references - shodhganga : a reservoir of indian theses...
TRANSCRIPT
i
REFERENCES
Abd El Mageid, M. M., Salama, N. A., Saleh, M.A.M. and Abo Taleb, H. M., (2009).
Antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of Red and Brown algae extracts. 4th
Conference on recent technol. in Agri. 818-827.
Abd El-Baky, H.H., El Baz, F.K. and El- Baroty, G.S., (2008). Evaluation of marine
alga Ulva lactuca L. as a source of Natural Preservative ingredient. Am. Eurasian J.
Agric. Environ. Sci., 3:434-444.
Agarwal, A., Srivastava, S., Srivastava, J.N. and Shrivastava, M.M., (2004a).
Evaluation of inhibitory effect of the plant Phyllanthus amarus against the
dermatophytic fungus Microsporum gypseum. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 17(3): 77-82.
Agarwal, A., Srivastava,S., Srivastava, J.N. and Shrivastava, M.M.,(2004b).
Inhibitory effect of the plant Boerhavia diffusa L. against dermatophytic fungus
Microsporum gypseum. J. Environ. Biol.,25(3): 307-311.
Alamsjah, M.A., Hirao, S., Ishibashi, F., Oda, T. and Fujita, Y., (2007). Algicidal
activity of polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from Ulva fasciata and U. pertusa
(Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) on phytoplankton. J.Appl. Phycol., 20:713-720.
Alarif, W.M., Al-lihaibi, S.S., Abdel-lateff, A. and Ayyad, S.E., (2011). New antifungal
cholestane and aldehyde derivative from the red algae Laurencia papillosa. Nat.
Prod. Commun., 6(12): 1821-1824.
Almeida, C.L.F.D., Falcao, H.D.S., Lima, G.R.D.M., Montenegro, C.D.A. Lir, N.S.,
Athayda-filho, D.E.D., Rodriques,L.C., De-Souza, M.D.F.V., Barbosa-filho, J.M. and
Batista, L.M., (2011). Bioactivities from marine algae of the genus Gracilaria. Int.
Journal Mol. Sci., 12(7): 4550-4573.
ii
AL- Wathnani, H., Ismet,A., Tahmaz,R.R., Al-Dayel, T.H. and Bakir, M.A., (2012).
Bioactivity of natural compounds isolated from Cyanobacterium and green algae
against human pathogenic bacteria and yeast. J. Med. Pl. Res., 6(8): 3425-3433.
Anagnostidis, K. and Komarek, G., (1988). Modern approach to the classification
system of cyanobacteria. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl., 80:372-470.
Andini, N. and Nash, K.A., (2006). Intrinsic macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium
tuberculosis complex is inducible. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50(7): 2560-
2562.
Aneja, K.R., (2001). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Tissue culture
and Mushroom production technology. 3rd (eds.) New Age International (P) Ltd.,
Publishers, New Delhi.
Anwer, R., Khursheed, S. and Fatima T., (2012). Detection of immune active insulin
in Spirulina. J. Appl. Phycol., 24: 583-591.
Aoki, M., Andoh, T., Ueki, T., Masuyoshi, S., Sugawar, K. and Oki, T., (1993). A new
glucan synthesis inhibitor. J. Antibiotics., 46: 952-960.
Arathoon, E.G., Gotuzzo, E., Noriega, L.M., Bernan, R.S., Dinubile, M.J. and Sable,
C.A., (2002). Randomized, double- blind, multicenter, study of capsufungin versus
amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46: 451-457.
Archibald, L., Phillips, L. and Monnet, D., (1997). Antimicrobial resistance in isolates
from inpatients and outpatients in the United States. Increasing importance of the
intensive care unit. Clin. Infect. Dis., 24:211-215.
Arikan, S.M., Lozano-Chiu, V., Paetznick, S., Nangia. and Rex, J.H., (1999).
