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INDEX

absorptive capacity 328 (see also assimIlative

capacity)

abundance 6, 51-53, 66, 80-81,101,103,165

Acheson 19,64

aCid ram (see pollution)

Adams 153, 155, 156

adaptatIOn 48, 63-64, 90, 281, 293, 295, 324, 331

adapltve management 99, 338

aesthetic value 47, 49 (see also value of

bIOdiversity)

agnculture 3, 9, 19-20, 32, 64, 103, 119, 130,

177, 220, 291, 295, 305, 329-330, pncmg

pohcles m 9, agroforestry 287, 289, 295, 298,

329, m Botswana 197-198,209-212, Common

Agncultural Pohcy 40, chmate change

momtonng and 108, m the converSIOn of

wetlands 147, 150, 152 155, and deforestatIOn

247, 258, 264-269, 276, and herbicide use 53,

Impact of chmate change on 50, mteractlOn

with forest ecosystems 174, and pestlclde use

32,37, 101, 115,340, sustamablhty of 283,

sWldden/shlftmg 252, 280-282, 290 (see also

hvestock fanmng)

Ahmad 26

Alaya 102

Alcorn 283, 289, 296, 297, 298

Allen 250

Altten 287

Amazoma 40, 106,289,329,341

Amelung 248

Ames 291, 298

Andersen 102

Andreasson-Gren 296

Anms 323

Aokl226

Arntzen 199,207

Aro60

Arrow 11

arthropods 46, 274

Ashton 18, 19, 267, 271,272,273,303,338

asslmtiatlve capacity 8, 15, 174

Atkmson 27, 217

Austm 77, 78, 103, 105, 108

393

Austraha 50, 77-84, 92, 96-104, 107-110, 140,

258, 297

Aylward 153

Babbel102

Bagadton 328

Balee 283

Baltle 18, 51, 57-66, 337

Bangladesh 50, 262, 265

Barbados 118

Barbier 9, 12, 15, 26, 27, 147, 148, 152, 153,

155, 156, 167, 196,238,241,247,248,251,

253, 331, 336

Barnes J 32

Barnes D 246, 250

Barnes RD 46

Barrett 37, 337

BaskerVille 62

Bateman 148

Begon 5, 28

Begossl 285, 298

Behnke 73

bequest value 11, 240

Bergman 224

Berkes 19, 57, 62, 64, 200, 281, 282, 284, 285,

286,291,295,297,298,299,338,341

Berlm 283

Bhutan 262, 265

Blesanz 216

Blnswangerl96,249

bIOdiverSity (see diverSity)

Biodiversity ConventIOn 17, 23, 31, 36, 37, 40,

319,320

btoeconomic models (see models of ecologlcal-

economic systems) 15

biosphere people 65, 284

bIOtechnology 24, 314

Bishop 54

Blarney 98

B10ekstem 49

Blommenstem 128

Bockstael 12

BollVla 309

Bonatre Marme Park 128-144

394

Borneo 264

botamcal gardens 50

Bothman Sea 65

Botswana 18-19, 31-32, 40,196-211,213

Braatz 264, 319

BraIthwaite 103

Brandon 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328, 329,

330

BrazIl 238, 242, 245, 247, 269, 272

Breclnn 319

Brewer 108

Bnceiio227

BntaIn 46, 52, 53, 54, 148

Bromley 36

Browder 329

Brown G M 3, 10

Brown 148

Brown M J 108

Brown S 241

Brown W 296

Brown W L 48241,296

Brundtland 25,26,47, 89

Bryant 102

Buckley 104

Budd 103

Bunch 324

Burgess 9, 18, 19, 251

Burley 100

Calms 66

CallIcott 291, 298

Cameroon 272

Canada 148,286,297

Capistrano 250

carbon cycle 29, 38, 60, dIOXIde and chmate

change 50, 185, sequestratIOn 172, 239, 24 I,

246, 271, 303 313-315 (see also tropical

forests)

Carbyn 283

Caflbbean 115, 117, 119, 127-130, 132, 141, 144,

148, 150, 238

Camere215

Carroll 327

carryIng capacity 8, 284, 296, of rangelands 75,

199, 202, 207, of manne ecosystems 128,

132,134-135,143

Caughley 75, 99

Cayman Brac 132

Cedervall 61

Central African RepublIc 245

Cemea 327,329

CGE (see models of ecological-economic systems)

Chambers 324

chansmatIc species (see species)

