintenance actuations (Núñez et al., 2012), and enhances the historical knowledge about the analysed element.

Technological evolution during last years has facilitated the apparition of techniques and software packages that enable to survey objects with an unprecedented accuracy and speed. The use of techniques such as Terrestrial Laser-Scanner (TLS) and Digital Photogrammetry, are be-coming widespread in the assessment of built heritage (Pavlidis et al., 2007). They are espe-cially useful when studying historic buildings, where the architectural layout is usually complex and irregular. In addition to this difficulty, there is the inaccessibility of some elements, such as

Techniques of massive data capture: experiences in the Gothic Cathedral of Tortosa

J. Lluis i Ginovart, A. Costa-Jover & S. Coll-Pla University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain

ABSTRACT: Planimetric documentation is a main tool in the conservation of architectural heri-tage. The new surveying techniques based on massive capture of data enables to significantly reduce the consumption of time and resources. Moreover, these involve new challenges beyond technical issues. In a context of fast technological evolution, the exploitation of this information by disciplines as architecture or Archaeology, they open a new field to explore new procedures in the assessment, management and preservation of heritage. The paper presents the implemen-tation of two of these techniques in the assessment of a complex interior, as it is the Gothic chevet of the Cathedral of Tortosa (1374-1441). The aim of the investigation is to test the tech-niques Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) related to the later use of the data obtained, Thus, the new documental bases allow the improvement of the knowledge about the construction through new historical studies, evaluation of equilibrium con-ditions or the surveying of singular architectonic elements.

Chapter 6 Inspection and monitoring of historical sites, buildings and structures 767

vaults and domes. Thus, they enable the massive data capture of geometrical properties to be re-corded in 3D within a short time and a high level of accuracy.

This context has favoured the survey of the Cathedral of Santa Maria of Tortosa (1374-1441) by means of massive data capture techniques, obtaining an unprecedented topography of the masonry. This new survey also had the aim of testing these procedures in a complex architec-tonical space as the apse of a Gothic Cathedral. Thus, two campaigns were performed: digital photogrammetry (2012) focused on the vaults of the chancel, and terrestrial laser scanner (2013), where the apse and part of the nave were surveyed. Some of the results obtained can be found in (Lluis i Ginovart et al., 2014) and (Lluis i Ginovart et al., 2014) respectively.

Although the methodologies exposed are already commonly used in heritage, the characteris-tics of the architectonic space set out specific challenges, and the technic solutions have to adapt to them. The results obtained open a wide range of applications. Following it is presented the contributions made from history of construction in the chancel of the Gothic Cathedral of Tor-tosa.

Figure 1. Chancel of the Gothic Cathedral of Tortosa (1374-1441).

1.1 The use of massive data capture techniques in heritage buildings. The use of direct measurement techniques for architectural surveying requires a great amount of resources, especially in the case of built heritage, due to the irregularity and complexity the sur-faces. Indirect massive data capture techniques have changed this in the last decade. TLS has recently become more prominent due to its speed and simplicity (Bonora et al., 2005), (Lerones et al., 2010), but photogrammetric techniques have a better cost-precision ratio (Riveiro et al., 2011) and they are therefore used more widely (Arias et al., 2006).

The accuracy of both technologies has also been extensively tested and compared (Guarnieri et al., 2004), (Riveiro et al., 2013),(Alkan & Karsidag, 2012), and they are commonly used in heritage constructions nowadays (Grussenmeyer et al., 2008), (Kadobayashi et al., 2004), (Rizzi et al., 2007). Both techniques are compatible, and every specific case shall be analysed to select the proper methodology. Moreover, the captured data sets the question of the application from different disciplines, beyond the obvious uses.

In this context, cathedrals are perhaps one of the most difficult cases, due to their size and the complexity of the spaces. Some works have set out partial elevations, like in the case of the Santiago de Compostela cathedral (Martínez et al., 2013) or the Milan cathedral (Fassi et al.,

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)768

2011), as well as complete surveys as the case of St. Johannis Cathedral in Meldorf (Sternberg, 2006) obtaining good results.

Photogrammetry is a remote sensing technique based on image correlation algorithms that identify the common points in photographs of the same object (Karara, 1989). Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) refers to the capture of objects with a size that does not exceed 100 m, where the camera is in a position close to the object. Points must be taken to locate the various photographs in the same Cartesian coordinate system (external orientation) and to process the photographs with specific software. The camera, the texture of the surfaces and lighting condi-tions, have a major influence in the mesh generation.

