reforming society€¦ · american colinialization anti-slavery society - 1817- transporting freed...
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Reforming Society1820-1860
Shannon, Sarah, and Leah
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Reforming Society
● Objective: to improve behavior through moral persuasion
● Moved to political actions to replace the old institutions
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Temperance - High rate of alcohol
consumption (5 gallons per person)
- Cause of social ills and caused temperance to become the most popular reform movement
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Moral Extortion- 1826- American Temperance society - Persuaded drinkers to take a pledge of
abstinence- 1840- group of recovering alcoholics formed
the Washingtonians- Argued alcoholism was a disease needing
treatment
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1.Movement for Public Asylum
- Criminals, Emotionally Disturbed, and Paupers
Living in unsafe living conditions: Prisons, Mental Hospitals, and
Poorhouses.
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Mental Hospitals- Dorothea Dix launched a cross-country crusade,
publicizing the awful treatment she had seen.
(unsanitary cells)
- 1840s- state legislature built new mental hospitals
and improved existing institutions and patients
received professional treatment
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Schools for the Blind and Deaf- Thomas Gallaudet opened school for the deaf
- Dr. Samuel Gridley opened school for the blind
- 1850s- special schools modeled after the work of
these reformers and established many within states
of the Union
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Prisons- Pennsylvania took the lead of prison preforms
- Only emphasized punishment not rehabilitation for prisons
- Reformers built penitentiaries instead of crude jails
- They placed prisoners in solitary confinement to reflect upon
religious morals
- Stopped due to high rate of prison suicide
- Similar experiment in New York enforce rigid rules of
discipline while providing moral instructions and work
programs.
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Public Education
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Public EducationFree Common schools
- Horace Mann leader of the advocate of the common (public) school movement
- 1840’s-movement for public schools spread rapidly to other states.
Moral Education- Educational reformers
wanted children to learn literacy and moral principles.
- William McGuffey-Pennsylvania teacher
- Roman Catholics founded private schools for the instruction of Catholic children.
Higher Education- Second Great Awakening - In the beginning of the 1830’s
Protestant denominations founded small denominational colleges
- Colleges began to admit women.
- Adult education was furthered by lyceum lecture societies
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Changes in Family Roles for Women
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Cult of Domesticity- Farm families: men were moral leaders
- Men in office/factory: absent from family
- Women: care of household and children
- Idealized view of women as moral leaders in house =
cult of domesticity
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Women’s Rights- Women reformers resented neglection to
secondary roles in the household
- Prevented women from fully taking part in
political discussions
- Sarah and Angelina Grimke, objected the male
opinion by writing the Letter on the Condition of
Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837)
- Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
campaigned for women’s rights
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“We Abolition women are turning the world upside down”
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Seneca Falls Convention(1848)- First women’s rights convention in
American history
- “Declaration of Sentiments” stating “all
men and women are created equal”
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony campaigned for equal voting,
legal and property rights
- 1850s women’s rights issues was
overshadowed by the slavery crisis
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Women of Seneca Falls 1848
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Anti-slavery Movement15
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American Colinialization Anti-slavery Society- 1817- transporting freed slaves to
an African colony was first tried- 1822- the American Colonization
Society established an African-American settlement
- Between 1820 and 1860, only about 12,000 African Americans were settled in Africa
- the slave population increased by 2.5 million.
- 1831, William Garrison began publication of an abolitionist newspaper
- Garrison advocated immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without compensating the slave owners.
- 1833- Garrison and other abolitionists founded the American Antislavery Society.
- Wanteds to burn the Constitution as a pro-slavery document.
- He argued for “no Union with slaveholders” until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.
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Liberal Party- Garrison’s radicalism led to split abolitionists
movement.- 1840, a group of northerners formed the Liberty
party, Garrison’s moral crusade.- In 1840 and 1844 James Birney ran as candidate for
president.- Pledge: end slavery by political and legal means.
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Black Abolitionists- Frederick Douglass; a former slave-- Advocated political and direct action to end slavery and
racial prejudice.- 1847: Douglass started the anti-slavery journal (The North
Star)- Harriet Tubman and others helped organize the effort to assist
fugitive slaves escape to free territory in the North and Canada, where slavery was prohibited.
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Frederick Douglass
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Other Smaller Reforms- 1828 American Peace Society; objective to abolish
war- Laws to protect sailors(from flogging)- Dietary reforms- Dress reform for women (Amelia Bloomer's-
pantalettes instead of long skirts)- Phrenology (pseudoscience- studied bumps on skull)
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Southern Reaction to Reform- “Modernizers” worked in the north- Southerners committed to tradition, public
education, and humanitarianism- Alarmed from the north’s support for
anti-slavery movement
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