regional decade advisory committee meeting

EM/ES/390-E March 1987

REGIONAL DECADE ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING

Nicosia, Cyprus. 3-5 September 1986

(Meeting Reference: EM/MTG.REG.DEC.ADV.COM/8)

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 'P

REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE EASTERN MEDITERRANW 1987

EDITORIAL MOTE

The issue of this document does not constitute formal publication.

The manuscript has only been modified to the extent necessary for proper comprehension. The views expressed, however, do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the World Health Organization.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

1 . INTRODUCTION

2 . OBJECTIVES OF THE MEETING

3. PARTICIPATION AND PROGRAMME OF THE MEETING

4. INAUGURAL SESSION

5. ELECTION OF OFFICERS

6 . MEETING PRESENTATIONS

6 .1 . WHO P r e s e n t a t i o n s 6.2. N a t i o n a l Preserltations

7. GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS MADE

8. MAJOR IDENT IF IED ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS

9. PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS

9 .1 P r o m o t i o n o f t h e Decade 9.2 S t u d i e s t o b e u n d e r t a k e n 9.3 Human r e s o u r c e d e v e l o p m e n t 9.4 O t h e r i m p r o v e m e n t s r e q u i r e d 9.5 I n t e r v e n t i o n s b y t h e R e g i o n a l Decade

A d v i s o r y Commi t t e e

ANNEX I L I S T OF PARTICIPANTS

ANNEX I 1 PROGRAMME

ANNEX I I1 FORMS TO INDICATED IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOLUTIONS OF THE REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR THE EM (A ) AND TO ASSESS NATIONAL DECADE PROGRESS (0)

1. INTRODUCTION

I n i t s r eso lu t i on EM/RC32/R.14 (October 1985), the Thirty-second Session o f the WHO Regional Committee o f the Eastern Mediterranean requested the Regional D i r ec to r " t o es tab l i sh a Decade* Advisory Committee composed o f sen ior representat ives from amongst major technica l water and san i t a t i on sector agencies t o moni tor Decade progress i n t he Region and t o recommend measures, where required, f o r acce le ra t ing Decade Progress". I n response, the Regi onal D i r ec to r convened a Regional Decade Advisory Meeting i n which na t iona l Decade Focal Po in ts from the count r ies o f the Region were i n v i t e d t o pa r t i c i pa te . This f i r s t meeting w i 11 be fol lowed by f u r t h e r meetings.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE MEETING

As s ta ted above, the general ob ject ives o f t he meeting were t o monitor Decade progress i n the Region and t o recommend measures, where requi red, f o r acce lerat ing Decade Progress. More s p e c i f i c ob jec t i ves were :

(a ) t o review and monitor the implementation by Member States o f Regional Committee reso lu t ions on the Decade and i t s a c t i v i t i e s ;

(b) t o review and monitor progress made towards achievement o f Decade ob ject ives and ta rge ts ;

( c ) t o exchange experiences and in format ion on matters r e l a t e d t o the Decade;

( d ) t o i d e n t i f y sector cons t ra in ts and d i f f i c u l t i e s hampering sec to r devel opment ;

(e ) t o recommend measures, as required, f o r acce le ra t ing Decade progress a t na t iona l and Regional l eve ls ;

( f ) t o . discuss issues o f importance t o the promotion o f Decade a c t i v i t i e s i n the Region.

* The I n te rna t i ona l Dr ink ing Water Supply and San i ta t ion Decade.

3. PARTICIPATION AND PROGRAMME OF THE MEETING

The meeting was attended by eleven na t iona l Decade f oca l po in ts from eleven Member States o f the Region, by two observers from Cyprus, the host country, and by three WHO s t a f f members, twofrom the Regional O f f i ce and one from Headquarters. (A l i s t o f pa r t i c i pan t s i s g iven i n Annex I ) .

The Programme o f the meeting i s given i n Annex 11.

4. INAUGURAL SESSION

H.E. Dr Takis Pelekanos, M in i s t e r o f Heal th o f the Republic o f Cyprus, welcoming the par t i c ipan ts , thanked the Regional O f f i c e f o r the Eastern Mediterranean f o r choosing Cyprus t o host t h i s impor tant meeting. He reminded pa r t i c i pan t s t h a t the end o f the Decade was close a t hand and much s t i l l remained t o be done. He stressed t h a t a c t i v i t i e s covered very important elements o f pr imary hea l th care, namely safe water supply and san i t a t i on . They stood ou t among prevent ive measures as they con t r ibu ted t o the prevent ion o f a l a rge va r i e t y o f i n f ec t i ous and p a r a s i t i c diseases and t o subs tan t ia l l y improving the l l v i n g condi t ions o f people.

D r Pelekanos po in ted ou t tha t , although Cyprus has i t s e l f achieved Decade targets , i t continued t o support Regional Decade a c t i v i t i e s . Nat ional agencies were m a k i ~ g e f f o r t s t o meet new water supply and san i t a t i on needs t h a t were b c i ng caused by r a p i d i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and the continuous expansion o f the kou r i s t i ndus t ry .

A message from D r Hussein A. Gezairy, Regional D i r ec to r f o r the Eastern Mediterranean, was read by Dr M. Is lam Sheikh, Chie f o f the Environmental Heal t h Programme o f the Regional O f f i ce .

I n h i s message, D r Gezairy thanked the Government o f Cyprus f o r hos t ing the meeting and welcomed the pa r t i c i pan t s . He emphasized t h a t w i thou t potab le water suppl ies and adequate s a n i t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , e f f o r t s a t improving heal th were se r i ous l y hampered and, i n the long term, would be i n e f f e c t i ve. W i t h i n the concept o f pr imary hea l th care, t he p rov i s i on o f an adequate supply o f safe d r i nk i ng water and of basic s a n i t a t i o n f o r a l l cons t i t u t ed one o f the most important areas of prevent ive medicine. The estab l i shment o f the Regional Decade

Advisory Committee was mot iva ted by the need t o overcome some o f the d i f f i c u l t i e s i n ensur ing i n t e r m i n i s t e r i a l and i n t e r s e c t o r a l cuurdirrdtiorl w i th reydrd t o wdter supply and s a n i t a t i o n sec to r development. I n add i t i on , h e a l t h a u t h o r i t i e s were be ing urged t o strengthen i n t e r s e c t o r a l coo rd ina t ion by e s t a b l i s h i n g f o c a l p o i n t s i n t h e i r environmental h e a l t h d i v i s i o n s w i t h counterpar ts i n m i n i s t r i e s dea l ing w i t h water and s a n i t a t i o n and t o organize o r i e n - t a t i o n workshops f o r Decade f o c a l po in ts .

D r Gezairy sa id t h a t t h i s f i r s t meeting o f the Regional Decade Advisory Committee was a landmark, n o t o n l y i n promoting i n t e r - sec to ra l coo rd ina t ion b u t a l s o i n acce le ra t ing Decade a c t i v i t i e s f o r h e a l t h improvement. A major p a r t o f t he a c c e l e r a t i o n process must be d i r e c t e d toward r u r a l comnuni t i e s and urban and per i -urban slums, as serv ices t o these popu la t ions a r e 1 aggi ng s e r i o u s l y behind. Considerat ion would a1 so have t o be given t o c o s t - e f f e c t i v e s o l u t i o n s t h a t are both c u l t u r a l l y acceptable and f e a s i b l e I n t h a t t h e i r maintenance and o p e r a t i on are w i t h i n the techn ica l and f i n a n c i a l capabi 1 i t i e s of the communities be ing served.

5. ELECTION OF OFFICERS

The t o 1 lowing o f f i c e r s were e l e c t e d by the p a r t i c i p a n t s :

Chai rman : M r E l i as Kambouri des (Cyprus) Vice Chai man : M r Yusr i A l i Hassan (Sudan) Rapporteurs : M r Abdel Rasool Mussaib (Bahrain)

M r A l i B i n Mohamed Al-Rashid (Oman)

M r Hassan E l Shamsy o f the Regional O f f i c e acted as Secretary.

6. MEETING PRESENTATIONS

6.1. WHO Presenta t ions

6.1.1. Community water supply and s a n i t a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s as they r e l a t e t o programmes i n the Eastern Mediterranean Region o f WHO

Mr L . Langer i , o f the Community Water Supply and S a n i t a t i o n U n i t a t WHO Headquarters i n Geneva,described the r o l e o f h i s U n i t i n support o f Regional O f f i ces . It had e s s e n t i a l l y t h r e e func t ions :

(a ) A promotional func t ion f o r the Decade, i nc l ud ing coord inat ion w i t h i n t e rna t i ona l , b i l a t e r a l and mu1 tl l a t e r a l , technl ca l and f i nanc ia l agencies, as we l l as g i v i ng support t o count r ies f o r the mob i l i za t i on o f f i n a n c i a l resources;

(b) A technica l func t ion i n r e l a t i o n t o those s p e c i f i c p r i o r i t y areas def ined i n the Mid-Decade Progress Review ( repor t by the Di rector-General , (WHO Document A3911 1 ) . The u n i t prepares and disseminates technica l documentation on na t iona l i n s t i - t u t i onal development, development o f human resources, community involvement, appropr iate technology. The in fo rmat ion exchange f unc t i on o f the u n i t i s essen t ia l ;

( c ) A moni tor ing and repo r t i ng f unc t i on i n r e l a t i o n t o the s ta tus o f Decade programmes i n Regions and count r ies .