ChewIngs 85

Chma 54, 262, 264, 265, 285

Chnshanty 287

Chung 296

Cmacy-Wantrup 54

Clements 73

Cleveland 287

clImate change 49, 303, global warmmg 50, 174,

183, 185,271,303

clImax state 73

Coates 91, 102

Cobb 14, 16,20,92, 117, 118

Common 14, 18,98,99, 100, 101, 168,297,339

common property resources 36, 57, 63-64, 200,

201,337 (see also property nghts)

complementanty between marketed goods and

bIOlogical resources 14, m BaltiC Cod fIshenes

66, In the valuatIOn of bIological resources 12,

164, 168

compleXity of ecosystems 5, 27, 65, 75, 99, 251,

289, and environmental management 57, 283,

and environmental momtonng 105-108, and

reSIlIence 28, and non-llneanty 19, 339, III

sWldden agnculture 289 (see also hysteresIs

effects, thresholds, reSIlIence, stabilIty)

Congo 242

Connell 103

conservatIOn tax 312-314

consumer sovereignty 15, 16, 98

contIngent valuatIOn of bIOlogical resources 13, 98,

135, 152, 177-178, 180, 188 (see also

valuatIon methods)

ConventIOn on BIOlogical DiverSIty (see

BIOdlventy ConventIOn)

ConventIOn on InternatIonal Trade III Endangered

Species (CITES) 37

coral reefs 9, 130, 155, 183, 264, 302 (see also

maflne ecosystems)

Costa Rica 18, 215, 216, 217, 227, 238, 243, 245,

309,310, 330

Costa-Pierce 291

Costanza 20, 58, 147

Costoms 307

cntlca1 hnk species (see species)

Cuba 118, 120, 128

cultural dlvefSlty 19, 151, 173,299

customary nghts 276 (see also property nghts)

CVM 178

Dahl 58

Dally 18,51,54,337

Daly 11, 14, 16,20,66,92,216

Dasgupta 9, 15, 16,35, 161, 173,201,337

Dasmann 57, 284

Day 153

de Beer 330

de Souza Braga 298

debt-for-nature swaps 30,309

decomposers 10, 172, 173

defenSive expenditures 12, 96, 97

deforestatIOn 9,18-19,24,35,53,171,177,232

277, and agncuIture 182,229, and bIOdIVerSity

loss 50, 53, 240, 264-265, causes of 241,

248-254,258-264,267-270, as a consequence

of open access common property nghts 171,

216-222, 230-235, m Costa Rica 215--223,

227-230, 238, and the hydrological cycle 37,

50, and timber productIOn 218, 244 245, 247

255

demographic tranSitIOn 341

Denevan 289, 290

Denmark 63

depletIOn of bIOlogical resources and threshold

effects 14, and property nghts 17, of

bIOdiverSity 33, 38, 57, 95, 237, 286, 293,

337, of mangroves 166, of capital 225, 227,

of tropical forests 250-253, 255, 263-264 (see

also deforestatIon, desertificatIOn, overflshlng,

overgrazing, rangeland degradation)

desertificatIOn 171

dl Castn 7,20, 106

Dmmond284

Dichter 327, 328

Dickson 201

Diehl 248

395

direct use value (see value of bIOlogical resources)

discount rate 13, 15,30, 159, 160, 168, 180,202,

216,268,301,304,337 (see also Interest rate,

lime preference)

dlstnbutlOn of assets 9, 27, 268, of Income 9, 26,

205

divergence 336

diverSity functIOnal 7, 58, 70, 85, 336-337, 339,

341, genelic 24, 48, 58,90-91,101-103,105,

302, heterozygosity 102, 336, homozygosity

102, megadlverslty 24, 99, 176, phenological

80, phenotypIc 336, species 47 48, 51-52, 55,

58, 60-61, 90-91, 102, 132 134, 142, 153,

237, 270, 287-288, 302

DIXIt 15

Dixon 13, 128, 153, 154,272, 329, 338, 341

Dobzhansky 102

Dohnger49

Dominican Repubhc 118

Dovers 100

Dowhng 107, 108

Dugan 149

Dutch disease 211 , 212

Dye 73,80

East ASia 127

ecological services 10, 12-14, 17-18,25,29,31,

33,37,40,57,66,151,237,240,296,337,

340, carbon sequestratIon 172, 239, 241, 246,

271, 303 313-315, and hydrological cycles 6,

29, 35, 37, 47, 335, lIfe support 4, 172, and

nutnent cycles 336, regulatory functIOns 153,

164, of watershed protectIOn 177, 241, 246,

303-304,313 (see also habitat)

ecological sustalnabIlily 27, 40, 132, 174-175,340

(see also persistent states, reSilience,

sustainable management)

economic sustamabilily 14, 40, 66, strong

sustalnabIllly 26-27, weak sustalnabIllty 26

(see also sustainable development, value of

bIOlogICal resources)

economic Incenlives (see mcenlives, market failure,

marketable permils, transferable quota, taxes,

SubSidies, user charges)

economic policy failure of 19, 255, 268, of

macroeconomic 19, 36, 197, pnce liberal

IsaUon 20, structural adjustment 176, 213

396

ecosystem functions (see ecological services)

ecosystem people 64, 284, 285

Ecuador 309

Ehrlich 4, 6, 11, 14, 18, 30, 40, 45, 47, 48, 49,

50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 99, 100, 172, 173,

240,287,337

Eisner 50

EI Serafy 15,26

Ellis 165

Elmgren 60, 61

endangered species 29, 47, 104, 305; CITES 37;