The TLS is a contactless, non-invasive surveying technique which allows the massive capture of geometric and radiometric data of a surface (Pesci et al., 2012). It enables the capture of the geometry of objects quickly and easily. Its main limitations lie in the management of dense point clouds, the texturing of surfaces and the need of placing the device on a stable position. Also the technical means are a limiting factor from the economic point of view.

1.2 The Gothic chancel of the Cathedral of Santa Maria of Tortosa (1374-1441) The apse with double ambulatory of the Gothic Cathedral of Tortosa was built between (1374-1441). It has been possible to determine the construction chronology with precision by means of the cathedral construction accounts (Llibres d’Obra, Ll.o.), (Almuni, 2007) (Fig. 2). The first phase of construction (1374-1424) saw the construction of a ring of nine radial chapels. They were built sequentially around the original Romanesque cathedral, while it remained in use (Lluis i Ginovart & Costa-Jover, 2014). The first ribbed vault was completed in 1383, and all of them have a square floor plan. The second phase was the construction of nine vaulted ceilings in the ambulatory (1424-1435). Two are square, and seven are trapezoidal, and were built symmet-rically. Finally, the roof of the presbytery (1435-1441) was topped with a keystone weighing over 8 tonnes.

Figure 2. Construction chronology of the vaults of the chancel in the Gothic Cathedral of Tortosa (1374-1441).

The theoretical framework that regulates the typological arrangement of Tortosa Cathedral

can be found in the main historical studies of gothic construction (Willis, 1842), (Viollet-le-Duc 1854-1868), (Ungewitter, 1892), (Babcock, 1893) or (Durm et.al, 1901), between others. The layout of the gothic project is governed by proportional rules which establish the main measures of the construction. Thus, the section has a modular relation linked with the floor plan measure.

Chapter 6 Inspection and monitoring of historical sites, buildings and structures 769

A detailed review of the theoretical framework of Gothic design related to the cathedral of Tor-tosa and its layout can be found in (Lluis i Ginovart & Costa, 2014).

In typological terms, the vaults of the heptagonal apse of Tortosa are located at three different heights. Also, the radial chapels are connected visually, with the traditional separation wall be-ing replaced by a pillar on the ambulatory. The elimination of the wall between the chapels had been tentatively attempted at Santa Maria de la Aurora in Manresa (1328), with a cross-section ad triangulum of 8/7. This wall was completely eliminated in Tortosa around 1377, establishing a lower cross-section ratio of 9/5. This structural issue appeared years later in the debate over the Cathedral of Milan (1392) (Valentini, 1990).

The unit of measurement of the cathedral (1347) found in the Ll.o. is the cana (Almuni, 1991), which is equivalent to 8 palms, and the palm to 12 fingers. A comparison of the docu-ments standardizing the Tortosa cana with the one used in Barcelona (24-VII-1593) proves that the Tortosa cana used in the cathedral measures 1,858cm and the palm measures 23.23cm.

The existing planimetric representations of the Tortosa Cathedral are relatively recent. In the Plan Director Sancta Maria Dertosae (Lluis i Ginovart & Llorca, 2000) we can find a detailed recompilation of the existing documents. All the drawings where done with manual techniques and present the limitations of the means of the time in terms of precision and detail. The first computerized topography of Tortosa Cathedral was performed between (1995-2000), for the mentioned Master Plan (Fig. 3). The data capture for the survey was conducted using direct measurements, referenced to polygonal points fixed by a total station. The numerical data were stored using CAD applications, providing a survey with an error of approximately 3cm. The planimetric representation of the floor plan has a precision that could hardly be improved with the actual techniques, but in the case of the vaulted ceiling the technique limitations and re-sources made impossible to do a detailed elevation.

The technological evolution favoured a new elevation of the apse vaults in 2012 with aca-demic purpose. The use of Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) enabled to obtain an elevation unprecedented, but it also set out some limitations, due to the interior light conditions and the complexity of the architectural space. Therefore, in 2013 a new elevation is done with laser techniques, which enable to solve some problems set out by the photogrammetry.

Figure 3. Plan and profile of the Gothic chancel (Plan Director 2000).

2 METHODOLOGY

The surveying of the Gothic chance lis performed by two different techniques: digital photo-grammetry and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). In the case of the photogrammetry (campaign Lluis, Costa, Toldrà, 2012), the 3D model was obtained using the combined data from a Total Station, Topcon Imaging Station 203, accuracy of 0.2mm/1mm ± (5 mm), (2) 1.3mp cameras, frame rate 1-10fps, Scan Max 20pts/sec and photographed with a Nikon D7000+Tokina 12-24 calibrated camera, using the extreme focal range of the zoom: 12mm and 24mm.