He s ta ted t h a t these funct ions were c a r r i e d o u t exc lus ive ly on the basis o f in format ion provided by count r ies t o Regional Of f ices. The Unit also provided direct support to activit ies in countries upon request by the Regional Of f ices ; the frequency o f these in te rven t ions had, however, decreased i n recent years.

I n the discussion t h a t fol lowed, i t was asked whether there were any s p e c i f i c f i n a n c i a l arrangements between the World Bank and o ther donors f o r the Decade programmes. It was po in ted o u t t h a t the World Bank was a member o f the ilrV Decade Steer ing Committee. I n answer t o a quest ion regarding the externa l funding s ta tus f o r Decade-related pro jects , i t was s ta ted t ha t the World Bank and several i n t e rna t i ona l development agencies had somewhzJ decreased t h e i r budgets f o r water supply and san i ta t ion , bu t t h i s had given some b i l a t e r a l agencies the p o s s i b i l i t y o f en te r ing t h i s area. This was he lp ing very g rea t l y , w i t h remarkable progress being recorded i n some cases.

6.1.2. I n t e r sec to ra l ac t i on i n the context o f the I n te rna t i ona l m n g Water Supply and Sani?=n Decade

D r M. I .Shei kh, Chief, Environmental Health D i v i s i o n a t the Regional O f f i ce , s t a ted t h a t water supply and s a n i t a t i o n had received increas ing emphasis through the 1970s by t h e i r i n c l us i on i n the UN Second Development Decade, by assigning h igh p r i o r i t y t o t h i s sector a t the UN Water Conference i n March 1977 and by proclamat ion o f the I n te rna t i ona l Dr ink ing Water Supply and San i ta t ion Decade (IDWSSD) , 1981-1990, by the UN General Assembly i n November 1980.

The core o f the s t ra tegy o f Heal th f o r A l l by the Year 2000 (HFA/2000) was pr imary hea l t h care; safe water supply and adequate s a n i t a t i o n was one o f i t s e i g h t essen t ia l elements. WHO firmly be1 ieved t h a t the IDWSSD was having a d i r e c t impact on the global s t ra tegy f o r HFA/2000, which takes the Decade and i t s ta rge ts i n t o account and recognized the importance o f i n t e r s e c t o r a l ac t i on i n the pursuance o f hea l th .

The in t imate r e l a t i o n s h i p between water, san i t a t i on and hea l t h was emphasized and i t was necessary t h a t engineers who design water and s a n i t a t i o n systems recognize t h i s f a c t . Out o f a Regional populat ion o f about 300 m i l l i o n , 60% l i v e d i n r u r a l areas. Water coverage i n urban and r u r a l areas was about 85% and 30% respect ive ly , wh i le s a n i t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s were ava i lab le t o some 75% i n urban areas and o f t e n t o no t more than 10% o f the r u r a l populat ions. For optimum improvement i n the hea l th s ta tus, the complementarity o f water supply and san i t a t i on and the need f o r hea l th education were stressed. A subs tan t ia l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f e l l on m i n i s t r i e s o f hea l th , since they had t o ensure t h a t hea l th education became a component o f sector p ro j ec t s regardless o f which m i n i s t r y o r agency had the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p rov is ion o f water and san i t a t i on .

Much o f the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the p rov i s i on o f water suppl ies and san i t a t i on rested w i t h m i n i s t r i e s o r agencies o ther than the m i n i s t r y o f hea l th . I f i n t e r sec to ra l cooperat ion was t o be e f f e c t i v e , then co l l abo ra t i on between the m i n i s t r i e s o f hea l th and the o ther m i n i s t r i e s o r spec ia l i zed bodies was o f c r u c i a l importance. To he lp bridge the communication gap the Regional Advisory Committee was formed w i t h the aim no t on ly of b r i ng i ng about i n t e r sec to ra l coord inat ion w i t h i n the count r ies through foca l po in ts a t the na t iona l l e ve l , bu t a l so t o promote Reg1 onal exchange o f experience and i nformat i on.

Community involvement , i n deciding what type o f system would meet the community's needs, i n const ruct ion o f the system and I n I t s operat ion and maintenance, w i t h guidance from appropr ia te na t iona l agencies, was a most important f ac to r .

Other essen t ia l issues included: development o f na t iona l Decade plans; format ion o f na t iona l ac t i on committees o r s i m i l a r mechanisms t o provide e f f e c t i v e i ntersec to ra l coordi n a t i on ; strengthening o f envi ronmental hea l th d i v i s i ons i n m i n i s t r i e s o f hea l th ; conso- 1 i d a t i ng sec to r agencies t o reduce fragmentation; devel opment o f communi ty-managed i n s t i t u t i o n s t o f u r t h e r decentral i z a t i on; and development o f an adequate data base and in fo rmat ion system f o r appropr iate sec to r management. Operati on and maintenance o f r u r a l water systems requi red p a r t i c u l a r a t t en t i on .

Other important a c t i v i t i e s included: human resource development; use of simple and appropr ia te technologies f o r optimum u t i l i z a t i o n o f na t iona l resources ; and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Decade-re1 ated p ro j ec t s f o r poss ib le externa l funding.

The matters l i s t e d above served t o emphasize the s t rong coord i - na t ing r o l e wh ich - the M i n i s t r y o f Heal th had t o p lay i f hea l t h bene f i t s were t o be maximized. The Regional Advisory Comi t t e e would f u r t h e r such an ob jec t i ve and i t s summary r epo r t was t o be submitted t o the Thi r t y - t h i r d Session o f the Regional Committee.

I n t he discussion t h a t fo l lowed, p a r t i c i p a n t s requested in fo rmat ion about WHO'S Regional Centre f o r Envi ronmental Heal th A c t i v i t i e s (CEHA) , i n Amman, Jordan. It was comtwnted t h a t water supply and s a n i t a t i o n was a major component o f primary hea l t h care, b u t most engineers knew noth ing about pr imary hea l th care. I t was po in ted ou t t h a t reso lu t ions adopted by the Regional Committee f o r the Eastern Medi- terranean were no t reaching the m i n i s t r i e s invo lved w i t h water and san i ta t ion . I n t e r sec to ra l coord inat ion on the Decade had indeed t o be emphasized.

There was a mu1 t i p l i c i t y o f na t iona l agencies competing f o r funds. I n t h i s matter as i n others, WHO, as a lead ing promoter o f the Decade, should p l a y a m o r e dynamic r o l e . As i t was now past mid-Decade, sen ior na t iona l managers should be re-or iented t o acce lerate sec to r development .

Dr Sheikh po in ted ou t t h a t WHO had been sending documents and in format ion t o Member States, bu t they d i d no t seem t o be reaching the persons concerned. I t was now poss ib le t o communicate d i r e c t l y and a system t o undertake t h i s was being i n i t i a t e d through CEHA. This should, he stressed, be a two-way exchange. A brochure o f CEHA was being prepared.

Some p a r t i c i p a n t s commented t h a t the rec ipe f o r i n t e r sec to ra l coord inat ion might be d i f f e ren t f o r d i f f e r e n t count r ies . M i n i s t r i e s o f hea l th , as promoters o f hea l th , should draw o ther m i n i s t r i e s i n t o a c t i v i t i e s aimed a t achieving the goal o f Heal th f o r A l l . There was also, i t was stated, a problem w i t h inter-agency coord inat ion a t the i n t e rna t i ona l l e v e l .

I n s t i t u t i a n a l development i n community water supply and s a n i t a t i o n

M r L.Laugeri o f WHO Headquarters described var ious aspects o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l development on the bas is o f case s tud ies. He recommended the qua1 i t a t i v e , incremental (smooth investment curve) and per iphera l (comnunity-based) aspects o f Decade promotion, as we l l as the importance o f p r o j e c t r e p l i c a b i l i t y , and i t s imp l i ca t ions i n terms o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l development. He explained the l i m i t s o f decen t ra l i - r a t i o n o f sector agencies, the l i m i t s on the s i ze o f i n d i v i d u a l p ro jec ts a communitycould handle, and ways and means o f b r i dg i ng t he r e s u l t i n g gap through rep l i cab le p r o j e c t un i t s , i n t e r sec to ra l ac t i on and seeking help from non-governmental organizat ions. The main issues i d e n t i f i e d i n i n s t i t u t i o n a l development were e s s e n t i a l l y r e l a ted to :

( a ) d i f f i cu l t i e s i n decentral i z i n g sector agencies and devol u t i on o f adequate r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o the communities;

(b) d i f f i c u l t i e s i n arranging f o r resource t r ans fe r s (personnel , funds, technology, community p a r t i c i p a t i o n ) ;

( c ) d i f f i c u l t i e s i n coord inat ing i ntersec to ra l ac t i on as we1 1 as ac t i on a t the various l e v e l s from the cen t ra l t o the per iphera l ( i .c . thc community).

These var ious issues , together w i t h some suggested c r i t e r i a f o r s e t t f n g up Decade-oriented i n s t i t u t i o n s , are descr ibed i n more d e t a i l i n WHO Document WHO/CWS/85.5, which a l s o conta ins a f i c t i t i o u s case study t h a t cou ld be used f o r t r a i n i n g purposes.

6.2. Nat iona l presenta t ions

The main p o i n t s of data prov ided by Member Sta tes a re summarized below:

6.2.1. Afghanistan

Popula t ion coverage had been improved i n t h e p e r i o d 1981 -1985. Since 1984, the number o f urban popu la t i on served w i t h p iped water by p r i v a t e connection and standposts had increased by some 950 000 and i n r u r a l areas by 2.3 m i l l i on . S a n i t a t i o n was lagg ing s i g n i f i c a n t l y behind water supply, w i t h on ly 5% o f t h e urban popu la t ion served by household systems.