Endangered Species Act 48, 54

endemism 46,176,264,315

Engel 29 I, 298

Engkvist 60

environmental externalities (see externalities)

Environmentally Adjusted GDP 96

equity: intergenerational 13-15, 173-174, 342;

intragenerational equity 173, 189

Erhardt 53

Erwin 46, 101

essentiality of biological resources 14, 15

exhaustible resources 15

existence value (see value of biological resources)

externalities: environmental 13, 17, 19, 30, 33, 35-

38,40, 174, 181,200,204; and market failure

10, 98, 176, 196, 217, 230, 265, 267-268,

277; reciprocal 35; unidirectional 35

extinction 8, 13, 18, 24; economic 49; of fish

stocks 63, 66; irreversibility of 340; of species

(global) 28-30, 46, 48-49, 55, 58, 70, 85, 89,

238, 240, 270, 303, 341; of populations

(local) 28, 30, 45, 50-54, 55, 70, 104; refugia

to minimise risks of 294; vulnerability of

species to 105

Faith 105

Falconer 330

Farber 147

Farris 102

Farvar 281

Feeny 64

Feldman 48

fertility rates 8 (see also populaton)

Fisher 11, 12, 165,313,336

fisheries 3, 17-18,20; in the Baltic Sea 57-58, 61-

66; in the Caribbean 130, 135; supported by

wetlands 147, 164; in the Philippines 154;

valuation of 190

floodplains 153, 155-157, 167, 264 (see also

wetlands)

Flowers 289

Folke 19,20,51,57, 61, 62, 64, 295, 338, 341

Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 246,

248,257

food webs 7, 15, 29, 33, 60, 336

forest (see deforestation, forestry, tropical forest)

forestry 3, 9, 19-20, 30, 152, 283, 295-296;

agroforestry 287, 289, 295, 298, 329;

monitoring 103, 108; use of wetlands for 156-

157,166-167; as a cause of deforestation 248-

249, 254-255; and market failure 267-268;

social 319, 329 (see also deforestation, timber

production)

Foster 270, 271

France 148

Franklin 91

Freeman A.M. 12, 150, 151, 165

Freeman M.M.R. 283

Friedel 74, 80, 82

fuelwood 179, 241, 267, 271, 276; alternatives to

262; collection of 152, 264, 265

functional diversity (see diversity)

Furtado 288

Gabon 242, 245

GadgiJ 19, 64, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 291, 297,

338, 341

gene pool 28, 173

generalist species (see species)

genetic: distance 28; diversity (see diversity);

information 28, 29, 48, 273, 337

Ghai9

Ghana 245

Gilbert 46, 51, 213

Gillis 37, 105,259,267

Gillison 108

Gittleman 45

Glaser 20

Global Environmental Facility (GEF) 310, 319-

321,323,325,331

global warming (see climate change)

Gomez-Pompa 281

Gooding 15

Gramger9

Granlund 64

Greenslade 102

Gregersen 329

Gnma62

Guha 286, 297

habitat conversIOn 20, 24, 29, 33, 47, 284-285,

287, 301, 305-315, 329, 335, 341, and

bIOdIversIty loss 7-8,16-17,46,49,172,176,

190,238,265, fragmentatIOn of 53-54,58, m

envIronmental accountmg 97, 100, \02,

momtonng of 105-106, 148, 171, 183, value

of 186,191,308-309,311,314, wIldlife 265-

266,271, conservation of II, 273, 287,302-

304, productIVIty of 336

Hadl269

Hairston 51

Haiti 118

HallIday \02

Hamblin 108

Hammer 18, 58, 62, 337

Hammond 46

Hmnnck 271

Handmer 100

Hanemann II

Hansen 296

Hansson 60, 61

Hardm 64, 200

Harmg 8

Harper 5,28

Hamson 100

HartwIck 15,27

Harvell 91

Hawan291

Heal 15, 161

Heath 53

Hednck 102

Henry 11, 340

herbIcIdes 53 (see also agnculture)

heterozygosIty 102,336 (see also dIverSIty)

Heyllgers \05, \08

HIcks 14, 26, 173

HIlden 63

HImalaya 266

HImalayas 264

Hodgkmson 77

Hodgson 154

Holder 128

397

Holhng 5,7, 17,20,27,28,61,66,82,295,296,

329, 336

HollIS 153

Holm 48

Holmes 8

homozygosIty (see dlvefSlty)