The topography support of the apse was taken on using 221 points, with five positioning sta-tions. Singular points of the carved reliefs in the keystones of the vault were used as a reference to record them in a single system of coordinates with an accuracy of 10mm. Also, common points of the vaults were identified for the outward orientation based on a Cartesian system. Due

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)770

to its size and shape, at least 2 photographs were taken for each vault, with a very high overlap-ping percentage. Usual parameters for capturing images have been taken into account (Arias 2007) in the lighting and the overlap. However, the changing internal light conditions and the different exposure of the surfaces obliged to pre-process the images in order to equalize the tex-ture.

The 3D modelling is generated for surfaces using stereo pairs of photographs oriented by means of topographic points, called control points. The Topcon Image Master program is used for the generation of surfaces with TIN type triangular mesh (triangulated irregular network). which incorporate the real textures of the masonry by mapping with the same stereo pairs of photographs. The proposed mesh pass is 30 mm, using a total amount of 43 photographs.

The TLS topographic campaign (campaign Lluis Costa, Puche, 2013), was performed with a Leica C10 laser scanner. The maximum instantaneous speed is 50,000 points/sec. Compact model with a dual-axis compensator, precision, range and field-of-view at topographic level, and laser plummet, laser class 2 (IEC 60825-1). The optical scanning is performed with a Smart X-Mirror™ which rotates and oscillates automatically. The laser is a green 3R (IEC 60825-1) with a visible wavelength of 532nm. It has a built-in Canon EOS 60D 18-megapixel camera, with a Sigma 8mm wide angle lens, presenting a single 17° x 17°image: 1920 x 1920 pixels (4 megapixels), controlled directly by the scanner. The range accuracy of single measurements is; position (6mm), distance (4mm), horizontal/vertical angle (60�rad/60�rad; 12”/12”).

The complexity of the space of the chancel requires a large number of stations to avoid occlu-sions in the model. 32 intermediate stations were established, using a medium density scanning mesh (the lecture mesh was set at 1 point per lineal cm at 10m of distance), with 25 artificial targets strategically distributed around the entire space to reference each position within the same coordinate system. The processing of the cloud of points is done with specific the Cyclone program, which registers automatically the reference points of each station and places the clouds of points in one local coordinates system. In a second stage the program 3DReshaper is used, which enables the edition of the clouds of points and the generation of the mesh (Fig. 3). The three dimensional model of the interior space is generated with a TIN type mesh from the se-lected points. The mesh density is adjusted at an average size of triangle of 2.5cm, which is later on refined.

2.1 Assessment and geometrical comparison between models With the laser it is possible to obtain an elevation of the totality of the apse space. On the con-trary, with the photogrammetry the elevation was limited to the vaulted surface. Thus the com-parative is done on this surface. The comparison between both models is set out from two dif-ferent methodologies: a general comparison between both 3D model, and a discreet comparison between common points.

The general comparison between the two models is done with the 3DReshaper software, which enables to generate a mapping of the different geometries between both models automati-cally. Common points have been identified in the different vault keys and have been used as control points to integrate both models in one Cartesian coordinate system. A principal or refer-ence (laser) mesh is established and it is compared with another (photogrammetry). The pro-gram takes the distance of the normal component of the triangular surfaces. The command gen-erates a mapping according to the relative distances between the two objects, and establishes ranges (and percentages) according to the resulting magnitudes.

Fort the detailed comparison of the points, it is possible to parameterize the coordinates that define the geometry of the vaults from the 3D mesh. The strategy used involves working from cross-section plans to accurately identify the desired points. Thus, pairs of sections were pro-duced using axial coordinates for both models, and the coordinates obtained are introduced in an Excel spreadsheet for the treatment of the data. Start and end coordinates of the upper edge of the severies are analysed, as well as the height of each keystone from a common elevation benchmark. Numerical values are listed to undertake a comparative study of the deviations in each vault. These values will be used to compare the 3D models obtained, as well as to assess the geometrical differences between vaults.

Chapter 6 Inspection and monitoring of historical sites, buildings and structures 771

3 RESULTS

Figure 4. Results obtained with the CRP: topographical curves (left) and orthoimage (right) of the vaulted ceiling (campaign 2012).