Microdilution susceptibility testing of amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole
against clinical isolates of Aspergillus and Fusarium species. J. Clin. Microbiol., 37:
3946-3951.
iii
Arun, N., Gupta, S. and Singh, D.P.,(2012). Antimicrobial and antioxidant property
of commonly found microalgae Spirulina platensis, Nostoc muscorum and Chlorella
pyrenoidosa against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Int.J. pharma. Sci. and
Res.,3(12): 4866-4875.
Aruna, P., Mansuya, P., Sridhar, S., Kumar, J.S. and Babu S., (2010).
Pharmacognostical and antifungal activity of selected seaweeds from Gulf of Mannar
region. Rec. Res. Sci. and tech., 2(1): 115-119
Arun, K and Muthuselvam, M. (2009). Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents and
Antimicrobial Activities of Aloe vera L. against Clinical Pathogens. World J.
Agri.Sci.,5(5): 572-576
Asthana, R.K., Srivastava, A., Singh, A.P., Singh, P. and Nath, S.P. (2006).
Identification of an antimicrobial entity from the Cyanobacterium Fischerella sp.
isolated from bark of Azadirachta indica (Neem) tree. J. Appl. Phycol., 18: 33-39.
Baddlev, J.W. and Pappas, P.G. (2005). Antifungal combination therapy clinical
potential. Drugs., 65 (11): 1461-80.
Bai R N., (2010). Evaluation of Gracilaria ferugosnii for phytochemical analysis and
antibacterial activity. Plant archives., 10(2):711-713.
Bai, R.N., Christi, R.M. and Kala, C.T. (2010). Antimicrobial potency of the marine
alga, Valonopsis pachynema (Mar) Boery.Plant Archives., 10(2): 699-701.
Banker, R. and Carmeli, S.,(1998). Tenuecyclanides A-D, cyclic hexapeptides from
the cyanobacteria Nostoc spongiaforme Var. tenue. J. Nat. Prod.,61(10):1248-1251.
Benz, F., Knusel, F., Nuesch, J., Treichler, H. and Voser, W., (1974). Echinocandin
B Ein neuratiges polypeptide antibiotiqum aus. Aspergillus nidulans var. Echinulatus.
Isollierung and Bausteine. Helv. Chim. Acta., 57: 2459: 2477.
Berdy, J. (2005). Bioactive Microbial metabolites. J.Antibiotics., 58: 1-26
iv
Bhagavathy, S., Sumathi P. and Bell, J.S., (2011). Green algae Chlorococcum
humicola-a new source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity. Asian
Pac. J. Trop. Med., S1-S7.
Bhateja,P., Mathur, T., Pandaya,M., Fatma,T. and Rattam, A. (2006). Activity of blue
green algae microalgae extracts against invitro generated S.aureus with reduced
susceptibility to Vancomycin. Fitoterapia., 77(3): 233-235.
Black, J.G., (2000). Microbiolology: Principles and application. Prentice Hall N.J
pp:260.
Bloor, S. and England, R.R.,(1989). Antibiotic production by the cyanobacteria
Nostoc muscorum. J. Appl. Microbiol. and Biotech., 1(4):367-372.
Bonjounklian, R., Smitka, T.A., Doolin, L.E., Molloy, R.M., Debono, M., Shaffer, S.F.,
Moore, R., Stewart, J.B. and Patterson, G.M.L., (1991). Tjipanazoles new antifungal
agents from blue green algae Tolypothrix tjipanasensis. Tetrahedron., 47: 7739-
7750.
Boucher , H.W., Groll, A.H., Chiou, C.C. and Walsh, T.J., (2004). Newer systemic antifungal
agents: pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy. Drug., 64 (18): 1997-2020.
Briand J. F., Jacquet S., Bernard C. and Humbert J.F., (2003). Health hazard for
terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystem.
Veterinary Res., 34 :361–377.
Bruel, S. and Coote, P.,(1999). Preservative agents in food mode of action and
microbial resistance mechanisms. Int. J.Food Microbiol., 50:1-17.
