regional study of telecom technology options for indian rural eucation - survey ananlysis

Regional Study of Telecom Technology Options for Indian Rural Education

General Fellowship ICSSR, MHRD, Government of India 176

CHAPTER – 5

RESEARCH DATA & INFERENCES

FROM VILLAGE RAMESHWAR

“In primary school, creativity is the focus, in the secondary school, preparing

the students for selecting their future courses is the aim and in college and

university education generating researchers and professional entrepreneurs is

important. … and ….. our education system should re-align itself at the earliest

to meet the needs of present day challenges and be fully geared to participate in

societal transformation – leading to economic growth.”

- Dr. Abdul Kalam, Former President of India

SYNOPSIS:

This chapter is on Data Analysis of questionnaire. It consists of Introduction,

objectives, definition of data analysis and Mean, Median Mode, Variation,

Standard Deviation with their formulas. Further it consists of various charts

such as Pie, Bar, Column, Area, Doughnut, Radar and line graphs along with

the tables of the Rameshwar village. At the end it consists of summary,

conclusion, way forward & bibliography.

5.1 INTRODUCTION:

Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and

modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting

conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple facets

and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in

different business, science, and social science domains.1

Analysis - major objectives

1. Evaluate and enhance data quality

2. Describe the study population and its relationship to some presumed

source (accounts for all in-scope potential subjects; compare the

available study population with the target population)

3. Assess potential for bias (e.g., no response, refusal, and attrition,

comparison groups)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information



4. Estimate measures of frequency and extent (prevalence, incidence,

means, and medians)

5. Estimate measures of strength of association or effect

6. Assess the degree of uncertainty from random noise (“chance”)

7. Control and examine effects of other relevant factors

8. Seek further insight into the relationships observed or not observed

9. Evaluate impact or importance

5.2 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:

After understanding the techniques of collecting and representing data we

found that our sample data have the following requisites of Good Measure of

Central Tendency:

1. The variable id rigidly defined.

2. It is easy to understand and simple to compute.

3. It is based on our observation.

4. It is suitable for further mathematical treatment.

5. It is stable as regards the fluctuations of sampling and is less affected by the

extreme observations.

Photo – P. 5.1: Transforming educational system from traditional

learning to m- learning will change the lives of the children of

Rameshwar village, Latur District



The measures are:

1. Mean

2. Median

3. Mode

4. Variance

5. Standard Deviation

1. Mean

The arithmetic mean is the "standard" average, often simply called the

"mean". 13

Where ΣX is the sum of all the population observations, N is the number

of population observations, Σx is the sum of all the sample observations,

and n is the number of sample observations[b].

The mean may often be confused with the median, mode or range. The

mean is the arithmetic average of a set of values, or distribution; however,

for skewed distributions, the mean is not necessarily the same as the middle

value (median), or the most likely (mode). For example, mean income is

skewed upwards by a small number of people with very large incomes, so

that the majority have an income lower than the mean. By contrast, the

median income is the level at which half the population is below and half is

above. The mode income is the most likely income, and favors the larger

number of people with lower incomes.2 The median or mode is often more

intuitive measures of such data[b].

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(statistics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness



2. Median

In probability theory and statistics, a median is described as the numeric

value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability

distribution, from the lower half. The median of a finite list of numbers can be

found by arranging all the observations from lowest value to highest value and

picking the middle one.13

If there is an even number of observations, then there

is no single middle value, so one often takes the mean of the two middle

values.

In a sample of data, or a finite population, there may be no member of

the sample whose value is identical to the median (in the case of an even

sample size) and, if there is such a member, there may be more than one

so that the median may not uniquely identify a sample member.

Nonetheless the value of the median is uniquely determined with the

usual definition[b].