Due t o l i m i t e d resources, Decade goals cou ld n o t be achieved. The prime focus was on improving opera t ion and maintenance, s a n i t a r y s u r v e i l l a n c e and i n s t i t u t i o n a l development, and a Decade c o n s u l t a t i v e meeting was being planned t o a s s i s t i n m o b i l i z i n g necessary investments.

To improve Decade management i t had been decided t o i n c l u d e a l l sec to ra l f oca l p o i n t s i n a Decade Working Committee. Th is had r e s u l t e d i n a c c e l e r a t i o n o f Decade a c t i v i t i e s and m o b i l i z a t i o n o f more l o c a l resaurces.

6.2.2. Bahrain -- Unt i 1 1975, Bahrain had depended e x c l u s i v e l y on groundwater t o

meet domestic demand. Uncont ro l led e x t r a c t i o n o f groundwater f o r i r r i g a t i o n and domestic purposes had r e s u l t e d i n a r a p i d d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f water q u a l i t y . Bahrain had drawn up a programme t o develop a1 t e r n a t i v e sources and t o improve the q u a l i t y o f water supp l ied t o consumers. A p o l i c y o f c o n s t r u c t i n g a s u f f i c i e n t capac i t y o f

desa l ina t ion p l an t s and blending t he water w i t h an opt imal quan t i t y o f groundwater t o ensure t h a t the t o t a l d isso lved so l i ds d i d no t exceed the upper l i m i t set3by WHO (1500 mg/ l i trc) had been adopted. A t present about 160 000 m /d o f desa l inated water were be ing produced.

The whole popula t ion o f Bahrain was served w i t h a water supply system, and there was p r a c t i c a l l y no d i s t i n c t i o n between r u r a l and urban areas. A water t a r i f f had been introduced w i t h the aim o f f os te r i ng amongst the indigenous popula t ion a sense o f the value o f water and a f e e l i n g o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n .

A t present on ly 30% o f the popula t ion was covered by a sewerage system, bu t the whole popula t ion was served by adequate excreta d i sposal f a c i 1 i t i e s . To ta l coverage by the sewarage system was planned f o r 1995. Sewage was t r ea ted a t the Water P o l l u t i o n Control Centre a t Tub l i and t r ea ted e f f l u e n t was discharged i n t o the sea. A s t ra tegy f o r reusing the h igh q u a l i t y sewage e f f l u e n t f o r a g r i c u l t u r e had been formulated and was being imp1 emented.

6.2.3. Cyprus

A l l urpan and r u r a l areas had reasonable access t o water but i t was i n shor t supply, espec ia l l y dur ing the summer months. Almost a1 1 the popula t ion was served w i t h adequate disposal f a c i l i t i e s (sewage systems, p r i v a t e sep t i c tanks and p i t s ) . The number o f sewer connecti ons was being s tead i l y i ncreased. I n the nor thern p a r t o f the is land, sewage e f f l u e n t was being used. f o r i r r i g a t i o n .

Cyprus r e l i e d on f o re i gn i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r t r a i n i n g . There were, however, some l i m i t e d research programmes. Problems o f operat ion and maintenance were,relat ively,not s i g n i f i c a n t . Fore i gn techni c a l assistance, p a r t i c u l a r l y f i n a n c i a l , was essen t ia l .

Government e f f o r t s were aimed a t i nc reas ing the quan t i t i e s of d r i nk i ng water ava i lab le . I n t h i s connection, two main p ro j ec t s were being implemented; w i t h t h e i r completion, probably before 1990, adequate quan t i t i e s o f water would be avai l a b l e f o r Nicosia/Larnaca/ Limassol /Famagusta and a number o f communities en route.

Water conservat ion was an important na t iona l issue. Water t a r i f f s var ied f ~ o m place t o place; water was being so ld t o Water Boards a t US$0.5/m .

WHO-EM/ES/390-E page 10

6.2.4. Egypt

I n Egypt, organizat ions f o r water supply and s a n i t a t i o n a re d iv ided i n t o th ree groups:

- the Greater Cairo Region; - the Alexandria and Matrouh Governorates; and - o ther Governorates.

The count ry 's f i r s t f ive-year p lan f o r improving water supply and s a n i t a t i o n s t a r t ed i n 1982 and ended dur ing 1987; the second f i v e - year p lan ( t o end dur ing 1992) was being developed (1986). A great deal had already been achieved dur ing the f i r s t f i ve -year p lanning per iod. Investments were a l loca ted as shown i n Table I, which includes the investments proposed f o r the second f i ve -year p lan also. P r i o r i t i e s dur ing the second f i ve -year p lan had been a l l oca ted as f o l 1 ows :

...................................................................... Water (EGP) San i t a t i on (EGP) ......................................................................

Cairo 242 m i l l i o n 678 m i l l i o n

Alexandria 174 m i l l i o n 253 m i l l i o n

'Other Governorates 232 m i l l i o n 391 m i l l i o n ......................................................................

Cai r o 704 m i l l i o n 3996 m i l l i o n

A1 exandria 350 m i l l i o n 1565 m i l l i o n

Other Governorates 1261 m i l l i o n 1480 m i l l i o n ----------_,-----------------------------------------------------------


F i r s t p r i o r i t y : - S a n i t a t i o n i n Greater Ca i ro and A lexandr ia and water supply i n r u r a l areas

Second p r i o r i t y : - Water supply i n Greater Ca i ro and Alexandr ia and s a n i t a t i o n i n r u r a l areas.

Egypt prov ides some 10% o f i t s budget f o r these a c t i v i t i e s and us ing b i l a t e r a l funds t o a considerable ex ten t . Two t r a i n i n g cent res a r e being es tab l i shed t o t r a i n manpower which, owing t o the l a c k o f a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o f government se rv i ce , tends t o leave t h e s e r v i c e a f t e r a few years. I n respect o f t a r i f f s , i t was f e l t t h a t these were too low.

6.2.5. I s l a m i c Republic o f I r a n

The task o f p r o v i d i n g safe d r i n k i n g water and waste d isposa l f a c i l i t i e s i n urban areas res ted w i t h M i n i s t r y o f Power, M i n i s t r y o f I n t e r i o r and M u n i c i p a l i t i e s . I n r u r a l areas, however, t h i s task was vested i n the M i n i s t r y o f Heal th and Medical Education f o r v i l l a g e s having a popu la t i on o f more than 750, and w i t h the M i n i s t r y o f Reconstruct ion Crusade f o r smal l e r r u r a l se t t lements . According t o a survey c a r r i e d o u t i n 1986, the re was almost t o t a l coverage o f the urban popu la t i on and some 60% coverage o f t h e r u r a l popu la t i on i n respect o f potab le water. Coverage w i t h sewer connections and household systems was 10% and 70% respec t i ve l y ; o n l y 25% o f the r u r a l popu la t i on were us ing p r o p e r l y b u i l t 1 a t r i n e s . The n a t i o n a l r u r a l t a r g e t s f o r 1990 were 90% coverage f o r water supply and 50% coverage w i t h proper l a t r i n e f a c i l i t i e s . Among the approaches t h a t were o f f i c i a l l y accepted were t h a t :

(a) h e a l t h educat ion o f people i n r u r a l areas was t o be g iven p r i o r i t y over the phys ica l development o f water and s a n i t a t i o n p r o j e c t s ;

(b) comnunity p a r t i c i p a t i o n was t o be secured t o t h e greatest poss ib le degree;

( c ) i n small v i 11 ages where groundwater was avai 1 ab le a t reasonable depths, dug we1 1s w i t h hand pumps would be used;


(d) appropr ia te technology would be used; and

(e) the biochemical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f water sources and t h e b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l q u a l i t y o f d i s t r i b u t e d water would be c o n t r o l l e d i n a network o f l a b o r a t o r i e s .

6.2.6. Jordan

Jordan i s genera l l y s h o r t o f water (90% o f the count ry i s d e s e r t ) . I n the e a r l y s i x t i e s water and s a n i t a t i o n p r o j e c t s were g iven p r i o r i t y . Jordan ' s successive n a t i onal socio-economic development p lans p a i d p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o the water and s a n i t a t i o n sectors . Various a u t h o r i t i e s were es tab l i shed t o develop, operate and ma in ta in water systems and t o supply sa fe water t o both urban and r u r a l populat ions, such as the Amman Water Supply and Sewerage A u t h o r i t J hAwssA) 9

the Jordan Va l ley A u t h o r i t y (JVA), the Water Supply Corporat ion ( S ) , the M i n i s t r y o f Munic ipal and Rural A f f a i r s and the Natura l Resources A u t h o r i t y (F !RA) , i n a d d i t i o n t o the M i n i s t r y o f P l a n n i n g and t he M i n i s t r y of Health. Also, a number o f m u n i c i p a l i t i e s operated and maintained t h e i r own water supply systems.

I n January 1984, the Water A u t h o r i t y o f Jordan (WAJ) was es tab l i shed t o avo id d u p l i c a t i o n and t o achieve a b e t t e r water and s a n i t a t i o n p o l i c y as w e l l as b e t t e r p r o v i s i o n o f these f a c i l i t i e s . WAJ assumed a l l o f the s ta f f and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of AWSSA and WSC and those r e l a t e d t o water supply and s a n i t a t i o n o f NRA, JVA, the M i n i s t r y o f Heal th and the m u n i c i p a l i t i e s . WAJ i s respons ib le f o r water product ion and d i s t r i b u t i o n as w e l l as f o r wastewater c o l l e c t i o n , t reatment and reuse f o r the e n t i r e Kingdom, and f o r the opera t iona l c o n t r o l o f water q u a l i t y and wastewater e f f l u e n t s . Qua1 i t y c o n t r o l cont inues t o be monitored by the M i n i s t r y o f Heal th and the M i n i s t r y o f P lann ing r e t a i n s i t s r o l e i n o v e r a l l n a t i o n a l p lanning.

