REGION -X

Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental,

Misamis Occidental, and

Camiguin

Geographical

Features

Geographical

Location

- Its eastern boundary is Surigao del Sur, This region has broad interior plains, as well as mountains and an extensive plateau.

- It has a total land area of 14,033 sq. kms. and Cagayan de Oro is its regional capital.

Bukidnon

Area: 6th largestTotal: 8,293.8 km2

(3,202 sq mi)Founded: March 10, 1917Spoken languages: Cebuano,

Hiligaynon, BinukidGovernor: Jose Maria R. Zubiri

Province: BukidnonCapital: Malaybalay City

Divisions:Highly urbanized Cities: 0 

Component Cities: 2

Municipalities: 20

Barangays: 464 

Congressional Disctricts: 3Population: 24th largest

Total: (2007)1,190,284

Density: 128 /km² (332 /sq mi) (22nd lowest)

Bukidnon

Bukidnon is a highland paradise in the heart of Mindanao. It is home to the world's biggest ineapple plantation (Del Monte Phils.) boasting a classic golf course dating back to 1928. It is the biggest cattle-producing province in the region. It is well endowed with natural attractions like the Kitanglad Ranges that includes Dulang Dulang, the second highest peak in the country. And it has been identified as one of the country’s richest in biodiversity and endemic species of flora and fauna. Bukidnon Sugar Milling Corp. and Crystal Sugar Milling are into sugar milling and refining.

The costume style varies with each tribal group. The Agusanon Umpak o Illianon Kumbala, the jacket for both men and women, is closed, so that it is pulled over the head. Among the Tigwahanon, the women wear the pakabu, a blouse with flared sleeves: the men wear the binukad, the typical Manobo jacket.

Camiguin

Area: 2nd smallestTotal: 229.8 km²Founded: 1565Spoken languages:

Cebuano, KinamiginGovernor: Jurdin Jesus

Romualdo

Province: Camiguin

Capital: Mambabjao

Divisions:   Highly urbanized City: 0

Component City: 0

Municipalities: 5

Barangays: 58 

Congressional districts: 1

Population: 2nd smallest

Total: (2007)74,232

Density: 323/km² (16th highest)

The men's headgear is the tengkulu, a piece of cloth which they bind around their head. Those worn for special occasions are adorned with beads, yarn, goats hair, and feathers.

Camiguin

It is said to be "Born of Fire". It has seven volcanoes unmatched anywhere else in Southeast Asia. It is a tiny island of lush forests, volcanic splendor, eternal hot and cold natural springs, pristine patches of black and white beaches, majestic waterfalls, exotic marine life, blue-ridge mountains, serene surroundings, idyllic lifestyle; it has a glorious past, and is inhabited with jovial people. Among the Province's major products are coconut, cassava, banana, camote, palay, corn, fruits, coffee, abaca and vegetables. Camiguin is proud of its natural resources, which include sulfur deposits, geothermal energy, agricultural lands and fishing grounds.

Lanao del norte

Area: 43rd largest

Total: 3,092.0 km²

Founded: June 6, 1952

Spoken languages: Cebuano, Maranao

Governor: Hon. Khalid Quibranza-Dimaporo

Province: Lanao del Norte

Capital: Tubod

Divisions:

Highly urbanized cities: 1

Component cities: 0

Municipalities: 22 

Barangays: 506 

Congressional districts: 2

Population: 3nd highest in Region X 

Total: (2007)836,329

Density: 270/km² (2nd lowest in Region X)

Hanging from each ear of the woman is a wooden disk, 3 cm in diameter and laminated with silver, gold, or beaten brass wire. Red cotton yarn passes through the hole in the ear disk and the hole in the ear lobe, with tuft of the cotton yarn left over the ear hole.