3. Mode

In statistics, the mode is the value that occurs the most frequently in a

data set or a probability distribution. In some fields, notably education,

sample data are often called scores, and the sample mode is known as

the modal score. 3

Like the statistical mean and the median, the mode is a way of capturing

important information about a random variable or a population in a

single quantity. The mode is in general different from the mean and

median, and may be very different for strongly skewed distributions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_population

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_statistics



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_(statistics)



The mode is not necessarily unique, since the same maximum frequency

may be attained at different values. The most ambiguous case occurs in

uniform distributions, wherein all values are equally likely.

4. Variance

Where σ2 is the population variance, μ is the population mean, Xi is the

ith element from the population, and N is the number of elements in the

population.

In probability theory and statistics, the variance of a random variable or

distribution is the expected, or mean, value of the square of the deviation

of that variable from its expected value or mean.4

Thus the variance is a

measure of the amount of variation within the values of that variable,

taking account of all possible values and their probabilities or

weightings (not just the extremes which give the range).

6. Standard Deviation

Where σ is the population standard deviation, σ2 is the population

variance, μ is the population mean, Xi is the ith element from the

population, and N is the number of elements in the population.

In probability theory and statistics, the standard deviation of a

statistical population, a data set, or a probability distribution is the

square root of its variance. Standard deviation is a widely used measure

of the variability or dispersion, being algebraically more tractable

though practically less robust than the expected deviation or average

absolute deviation.

σ = sqrt [ σ2 ] = sqrt [ Σ ( Xi - μ )

2 / N ]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_distribution



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_population


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_dispersion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_statistics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_deviation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_absolute_deviation





It shows how much variation there is from the "average" (mean). A low

standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to

the mean, whereas high standard deviation indicates that the data are

spread out over a large range of values[b].

Data Analysis is done in:

1. Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)

2. Microsoft Office Excel 2007




5.3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF VILLAGERS – RAMESHWAR

VILLAGE, LATUR(Tq), LATUR(Dt), MARATHWADA(R) -

MAHARASHTRA

1. Male/Female(Please Tick)

Chart – C. 5.1 : Shows Male & Female ratio in Rameshwar village,

Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).

Table - T. 5.1 : Shows Male & Female ratio in Rameshwar village,


The Sample size taken is 50 out of total population 1996.The Pie chart

shows the percentage of male & female ratio in Rameshwar Village,

Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),Marathwada(R).

Gender Percentage

Male 62

Female 38



34%

12%32%

8%14%

Age in years

Less than 25

Between 25 to 35

between 36 to 45

between 46 to 55

Above 55

2. Present Age(in years)

Chart – C. 5.2 : Shows Age in years of Rameshwar village,


Table – T. 5.2 : Shows Age in years of Rameshwar village,


Mean 10

Median 7

Variance 29.2

Standard Deviation 5.403702434

Table – T. 5.3 : Shows measues of Age in years of Rameshwar

village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).

Range Age in years

Less than 25 17

Between 25 to 35 6

between 36 to 45 16

between 46 to 55 4

Above 55 7



Married58%

unmarried42%

Marital Status

The above pie chart shows the age of villagers. In a sample size maximum

respondents are less than 25 years and Between 36 to 45 years. From the

Mean and Standard Deviation it can be said that the variation is much more

from the mean value. The standard deviation is 5 years.

3. Marital Status

Chart – C. 5.3 : Shows villagers’ Marital Status of Rameshwar


Marital Status No.

Married 29

unmarried 21

Table – T. 5.4 : Shows villagers’ Marital Status of Rameshwar


The chart shows the marital status of villagers. More than 50% villagers

are married.



4. Size of family

Chart – C. 5.4: Shows villagers’ Size of family of Rameshwar


Size of Family No

Upto 2 4

2 to 4 11

4 to 6 16

Above 6 19

Table - T. 5.5: Shows villagers’ Size of family of Rameshwar


Mean 12.5

Median 13.5

Variance 32.25


Table – T. 5.6: Shows villagers’ measures of Size of family in

Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).

The pie chart describes the size of family of villagers. Maximum

number of families has four or more than four members in a family.