Considerable progress has been made i n the Decade towards improv ing water and s a n i t a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y s ince the establ ishment o f WAJ, i n which t r a i n i n g has h i g h p r i o r i t y . With the i n t e g r a t i o n of the var ious a u t h o r i t i e s i n t o one u n i t , the t o t a l s t a f f i nvo lved i s now 5200. Many o f these people are be ing r e t r a i n e d t o f i t i n t o the new

o rgan iza t ion . However, t r a i n i n y o p p o r t u n i t i e s avai l a b l e through WHO have n o t been used due t o budgetary l i m i t a t i o n s .


Major cons t ra in ts are:

- shortage o f water resources;

- shortage o f f i n a n c i a l resources and re l i ance on f o re i gn c a p i t a l a id ;

- 1 ack o f experienced h igh- leve l technica l and managerial personnel ;

- lack o f an adequate in fo rmat ion system f o r e f f e c t i v e planning.

F i r s t p r i o r i t y has been given t o groundwater which i s ra ised from a depth o f 300 and 1100 m.

6.2.7. Kuwait

The t o t a l popula t ion o f Kuwait i s 1 695 000, a l l consldered as urban, 7 7 . 9 n f which i s now served w i t h water by house connections whi le 19.5% i s wi thout house connections bu t w i t h reasonable access by means o f tankers from water stations.

79.6% o f the popula t ion i s served w i t h excreta disposal f a c i l i t i e s by connection t o the pub l i c sewerage system; 20.6% are served by household systems such as sep t i c tanks.

Decade foca l po in ts have been estab l ished i n the M i n i s t r i e s o f Pub l i c Health, E l e c t r i c i t y and Water and Publ ic Works.

There i s as y e t no community p a r t i c i p a t i o n . Heal th education regarding water supply and s a n i t a t i o n i s provided t o the p u b l i c and t o schools; however, the programmes need strengthening.

Agencies concerned have t h e i r s t ra teg ies according t o the Nat ional Development Plan.

The major cons t ra i n t i s i n s u f f i c i e n c y o f pro fess ional and sub- profess ional s t a f f .

The producjtion cos t o f water was sa id t o be approximately US$ 2.00 per m but provided a t US$O. 5. Desal inat ion processes are c o s t l y . U n i f o r m i t y i n e s t a b l i s h i n g bases for costs i s needed (interest ra tes, currency f l uc tua t i ons , deprec ia t ion, cos t o f labour and overhead expenses).


6.2.8. Oman -

Oman's popula t ion o f 2 m l l l i o n i s 30% urban and 7WL r u r a l ; water coverage up t o 1985 by house connection and standposts o r o the r means was 80% and 20% respec t i ve ly . 70% o f the r u r a l popula t ion rece ive reasonable water supply. Urban s a n i t a t i o n coverage by sewer connection i s 40%, by s e p t i c tanks and s t a b i l i z a t i o n ponds 50%, and by o ther means 10%. Rural s a n i t a t i o n coverage by adequate f a c i l i t i e s i s 45%.

The Government i s i nc reas ing i t s e f f o r t s f o r water supply and s a n i t a t i o n development on which more than 130 m i l l i o n Omani R i a l s were spent du r ing the previous Five-Year Plan (1981 -1 985). ( T h i s excludes the Southern Dhofar region, Musandam and Buraimi). I n t h e Capi ta l Area, where the p e r caput consumption averages 215 l i t r e s pe r day, more than 400 000 persons b e n e f i t from water supply. I n the area where no d i s t r i b u t i o n networks are ava i lab le , water tankers are used. Such water suppl ies are examined by t h e M i n i s t r y o f Heal th t o ensure t h e i r s u i t a b i l i t y f o r d r ink ing . I n the i n t e r i o r regions, more than 800 000 persons b e n e f i t from potable water o f reasonable standard. The average da i l y water consumption i s 120 1 i treslday/caput.

By the end of 1984, the Government had expanded t o double t h e capac i ty o f 13 m i l l i o n gal lonslday. Ghubra d e s a l i n a t i o n p l a n t produces 23 m i 11 i on gal 1 ons/day and approximately 2 m i 11 i o n ga l 1 ons per day i s pumped d i r e c t l y from Oman Ref inery Company t o the main p i p e l i n e . The Government had plans a t t h e beginning o f 1986 t o prov ide water t o those i n urban areas where no water networks were y e t i n s t a l l e d and t o extend networks t o new areas. The t a r g e t i s 100% coverage o f water supply i n urban areas before 1990.

The M i n i s t r y o f E l e c t r i c i t y and Water cont inues t o d r i l l f o r d r i n k i n g water sources by means o f we1 1s. Const ruc t ion o f new desa l ina t ion p l a n t s i s underway t o meet the l o c a l demand i n the new areas. A new r e s e r v o i r f o r storage o f t r e a t e d water i s being constructed and a l a r g e t ransmission l i n e t o convey water where needed, i n s t a l l e d . I t i s a l so planned t o improve o r b u i l d more we1 1s i n remote areas.


I n r u r a l areas the Government i s p lann ing t o b u i l d complete systems f o r h i t h e r t o unserved v i 1 lages and t o cont inue t h e search f o r groundwater sources.

Khasab i s the b igges t town i n the Musandam region. Most houses are connected t o a p l a n t f o r f r e s h water d e s a l i n a t i o n and t o a sewerage system. I n small v i l l a g e s accessible by road, water d i s t r i b u t i o n i s mainly by p i p e l i n e o r bowser t o a p u b l i c water p o i n t . More than 35 coasta l v i l l a g e s inaccess ib le by road cont inue t o be covered by f o u r tankers, w i t h one sh ip a c t i n g as a standby i n case o f emergency.

It i s est imated t h a t there i s approximately 70% water supply coverage i n t h e Musandam reg ion and a l l water i s c h l o r i n a t e d and monitored. Khasab, the l a r g e s t town i n t h i s region, has a c e n t r a l sewage treatment p l a n t , which covers a l l t h e area. However, f o r some v i l l a g e s , sewage treatment p lan ts have no t been planned f o r reasons o f economy o r low popula t ion dens i ty ; i n these, standard s e p t i c tanks are i n operat ion.

Salalah i n the southern reg ion o f Dhofar i s t h e second l a r g e s t c i t y o f Oman. It i s covered w i t h 85% potab le water supply. 10% i s suppl ied by water tankers and t h e remaining 5% by water d i s t r i b u t i o n centres.

60% o f the r u r a l area o f Dhofar, i n c l u d i n g smal l v i l l a g e s , i s covered by l o c a l water supply d i s t r i b u t i o n cent res ; such v i l l a g e s were given p r i o r i t y because o f t h e i r h igh popu la t ion dens i ty . I n Salalah C i t y the Master Plan o f t h e c e n t r a l sewage scheme has been f i n a l i z e d ; i n 1987 i t wi 11 have sewage house connections.

I n 1984, the Governmnt i n s t a l l e d a new d e s a l i n a t i o n p lan t , w i t h a capac i ty o f 132 000 gal lonslday, t o serve the i s lands o f Masirah and Kur ia Muria, i n a d d i t i o n t o the one a l ready i n p lace and a smal ler desa l ina t ion p lan t , a l so i n Kur ia Muria, (capaci t.v 60 m3 /day) - I n add i t i on , the re are more than 10 desa l ina t ion p l a n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t capac i t i es i n var ious areas.


Since 1980, Oman has h e l d an annual n a t i o n a l conference on water supply and s a n i t a t i o n i n which d i f f e r e n t m i n i s t r i e s a re i n v i t e d t o present t h e i r p lans and e f f o r t s i n water development; recomrnendati ons made are implemented by var ious agencies .

A t the l a s t conference (December 1985), t h e f o l l o w i n g areas were recommended t o be strengthened: developing an i n f o r m a t i on sys tern f o r water and sani t a t i on, management o f water resources, comnuni t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n and development i n heal t h y i n t e r s e c t o r a l coo rd ina t ion and cooperat ion, technology and development f o r water and s a n i t a t i o n serv ices, and human resources development.

Oman has recognized the economic and o rgan iza t iona l c o n s t r a i n t s i t faces. Cur ren t l y , measures are being taken t o ensure t h a t recommendations rece ive p r i o r i t y a t the h ighest p o l i c y l e v e l s and a re p roper l y coord inated by a l l m i n i s t r i e s concerned i n s e t t i n g p r i o r i t i e s ; both s h o r t and longqterm s o l u t i o n s are be ing planned.

It was confirmed t h a t the consumption f i g u r e of 120 L l capu t lday f o r r u r a l areas was indeed r e a l i s t i c and f o r domestic use on ly . People l i v e on t h e i r own land and a r e us ing both f l u s h t o i l e t s and s e p t i c tanks. A t present Oman i s b u i l d i n g f o u r dams. It was suggested t h a t a study be i n i t i a t e d on consumption pa t te rns i n t h e reg ion, p o s s i b l y w i t h support f rom WHO. I t was mentioned t h a t the Government looks a f t e r opera t ion and maintenance by p o s t i n g an o f f i c i a l t o be respons ib le f o r t h i s aspect a f t e r p r o j e c t completion.