Hong Kong 265

Hope 92

Hopper 91, 102

Howarth 13, 342

Hubbell 270, 271

Hufschmldt 154

Hughes 54

huntmg 152, 166,237,246-247,284,329-330

Huntley 103, 109

Hutchmson 105, \07

HVldmg 291

hydrologIcal cycles 6, 29, 35, 37, 47, 335 (see also

ecologIcal servIces)

hysteresIs effects 78, 82 (see also complexity of

ecologIcal systems)

ICDP 297

IK 282, 283

Incentives 39, 254, 304, 314, 319, 322-323, 326,

328-330,338-339 and economIC policy 16, 17,

19,20,24,36-37, 176, 196, m touflsm 139,

144, III the lIvestock sector 199-200, III

forestry 238, 245, 254, 255, 258, 266, 267,

for bIOdIVersity conservatIOn 272, 323, market

based 276 (see also taxes, SUbSIdies, user

charges, stumpage fees)

Incremental cost 38, 183, 187

IndIa 259, 262, 264, 265, 269, 271, 285, 286,

287, 288, 289

IndIcator specIes (see specIes)

IndIgenous knowledge 282-284, 285, 287, 298,

326

IndIrect use value (see value of bIOlogIcal resources)

IndIrect value (see value of bIOlogIcal resources)

IndoneSIa 96, 156, 166, 238, 242, 245, 249, 251,

260,262,263,264,268,269,291,292,298

Integrated conservatIOn-development projects 297

Intellectual property nghts 24, 36, 40 (see also

property nghts)

398

interest rates 219-220, 225-228, 232, 313, 337

intergenerational equity 13-15, 173-174,342

intergenerational transfers 13

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6

international trade (see trade)

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

63

intragenerational equity 173, 189

intrinsic value (see value of biological resources)

irreversibility of biodiversity loss 25-26, 55, 173,

303, 306, 340

Israel 323, 331

IUCN 54, 176,282,283,297,299

Ivory Coast 238, 242, 245

Jaakko Poyry 271

Jackson 7

Jamaica 118

James 102

Jansson A-M. 61, 64

Jansson B-O. 60, 61

Janzen 330

Japan 264

Jentoft 66

Jerling 102

jhum 288

Johannes 283, 284

Johns 271

Johnson 8

Jones 147

Jonkers 273

JOrgensen 296

Joshi 285

Kates 8

Kaus 281

Kautsky 57, 61

Keller 271

Kenya 269

Keogh 215

keystone species (see species)

Kiker 250

Kimmage 153, 155,156

Kirkpatrick 108

Kiss 329

Klee65

Knoop 73,78

Kohlmann 102

Kohm 101, 103, 105

Korten 324, 328, 331

Kosior 63

Kramer 176,178

Krause 6

Kristensen 130

Kristoffersen 66

Krutilla 11, 272, 313

Kummer 269

Kunin 5, 11,28,33,91

Lackey 66

Lal 153

land: pressure 208-209, 211-213; tenure 200-202,

276, 283, 297, 329 (see also property rights)

Lao PDR 262

Larsson 60, 61

Latin America 238, 250, 264, 269

Lawton 6, 29

Laycock 73, 74

Leighton 270

Leiss 291

Leontief 224

Levene 102

Levi-Strauss 296

Lewis A. 107, 108

Lewis D. 297

Lewis J.P. 324

life-support functions 4, 172 (see also ecological

services)

Lindenmayer 102

litter invertebrates 10

Little Cayman 132

livestock farming: and rangeland biodiversity 69-

70, 73-74, 82-85; and monitoring 103; in

wetlands 152; impact of policy on 198-200,

202-204,206-212; and deforestation 255, 262,

267, 276 (see also agriculture, depletion of

biological resources, overgrazing, rangelands)

local participation in conservation projects 319-

321, 323-324, 327-328, 338

Lofgren 64, 65

Loftus 57

Lome Convention 200 (see also trade)

Long-Term Forest Management Research Sites 274

Lovejoy T.E. 106

Lovejoy H.J. 240

LTMRS 274, 277

Lubchenco 58, 109

LudwIg 57, 75, 77, 79, 83

Lugo 105,241

Lutz 15,26,92,96,216

MacArthur 270, 284

Machlts 57, 58

Mackey 106, 108

macroeconomIc poltcy (see economIc pohcy)

Madagascar 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,

188

Magrath 15

Mahar 249

Majer 103, 106

MalaysIa 242, 245-246, 259, 262-265, 270, 272,

274

Maler 12, 15, 16,27,93,94, 164, 173,201,337

Malhotra 285

Malthus 8

Man and the BIOsphere Programme 297

mangroves 147, 149, 153, 156-157, 164, 166-167,

183 (see also wetlands)