A detailed mesh has been obtained through the techniques used. In the case of the CRP (Fig. 4), the accurate topography of the vaulted ceiling has been obtained. This is the first high precision survey of the vaults of the Gothic apse of Tortosa. The formal complexity and the high location of the vaults had made impossible to survey them with such accuracy and assess its geometry. An initial procedure based on the layout of contour lines reveals significant geometrical differ-ences between vaults, apparently equal. A second procedure assesses the topographic differ-ences through singular points identified in the masonry. The 3D mesh is surveyed by section lines that enable to parameterize the coordinates which defines the geometry of the vault. Fi-nally, the orthoimage of the ceiling enables the assessment of the sterotomy of the vaults. It is an initial approximation based on the ratio between the number of pieces and the surface of the vaults. Despite the relevant results obtained, this procedure sets some limitations due to the complexity of the space and the environmental light conditions.

The limitations set by the CRP can be overcome with the TLS. It enables to obtain a complete topography of the interior. Also, it improves the consumption of time, both in the field and in the office, where the main difficulty is having the laser device together with appropriate hard-ware and software to process the points in the cloud. It is obtained a 3D mesh which enables to assess the overall structure of the apse. The methodology will be base again in section lines to identify the geometry of selected areas and the relevant points. Complementarily, the spatial visualization of the elements also provides relevant information.

Related to the correlation between both surveys, on a general level, it can be observed how in the mesh generated by photogrammetry, the vaults placed on the closest extremes of the mouth of the nave have a tendency to be placed higher, while the central ones are lower. The most im-portant deviations are located on the side of the Gospel. If the deviations are analysed individu-ally on each vault, qualitatively the inflexions on the timbrel tend to divert more in the begin-ning. Quantitatively, from the obtained values we can establish that the major range of deviations contained between 5,75 and 3,38cm (17,8%), followed very closely by the ranges contained between 8,13-5,75cm (16,8%) and 3,38-1cm (16,7%). The extreme ranges in this case are not relevant, since they are produced in very specific points.

In the detailed analysis, coordinates (x,y) for 108 points were identified in both models, and their height was compared. The mean deviation between corresponding points is 2.1cm. The ex-treme deviations range from 0 (maximum correspondence) to 9.10cm. The percentage for each error range is set at (Fig. 5), where deviations beyond the range 0.5cm-5cm are very few. The deviation values obtained in the detailed assessment are lower than in the general assessment. Reference points have been taken from relevant elements as the keystones, which geometry is easily recognizable and the photogrammetric reconstructions are more accurate. Thus, main de-viations appear in the areas with smoother texture and relieve.

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)772

Figure 5. Comparison between surveys. General comparison (left) and discrete comparison (right).

4 DISCUSSION

The overall accuracy of the two techniques is similar, although some coordinates occasionally differ considerably. The TLS very rarely produces errors (apart from occasional noise, which is usually refined during post-processing). However, photogrammetry is strongly influenced by the quality of the images and the texture of the surfaces photographed. Some isolated distortions in the model are therefore likely to appear during the capture of an interior space under adverse lighting conditions (dark areas, changing lighting, etc.).

The topographical data obtained enable to perform an exhaustive assessment of construction elements. Walls and pillars have shown to be almost perfectly vertical. This information sug-gests that geometrical deviations identified in the vaults are not provoked by movements in the buttressing system. Thus, movements can have occurred as consequence of the construction process, or also by the settlement of the vaults when the formwork was retired. In any case, it is possible to relate the several phases of construction of the apse, known through the construction accounts (Ll.o.) with the variations in height of the vaults.

Figure 6. Example of the heights in the keystones, for both the vaults of the chapels and the ambulatory. The participation of four masters in the construction of the radial chapels could be de-

termined through the sources. They made various adjustments to the carvings and mould-ings in the masonry. Three periods of construction in the building of the radial chapels are identified. The first period (1377-1383), with the initial trials of the model, in chapels C1, C2 and C3 (San Pedro, San Pablo and San Vicente). Afterwards, between (1387-1397) came the consolidation and adaptation of the model, with the construction of the next two chapels. The third, from (1412-1424), saw the systematic construction of the remaining four chapels. The construction took place as a belt from the chapel of the gospel (C1) to

Chapter 6 Inspection and monitoring of historical sites, buildings and structures 773

the chapel of the epistle (C9). Thus, the new geometric data allow to expand this last con-struction phase, since it is observed relevant differences in the last two vaults which could be related with a change in the mastership not identified in primary sources.