6.2.9. Somalia

A1 though the count ry has been exper ienc ing f requent droughts, i t i s be l i eved t h a t the o v e r a l l groundwater resources development has no t exceeded the (admi t ted ly 1 i m i ted) capaci ty o f these resources. Groundwater i s the p r i n c i p a l dry-season source o f water supply i n many p a r t s o f Somalia and is i n most cases the o n l y perennial. and r e l i a b l e water source.

bJHO-EM/ES/390-E page 1 7

A subs tan t ia l p o r t i o n o f the na t iona l development budget i s devoted t o p r o j e c t s associated w i t h water e x p l o r a t i o n and expl o i t a t i on, and the channel 1 i n g and harnessing o f water suppl i e s . Ten percent of the budget f o r the Five-Year Plan (1982-1 986) was earmarked f o r water resource development. I n the subsequently ad jus ted three-year pub1 i c investment programme ( 1 984-1986) the t o t a l share o f t h e sec to r was increased t o 11%.

Because o f t h e magnitude o f the need, t h e Government has i d e n t i f i e d the r u r a l water supply sub-sector, which inc ludes the nomadic populat ion, as a major p r i o r i t y area. Rural, i n p l u d i n g nomad, popu la t ion i s approximately 75% o f the t o t a l . F i f t y percent o f investment p ro jec ted i n t h e water sector du r ing t h e Five-Year p l a n i s earmarked f o r t h i s sub-sector w h i l e t h e remainder i s being equa l l y shared between s a n i t a t i o n and urban water supply.

I n Table 2 , Decade progress i n terms o f se rv i ce coverage i s summarized:

1980 1983 - - 1986 - 1990 target

Water supply

Urban Rural

Sani t a t i o n

Urban Rural

T o t a l investment funding requ i red as envisaged i n t h e Decade Plan f o r 1981-1990 i s est imated a t US$500 m i l l i o n .

From 1980 t o 1986 about $40 m i l l i o n has been spent on urban water supply w h i l e $37 m i l l i o n went t o r u r a l water supply p rov is ion . San i ta t ion , which u s u a l l y takes lower p r i o r i t y i n a t t r a c t i n g f inance, got a remarkable f i g u r e o f $32 m i l l i o n : expenditure went t o Mogadishu sewerage p r o j e c t .


Constraints inc lude:

( a ) Lack o f ex terna l f i n a n c i a l resources. Donors seem t o be l o s i n g i n t e r e s t o r running "out o f steam".

( b ) Mu1 ti p l i c i ty o f sector i n s t i t u t i o n s .

( c ) Lack o f water resources exp lo ra t ion and survey e f f o r t s .

6.2.10. Sudan

Decade ta rge ts were se t a f t e r a na t iona l decade workshop was he ld i n 1982 and a na t iona l water supply and s a n i t a t i o n committee was formed t o assume responsibi 1 i t y f o r Decade a c t i v i t i e s . The na t iona l coverage t a r g e t f o r urban water supply i s 100% by 1990. Although t h i s has been almost a t ta ined, improvement i n t he q u a l i t y o f se rv i ce i s needed, because :

(a ) on ly about 50% o f the urban popula t ion have house connections;

( b ) i n t e r m i t t e n t supply condi t ions p reva i l ;

( c ) there are q u a l i t y problems, both man-made and seasonal ; and

( d ) there are problems caused by m ig ra t ion o f r u r a l popu la t ion t o urban centres.

P r i c i n g f o r water i s ca lcu la ted on a soc i a l , no t a cost-recovery, basis; however, t h i s p o l i c y i s c u r r e n t l y being rev ised t o secure add i t i ona l resources f o r the rehab i l i t a t i o n o f o l d waterworks.

The na t iona l coverage t a r g e t f o r r u r a l water supply i s 80% by 1990. I t i s estimated t h a t the coverage f i g u r e has increased from 35% t o 40% since the beginning o f t he Decade, due t o the a c t i v e borehole d r i l l i n g p lan o f the Nat ional Water Corporat ion and the assistance o f i n t e rna t i ona l and b i l a t e r a l organizat ions. Nevertheless, e f f o r t s have t o be exerted t o increase coverage by improving open dug we l l s , s ince about 30% o f the r u r a l popula t ion are us ing t h i s source, which i s considered unsafe.


Nat ional t a r g e t f i gu res f o r urban s a n i t a t i o n are 100% by 1990, 5% by water-borne sewerage, 30% by sep t i c tanks and soakaways and 65% by other acceptable means. The estimated coverage f i gu res by 1985 were as fo l l ows :

- water-borne sewerage 2 % - sep t i c tanks and soakaways 10% - water p r i v ies 20% - t r a d i t i o n a l p i t l l a t r i n e s 30-40% - unacceptable means i n urban f r i nges

and unplanned r e s i d e n t i a l areas 30-35%

The t a r g e t coverage f i g u r e f o r r u r a l s a n i t a t i o n i s 60% by 1990, bu t i n the absence o f r e l i a b l e estimates i t i s be l ieved t h a t on ly approximately 20% o f the r u r a l popula t ion use acceptable means of excreta disposal . The problem i s d i f f i c u l t t o t ack l e and requ i res ex tens i ve e f f o r t w i t h i n the Primary Heal th Care programme and w i t h the he lp and assistance o f p i l o t p ro j ec t s .

The Health M i n i s t r y i s focusing now on i r r i g a t e d areas t o increase coverage(up t o 70% i n the Blue N i l e Heal th P r o j e c t area) i n t he e f f o r t t o reduce water-borne diseases i n these product ive areas.

Relevant issues inc lude:

- need f o r t r a i n i n g and manpower development;

- use o f appropr iate technologies t o increase coverage;

reduct ion i n the number o f sector agencies and improving coord inat ion among them;

- improvement o f data and in fo rmat ion systems;

- promotion o f se l f - he l p a c t i v i t i e s f o r the sector;

- establishment o f c l ea r p o l i c i e s and o v e r a l l Decade plans.


I t was i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n Sudan a common p r a c t i c e i s t o c o l l e c t water f rom water po in ts and t r a n s p o r t i t t o t h e home where i t i s placed i n j a r s . Most water po in ts i n houses had been tes ted and water was found t n be p o l l u t e d . There i s a h i g h incidence o f water-borne and water - re la ted diseases; incidence o f schistosomiasis i n i r r i g a t e d areas i s about 65%. There i s no u n i f i e d p o l i c y concerning cos t recovery i n r u r a l areas. I n some d i s t r i c t s , comnunities organize themselves and pay f o r costs; i n o thers (no t organized) costs are borne by the Nat iona l Water Corporat i on.

6.2.11. Syr ian Arab Republic

Syr ian Arab Republic has an ambit ious Five-Year Plan f o r extending water and s a n i t a t i o n t o a l l the popula t ion; i t i s genera l ly i n accordance w i t h the ob jec t i ves and s t ra tegy o f the Decade.

The M i n i s t r y o f Heal th formed a commi t t e e w i t h representat ives from the a u t h o r i t i e s concerned i n c l u d i n g several o the r m i n i s t r i e s . The M i n i s t r y o f Housing and U t i l i t i e s i s respons ib le f o r p r o v i d i n g d r i n k i n g water and s a n i t a t i o n , w h i l e implementation o f p r o j e c t s i s usua l l y c a r r i e d ou t by the M i n i s t r y o f Local Admin is t ra t ion and somctimes by the M i n i s t r y of I r r i g a t i o n which helps i n i d e n t i f y i n g water resources and State planning s t a f f and a l l o c a t e s t h e necessary funds f o r execut ion. The coun t ry ' s adopt ion i n 1981 o f t h e Decade p o l i c y was a n a t u r a l con t inua t ion o f t h e then ( F i f t h ) F i ve-Year Plan (1980-1985) which s ta tes :

( a ) I n the f i e l d o f potab le d r i n k i n g water - by increas. ing d a i l y s h a r e per caput and d e r i v i n g optimum b e n e f i t from water capac i t i es , and, as f i x e d ob jec t ives, r a i s i n g coverage and inc reas ing water product ion.

(b) I n the f i e l d o f drainage and s a n i t a t i o n . This a c t i v i t y was f i r s t mentioned i n t h e Fourth Five-year Plan o f 1975-1980. The percentage o f those b e n e f i t i n g a t the end o f 1985 was 47%. The S ta te has a spec ia l i n t e r e s t i n t h i s k i n d o f a c t i v i t y ; p lans aim a t r a i s i n g t h e percentage o f b e n e f i c i a r i e s t o 60% i n 1990 and e s t a b l i s h i n g t r e a t i n g p lan ts , s t a r t i n g w i t h l a r g e c i t i e s . By 1 August 1986, the execut ion o f two t reatment p lan ts i n Homs and Hamah had been s tar ted.


Const ra in ts i n c l u d e shortage o f s k i 1 l e d personnel, especi a1 l y f o r opera t ion and maintenance, and l a c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n exchange as we1 1 as techrii c a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and f i n a n c i a l s h o r t f a l l s .