Lanao del Norte

Agriculture, fishing, and forestry are the dominant sources of livelihood. It is a major producer of fruit and commercial crops like bananas, coconut, corn, and rice. The harnessing of the Maria Cristina Falls as a source of power has spurred the industrial growth of Iligan. Today, it has large industrial establishments that manufacture steel, bricks, cement, wheat flour, and coconut oil, among others. Iligan, however, remains largely agricultural in terms of land area.

Misamis Occidental

Area: 19th smallest 

Total: 1,939.3 km2 (749 sq mi)

Founded: November 8, 1929

Spoken language: Cebuano

Governor: Loreto Leo S. Ocampos

Province: Misamis Occidental

Capital: Oroquieta City

Divisions:Highly urbanized cities: 0 

Component cities: 3 

Municipalities: 14 

Barangays: 490 

Congressional districts: 2

Population: 28th smallest 

Total: (2007)500,000

Density: 251 /km² (650 /sq mi) (27th highest)

Embroidery is profuse on the front of the blouse. Bands of embroidery is alternating colors cover the seams and the oval-shaped neckline. No embroidery is done on the hemline.

Misamis Occidental

The economy depends firstly on fishing, secondly on coconuts, thirdly on rice. The province has 169 km of coastline fronting the rich fishing grounds of Panguil and Iligan bays. It also has the biggest area of brackish-water fishponds in the region. Tangub is a fishing port on Panguil Bay famous for seafood. Coconut is the chief crop. This is processed into oil, desiccated coconut, and coir, most of which are shipped to Cebu. Coconut processing is the main industry in Oroquieta. Other crops grown are rice, corn, abaca, coffee, cacao and rubber.

Misamis Oriental

Area: 36th largest

Total: 3,570.0 km²

Spoken languages: Cebuano

Governor: Oscar Moreno

Province: Misamis Occidental

Capital: Cagayan de Oro City

Divisions

Highly urbanized cities: 1

Component cities: 2  

Municipalities: 23

Barangays: 502

Congressional districts: 2

Population: 19th largest

Total: (2000) 1,126,215

Density: 315/km² (17th highest)

Balungkag are necklaces made of multicolored small seed beads, small shells, crocodile teeth, coins, or multicolored glass beads strung together to make geometric patterns.

The women wear armlets so numerous that they can fill up the whole forearm. Highly prized armlets are those made of sagai-sagai because these are believed to contract around the wearer's arm to warn of impending danger.

Misamis Oriental

Watersports and fine beaches, cave exploration and ethnic settlements, seas and beaches offer a limitless adventure. Go scuba diving at Duka Bay and Mantangale, also a primary dolphin and whale shark watching destination. Find glorious hideaways in the white sand beaches of Midway Beach, Maputi White Beach, and Opol Beach Fronts. Go white water rafting and tubing in the rapids of Cagayan de Oro River, one of the longest rivers in Mindanao. Or simply get picture-happy at the San Isidro/Sagpolon, Palalan, and Tiklas waterfalls as well as Sapong Spring and the Cold Spring at Lagonglong.

Northern Mindanao

Province

Capital Highly Urbanized City

Component City

Municipalities

Barangays

Population (2007)

Area

Bukidnon

Malaybalay

0 2 20 464 1,190,284

8,293.8 km2 (3,202 sq mi)

Camiguin

Mambajao

0 0 5 58 74,232 229.8 km²

Lanao del Norte

Tubod 1 0 22 506 836,329

3,092.0 km²

Misamis Occidental

Oroquieta

0 3 14 490 500,000

1,939.3 km2 (749 sq mi)

Misamis Oriental

Cagayan de Oro

1 2 23 502 1,126,215

3,570.0 km²

Climate

Rainfall in Northern Mindanao is evenly distributed throughout the year. Its abundant vegetation, natural springs and high elevation contribute to the region’s cool, mild and invigorating climate.

Natural

Resources

Its seas abound with fish and other marine products. More than 60% are classified as forestland. The region is the country’s third largest producer of corn and banana.