From the Mean and Standard Deviation it can be said that the variation

is much more from the mean value.

8%

22%

32%

38%

Size of Family

Upto 2

2 to 4

4 to 6

Above 6



5. Educational Background

Chart – C. 5.5 : Shows villagers’ Educational background of


T

a

b

l

e

N

o

Table – T. 5.7 : Shows villagers’ Educational background of


Gender Education background

of Male

Education background

of Female

Graduate 13 5

HSC 2 0

Secondary 2 1

SSC 0 2

Primary 10 10

Illiterate 5 1



Statistics:

Illtr=Illiterate, SSC=Secondary School Certificate, HSC=Higher

Secondary School Certificate, G=Graduate, P=Primary

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Graduate 18 36.0 36.0 36.0

Higher Secondary

School Certificate 2 04.0 04.0 40.0

Illiterate 5 10.0 10.0 50.0

Primary 20 40.0 40.0 90.0

Secondary 3 06.0 06.0 96.0

Secondary School

Certificate 2 04.0 04.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Table – T. 5.8 : Shows villagers’ Educational background in

frequencies of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

The chart above shows the educational qualification of the villagers

residing at Rameshwar village. It can be said from the chart that males

are more graduates than females while females are less illiterates than

males.

Photo – P. 5.2: Researcher is interacting with the

Villagers of Shiral Village, Latur District.



6. Occupation

Chart – C. 5.6 : Shows occupation of villagers in Rameshwar village,


Occupation Percentage

Farmer 40

Farmer, MilkMan 10

Teacher 20

Postman 2

Student 20

Others(Doctor) 8

Table – T. 5.9 : Shows occupation of villagers in Rameshwar village,




Statistics

Fr=Farmer,Mm=Milkmam

Table – T. 5.10 : Shows occupation of villagers in frequency of

Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),Marathwada(R).

The percentage of farmers is more as compared to the other occupations.

More than 40% of the villagers are involved in agriculture.

7. What is the main source of income for your household?

Chart – C. 5.7 : Shows villagers’ source of income of Rameshwar


Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Farmer 20 40.0 40.0 40.0

Fr,Mm 5 10.0 10.0 50.0

Others 4 08.0 08.0 58.0

Postman 1 02.0 02.0 60.0

STh 10 20.0 20.0 80.0

Teacher 10 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0



Source of Income for household Percentage

Agriculture 58

Agriculture, Service 16

Others 6

Service 10

Agriculture, Milk production 8

Agriculture, Milk production, Service 2

Table – T. 5.11 : Shows villagers’ source of income of Rameshwar


Statistics

SoI= Source of Income for household

A= Agriculture, Mp= Milk Production, S= Service

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Agriculture 29 58.0 58.0 58.0

A,Mp 4 08.0 08.0 66.0

A,S 8 16.0 16.0 82.0

A,S,Mp 1 02.0 02.0 84.0

Others 3 06.0 06.0 90.0

Service 5 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Table – T. 5.12: Shows villagers’ source of income in frequency of


The above chart shows that major source of income for their livelihood

is agriculture. This shows that people are highly dependent on

agriculture.



8. What is the combined monthly household income?

Chart – C. 5.8 : Shows villagers’ combined monthly household income

of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).

Income in Rs. No.

Below 3000 14

Between 3000 to 5000 6

Between 5000 to 7000 9

Between 7000 to 10000 8

Above 10000 13

Table – T. 5.13 : Shows villagers’ combined monthly household income


Mean 10

Median 9

Variance 9.2


Table-T. 5.14 : Shows villagers’ measures of combined monthly household

income of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).

This Chart indicates the combined monthly income of the sample size.

People having income more than Rs 10,000 are very less.