Buttino, I., Miralto, A., Ianora, A., Romano, G. and Poulet, S. A. (1999). Water
soluble extracts of the diatom Thalassiosira rotula induce aberrations in embryonic
tubulin organisation of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Mar. Biol.,134:147 -154.
v
Calderon, C.B. and Sabundayo, B.P., (2007). Antimicrobial classifications: Drugs for
Bugs. In Schwalbe, R., Stcele- Moore, L., Goodwin, A.C. Antimicrobial susceptibility
testing protocols. CRC Press. Taylor & Frances group.
Calvin, M. and Kunin, M.D., (1993). Resistance to antimicrobial drugs- A world wide
calamity. Ann. Internat. Med., 118: 557-561
Capita, R., (2007). Variation in Salmonella resistance to poultry chemical
decontaminants based on serotype, phage type and antibiotic resistance patterns. J.
Food Prot., 70 (8): 1835-1843.
Challouf, R., Trabelsi, L., Dhieb, R.B., Abed, O.E., Yahia, A., Ghozzi, K., Ammer,
J.B., Omram, H. and Ouada, H.B., (2011). Evaluation of cytotoxicity and biological
activities in extracellular polysaccharides released by cyanobacterium Arthospira
platensis. Brazilian Archives Biol and Technol., 54(4): 831-838.
Challouf, R., Trabelsi, L., Dhieb, R.B., El Abed, O. and Khamissa, A.Y., (2011).
Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Biological Activities in Extracellular Polysaccharides
Released by Cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. Brazilian archive. of Biol. and
Technol., 54,(4):831-838.
Chauhan A., Chauhan, G., Gupta,P. C., Goyal, P. and Kaushik, P., (2011). In vitro
antibacterial evaluation of Anabeane sp. against several clinically significant
microflora and HPTLC analysis of its active crude extracts. Indian J. Pharmacol.
42(2): 105-107.
Cheesbrough, M., (2000). Medicinal laboratory manual for tropical countries.
Microbiol. Linacre house, Jordan Hill oxford, pp.260.
Chiba, H., Agemalus, H., Dobashi, K. and Yoshioka, T., (1999). Rhodopeptins, a
novel cyclic tetrapeptides with antifungal activities from Rhodococcus sp. structure
elucidation. J. Antibi. 52(8): 700-709.
vi
Cho, J. K., Cho, J.S., Kang, S. E., Kim, J. K., Shin, W.H. and Hong, Y.K., (2005).
Isolation of antifouling active pyroglutamic acid, triethyl citrate and di-n-
octylphthalate from the brown seaweed Ishida okamurae. J. Appl. Phycol., 17:431-
435.
Cho, S.H., Cho, J.Y., Kang, S.E., Hong, Y.K. and Ahn, D.H., (2009). Antioxidant
activity of majobanchromanol, a novel chromene isolated from brown algae
Sargassum siliquastrum. J. En. Biol. 29 (4): 479-484.
Chugh, T.D., (2008).Emerging and re-emerging bacterial diseases in India. J
Biosci.,33(4):549-55.
Claus, D. and Berkeley, R.C.W., (1986). Genus Bacillus Cohn. In: Sneath PHA, ed.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Section 13, Vol. 2 Baltimore, MD, USA:
Willams & Wilkins Co, 1105-39
Codd, G.A., Morrison, L.F. and Metcalf, J.S.,(2005). Cyanobacterial toxins: Risk
management for health protection. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol.,203: 264–272.
Cohen, Z., Reungjitchachawali, M., Siandung, W. and Tanticaroen, M.,(1993).
Production and partial purification γ-linolenic acid and some pigments from Spirulina
platensis. J. Appl. Phycol., 5:109-115.
Cohen Z., Vonshak A., and Richmond, A., (1987). Fatty acid composition of
Spirulina strains grown under various environmental conditions. Phytochem., 26:
(2255-2258).