The vaults in the ambulatory were constructed between (1432-1434). The construction strategy for the ambulatory is different from the one used in the chapels, which were roofed consecutively. Roofing of the ambulatory thus began symmetrically, with the chap-els of the gospel and epistle. Those with a square plan were done first, followed by the seven with trapezoidal plans. Based on an analysis of the relationship obtained between the geometric points, there is a clear correspondence between the succession of constructive moments and the geometric variations (Fig. 6).

This information complements the results of the assessment of the severies (Fig. 7). The rela-tion between the number of pieces of vaults and its surface reveal a pattern very similar to the described by the deviations identified in the heights of the keystones. Thus, it is possible to prove the data from primary sources through the new survey of the masonry.

Thus, the surface of chapels range from 23,97m2 to 22,50m2, and the biggest are the ones lo-cated in the mouth of the apse. About the number of stones, the first vault (C1) has the highest number of pieces (416), and the amount decrease over a hundred in the following. This is re-lated with the experimental character of the construction of the ring of chapels. The model of Tortosa introduces the suppression of the wall between chapels, enhancing the visual perception of the space and significantly reducing the economic cost of the construction.

In the case of the vaults of the ambulatory, the range of the ratio is lower. The relevant values are found in the vaults located in the mouth of the apse, which plan is square and bigger than the others, and in the ratio of the vault located in the centre of the ambulatory, with a total amount of pieces smaller than the others.

Figure 7. Ratio between the surface of the vaults and the number of stone pieces.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The comparison between the two methods used in the survey has enabled, on the first place, the validation of the data obtained, and also to assess their accuracy and suitability in a particular type of building. The interior light conditions and the complexity of the geometries of the vaulted apse complicate the use of photogrammetry, being the laser the on that offers a best per-formance in the fieldwork. Furthermore, the laser enables to obtain the complete geometry of the space, while the photogrammetry has been limited to the elevation of the vaults of the apse (the elevation of pillars and walls would have increased significantly the consumption of time).

Both methods offer good precision. Even though the differences observed in the compara-tives, the deviation values are small in architectonic terms and in ratio with the object studied. The TLS is the system that offers major reliability in the data capture, and a quick and simple operation. For the contrary, the economic resources needed of its use are superior to the photo-grammetry. In the data processing, both methods require the use of specific software. The time consuming will be determined by the software used, the power of the hardware, being superior in this case in the photogrammetry.

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)774

Topographical data obtained in the campaigns has provided relevant information about the construction of the Gothic apse. The assessment of the accessible masonry elements together with the data from primary sources had enabled to set the construction chronology of the vaults. The new data obtained establish a complementary methodology to check and enhance the initial chronology. Also, the use of massive data capture in the apse of the Tortosa Cathedral has en-abled to generate a new documental base of big precision and detail which give way to new multidisciplinary investigations.