28%

12%

18%

16%

26%Below 3000

Between 3,000-5,000

Between 5,000-7,000

Between 7,000-10,000

Above 10,000



9. Number of earners in a family

Chart – C. 5.9 : Shows number of earners in a family of Rameshwar


Size of Family No. of earners in a family

Upto 2 8

2 to 4 13

4 to 6 11

Above 6 18

Table – T.5.15 : Shows number of earners in a family of Rameshwar


Mean 12.5

Median 12

Variance 13.25


Table – T. 5.16 : Shows measures of number of earners in a family in


The chart shows that almost in each and every family there are more

than two earning members to run their livelihood.

16%

26%

22%

36%

No. of earners in a family

Upto 2

2 to 4

4 to 6

Above 6



5.4 VILLAGER’S PERCEPTION REGARDING MOBILE

SERVICES

1. Are you aware of following communication channels?

Chart – C.5.10: Shows villagers awareness of communication

channels of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

The above Bar chart shows that most of the villagers are aware of the

communication channels to a large extent. Villagers are less aware of

internet as compared to other communication channels.

To large Extent

To Some Extent

Undecided

A Little Extent

Very Little extent

Radio 28 12 2 6 2

Tv 35 7 1 4 3

Newspaper 38 7 0 3 2

Computer(Internet) 8 22 3 7 10

Mobile 32 6 2 7 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Co

un

t



0

5

10

15

20

25

Electricity Road Water Supply

Schools Hospital Kirana Stores

Transports

To large Extent

To Some Extent

Undecided

A Little Extent

Very Little extent

2. To what extent the following basic necessities are available in

your village?

Chart – C. 5.11: Shows basic necessities available to villagers of


To large

Extent

To Some

Extent Undecided

A Little

Extent

Very Little

extent

Electricity 12 9 1 16 12

Road 9 11 2 20 8

Water Supply 23 10 0 9 8

Schools 8 9 5 16 12

Hospital 11 7 4 10 18

Kirana Stores 15 12 1 20 2

Transports 12 13 6 8 11

Table – T. 5.17: Shows basic necessities available to villagers of


The chart shows the extent to which they have basic necessities

available in a village. Villagers are still facing more problems of

Electricity, road, hospitals, schools.



Extremely comfortab

le

Somewhat comfortab

leNeutral

Somewhat Uncomfor

table

Extremely Uncomfor

table

Mobile 18 11 1 12 8

Computer(Internet) 3 13 4 8 22

Newspaper 35 5 0 5 5

Tv 32 6 2 7 3

Radio 26 11 1 9 3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

3. Describe your comfortable level while using the following

communication channels?

Chart – C. 5.12: shows comfort level of villagers while using

communication channels of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),

Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R).

The above chart shows that still villagers are less comfortable with new

technologies such as mobile and internet. It is necessary to increase their

comfort level by making them aware and giving them training.



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

To large Extent

To Some Extent

Undecided

A Little Extent

Very Little extent

4. What are the motivational factors encouraging villagers to prefer

a particular communication channel?

Chart – C. 5.13: shows motivational factors encouraging villagers

in prefering particular communication channel of Rameshwar


T

a

b

l

e

–

T. 5.18: shows motivational factors encouraging villagers in

prefering particular communication channel of Rameshwar village,


From the above chart it can be easily said that motivational factors

encouraging villagers to prefer a particular communication channel are

cost and ease of availability to a large extent.

Factors

To large

Extent

To Some

Extent Undecided

A Little

Extent

Very Little

extent

Cost Effective 34 9 0 6 1

Communication 27 6 2 12 3

Source of

information 16 8 3 15 8

Education 6 9 3 12 20

Entertainment 13 16 2 14 5

Ease of

Availability 37 5 0 6 2



0

5

10

15

20

Farmer

Service(Doctor,Teacher,Postman)

Student

5. Occupation wise which class uses more mobile phones?

Chart – C. 5.14: shows use of mobile phones occupation wise of


Farmer

Service(Doctor,

Teacher, Postman) Student

Communication 20 13 6

Entertainment 5 2 8

Education 7 6 3

Health Information 3 4 0

Market Information 14 2 0

News 7 3 2

Games 8 4 8

Table – T. 5.19 : shows use of mobile phones occupation wise of


The chart shows use of mobile phones occupation wise. It is easy to

make out from the chart that occupation plays a major role in deciding

use of mobile phones for different purposes. Famers use more for

communication and for getting market information on prices of seeds

and crops. Students are more interested in games & entertainment

available on the mobile phones.