Manokaran 274

Mantadla NatIOnal Park 177, 189

MaranllOl

Marghn 16

Margules 100, 103, 107, 108

Marguhs 247, 249

manne ecosystems 18, 10 the Baltlc Sea 57, 61,

65-66,10 the Canbbean 127, 131-132, 135,

141-144, and wetland values 154, role of 10

stablhsmg chmate 172, damage to caused by

hydroelectnc project 189 (see also coral reefs,

see grass beds, fishenes)

marme park 128

Markandya 9, 15, 26, 27, 32

market faIlure 10, 98, 176, 196, 217, 230, 265,

267, 268, 277 (see also externahttes, property

nghts)

marketable penOlt 20, 176

Marn 273

Masters 45

May 7, 46, 65, 91

Mayr45

McCay 19,64, 65, 66

McConnel 12

McDermott 330

McEvoy 64

McLam 128

McNeely 9,37, 172, 174,283,319,329

medlc10al plants 24

MedIterranean 50, 53, 54, 309, 316

MeIer 181, 186

Mercer 178

Mery 250

meta-stable state 75,82 (see also stablhty)

MeXICO 148, 289

mIgratory specIes (see specIes)

MIller J 340

MIller K R 3, 45, 52, 239, 240, 266

399

mmmg 197, 198, 203, 207, 209, 211, 212, 275,

304, 324

Mltsch 296

moblle-hnk specIes (see specIes)

models of ecologIcal-economIc systems blO

economIc 15, computable general eqUlltbnum

models 196, 202, 203, 204, 208, 213, 224,

overlappmg generatIOns models 16, state and

transltton models 82-83, 85

Mod1065

momtonng ecologIcal systems 18, 85-87, 95, 99-

110, 132, 142,216,274,320,326

monoculture 30, 51, 57, 241, 293, 295 (see also

agnculture)

Montserrat 128

Mooney 58, 296

Moore 107

Moran and Fnpp 30

Morauta 283

mulhcntena declSlon models 175, 183, 189

Munasmghe 13, 19,172,173,174,175,176,177,

181, 186,336,338,341

MurawskI 271

Murphy 49, 53

Myanmar 259, 262,263, 268

Myers 9, 50, 100, 240, 264

Namlbta 197

Naram 12,336

Natlonal ConservatIon Strategy 199

naltonal mcome accountmg 92, 95, 154

natural capItal 14,26,28,40,58,65,66, 145

natural resource accountmg 92, 109, 213

400

NDP 93, 94, 96, 97

Neave 105

Nelson 295

Nepal 262, 269

net national product 15

net primary product 33, 173, 340

Netherlands 148

Netzel 63

New Guinea 264

New Zealand 148

Niamir283

Nicholson 270

Nigeria 155, 156, 167,238

Nissling 61

Nix 105, 106, 108

Noble 103, lOS, 110

non governmental organisations (NGOs) 304, 319-

320, 322-323, 326, 328, 331

non-linearity of ecological systems (see

complexity)

non-use value (see value of biological resources)

Nordhaus 95

Norgaard 13,57,342

North America 49,52,54,291

North Sea 59,62

Northern Spotted Owl 48

Norton T.W. 18, 91, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,

105, 106, 107, 108, 110,339

Norway 66

Noy-Meir 6, 69, 73, 76, 78, 82

nutrient cycles 336 (see also ecological services)

O'Neill 58

Odum E.P. 20

Odum H.T. 61

Okken6

Oldfield 283

open access common property 36, 64-65,165-166,

171, 201, 216, 247, 268, 311 (see also

property rights)

Opschoor 20

option value (see value of biological resources)

Oren 271

Orians 5, II, 28, 33, 91

Ornstein 48

Osborne 103

Ostrom 19,64,65

overcapitalisation as a source of depletion 57, 63

overfishing 57, 65 (see also depletion of biological

resources)

overgrazing 70, 103, 198, 199, 200 (see also

depletion of biological resources, rangelands)

overlapping generations model (see models of

ecological-economic systems)

Pacific 238, 265, 293, 298, 319

Paine 10, 51, 336

Pakistan 259, 262

Palo 250

Panayotou 18, 19, 20, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272,

273,303,317,338,341

Papua New Guinea 245, 262, 265

Paraguay 238

Parker 92

Parrotta 241

passenger pigeon 49

passenger species (see species)

patchiness (see rangelands)

Patterson 45

Paul 323, 331

Pearce 9, II, 14, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32,

37,95, 173,272,318,338,340

Pearman 103

Perrings 9, 14, 15, 17, 20, 25, 32, 91, 98, 168,

173, 213, 295, 338, 340

persistent states 18, 73 (see also stability of

ecological systems)