P a r t i c i p a n t s were informed t h a t s tud ies f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a t r a i n i ny cent re i n Damascus were completed; cons t ruc t ion would soon s t a r t under the d i r e c t i o n o f the M i n i s t r y o f Housing and U t i l i t i e s . The count ry has a progress ive t a r i f f , water meters are used i n about 85% o f cases and o r i f i c e s i n about 15%. Major c o n s t r a i n t s inc lude: s c a r c i t y o f water resources accentuated by h igh water consumption, e s p e c i a l l y i n r u r a l areas. There was concern f o r r u r a l areas, f o r which no water resource survey had y e t been c a r r i e d out . 33% o f the r u r a l popu la t i on l i v e i n i s o l a t e d areas o r where water i s n o t s u i t a b l e o r popu la t i on cent res are sca t te red along the coast; a lso , proper p lans a re n o t a v a i l a b l e . The f i g u r e f o r per caput consumption o f 101 l i t r e s i s v a l i d ; i t w i l l be increased t o 125 f n 1990 and t o 150 i n 2015. Studies have been c a r r i e d o u t t o b u i l d dams t o improve t h e water s i t u a t i o n . A l l r u r a l areas w i t h p lans, regard less o f popu la t i on s ize , have house connections. Coord inat ion i s e f f e c t e d w i t h l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s f o r connect ing water t o s u i t a b l y l oca ted standposts i n v i l l a g e s w i t h no house connections; t h i s , however, would be temporary u n t i 1 master p lans are completed. Conventional t reatment i s prov ided f o r r i v e r water i n c l u d i n g ozon izat f on and c h l o r i n a t i o n ; c h l o r i n a t i o n o n l y i s prov ided f o r Damascus water supply.

6.2.12. Tun is ia

Because o f the i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e h e a l t h and water supply sectors , the Government has g iven p r i o r i t y t o se rv ing more people w i t h sa fe d r i n k i n g water. Impor tant progress has been achieved du r ing t h e l a t e s t development p lans , p a r t i c u l a r l y the s i x t h one.

The census o f 1984 est imated the t o t a l popu la t i on a t 6.9 m i l l i o n , o f which 47% were l i v i n g i n r u r a l areas, and about 50% o f these was dispersed. Water supply se rv i ce l e v e l s f o r 1981 and 1984 a re shown i n Table 3 below:


Table 3:

Urban popula t ion Rural opu la t ion Tota l nm--nxr m i mn-nm-

House connection 77% 82% 8% 11% 44% 48%

Standpipes 21% 18% 22% 20% 21% 19%

Not served 2% 0% 7 0% 69% 35% 33%

The r u r a l popula t ion has n o t y e t rece ived adequate a t t e n t i o n because t h e i r set t lements are genera l l y n o t l a r g e enough t o warrant the i n s t a l l a t i o n o f p u b l i c water supply systems which e n t a i l very la rge per caput investments. Rural people o b t a i n t h e i r water from we1 l s , i r r i g a t i o n canals, c i s te rns , e t c .

Major cons t ra in ts t o r a p i d expansion o f p u b l i c po tab le water supply i n Tun is ia a re f i n a n c i a l and organ izat iona l .

Because o f h i g h s a l i n i t y , f r e s h water must be added t o suppl ies . Long c o s t l y t ransmission p i p e l i n e s are requ i red w i t h per caput investments becoming h igher as the popula t ion per system decreases.

The serv ice l e v e l r u r a l f o r s a n i t a t i o n i s lower than t h a t f o r water:

- 3.2% are connected t o a p u b l i c sewer

- 13.5% have s e p t i c p i t s

- 83.3% have no f a c i l i t i e s .

Since the S i x t h Development Plan, an important programne has been prepared by the Government t o upgrade se rv i ce l e v e l s i n r u r a l areas. 110 m i l l i o n d inars (US$] = 0.8 d ina rs ) have been reserved t o extend water supply systems t o about 1000 v i l l a g e s .

Three i n s t i t u t i o n s are operat ing i n the water supply sector :


- SONEDE, the autonomous n a t i onal water au thor i ty es tab l ished i n 1968, has t o date handled the product ion and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f potable water i n agglomerations o f over 500 inhahi tants .

- ~ & i e r u r a l e has b u i l t water supply systems i n r u r a l areas and f o r v i l lages w i t h under 500 inhab i tan ts .

- Regional Development Programme: The Government w i 11 cont inue t o g ive f i r s t p r i o r i t y t o r u r a l areas and t o i n t eg ra te the water supply p lan i n t o the reg ional development plans. The se lec t i on c r i t e r i a o f the water supply programnes must s u i t the r u r a l environment and the r u r a l populat ion's income. The popula t ion must be invo lved i n a1 1 steps o f the p r o g r a m and especi a1 l y f o r maintenance.

7. GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS MADE

Standard forms prepared by WHO/EMRO were sent t o Member States f o r record ing o f progress made. Form A was t o i n d i c a t e t he ex ten t of implementation o f Regional reso lu t ions ; Form B f o r Decade Progress (See Annex 111). An analysis of the r esu l t s , together w i t h ava i l ab l e repor ts by pa r t i c i pan t s , i s summarized below:

Almost a1 1 count r ies already had envi ronmental hea l th d i v i s i ons i n t h e i r m i n i s t r i e s o f hea l th . While h a l f were performing s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , the o ther h a l f needed strengthening. Nat ional ac t i on committees (NACs) had been formed i n almost a l l count r ies , most ly outside the m i n i s t r y o f hea l th , bu t w i t h i t s a c t i v e p a r t i - c i pa t i on . However, on ly a m ino r i t y o f the NACs appeared t o be e f f e c t i v e . I n general, they acted i n an adv isory aapaci t y , though some had a u t h o r i t y t o es tab l i sh programnes and commit resources.

Coordinat ion between Decade and pr imary hea l t h care a c t i v i t i e s was e f f e c t i v e i n about h a l f the countr ies; i t needed considerable strengthening i n a l l others. Heal th education formed p a r t o f water supply and san i t a t i on programmes i n near l y a1 1 count r ies . Comnuni ty p a r t i c i p a t i o n was 1 i m i t ed beyond the p ro j ec t p lanning stage. In a1 most a1 1 count r ies , water qua1 i ty con t ro l p r o g r a m s ex is ted f o r urban centres, though i t was l i m i t e d i n r u r a l areas.


Nat ional Decade p o l i c i e s had been formulated i n most count r ies , bu t na t iona l Decade plans had been elaborated i n less than h a l f . The plans were repor ted t o focus on the complementarity o f water supply and san i ta t ion and on the underserved populations i n almost a l l the r epo r t i ng Member States.

Although the ma jo r i t y o f the r epo r t i ng count r ies had s ta ted t h a t the Regional Decade Strategy was usefu l , i t had no t been extens ive ly used as a guide. Nat iona l data bases genera l ly e i t h e r needed strengthening o r were being strengthened. Nat ional Decade ta rge ts had o f t en no t been met.

The la rge number o f cen t ra l sec to r agencies have genera l ly no t been reduced, and i n s u f f i c i e n t e f f o r t seems t o have been made t o consol idate them f o r b e t t e r sec to r management. Systems f o r operat ion and maintenance o f water supply and s a n i t a t i o n programmes a re being developed i n some count r ies : they are c e n t r a l l y c o n t r o l l e d i n most cases ; a 1 i m i ted number o f then1 are cornnuni ty-managed.

Nat ional plans f o r human resource development are on ly p a r t l y developed: i n many cases they form p a r t o f the na t iona l development plan.

In format ion on appropr ia te technologies f o r water supply and san i ta t ion i s e i t h e r a v a i l a b l e o r i s being co l lec ted i n most r epo r t i ng countr ies. Major r e l a ted mat ters o f concern appear t o be: opera t i on and mai ntenance costs, cons t ruc t ion costs, and f i nanc ia l f e a s i b i l i t y . Most o f the r epo r t i ng count r ies i nd i ca ted t h a t a t l e a s t some components o f t he water supply and s a n i t a t i o n systems are l o c a l l y manufactured.

8. MAJOR IDENTIFIED ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS

There were very consi derable d i f fe rences i n socio-economi c condi t ions between the count r ies represented. However, several comnon sec to r -spec i f i c cons t ra in ts were found t o be common t o many count r ies o f the Region, namely:

WHO-EM/ES/39O-E page 25

Scarc i t y o f water resources ;

Large va r i e t y o f t reatment methods;

High cost o f urban sewerage;

The r u r a l subsector lagged behind urhan services;

San i ta t ion lagged behind water supply;

Scarci t y o f s k i 11 ed human resources, especial l y f o r opera t i on and maintenance;

Re1 iance on fo re ign i ndus t r y , cont ractors and consul tants;

Sector fragmentation (of ten), w i t h d i f f i c u l t i e s i n coordinat ion;

Water qua1 i t y issues ( i n terms o f norms and surve i l l ance) no t defined;

High costs/low t a r i f f s ( o f t en ) , as w e l l as metering problems; High leakage and wastage;

Frequent lack of comprehensive na t iona l Decade plans ;

I r r e g u l a r supply o f spare par ts and indispensable equipment, espec ia l l y f o r operat ion and maintenance;

P o l l u t i o n o f water sources by domestic and i n d u s t r i a l e f f l uen t s ;

Lack o f na t iona l data bases;

Lack o f an e f f e c t i v e l y coordinated heal t h education programme;

High actua l on planned per caput consumption i n r u r a l areas;

Concern about reuse as a s o l u t i o n t o lack o f water resources;

Inadequacy o f dialogue w i t h f o re i gn funding agencies;

Lack o f pub l i c awareness about the need t o conserve water;

Lack o f i n fo rmat i on about simple technologies.


9. PRINCIPAL RECOmENDATIONS

A f t e r examining the major c o n s t r a i n t s hampering t h e development o f Decade programnes i n the var ious coun t r i es , the p a r t i c i p a n t s agreed the f o l 1 owing conclusions and recommendations.