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Adkins, D. A. 633

Ahmad, R. 413, 423

Ahn, N. 891

Akande, O. K. 901

Aktüre, Z. 361

Alegre, A. 595

Amiri, A. 1057

Amoêda, R. 911

Angelillo, M. 89

Aoki, T. 3, 725

Arenghi, A. 1067

Arroyo, N. 821

Balal, O. 3

Balzani, M. 705, 1077

Bennett, P. T. 11

Bernardini, G. 1085

Besana, D. 435

Biancamano, P. F. 463

Bianchi, A. 463

Bixio, A. 19

Blagojevi�, M. R. 1095

Bojórquez-Morales, G. 735

Bragança, L. 969

Branco, J. M. 231, 869

Brocca, E. 435

Cacciavillani, C. A. 445

Cacciotti, R. 715

Cai, L. 1047

Calderón-Aguilera, C. M. 29, 735

Campano Aguirre, J. L. 41, 151

Campano Calvo, J. L. 41, 151

Campioli, A. 979

Can, Cui 371

Cardaci, A. 279

Carlos, J. S. 951

Carnevale, G. 1105

Carocci, C. F. 453, 1115, 1125

Carrà, N. 1135

Carrasco García, P. 41

Castore, M. E. 49

Catalani, A. 59

Caterina, G. 463

Cecamore, S. 471

�ejka, T. 311

Cessari, L. 931

Ch’ng, E. 633

Chan, E. H. W. 323

Chapman, A. 67

Chen, Y. 1047

Cheshmehzangi, A. 633

Chesler, D. 799

Chiarelli, B. 1067

Chignier-Riboulon, F. 371

Circo, C. 453

Clercq, H. De 79

Clini, P. 195

Coday, A. 901

Coll-Pla, S. 767

Corallo, C. 777

Costa, A. 131

Costa-Jover, A. 767

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Damir, M. 481

Damone, G. 19

Dario, V. 1143

De Guglielmo, F. 89

Desprez, C. 755

Di Salvatore, S. 683

Diano, D. 463

Dimitrakopoulos, A. 1153

Dray, Y. 97

Index of authors 1265

Drexel, A. 491

Dykstra, L. 113

Eberhart, A. 491

Ergenoglu, A. S. 645

Esteves, P. 403

Fajman, P. 231

Falasca, C. C. 503

Fallanca, C. 1169

Farfán Martín, A. 41

Farida, S. 921

Fernandes, F. M. 799

Fernandez Adarve, G. 513, 571

Ferreira, T. C. 131

Fiorino, D. R. 523

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Gambús Saiz, M. 301

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García-Esparza, J. A. 1179

García-Gómez, C. 735

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Giacometti, V. 657

Giani, E. 545

Giannattasio, C. 523

Gigliarelli, E. 931

Giry, C. 755

Godts, S. 79

Gökyicit-Arpacc, E. Y. 879

Gonçalves, J. 131

González Alonso, F. J. 41, 151

Greco, A. 665

Grillo, S. M. 523

Hadighi, M. 555

Hanazato, T. 789

Hara, K. 243

Hatch, J. D. S. 941

Heitor, T. 683

Helfers, E. H. 673

Hidaka, M. 725

Hou, J. 323

Idate, N. 243, 255

Indelicato, D. 279

Ismail, M. S. 423

Jarosz, M. 605

Jimenez Bescos, C. 901

Jiménez-López, V. 735

Juan Baldó, M. 833

Júlio, E. 841

Just, A. 745

Karakul, Ö. 565

Karanikoloudis, G. 777

Kobayashi, K. 243

Kotevski, A. G. 157

Kroftová, K. 165, 311

Kuchpil, E. 173

Kumagai, T. 243

Lafuente Bolivar, F. J. 513, 571

Laurìa, A. 683

Lavagna, M. 979

Lenci, S. 195

Liblik, J. 745

Limoge Schraen, C. 755

Lluis i Ginovart, J. 767

Lourenço, P. B. 777

Lucenti, S. 1037

Luna-León, A. 735

Magro Andrade, R. 223, 231

Maguire, M. 349

Maietti, F. 705, 1077

Malaktou, E. 999

Manfredi, C. 453

REHAB 2015 R. Amoêda, S. Lira & C. Pinheiro (eds.)1266

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Miano, P. 1197

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Monni, F. 195

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Mujika, M. 581

Mura, P. 339

Napolitano, T. 463

Navarro, V. 821

Nespeca, R. 195

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Nunes, C. 851

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Oktay, D. 861, 879

Onesti, A. 463

Ortega Pérez, J. R. 185

Padrés León, E. 1219

Paleari, M. 979

Panas, P. 59

Parsons, A. 587

Pérez Fargallo, A. 989

Peron, I. 207

Petrella, S. E. 1115

Philokyprou, M. 999

Pieri, C. 1207

Pinto, M. R. 463

Pintus, V. 523

Pochily, M. 673

Porcu, M. 523

Quagliarini, E. 195, 1085

Quattrone, G. 931

Raffa, P. 379

Ragueneau, F. 755

Ramos, L. F. 799

Regidor Ros, J. L. 833

Reis, R. 595

Retana Maqueda, M. J. 223

Retana, M. J. 331

Ribera, F. 89

Rivera Torres, C. 1219

Robles Cairo, C. 29

Rohan, T. M. 1229

Romano, E. 1009

Rossato, L. 1077

Said, M. 921

Salihbegovi�, Amir 213

Salihbegovi�, Amra 213

Santiago Zaragoza, J. M. 513, 571

Santos, A. P. 173

Sanz, D. 821

Savvides, A. 999

Schirru, M. S. 523

Scolaro, A. M. 1017

Scuderi, L. A. 453

Serra, C. 1243

Serrano Pérez, B. 223

Serrano Pérez, M. 223

Serrano, M. 331

Silva, J. 131

Index of authors 1267

Silva, J. M. 869

Slížková, Z. 851

Šmidtová, M. 165

Smith, A. 349

Snyder, G. 605

Šobra, K. 231

Sousa, L. 841

Spalazzi, L. 1085

Stone, S. H. 1029

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