Persson 18, 338

Peru 46, 272, 289

Peskin 92

pesticides 32, 37, 101, 115,340 (see also

agriculture)

Peters 31, 271, 272, 330

Pezzey 26

pharmaceutical uses of biological resources 24, 47,

311,314,330

phenological diversity (see diversity)

phenotypic diversity (see diversity)

Phili 272

Philippines 154, 246, 260, 263, 264, 265, 268,

269,270,271,309

photosynthesis 11, 33, 70

phytoplankton 183

Pickup 75, 77, 84, 85

Plgovlan tax (see tax)

Plmm 6, 29, 45

Pmkerton 65

PItt 283

Poland 309

policy fallure 19, 255, 268 (see also economic

pohcy, externahues)

pollutIOn 20, 39, 57, 94, 101, 142, 149, 171, 174,

176, 182, 185, 264, 295, aCid ram 53, 174,

182-183, 186, 302, and aIr quahty 182, 186,

302, and assImIlatIve capaCIty 8, 15, 174,

polluter pays pnnclple 34

Poole 329

Poore 246

populatIOn demographIC transItIOn of 341, densIty

8,250,251,253,259-261,265, dIversIty 48,

49,52,55,337, growth 7-9,11,27,36, 171,

197,226,251,268,283,313,341, Mendehan

48, metapopulatlOn 336, pressure 9, 249, 269,

288,

Posey 283, 289

Posner 128

Possmgham 91

poverty In ASIa 265-266, effect on declSlon

makIng 9, 32, 339, and deforestatIon 270,

effect on envIronmental degradatIOn 171, 176,

258, 276, 318, effect on fertIlity 8, and gender

9, and mtrageneratIonal equIty 173, 175

precautIOnary pnnclple 29

preferences 8,19,27,178,284,301, 312

Pressland 79

pnce hberahsatIOn (see economIC pohcy)

pnmary value (sec value of bIOlogIcal resources)

productIOn functIOn approach to valuatIOn of

bIOlogIcal resources 12, 13, 116, 147-148,

164-168, 336, Cobb-Douglas 119, 165, 203-

206, 219 (see also valuatIOn of bIOlogIcal

resources)

Proper Net Domesllc Product (PNDP) 92-98, 109

property fights 8, 12, 19, 31, 36-38, 258, 268,

297,315, and deforestatIOn 211,-218, 220-222,

247, enforcement of 268, evolutIOn of 17, and

externalitIes 13, 35 36, 38, In genetic

resources 24, 36, 266, open access 36, 64-65,

165-166, 171, 201, 216, 247, 268, 311,

securIty of 277, 305

401

protected areas 20, 47, 100, 107, 109, 127-128,

141, 156,265-266,276,282,297,299,319,

330

Przewozny 16

public good bIOdIverSIty as a 17, 19, 10, 35, 37-

38, 40, 302, 309, 312, 340, habItat

conservatIOn as a 310, ImplicatIOns for

InformatIOn on bIOdIverSIty 275, watershed

protectIOn as a 304

Puerto RICO 241, 307

Puroshomathan 24

quasI-optIon value (see value of bIOlogIcal

resourccs)

quota 63, 341

RaJasekaran 284

RamakrIshnan 288, 289, 293, 294, 297

Randall 54

rangelands 18,69-73,75,77-78,80,82-85,199,

337, degradatIOn of 70, 199, patchIness of 76,

77,79, overgrazIng of 70,103,198,199,200

rate of dIscount (see dIscount rate)

rate of tlme preference (see tIme preference)

Raven 45, 101, 105,240

Raventos 227

reCIprocal externahtIes (see externahUes)

Redford 322

reforestatIon 241, 264

refugl3294

Regan 16

RegICr 62

Rehfeldt 102

ReId 45, 52, 239, 240, 266

Rels 247, 249

Repetto 8, 9, 15,37,92,96,98,247,259,267

reSIlIence 5-9,16-19,27-29,39-40,57,60-61,66,

82, 173,237,295-296,336-337,339-342 (see

also ecologIcal sustamabIllty, stabilIty of

ecological systems)

revefSlblhty of envIronmental effects 78

Richards 105, 108

Rogers 128

RosenzweIg 91

Roughgarden II

Ruddle 66, 283, 284, 287, 288, 291, 298

RUllenbeek 153, 156, 166

Rutherford 72

402

Saba Marine Park 128

safe minimum standards 39, 40, 54, 169, 175

Sahe169

Salmi 250

SAM 202, 206, 227

Sanderson 322

Saunders 46, 108

Sayer 329

Schindler 339

Schneider 249

Schnidman 307

Scholes 78

Schulze 58, 296

Scoones 73

Scott J.e. 46

Scott J.M. 45

Scura 13, 128, 132, 135

sea grass beds 183

security of tenure 19

Sedjo 266

Segerstriile 58

Selander 102

self-organisation of ecological systems 27, 339

Seligman 69

semi-arid regions 69

Sen 9

Serafin 295

Shafik 26

Sherman 329

Shoven 224

Simberloff 240

Sjostrand 63

Slatyer 105

Siobodkin 286, 287

Social Accounting Matrix 202, 213, 227

social forestry (see forestry)

social opportunity cost of biological resources 9,

13, 20, 23, 38, 304 (see also value of

biological resources)