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

To large Extent

To Some Extent

Undecided A Little Extent

Very Little extent

Co

un

t

By Creating awareness among villagers

By making convenient accessibility of mobile

By using effective method of Training/Workshop

6. Rank and rate the following suggestion which can be helpful to

provide efficient services through mobile.

Graph – G. 5.1 : shows various suggestions helpful in providing

efficient services through mobile of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),


To

large

Extent

To

Some

Extent

Undeci

ded

A Little

Extent

Very

Little

extent

By Creating awareness

among villagers 40 2 1 5 2

By making convenient

accessibility of mobile 33 5 2 4 6

By using effective

method of

Training/Workshop 41 5 0 3 1

Table – T. 5.20: shows various suggestions helpful in providing

efficient services through mobile of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),


From the above chart it is clear that: To provide efficient services

through mobile awareness among villagers and training are utmost

important from villagers point of view.



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Undecided

Agree

Strongly Agree

7. Rank and rate the following dimensions regarding”Training on

Mobile”.

Chart – C. 5.15 : shows dimensions regarding training on mobile of


Strongly

Agree Agree

Undecid

ed Disagree

Strongly

Disagree

Enhances Knowledge 42 5 0 2 1

Provides updated

information 36 8 1 3 2

Improved Life style 27 10 3 7 3

Provide adequate handling

of services on mobile 23 5 1 11 10

Increases literacy rate 16 4 2 15 13

increases effectiveness in

business due to training 13 15 2 10 10

Table - T. 5.21 : shows dimensions regarding training on mobile of


From the above chart it is clear that: According to villagers training on

mobile will definitely increase their knowledge, provide updated

information & improve life style.



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

To large Extent To Some ExtentUndecided

A Little ExtentVery Little extent

8. Do you get information on

Chart – C. 5.16 : shows status of information on agriculture

available to famers of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

To large

Extent

To Some

Extent Undecided

A Little

Extent

Very

Little

extent

Pesticides 32 9 1 5 3

Crops 38 5 2 2 3

Seeds 29 8 0 9 4

Weather 22 7 1 15 5

Harvesting 18 12 8 5 7

Loans 13 17 3 9 8

Vaccination 12 11 7 6 14

Hygiene 4 5 3 18 20

Table – T. 5.22: shows status of information on agriculture available

to famers of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

The above chart shows that villagers get more information on pesticides,

crops and seeds. They get very less information on hygiene and

vaccination.



9. From where do you purchase crops for cultivation?

Chart – C. 5.17 : shows status of crops purchased by villagers for

cultivation of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

Crop Purchase Percentage

Shops 34

Direct Purchase 16

Others 2

Not Applicable 48

Table – T. 5.23 : shows status of crops purchased by villagers for

cultivation of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

This chart shows that most of the villagers purchase crops from shops.

Around 34% of villagers prefer to purchase crops from shops due to

ease of availability.



10. How do you get finance for your occupation?

Chart – C. 5.18 : shows source of finance for occupation of


Finance for occupation Percentage

Individual Property 28

Loans from banks 22

Not Applicable 50

Table – T. 5.24 : shows source of finance for occupation of


The only option available for villagers to get finance for their occupation

is by taking loan from banks.



11. Do you have exposure of price fixing, inflation?

Chart – C. 5.19 : shows exposure of price fixing.inflation to villagers


Table – T. 5.25 : shows exposure of price fixing,inflation to villagers


The bar charts show that people are aware of market prices which are

required for selling their finished goods.