9.1. Promoti on o f t h e Decade

(1 ) I n o rde r t o improve the dia logue w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l and b i l a t e r a l f i n a n c i n g agencies, cons ide ra t ion should be g iven t o the o rgan iza t ion o f consu l ta t i ons w i t h these donors, on the bas is o f a Regional resource m o b i l i z a t i o n p r o f i l e such as e x i s t s i n o the r regions.

( 2 ) Development f i n a n c i n g should i n p a r t i c u l a r be promoted between coun t r i es w i t h i n the Region; cons ide ra t ion should be g iven t o t h c establ ishment o f a Regional water supply and s a n i t a t i o n development bank o r fund; the WHO P r o j e c t and Programme In fo rmat ion System cou ld be used.

(3) The adopt ion o f a un i fo rm c o s t i n g system was requ i red f o r comparison and promot ional purposes.

( 4 ) Se l f -he lp programmes should be promoted w i t h i n coun t r i es as w e l l as a t Regional l e v e l . Countr ies should cooperate i n developing i n d u s t r i e s t o serve t h e sec to r . Considerat ion should be given t o promoting the development o f l o c a l and reg iona l i n d u s t r i e s , con t rac to rs and consu l tants i n order t o meet the growing sec to r demand a t low cost .

( 5 ) The coord ina t ing r o l e o f m i n i s t r i e s o f h e a l t h should be re in fo rced .


9.2. Studies t o be undertaken

The f o l l ow ing top ics o f importance t o water supply and s a n i t a t i o n development were t o be studied:

- Construct ion costs (survey and conclusions) ; - Water resources (and laws and regu la t ions governing them); - Water consumption pa t te rns (and design f igu res ) ; - Water 1 osses (leakage and other wastage) ; - Appropr iate technology on-si te ; - Adverse e f f e c t s o f chemicals used i n water treatment; - Appropr iate technology f o r p rov id ing water suppl ies t o dispersed

populations.

I n p a r t i c u l a r , research i s requ i red i n :

- Wastewater reuse; and treatment and recyc l i ng o f i n d u s t r i a l wastewater.

9.3. Human resource development

To meet the need t o develop indigenous human resources:

- Tra in ing i n s t i t u t i o n s t o be strengthened/established ( l oca l , Regional, na t i ona l ) f o r technic ians and o ther sec to r personnel;

- Nat ional plans t o be prepared/reviewed;

- Three-week na t iona l management workshops t o be promoted.

9.4. Other improvements requ i red

Fur ther improvements t h a t were needed included:

- Development o f i n fo rmat ion systems ;

- Development o f methods o f b i 1 l i n g f o r sewerage services;

- Estab l ish ing/s t rengthening research centres i n t h e areas o f water and san i t a t i on .


9.5. In te rven t ions by the Regional Decade Advisory Committee

Furthermore the meeting suggested t ha t :

- Nat ional Decade Focal Po in ts should meet w i t h a1 1 country f oca l po in ts a t l e a s t tw ice a year and discuss measures, i nc l ud ing ho ld ing o f seminars e tc . , f o r the promotion o f the Decade;

- The Regional O f f i ce was t o communicate d i r e c t l y w i t h the Nat ional Decade Focal Po in ts on matters r e l a t i n g t o water supply and san i ta t ion ;

- The agenda o f the next meeting o f t he Regional Decade Advisory Commi t t e e m i gh t i n c l ude :

( i ) A review o f progress and recommendations;

( i i ) Technical papers on Technical Cooperation Among Developing Countries (TCDC) and in fo rmat ion exchange.

AFGHAN I STAN

BAHRAIN

CYPRUS

DEMOCRATIC YEMEN


ANNEX I

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

* Mohammed Nabi Zarrab i General D i rec to r o f Water Decade

Secre ta r ia t State Planning Committee Kabul

M r Abdel Rasool Mussayab Chief Engineer Water Supply Di rec to ra te P 0 Box 326 Manama

M r E l i as Kambouri des Water Development Department M in i s t r y o f Agr icu l tu re

and Natural Resources Ni cosi a

* M r Khal id M. Bonami D i rec to r Planning and S t a t i s t i c s Department Pub1 i c Water Corporation Aden

DJIBOUTI

EGYPT

* M r Gamal E ld i n Houssein A l i O f f i c e Nat ional des Eaux de D j i b o u t i D j i b o u t i

Major General Eng.Kama1 E l Din Mohamed Hegab Chai m a n General Organization f o r Greater

Cairo Water Supply 42 Ramses S t r e e t Cairo

* Did not a t tend


IRAN, I s lamic Republic o f

I RAQ

JORDAN

KUWAIT

LEBANON **

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

MOROCCO **

OMAN

Eng. Hassan Salmanmanesh Deputy D i rector-General Environmental Heal th M i n i s t r y o f Heal th Teheran

* M r A l i as Butres D i r ec to r Environmental Engineering

Department M i n i s t r y o f Heal th Baghdad

M r Bassam A1 -Tal D i r ec to r o f Follow-up and

Publ ic Relat ions Department Water Au tho r i t y o f Jordan Amnan

D r Shaaban E l Hadary Head Environmental Health U n i t Publ ic Health Department M i n i s t r y o f Pub l i c Heal th Kuwai t

* M r Mohamed Ahmed Habroush D i rec to r Environmental Health General People ' s Commi t t e e o f Heal t h Tr ip01 i

M r A1 i Bin Moharned A1 -Rashi d Senior Heal t h Supervisor M i n i s t r y o f Heal th Muscat

* Did n o t a t tend

** No nominations received

PAKISTAN

QATAR

SAUDI ARABIA

SOMALI A

SUDAN

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

TUNISIA

* M r A i jaz Akhtar Chief Physical Planning and Housing M in i s t r y o f Planning and

Deve 1 opmen t Islamabad

* M r Hameed E ld in Shana Chemical Engineer Water and E l e c t r i c i y Di rectorate Doha -

* M r Ornran A.Katib D i rector-General o f Preventive

Medicine M in i s t r y o f Health Riyadh

M r Mohamed Yusuf Awale D i rector Water Resources Department M in i s t r y o f Water and Mineral

Resources Mogadishu

M r Yusri A l i Hassan Ass1 s tan t Under-Secretary M in i s t r y o f Publ ic Works and

Housing Khartoum -- M r H i l a l A1 Yousfi D i rec to r o f Water Supply Min is t ry o f Housing and

U t i 1 i t i e s Damascus

M r Faouzi Aouam Sous- D i recteur des Pro jets

Alimentations en Eau Potable e t Assainissement

Min is t ry o f Planning Tunis

* Did not at tend

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ** YEMEN


* D r Abdul Baari Saleh D i rec to r Rural Water Supply Ministry o f Publ ic Water Supply Sana'a

OBSERVERS FROM HOST COUNTRY

M r F r i xos Neocleous Chief Heal th Inspector M i n i s t r y o f Heal th Nicos ia

Mrs Maria Michaelidou Water Development Department M i n i s t r y o f Ag r i cu l t u re and

Natural Resources Nicos ia

WHO SECRETARIAT

Dr M. I .Sheikh

M r H.E. Shamsy

Mr L. Laugeri

M r s F. Adib

Chief, Environmental Heal th WHO Eastern Mediterranean U n i t Regional O f f i c e

Regional Adviser, Envi ron- WHO Eastern . k d i terranean mental Heal th U n i t Regi onal O f f i ce (Secretary o f the Meeting)

Community Water Supply and WHO Geneva Sani ta t ion, Envi ronmental Heal th U n i t

Admin is t ra t ive Ass is tant WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional O f f i c e

* D id no t a t tend

** No nominations received

ANNEX I1

PROGRAMME

Wednesday, 3 September 1986

08.00 - 09.00

09.00 - 09.20

- Reg is t ra t ion

- Opening Session - Address by H.E. The M in i s t e r o f Heal th - Message from Dr Hussein A.Gezairy,

Regional D i rec to r , WHO Regional O f f i ce f o r the Eastern Mediterranean

- Recess

- E lec t i on o f O f f i ce r s - In t roduc t ion :

Objectives, order of work, admin is t ra t i ve arrangements

- Adoption o f the Agenda

- Community Water Supply and San i ta t ion A c t i v i t i e s as they r e l a t e t o programmes i n WHO'S Eastern Medi terranean Region, by M r Louis Laugeri

- Recess

- I n te r sec to ra l ac t i on i n the context o f the I n te rna t i ona l Dr ink ing Water Supply and San i ta t ion Decade, by Dr M. I .Sheikh

- I n s t i t u t i o n a l Development i n Comnuni ty Water Supply and Sani ta t ion, by Mr Louis Laugeri

- Recess

- Country presentat ions o f Review of the Imp1 ementation o f the Regional Committee Resolut ion and o f Decade Progress (Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, I s lamic Republic o f I r a n )

4

Thursday, 4 September 1986

08.00 - 10.30

Fridav. 5 Se~tember 1986


- Conti nuation o f country presentations ( Kuwait , Jordan, Oman)

- Recess

- Cont inuat ion o f country presentat ions (Soma1 i a , Sudan, Syr ian Arab Republic, Tunis ia)

- Recess

- In tegra ted data o f the Regional s i t u a t i o n , by M r Hassan E l Shamsy

- Recommended measures f o r acce le ra t ing Decade progress a t Nat iona l , Regional and Global l e ve l s (d iscuss ion i n p lenary)

- Other issues (discussion i n p lenary) (a) Terms of reference o f the Decade

Advisory Comni t t ee .

(b ) Agenda items f o r i nc l us i on i n the next Committee meeting.

- Discussion and adopt ion o f recommendations ( i n p lenary)

- Recess

- Closing session

- End o f meeting.