Solbrig 11

Soleri 287

Solomon Islands 29 I, 298

Solow 14, 15, 27, 173

Soule 47,54,91, 101, 103, 105,321

South Africa 197-210

Southgate 196

Souza Braga 285

Spear 73,80

speciation 46

species: charismatic 46; critical link 10, 33;

diversity 47-48, 51, 52, 55, 58, 60-61, 90-91,

102, 132-134, 142, 153, 237, 270, 287-288,

302 (see also diversity); endangered 29, 47,

104, 305; generalist 271; indicator 101;

keystone 33, 51, 91, 101, 105,336; migratory

36; mobile-link 101,105,271; passenger 18

Spencer 45

Sri Lanka 175, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,

189, 264, 265, 274

stability of ecological systems 5, 7, 14, 61, 66,

80, 173, 175, 339; meta-stability 75, 82 (see

also persistent states, resilience)

Stafford-Smith 77, 84

Starret 16

state and transition model (see models of

ecological-economic systems)

Steele 7, 58

Steffen 108

Stern 217

Stiglitz 217

Stocks 287

Stone 319, 329

Stork 46

strong sustainability (see economic sustainability)

structural adjustment 176, 213

stumpage fees 9, 37, 268 (see also economic

incentives, forestry, deforestation)

subsidies: in agriculture 9, 19, 37; destumping 9;

in livestock farming 40, 249; and wildlife

utilisation 31; in forestry 9, 269; to

ecosystems 295;

substitutability between biological resources and

produced capital 12, 27, 28, 33, 164, 168,

173,241

sustainability (see ecological sustainability,

economic sustainability, resilience, persistent

states)

succession in ecosystems 7, 73-75, 77-78,83,85,

270-271,288,293,295-296

Sulawesi 264

sustainability (see ecological sustainability,

economic sustainability)

sustainable: development 15, 26-28, 89, 171, 173-

175, 189-190, 299, 318-321, 324-325, 327,

328, 331, 338-339, 342; management of

environmental resources 128, 254-257, 272,

283-284 (see also ecological sustainability,

economic sustainability)

Sweden 62, 63, 64, 65

swidden agriculture 258, 287-289 (see also

agriculture)

Tanner 283, 285, 291

tariff 198, 206, 210, 212 (see also trade)

tax: in agriculture 249; environmental effects of

209, 227-235; in forestry 223, 229, 232-235,

241, 259; Pigovian (optimal) 176, 208; in

tourism 137, 145; revenues 137,205

taxonomic: aggregation 104; distinction 48, 91,

105; uniqueness and ecosystem function 91,

104

Terborgh 270, 285, 303

Terborth 302

terms of trade (see trade)

terrestrial ecosystems 5, 102, 108 (see also forests,

tropical forests, rangelands)

Thailand 260, 263, 269, 271, 272

Thomas 53

thresholds in ecological systems 4-5, 7, 14-15, 19,

25,27,37,39-41,58,75,78-80,89-90, 109,

134-135, 142-144, 169, 339-341 (see also

complexity of ecological systems, resilience)

Tietenberg 20

Tilakaratna 327

time preference rate 219-220, 227; private 8, 16;

social 16; effect of poverty on 32, 268 (see

also discount rate, interest rate)

timber production 241-255, 271 (see also forestry)

Tisdell 54, 55

Tobago Cays National Park 128

Tobin 95

Tongway 75, 77, 79, 83

Tordoff 49

total allowable catch (see fisheries)

total economic value of biological resources 23,

147, lSI, 154, 156-157, 167 (see also value of


tourism: cost of coral reef and coastal degradation

155, 183; ecotourism (nature tourism) 175,

403

246,266,271, 303, 313, 317, 330; in marine

parks 127-131, 135-139, 142, 144; scientific

tourism 303; in terrestrial parks 176-177, 198,

272,303; as a wetland service 153-155, 172

Townsend 5, 28

trade 137, 181-185, 187, 196,200,202,227,266,

312, 315; en vironmental impact of beef trade

137; environmental impact of timber trade

238, 241-242, 244-246, 252, 254-255, 263-

264; illegal 264; international 20, 241, 245,

252,254; policy 196,252; retail 137; terms of

209, 212; trade balance 227, 243 (see also

tariffs, Lome Convention)

traditional ecological knowledge 281, 282-284,

286,293,295-299,338

traditional people 281-291, 297-299

transferable quota 20

transferable development rights 20, 266, 301-302,

307--309,315-317 (see also property rights)

travel cost 178, 179, 188-189 (see also valuation

methods)