Colla, L. M., Badiale-Furlong, E. and Costa, J.A.V., (2007). Antioxidant properties of
Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis cultivated under different temperatures and nitrogen
regimes. Brazilian Archives of Biol. and Technol., 50(1): 161-167.
Constantino, V., Fatturusso, E., Meena, M. and Taglilatele-Scafati, O.,(2004).
Chemical diversity of bioactive marine natural products: an illustrative study. Current
Med. Chem., 11: 1671-1692.
vii
Costa, M.S.S.P., Costa, L.S., Cordeira, S.L., Almeida-lima, J., Dantas-Santos, N.,
Magalhae, K. D., Sabry, D.A., Albuquergue, I.R.L., Periera, M.R. and Leita, E.L.,
(2012). Evaluating the possible anticoagulant and antioxidant effect of sulphated
polysaccharide from the tropical green algae, Caulerpa cupressoides. J. Appl.
Phycol., 24:1159–1167.
Cowen, L.E., (2008). The evolution of fungal drug resistance: modulating the
trajectory from genotype to phenotype. Nat. Rev. Microbial., 6 (3): 187-198.
Cox, S.D., Mann, C.M., Markhan,J.L.,Bell,H.C., Gustafson, J.E., Warmington, J.R.
and Wyllie, S.G.,(2000). The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J. Appl. Microbiol., 88: 170-175.
Crasta, P.J., Raviraja, N.S. and Sridhar, K.R., (1997). Antimicrobial activity of some
marine algae of southwest coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 26: 201-205.
Debruyne, D. and Ryckelynck, J.P., (1993). Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluconazole.
Clin. Pharmacokinet., 24: 10-27.
Diraman, H., Koru, E. and Dibeklioglu, H., (2009). Fattyacid profile of Spirulina
platensis used as food supplement. The Israeli J. Aquaculture. 61(2): 134-142.
Desikachary, T.V., (1959). Cyanophyta. Indian council of Agricultural Research New
Delhi.
Dreizen, S., (1984). Oral Candidiasis. American J. Med., 77 (4): 28-33.
Elsie, B.H., Dhanarajan, M.S. and Sudha, P,N., (2011). In vitro screening of
secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activities of ethanol and acetone extracts
from red seaweed Gelidium acerosa. Int. J. Chem. Res. 2 (2): 27-29.
Erdmann, E., Bedford, F. and Raspe, F.,(1909).Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.,42:1334.
viii
Estrada, P., Bermejo-Bescos, P. and Villar del Fresno, A.M., (2001). Antioxidant
activity of differrent fractions of Spirulina platensis protean extract. Farmaco.,
56:497-500.
Falch, B.S., Kiong, G.M., Wright, A.D., Sticher O., Amgerhofer, C.K., Pezzuto, J.M.
and Bachmann, H., (1995). Biological activities of cyanobacteria : Evaluation of
extracts and pure compound., Planta Med., 61:321-328.
Favel, A., Steinmetz, M.D., Regli, P., Vldalollivier,E.,Elias, R. and Balansard, G.
,(1994). In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Triterpenoid Saponins. Planta Medica., 60:50-
53.
Febles, C. I., Arias, A., Gil-Rodriguez, M. C., Hardisson, A. and Sierra Lopez, A.,
(1995).In vitrostudy of antimicrobial activity in algae (Chlorophyta,Phaeophyta and
Rhodophyta) collected from the coast of Tenerife (in Spanish). Anuario del Instituto
de Estudios Canarios.,34:181-192.
Ferreira, D.T., Andrei, C.C., Saridakis, H.O., Faria, T.J., Vinhato,E., Carvalho, K.E.,
Daniel, J.F.S., Machado, S.L., Saridakis, D.P. and Filho, R.B., (2004). Antimicrobial
activity and chemical investigation of Brazilian Drosera. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo,Cruz,
Rio de Janeiro., 99(7):735-755
Filalimmouhim, R., Cornet, J.F., Fontane, T., Fournt, B. and Dubertret, G.,1993.