Economy

Del Monte Philippines, Inc. is the largest industry operation and Nestlé Philippines, Inc.'s ASEAN regional manufacturing center for milk powder. As the Hanjin Corporation's US$2-billion shipbuilding facility comes online over the next 10 years, more upstream and downstream industries are expected to take root, joining the 30 or so industries now operating in the Phividec Industrial Estate-Misamis Oriental.

Brief

History

The majority of the region’s inhabitants are migrants from Cebu and Iloilo. There are also Waray-warays, Tagalogs and the indigenous Maranaos.

Population: 2,738,000 in 2007

Oral tradition and records about the introduction of Islam into Mindanao give us a clue to the history of pre-Spanish Manobo.

Their ancestors inhabited the lower valley of the Pulangi River in central Mindanao.

In the 14th century, Sharif Kabungsuan, a muslim missionary, arrived from Johore, to convert the people.

According to oral tradition, the

Manobo's leaders were two borthers:Tabunaway and Mumalu. They lived by a creek, Banobo , which flowed into the Mindanao River near the present site of Cotabato City.

Two brothers whom are Manobo leaders:

i. Tabunaway- his group become Livunganea, some are Krinteken, Mulitaa, Kulamanen, and Tenenenen.

ii. Mamalu – his group became MaguindanaoChristianized Manobo towns were established bye 1877, but these would shortly after be abandoned and razed to the ground bye the converted Manobo themselves, who would then flee to the mountains and revert to their old ways.

Dabao – manobo chieftain considered as hero of legends recounting his fantastic feats by a giant.

Four worlds of Manobo Cosmology:i. langit - sky worldii. yongsod to mamasak - earth worldiii. yongsod ni maybowan - underworldiv. kaluagan – the paradise where the epic heroes dwell.

It was during the American colonial period that significant changes occurred in the Manobo way of life.

WWII hastened acculturation because lowlanders evacuated to the mountains to escape the Japanese.

Social

Organizations

* Compact villages traditionally have three or four datu or timuay (chieftain).

* The subgroup Manobo did not develop a datuship system.

* Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement.

* Manobo house is a rectangular one-room leaving continuous window between top of walls and roof not only fore ventilation but laos for defense purposes.

Four classes of traditional social culture:

i. bagani – defended the community

ii. baylan – male or female priest and healer

iii. commoners – farmersiv. slaves – seized in raids

Kaamulan festival

Binalbal Festival

Subayan keg

Subanon Festival

Tinalak Festival

Diyandi Festival

Kagayhaan Festival

Lanzones Festival

Customs and Traditions

Busaw is attracted by the blood of childbirth.

The ginsa ("asking") begins with the girl's representative offering betel chew, which the boy's representative politely refuses until negotiations for the kagun (bridewealth) begin. All the groom's relatives, especially the datu/bai related to the groom's family, will contribute to the kagun. The wedding date is determined by the length of the groom's family will need to raise the kagun.

Polygamy, although rarely practised, was allowed. A datu might resort to it, usually for economic and political reasons.

The man could take another wife only if the first wife and her parents consented. The fist wife remained the head wife.

Initially, the young couple stay with the wife's family. However, as their family grows, they build their own house, close to the parents of either one. When the husband builds a house, certain taboos must be observed. If he sneezes while looking for a site, he should stop and forego the search for another day. If the cry of the limokon (omen bird/dove) is heard while he is clearing the site, he must look for another site.

When he digs holes for the posts, he must avoid unearthing earthworms, termites, or beetles, for these will cause many deaths in the house. The posts must have no disfigurements because these will cause deaths in the family, no vines wrapped around them because this means that the owner will die by hanging, and no broken parts because this means that the wife will die. The roof's gable should face east so that the occupants' life "will be like the shining of the sun" (Polenda 1989:79).

There is much wailing and shouting, and the agung (gong) is constantly beaten to announce the death to everyone within the hearing distance. The number of beats indicates the dead person's age, status and social position.

A man is buried facing the east so that the sunrise will signal to him that it is time to work.