Exposure of Price Fixing, Inflation Value

Yes 14

No 12

Not Applicable 24



12. Which crops do you grow?

Chart – C. 5.20 : shows various Crops grown in Rameshwar village,


Crops Percentage

Soyabean, Sugarcane, Jowar 02

Wheat, Jowar, Sugarcane 12

Wheat, Suagarcane 12

Wheat, Suagarcane,Soyabean 02

Jowar, Suagarcane 06

Jowar 02

Jowar,Wheat 10

Sugarcane 04

Jowar,Soyabean,Wheat 02

Not Applicable 48

Table – T. 5.26 : shows various Crops grown in Rameshwar village,


The above pie chart shows that the main cultivations in Rameshwar

village are Wheat and Sugarcane.



13. Do you get updates on diseases? (i.e. flu, malaria, chicken guinea,

dengue etc.)

Chart – C. 5.21: shows status of information on diseases available to

villagers Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

Updates on Disease Percentage

Yes 52

No 48

Table – T. 5.27: shows status of information on diseases available to

villagers Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

From the above pie chart, it can be seen that still 40% of people are

suffering from diseases due to lack of information.



14. Do you go for health check ups to District or Taluka health

centers?

Chart – C. 5.22: shows villagers visit to District or Taluka health

center of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

Visit to Health Centres Percentage

Yes 52

No 48

Table – T. 5.28: shows villagers visit to District or Taluka health

center of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

The pie chart shows that due in general villagers are reluctant to visit

Primary Health centers.



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

SA A UD DA SDAEnhance the skills

Increase the confidence level through trainingOrganize training programme

15. Please rank and rate the following dimensions regarding training

and development factors.

Chart – C. 5.23: shows dimensions regarding training and

development factors of villagers in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),


Dimensions SA A UD DA SDA

Enhance the skills 37 4 3 2 4

Increase the confidence level

through training 29 8 2 5 6

Organize training programme 26 9 5 7 3

Change the behavior 18 17 1 10 4

Table – T. 5.29: shows dimensions regarding training and

development factors of villagers in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),


From the above chart it can be clearly said that training and

development factors will certainly help in enhancing the villagers’ skills

and increase their confidence. It will also change their life style.



0

5

10

15

20

25

HS S UD DS HDS

Decisions making process

Help in solving your problems

Incentives to you for innovation

16. To what extent are you satisfied with the attitude of local bodies

regarding following statement.

Chart - C. 5.24: shows statisfaction of villagers with the attitude of

local bodies in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

Statements HS S UD DS HDS

Decisions making process 12 9 1 10 18

Help in solving your

problems 9 7 3 11 20

Incentives to you for

innovation 16 7 2 15 10

Table - T. 5.30: shows statisfaction of villagers with the attitude of

local bodies in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

The above chart shows the villagers’ view on local bodies and their

regulations. It can be clearly said from the chart that they are not very

happy with the local bodies and their regulations.



0

5

10

15

20

TLE TSE UD ALE VLE

By creating awareness

By convenient accessibility

17. Rank and rate the following suggestions which can be helpful to

provide efficient services through ICT.

Graph – G. 5.2: shows various suggestions helpful to provide

efficient services through ICT in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),


Suggestions TLE TSE UD ALE VLE

By creating awareness 9 7 3 11 20

By convenient

accessibility 16 7 2 15 10

Table – T. 5.31: shows various suggestions helpful to provide

efficient services through ICT in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),


To provide efficient services through ICT awareness among villagers

and training are utmost important from villagers point of view.



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

SA A UD DA SDA

Mobile services are very necessary

Technology development will increase the standard of living of villagers

Villagers will actively participate in bringing mobile services to the village

Will tele conferencing help in learning process

18. To what extent do you agree with the following statements?

Chart – C. 5.25: shows villagers views about technology in


Table – T. 5.32: shows villagers views about technology in


The above chart shows the views of villagers about technology. It gives

a clear picture of villagers thinking on technology and whether there will

be active participation from their side or not.