Trinidad and Tobago 118, 121

tropical forest: agriculture in 288; biodiversity in 5,

8, 24, 30, 46, 52, 237, 274, 303; role in

biodiversity conservation 64, 253-254, 281,

288; clearance of 32, 101,216,257-260,330;

extent of 237, 240; genetic prospecting in

310; timber production in 241-252; 263-162;

value of 239-241, 271-273, 311 (sec also

deforestation, forestry, timber production,

value of biological resources)

Turnbull 102, 103

Turner 11,14,23,27,147,148, lSI, 173

Twilley 153

Ulanowicz 60

United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED) 24-25, 37-40

uncertainty: and deforestation 246; and discounting

13, 268; about ecosystem structure and

function 26, 33, 157, 166, 339; and

externalities 9; and functional diversity 340;

and the precautionary principle 29; and risk 10,

84, 100; and safe minimum standards 40,342;

about value of biological resources 30

Unemo 18

404

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

173,237,246,283,299,319

unidirectional externalities (see externalities)

United Nations 96, 98, 119

United States 48, 55, 100, 128, 138-139, 148,

258,315

Uphoff 327

use value (see value of biological resources)

user charges 266

user-cost of biological resources 30

Usher 95

valuation methods: contingent 13, 98, 135, 152,

177-178, 180, 188; production function 12-13,

116, 147-148, 164-168,336; social 13, 15-17;

travel cost 178, 179, 188-189

value of biological resources 4, 11,23,25,30,47,

115, 314, 318, 335, 340; bequest value 11,

240; direct use value 150, 239; existence value

11,23,47, 151, 177,240,246,272,275,

305-306, 335; indirect use value 10, 11, 17,

33, 167, 150 153, 154, 164; intrinsic value

23; non-use value 11, 23, 40, 150, 152, 177,

189,238,31 1,335; option value 177; primary

value 151; quasi-option value 1 I, 168,240,

302-303; total economic value 23, 147, 151,

154,156-157,167; use value 10,11,13,17,

23-24,30, 153, 155, 157-158, 160, 164, 166-

168, 177, 189, 307, 311 (see also social

opportunity cost, willingness to accept, and

willingness to pay)

van't Hof 13, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135

Varian 217

Venezuela 128

Victor 27

Vietnam 265

Vincent 254, 269

Walker 6, 18,29, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82,

99, 100, 105, 107,296, 337

Walters 99

Warford 9, 37

Warren 283

watershed protection 177,241,246,303,304,313

Watt 270

weak sustainability (see economic sustainability)

Weitzman 29, 91, 94

Wells 266, 297, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324,

327,328,329,330,338

West 319

Westin 61

Westman 10, 336

Westoby 73, 74, 82, 83

wetlands 55, 103, 147-152, 154-158, 160-161,

163-167, 168, 172, 296, 335 (see also

floodplains, mangroves)

White 285

Whitmore 302, 303

Wilcox 91

wildlife 30, 31, 75, 147, 198,265,274,297,329

Wiley 45

Williams 77, 78, 101, 103

willingness to accept 12-13, 38-40 (see also value

of biological resources)

willingness to pay 12-13, 38-40, 139-141, 174,

177-180, 189, 305, 312 (see also value of


Willis 45

Wilson 3, 5, 6, 16, 45, 46, 48, 99, 240, 264, 270,

284,319

World Bank 96, 172, 175, 207, 213, 227, 245,

267,319,321,324

World Resources Institute 87

Wulff 60

Yaiiez-Arancibia 153

Younes 106

Young 92, 96, 97, 98

Yu 285,298

Zaire 238

Zij1stra 60

Zimbabwe 197

Zolotas 95

zoo 50

zooplankton 183

Zullo 128

Ecology, Economy & Environment

1. C. Folke and T. KAberger (eds.): Linking the Natural Environment and the Economy: EssaYfifrom the Eco-Eco Group. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1227-9

2. U. Svedin and B. Hagerhall Aniansson (eds.): Society and the Environment: A Swedisch Research Perspective. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1796-3

3. M. Ruth: Integrating Economics, Ecology and Thermodynamics. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2377-7

4. C.A. Perrings, K.-G. Maler, c. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (eds.): Biodiversity Conservation. Problems and Policies. 1995

ISBN 0-7923-3616-X

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS - DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON

references - springer978-94-011-0277...references adams, w.m. and hollis, g.e. 1989. hydrology and...

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