A woman is buried facing the west so that the sunset will remind her that it is time to cook.

Literary

Works

RiddlesEmun edtibasan nune vasag ne

edlambas ne linew. (Sikan is luvi)

Kesile man guntaan heyan ne ziya nu edluwiti te zizale. (Sikan is tikulan te manuk)

Linew man guntaan heyan ne nelingut te ligewana. (Sikan is mata)

Buntud man guntaan heyan ne emun ed-ahaan nu ne egkiramkiram da, ne emun egkewaan nu nu egkekawe nu. (Sikan is izung)

Uripen nu man guntaan heyan ne pinelangge nu su ebpenugitan da ke egkaan, ne sikan is tai zin ne egkeenen nu. (Sikan is gelingen he vatu)

If you cut into it, it's a bow; If you pierce it, it's a pool. (Coconut)

Camote, the inside of which you peel. (Chicken gizzard)

A pool surrounded by fishing poles. (The eyes)

A mountain which can only be dimly seen, yet you can reach it with your hand. (nose)

Your slave which you carefully feed by putting food in its mouth, its tail is what you eat. (Hand-operated stone corn mill)

Songs

"Abadti" (Thanksgiving)

"Panihuman" (Merry making)

"Babang ngat" (Dance music)

"Tagungguan/tagunggo" (Playing Tagungguan music)

"Panihuman" (conversation)

"Badbad" (thanksgiving)

"Tukubong" (reconciliation)

"Malandoy" (clan reunion).

"Managwaynag sinagkaw" (Crying lady)

ay dingding, a wake song Dingding ay Dingding.

Answered the woman," I will not the betel chew prepare

Until I can eat fresh pork liver." Dingding ay Dingding.

Upon hearing her demand he called his dogs,

Pulangi and also Mulita.Dingding Dingding.Not yet having travelled a

great distance,The young man heard the

barking of his dog Mulita.Dingding Dingding.He gave chase and saw his

preyOn top of Mt Agkir-Agkir.Dingding Dingding.There he speared it but he was

also struck And wounded in his breast.

Dingding Dingding.This then he did:He bound up his wound and

carried the pig,

The pig that was gigantic Dingding Dingding.

Then he returned home; And when he arrived in the middle of the girl's yard,

He dropped the pig, then said he, Woman, prepare the betel nut to chew

For today may be our last to see each other."

Dingding Dingding.Hearing his request, she

began to prepare the betel chew

But before it was ready she heard the young man say,

"Woman, spread a mat in the middle of the floor."

Dingding Dingding.And so she spread the mat;

And the woman and young man

Lay down, But she could not staunch the flowing blood,

So the breath departed from him. Dingding.

hiya hiya humiya, sung at the Samayaan ceremony Hiya hiya humiya.Heed, Diwata, observe

this meat offering, Diwata pillar, look at the food, Isuguy post;

Look at us, Tababasuk, powerful center,

Because the ceremonial cockfight begins the Samayaan.

Hiya hiya, hiya, hiyaWhat I implore is that all

of you Listen, all hear,Ibabasuk, powerful god,

where the sun risesBecause Kalayag, the

merciful, is the eastward sun,

Maker the fighting cock our offering.Hiya hiya, hiya hiya.

Specially call I because Diwata, Grandmother of Pudadu drowned,

Grandmother submerged at the Vicinity of the Bulikanan River fork;

Hiya hiya humiya, hiya hiya humiya.

No exception, none excepted.