SA A UD DA SDA

Mobile services are very necessary 21 12 2 9 6

Technology development will increase

the standard of living of villagers 31 14 0 3 2

Villagers will actively participate in

bringing mobile services to the village 25 16 1 5 3

Will tele conferencing help in learning

process 18 13 4 8 7



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

M Imp Imp UD U Imp M U Imp

Drawbacks in traditional learning

More benefits in m-learning

Various mobile services available

Security & safety

Change in mindset of villagers

19. What importance do the following factors carry to transform the

education system from traditional learning process to m-learning

process?

Chart – C. 5.26: shows importance of various factor in transforming

the education system from traditional learning process to m-

learning process in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

T

a

b

l

e

N

o

T

Table – T. 5.33: shows importance of various factor in transforming

the education system from traditional learning process to m-

learning process in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

The above chart shows the views of villagers on transforming the

traditional education system to m-learning system. To change the

mindset of villagers is most important for m – learning systems, only

then transformation can be possible.

Factors M Imp Imp UD U Imp

M U

Imp

Drawbacks in traditional

learning 32 9 1 5 3

More benefits in m-learning 26 13 1 5 5

Various mobile services

available 23 8 4 10 5

Security & safety 20 17 3 6 4

Change in mindset of villagers 35 6 2 4 3



74%

10%

2%

8%6%

TLE

TSE

UD

ALE

VLE

20. How much training is required to work more efficiently with

mobile technology?

Chart – C. 5.27: shows the extent to which training is required to

work more efficiently with mobile technology in Rameshwar village,


TLE TSE UD ALE VLE

37 5 1 4 3

Table - T. 5.34: shows the extent to which training is required to

work more efficiently with mobile technology in Rameshwar village,


This doughnut chart shows that training is very much required to make

villagers work more efficiently with mobile technology.



34%

14%6%

26%

20%

TLE

TSE

UD

ALE

VLE

21. To what extent number of villagers accessing mobiles is

Increasing?

Chart - C. 5.28: shows the extent to which villagers accessing

mobiles is increasing in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

TLE TSE UD ALE VLE

17 7 3 13 10

Table – T. 5.35: shows the extent to which villagers accessing

mobiles is increasing in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

The doughnut chart shows that number of villagers accessing mobiles is

increasing by very little extent. This is due to lack of awareness, ease of

availability, cost and various other factors.



0

5

10

15

20

25

M Imp Imp UD U Imp M U Imp

Social Service

Location Preference(native Place)

Rewards

Incentives or Perks

22. What are the motivational factors that can motivate the teachers

to perform better in villages? (Rural Schools)

Graph – G. 5.3: shows the motivational factors that motivate the

teachers to perform better in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),


M

Imp Imp UD

U

Imp

M U

Imp

Incentives or Perks 6 2 0 2 0

Rewards 5 3 0 1 1

Location Preference(native

Place) 8 2 0 0 0

Social Service 2 3 1 2 2

Table - T. 5.36: shows the motivational factors that motivate the

teachers to perform better in Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq),


The above line chart shows the motivational factors that encourage

teachers to perform better in villages. According to teachers’ views,

location preference and incentives are utmost important.



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 2 4 6

Understanding the level of students

Lack of co-operation and co-ordination from family’s side

Lack of proper co-operation between teacher and student

23. Which type of problems do you face while teaching?

Graph – G. 5.4: shows problems faced by teachers while teaching in


Table – T. 5.37: shows problems faced by teachers while teaching in


The above chart shows the problems faced by the teachers while

teaching. Problems are due to the understanding level of students and

due to lack of support from their family’s side. The major reasons

behind this are their economic condition and mindsets.

Problems TLE TSE UD ALE VLE

Understanding the level of

students 5 3 0 2 0

Lack of co-operation and co-

ordination from family’s side 4 2 0 3 1

Lack of proper co-operation

between teacher and student 3 2 1 3 2



0

2

4

6

8

10Radio

Tv

NewspaperMobile

Computer

Teachers views about media


24. Teachers views about media through which villagers can be

educated. (Please tick in the appropriate column)

Chart – C. 5.29: shows teachers views about media through which

villagers can be educated Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).