ANNEX I 1 1 FORMS TO I N D I C A T E IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOLUTIONS OF THE REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ( A ) AND TO ASSESS NATIONAL DECADE PROGRESS ( B )

A - RECIONAL RESOLUTIONS

- EM/RC 30A/~.7 (1983) - Referred to as: 83 - EM/RC 31A/~. 12 (1984) - Referred to as : 84 - EH/RC 3 8 1 ~ ~ 1 4 (1985 - Referred to as: 85

Common -- recommendations in the above resolutions are grouped together . - .

?nd short references, as shown above, are indicated to show origin of the

recommendations:

' (1) Ministry of Health to play a leading role in promotion of the Decade

and coordination between sector activities and activities for primary

health care and health for all by the year 2000:

( 8 3 - items 4 and 5, 84 - items 3 and 4, 85 - items 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1 . 5 )

a. bl in is try of Ilealth has an

I Environmental Health Division a Yes a Being formed NO -----------------------------t---------------------------------------------------------

1--b. Environmental Health Divislon I I in NOH is ; . . . . . . . . . . - - - - a Strong [ 7 ~ e i n ~ Needs

I Strengthened Strengthening 1 ...................................................................................... I e . National Action Comn~ittee (NAc) I I or similar mechanism formed: I I

I a ~ i t h i n Ministry of Health 0 Yes u ~ e i n ~ formed

a ~ u t s i d e Ministry of Health -------- --------------- ........................................................... 1 more active effective

a Purely. n ~ a s authority to establish

I advisory programmes and commit resources I Other functions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------*----------- f. Decade focal ~oints established in

(1) Ministry of Health - - - - - - - Yet r l ~ e i n g No 1 1 identif icd I

(2) Other water supply and . .... a Yes , .

sanitation agencies

Being No

identified


Country ....................

A - REGIONAL RESOLUTIONS (CONTD)

I g. Coordina t ion between Decade l and PlIC activities - - - - - - . . - 0 Provided n ~ e e d s Not

s t r e n g t h e n i n g provided .------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ h. M i n i s t r y of Hea l th g i v e s h i g l q .........................................

p r i o r i t y i n n a t i o n a l h e a l t h I ......................................... planning t o wa te r supp ly and ......................................... s a n i t a t i o n . P l e a s e e x p l a i n 1 ......................................... how t h i s i s demonst ra ted . J ......................................... ....................................................................................

i. H e a l t h e d u c a t i o n f o r wa te r

supply and s a n i t a t i o n

(1) Fo r p u b l i c - - - - - - - - - - - I y e s

i ( 3 ) Other ............................................................ ..................................................................................... / j'. ~ommuni ty p a r t i c i p a t i o n

(1 ) I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of needs I and priorities - - - - - - - - a Strong a Limi ted

(2) P r o j e c t p l ann ing - - - - - - - a St rong a Limited

(3 ) P r o j e c t d e s i g n - - - - - - - - - St rong r j - , Limi ted

( 4 ) C o n s t r u c t i o n - - - . - . - - - - a fl St rong a Limited

(5) Opera t i o n & maintenance - - - 0 St rong IJ Limited ---------------->--------- ---------------------------------------------------------

k . Water q u a l i t y c o n t r o l

(1) Urban - - - - - . - - - . - - . n y e s a Limited El No

(2 ) Rura l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - U Yes Limited a \ ( 2 ) Formula t ion .- of n a t i o n a l Decade p o l i c i e s and p l a n s w i t h r e a l i s t i c t a r g e t s

which emphasize t h e complem_e_n_larity of wa te r and s a n i t a t i o n and focus on

unse r se rved r u r a l and u r b a n m u l a t i o n s : ---A-

I (83 - i t em 3, 8 4 - i t em 2) l-. :

a . Na t iona l Decade p o l i c i e s 1 (Date .... .) formula ted ....................................................................................

b , Na t iona l Decade o l a n

formula ted . - . - - - . - . - - - 0 Yes CJ Being a. No

(Date ..... ) formula ted I N a t i o n a l development p l a n adequate

u Plan per iod: ......... t o ........


Country ................

- REGIONAL RESOLUTIONS (CONT'D)

(1) Complementarity of water and O Y ~ G

Sanitation

( 2 ) Underserved populations . . - - ~ Y C S

(3) Use of the Regional Strategy for the Decade as a guide to achieve Decade

b. Is strategy being used as

------------- -- ---------- ............................................................ C . If used, ?n what way? ........................................................

..............................................................................

..............................................................................

.............................................................................. d. IE not used, why not? ........................................................

..............................................................................

..............................................................................

..............................................................................

respond more expeditiously to-uests from WllO for information on sector --- activities required for global monitoring of Decade progress:

1 data base is ......

n Needs strengthening


Country ..................

B- DECADE PROGRESS REPORT

(I) Coverage and Levels of Service (at 31 December 1985) : .J

a. Population at 31 December 1985 (in thousands):

............... ............... ............... Total Urban Rural ----------------------------T------------------------------------------------

b. Population served with water:

- Urban population served by house connextions ............... - Urban population without house connextions but with reasonable access to public standposts ...............

- Rural population with reasonable accesg to safe water............... .------------------------------------------

7------- ---, ................................ c . Population served with excreta disposal faciIities

- Urban population served by connextions to public sewers ...............

- Urban population served by household systems c pi^ privies, pour-flush latrines, septic tanks etc.)...............

- Rural population with adequate disposal such as pit privies, pour-flush latrines, etc.) ...............

- ----------------I---------------- ---------------- .................................. ........................... d. Are national targets met in previous year?

......................................................................

......................................................................

(2) Health Criteria (at 31 December 1985) :

............ b. Incidence of waterborne diseases cases per 100,000

c. Life expectancy at birth ............. years.

smaller number for better sector managecent? ....... n Yes. The number was reduced in (date) from ............ to .......... ....... [7 There are plans to reduce the number to

WHO-EM/ES/390-E page 3 9

Country ..................

B- DECADE PROGRESS REPORT (CONT'D) 1

I C . System f o r o p e r a t i o n and maint- ~ ~ u l l y deve loped 1 J ~ e n t r a l l y c o n t r o l l e d -

enance of water supply and sani- 1 t a t i o n schemes (check more than ncommuni ty managed U p a r t ly developed

one box, i f necessary) o ~ e i n ~ developed U N o t developed -'-~T-Aaaifio~g~-Co~~ii~~------------------------------------------------------------------ .........................................................

(4) Human Resources Development (BRD)_ : a . HRD n a t i o n a l p lan f o r the water D y e s D p a r t l y developed No

---

supply and s a n i t a t i o n s e c t o r - develoaed? u p a r t of, t h e n a t i o n a l Decade plan

- ~- r -

P a r t of the n a t i o n a l development p lan .---------------------------------------- e .............................................. ........ b. Has a WtiO supported 3-week r l Y e s ( t iming) n No

u Management Development ......... Programme Workshop been held?

Z P l a n n e d f o r ( d a t e )

DNot needed ( ~ o t aware o f i t .-------- Addifizz-a7-zoEfizzfj--------------------------------------------------------------

C. . ................................................

technology f o r water supply 0 ~ o t a v a i l a b l e - - - - - - a s h ~ a & ~ i ~ ~ B ~ B i J 3 b 1 ~ - - - - - ------------------

b. At ten t ion i s paid t o use of =Always a Sometimes ~ N O

appropr ia te technology i n

1 the water supply and sani- I ---------~~+-1_o_n-~_e-c_t_o-r - - - - - - - - - - - ............................................... ....... c. In what way i s the use of m u s e of low c o s t technology such as

appropr ia te technology .......................................... .......................................... considered? I

m ~ o n s i d e r a t i o n of cons t ruc t ion c o s t s

n c o n s i d e r a t i o n of opera t ion & maintenance c o s t s

m o t h e r s - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WHO-EM/ES/390-E page 4 0

Country ................

B - DECADE PROGRESS REPORT (CONT'D)

d. Some components of water yes. They are: .......................... 1

.......................................... supply and sanitation systems are locally manufactured .........................................

0 Being considered: ....................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... None ------- -*--- -7---------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Aaaitlonar comments : ...................................................... I 1 (6) Financial Resources :

I funding I

a1 Plan for water

funding

supply & sanitation is based on :

. - ........ ..... ........ identified in previous year projects costing US$

mi; ----------------------.

c. Has the WHO Project and pro- m ~ e s

FUNDING

..... X internal

! 1

gramme Information System (PPIS) been used to mobil- If yes, PPIS was:

i ize potential external a Helpful a ~ a r ~ i n a l l ~ helpful d N o t helpful

ACTUALLY AVAILABLE DURING PREVIOUS YEAR ..... X of internal

I funding agencies? I------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------. 1 d. Additional comments ........................................................ \

........................................................................................ 1 b. Decade-related projects

..... X external funding

(7) constraints : Please list in descending order of priority:

..... X of external funding

a. National constraints:

.................................. (ii)

(iii) ..................................


Country ...............

B - DECADE PROGRESS REPORT (CONT'D)

................................. t (vii) .................................................................................. b. International Constraints

................................. I (iv) I I ................................. I (v)

) Recommendations for accelerating Decade Progress : ...................................................... a. At national level :

.......................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................... b. At regional level :

.......................................................................... I I ............. .............................................................

.......................................................................... ................................................... --- - - c. At international level: ..................................................

........................................,*,.....*.....,.......***.***~~~****

..........................................................................

..........................................................................

..........................................................................

-


B- DECADE PROGRESS REPORT (CONT'D)

regional decade advisory committee meeting

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