REFRACTORY AND CERAMIC MATERIALSHACIA UNA QUÍMICA PARA EL SIGLO XXI

REFRACTORY AND CERAMIC MATERIALSHACIA UNA QUÍMICA PARA EL SIGLO XXI

Luis F. VerdejaJosé P. Sancho

Antonio BallesterRoberto González

© Luis F. VerdejaJosé P. SanchoAntonio BallesterRoberto González

© EDITORIAL SÍNTESIS, S. A.Vallehermoso, 34 - 28015 Madrid

Tel.: 91 593 20 98http://www.sintesis.com

ISBN: 978-84-907705-6-6Depósito Legal: M. 29.656-2014

Printed in Spain

All rights reserved. It is prohibited, under the criminal penalties and civil damages under the law, to reproduce,

record, distribute or transmit this publication, in whole or in part by any retrieval system or by any means, mechanical, electronic,

magnetic, electro-optical, photocopying or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission

of Editorial Síntesis, SA.

Check our website: www.sintesis.comThere you will find the complete catalog

UNITS ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................... 11

1 REFRACTORIES AND CERAMICS ............................................................................................. 15

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 151.2 Classification criteria .............................................................................................................. 171.3 Ceramic compounds in Materials Science .............................................................................. 19References ........................................................................................................................................ 24

2 STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES ....................................................................................................... 25

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 252.2 Chemical bond and structure .................................................................................................. 262.3 Grain sizes .............................................................................................................................. 32References ........................................................................................................................................ 37

3 SOLID STATE TRANSFORMATIONS ......................................................................................... 39

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 393.2 Diffusional and displacement transformations ....................................................................... 393.3 Toughness in refractories and ceramics .................................................................................. 43References ........................................................................................................................................ 65

4 AGGLOMERATION MECHANISMS ........................................................................................... 67

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 674.2 Hydraulic, organic and chemical agglomeration .................................................................... 674.3 Ceramic sintering .................................................................................................................... 70References ........................................................................................................................................ 87

5 Chemical-Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................... 89

5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 895.2 Chemical properties ................................................................................................................ 89

INDEX

5.3 Density .................................................................................................................................... 915.4 Porosity and permeability ........................................................................................................ 925.5 Linear Expansion .................................................................................................................... 985.6 Specific heat ............................................................................................................................ 1015.7 Thermal conductivity .............................................................................................................. 102References ........................................................................................................................................ 114

6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ....................................................................................................... 115

6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1156.2 Elastic constants ...................................................................................................................... 1186.3 Refractoriness ......................................................................................................................... 1256.4 Mechanical resistance tests ..................................................................................................... 128

6.4.1 Cold mechanical resistance ........................................................................................ 1306.4.2 Fracture toughness test ............................................................................................... 1396.4.3 Hot mechanical resistance .......................................................................................... 143

6.5 Resistance to thermal shock .................................................................................................... 148References ........................................................................................................................................ 150

7 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS ..................................................................... 151

7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1517.2 The elastic limit paradox ........................................................................................................ 1527.3 Cold and hot resistance criteria ............................................................................................... 1567.4 Models for viscoelastic behavior ............................................................................................ 167References ........................................................................................................................................ 174

8 CORROSION OF REFRACTORIES AND CERAMICS ............................................................... 175

8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1758.2 Thermodynamical aspects ...................................................................................................... 1778.3 Corrosion kinetics ................................................................................................................... 1818.4 Corrosion mechanisms. Nodal wear model ............................................................................ 186References ........................................................................................................................................ 198

9 MATERIALS IN THE SILICA-ALUMINA SYSTEM ................................................................... 199

9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1999.2 Silica refractories .................................................................................................................... 201

9.2.1 Properties and applications ......................................................................................... 2049.3 The glass state ......................................................................................................................... 215

9.3.1 Silica glasses .............................................................................................................. 2199.4 Silica-alumina refractories ...................................................................................................... 238

9.4.1 Properties and applications ......................................................................................... 2399.4.2 Clay rheology ............................................................................................................. 2409.4.3 Sialons ........................................................................................................................ 244

6 Refractory and Ceramic Materials

9.5 Alumina- and corundum-based refractories ........................................................................... 2619.5.1 Properties and applications ......................................................................................... 261

References ........................................................................................................................................ 278

10 BASIC MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................... 281

10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 28110.2 Magnesite refractories ............................................................................................................ 283

10.2.1 Properties and applications ......................................................................................... 28410.3 Dolomite refractories .............................................................................................................. 286

10.3.1 Properties and applications ......................................................................................... 287References ........................................................................................................................................ 302

11 Spinels .............................................................................................................................................. 303

11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 30311.2 Magnesite refractories ............................................................................................................ 303References ........................................................................................................................................ 323

12 CARBON-BASED MATERIALS ................................................................................................... 325

12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 32512.2 Carbon - graphite materials. Properties and applications ....................................................... 32812.3 Carbon - diamond materials. Properties and applications ...................................................... 33112.4 Ceramic matrix composite materials ...................................................................................... 33212.5 Nanomaterials ......................................................................................................................... 334References ........................................................................................................................................ 346

13 SILICON-BASED MATERIALS .................................................................................................... 347

13.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 34713.2 Silicon carbide materials. Properties and applications ........................................................... 34813.3 Silicon nitride materials. Properties and applications ............................................................. 35113.4 Weibull statistics ..................................................................................................................... 352References ........................................................................................................................................ 366

14 ZIRCON-BASED MATERIALS ..................................................................................................... 367

14.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 36714.2 Zircon silicate materials. Properties and applications ............................................................ 36714.3 Zircon oxide materials. Properties and applications ............................................................... 37014.4 Biomaterials ............................................................................................................................ 37614.5 Thermal barriers ...................................................................................................................... 378References ........................................................................................................................................ 391

MATERIALS INDEX ............................................................................................................................. 393

Index 7