Radio 7

TV 8

Newspaper 5

Mobile 9

Computer 6

Table – T. 5.38: shows teachers views about media through which

villagers can be educated Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

The above Radar chart shows the teachers’ views on communication

channels through which villagers can be educated.



25. Do you think use of Mobile Phone would be beneficial for

development of your village?

Chart – C. 5.30: shows villagers views about benefit of mobile phone

for development of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

Benefit Percentage

Yes 94

No 06

Table - T. 5.39: shows villagers views about benefit of mobile phone

for development of Rameshwar village, Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt),

Marathwada(R).

This pie chart shows the willingness of people in developing their

village technologically by all means possible.



SUMMARY:

The Researchers analyzed the data of village named Rameshwar village,

Latur(Tq), Latur(Dt), Marathwada(R) based on the questionnaire.

The first part of the questionnaire analysis gives clear picture of demographic

profile of the villager’s viz. Gender, Age, Size of family, Education

background, Occupation, Income etc.

The second part gives villagers’ views on technology and also some

information related to their occupation, health and education in detail. The

analysis gives clear idea of villagers’ awareness on various communication

channels and the use of the same for different purposes in their day to day life.

Although villagers are aware of various communication channels but they still

required more awareness and training on technologies such as Mobile phones

and various other services available on mobile phones and internet.

Photo 5.3: Villagers of Shiral village, Latur District accessing market

information on mobile phone while working in a farm.



While analysis it is be clearly said that their reasons behind choosing various

communication channels were cost, ease of availability etc. The analysis also

gives idea of the basic necessities available to them, information on farming

related activities such as crops, seeds, pesticides, vaccination and hygiene etc.,

motivational factors behind teachers working in village, information or updates

on various diseases available.

It also gives idea about the problems faced by the teachers while teaching and

importance of various factors in transforming education system from traditional

to m- learning process.

WAY FORWARD:

The governments need to clearly partner with private agencies, cooperatives,

rural communities, NGOs and other stakeholders to make a tangible difference

through ICT to the lives of rural poor. India needs to exploit ICT to its

maximum rural leveraging potential in agriculture, health and education

through 3G technology. 3G technology is the most awaited technology which

will change the telecom scenario in India by making significant growth in

telecom sector.



NOTES AND REFERENCES:

1. C.R. Kothari (2004). Research Methodology Methods & Techniques,

publisher : New Age International(P) Ltd.

2. M.G.Dhayagude(2006). Statistical and Quantitative Methods, Publisher :

Everest publishing house ,Pune.

3. Ranjeet H. Chitale.(2007). Statistical and Quantitative Methods,

publisher: Nirali Prakashan , Pune.

4. Lloyd R. Jaisingh. Statistics for utterly confused, Mc Graw Hill ebook

5. Arthur Griffith. SPSS for Dummies, Wiley Publishing Inc.

6. Deborah Rumsey. Intermediate Statistics for Dummies, Wiley Publishing

Inc.

7. Edwards, Allen, Statistical Methods, 2nd

ed., New York: Holt, Rinehart &

Winston, 1967

8. Harnett, Donald L., and Merphy, James L., Introductory Statistical

Analysis, Philippines : Addisonwesly Publishing Co. Inc. 1975.

9. Nie, N. H., Bent D. H. and Hull, C. H. Statistical Package for the Social

Sciences, New York., MeGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.

10. Ostel, Bernard, and Mensing, Richard W., Statistics in Research, 3rd

Ed.

Ames Iowa : The Iowa State University Press, 1975.

11. www.spss.com

12. www.wikipedia.org/mean

13. www.dummies.com

14. www.itu.int

http://www.spss.com/

http://www.wikipedia.org/mean

http://www.dummies.com/

http://www.itu.int/

regional study of telecom technology options for indian rural eucation - survey ananlysis

Documents