Diwata representatives of all the world, Suguy, representing the whole world,

Them call I for sure assistance, Suguy, refuge, Diwata.

panlalawag, prehunt ritual song to Lalawag

Lalawag of the beginning and of our ancestors

Come and listen to our prayer

Calling and praying for you

We are calling for your help,

Lalawag of the beginningJust this day we ask againApu Mandalaminun, thou

who dwell in the caveWho raise the magic wand

to call the spirit of Lalawag

Come and listen to our prayer

This day we call unto theeWe take untrained dogs

with usAs well as the trained dogsWe trust no other but you

becauseYou are the one who loves

usWe who are your great

great grandchildren YakWe trust no other but youBecause you are the one

who loves usWe who are your great

great grandchildren. Yak.

manganinay, bee hunting song

I am hoping and praying to find honey by following the bees flying to their hive,

The bees fly in swarms like the cloud,

Clustering like clouds passing between the trees,

So I watch between the gaps;

I am hoping and praying,

Difficult it is to guess

Where there are bees in hollow trees,

Since there is a racket because of the children in lawaan trees,

Trying to look for beehives built on the branches,

I am hoping and praying,Oh, that there are hives

on the bent tree.

tiwa, prehunt ritual song about lizards

Tiwa lizard TiwaWhat uncle

mountain TiwaThere I the eat TiwaHigh hill TiwaBecause I meditate

still TiwaAs to what

happened Tiwa

Setting sun TiwaBecause if father has

not arrived TiwaWhy do you still

expect TiwaYour father if he

TiwaWas caught in the

trap TiwaCaught in the trap

Tiwa

udag-udagu, prehunt song to Mahumanay

Udag-udagu Run running faun

Udag-udagu Not visible above barubu

Udag-udago Nickered faun

Udag-udagu Said stag,"where go you, faun?"

Udag-udago Nickered faun,

Udag-udagu "Do not inquire, mother,

I go searching for father." Udag-udagu.

Proverbs (panongggelanga

n)Ke etew ne kena edililingey te impuun din ne kena ebpekeuma diya te edtamaan din

Ke mavendes ne ed-epinenew ne melaaran ke egkeruhi.

He who does not look back to his origins will not reach his destination.

If a man walks fast and steps on a thorn, it will go in deep, but if he walks slowly, it will go in only a little.

Legends

• Thunder and Lightning• The Rainbow• Eclipse of the Moon• The Man in the Moon

Folktales (Ilianon

teterema) Welu and Binsey

It has been collected and classified by Wrigglesworth (1981) in tales about animals, culture heroes and heroines, kindness rewarded and evil punished, cleverness and stupidity, and fate.

ii. Lesson- Narrow minded people seems to become faulty

iii. Genre - Comedy

iv. Characters- Welu and Binsey, their three children, and Biteey their friend.

v. Setting - Stream

Why the Sheep Has a Big Voice

FableThe lion and the deer

The fable of the lion and the deer is found among both the Ilianon

and the Manuvu.ii. Lesson

- Word of honoriii. Genre

- Actioniv. Characters

- Lion, deer, lizard, turtle and chief.v. Setting

- Forest

Mythology

A myth about feuding gods in the skyworld explains why the east is red.

ii. Lesson- Competing is not to relieving anger.

iii. Genre- action

iv. CharactersBallak - deitySallaguitungan - deityTapokak – friendBallak’s wife

v. Setting- Skyworld

EpicsManobo epics that have been documented

and translated are the Ulahingan of the Livunganen-Arumanen, Tulalang and Agyu of the Ilianon, and Tuwaang of the Manuvu.

Agyu is an epic hero who is known to most of the indigenous tribes of Mindanao, such as the Bukidnon and most Manobo subgroups. His adventures which are recounted here are those belonging to the Ilianon epic cycle.

The Tulenlangan is the Ilianon epic cycle, an episode of which describing Tulalang's battles with many invaders, both human and non-human, was translated into English and entitled "Tulalang's Slays the Dragon" (Wrigglesworth 1977).

Popular

Authors

Rosario Cruz-Lucero – she wrote “Ang Dalumat ng Panahon at Espasyo sa Mga Traki ng Dulangan Manobo.

Dr. Elena G. Maquiso – She made a research about Ulahingan then She wrote it together with the Tulalangan. She has over 300 tapes containing about six more episodes of the epic remain untranscribed.