Production, Isolation and primary characterization of the exopolysaccharide of the
Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Biotech. letters. 15 (6): 567-572
Finberg, R.W., Moellering, R.C. and Tally, F.P., (2004). The importance of
bactericidal drugs: Future directions in infectious disease. Clin. Infect. Dis., 39 (9):
1314-20.
Frey,D., Oldfield, R.S.and Bridger, R.C.,(1986). A colour Atlas of pathogenic fungi.
Wolfe Medical Publication Ltd., London., pp.168.
ix
Ghasemi, Y., Yazdi, M.T., Shokravi,S., Soltani, N. and Zarrini, G. (2003). Antifungal
and antibacterial activity of paddy fields Cyanobacteria from the North of Iran. J. Sci.
Iran., 14: 203-209.
Ghasemi,Y., Moradian, A., Mohagheghzadeh,A., Shokravi, S. and Morowvat,
M.H.,(2007). Antifungal and antibacterial activity of the microalgae collected from
paddy fields of Iran: characterization of antimicrobial activity of Chroococcus
disperses. J. Biol. Sci., 7: 904-910.
Ghasemi,Y., Tabatabaei, Y., Shafiee, A., Amini, M., Shokravi, S.H. and Zarrini, G.,
(2004). Parsiguine, A novel antimicrobial substance from Fischerella ambigua.
Pharmacol. Biol., 2: 318-322.
Ghawana, V.K., (1997). Studies on decomposition of wool: using keratin
decompositing fungi and its possible potential in soil fertility. Ph. D. Thesis .
Dayalbagh Educational Institute. Dayalbagh,Agra
Goff, D.A., Koletar, S.L., Buesching, W.J., Barnishar, J. and Fass, R.J., (1995).
Isolation of fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans from human immunodeficiency
virus-negative patients never treated with azoles. Clin. Infect. Dis., 20:77-83.
Gomi, G., Sezaki, M., Kondo, S., Hara, T., Naganawa, H. and Takeuchi, T., (1988).
The structure of new antifungal antibiotics, Benanomycins A & B. J. Antibiot., 41:
1019- 1028.
Gonzalez,D., Val, A., Platas, G. and Basilio, A.,(2001). Screening of antimicrobial
activities in red, green and brown macroalgae from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands,
Spain). Int.Microbiol., 4: 35-40.
Goodwin, S.D., Cleary, J.D., Walawander, C.A., Taylor, J.W. and Grasela, T.H.,
(1995). Pre treatment regimens for adverse events related to infusion of
Amphotericin B. Clin. Infect Dis., 20: 755-761.
x
Guangli, Y.U., Yannan, H.U., Yang, B., Zhao, Xia., Wang, P, Guoli, J.I., Jiandong,
W.U. and Hucshi, G., (2010). Extraction, Isolation and structural characterization of
polysaccharide from a Red alga Gloepeltis furcata. J.Ocean University China., 9(2):
293-197.
Gupta, V., Natarajan, C., Kumar, K. and Prasanna, R., (2011). Identification and
characterization of endoglucanases for fungicidal activity on Anabaena laxa
(Cyanobacteria). J. Appl. Phycol., 23:73-81.
Halender, I.M., Alakomi, H.L., Latva, K.K.,Mattila, S.T.,Pol., I., Smid, E.J.,Gorris,
L.G.M. and Von Wright, A.,(1998). Characterization of the action of selected
essential oil components on Gram negative bacteria. J.Agri. Food Chem.,46: 3590-
3595.
Hanan M. Khairy and Hala Y. El-Kassas. 2008. Active substance from some blue
green algal species used as antimicrobial agents. African J. Biotech . 9(19): 2789-
2800.
Haria, M. and Bryson, H.M., (1995). Amorolfine: A review of its pharmacological
properties and therapeutic potential in the treatment of onchomycosis and other
superficial infection. Drugs., 49: 103-120.
Hart, R., Bell-Syer, S.E., Crawford, F., Targerson, D.J., Young, P. and Russel, I.,
(1999). Systematic review of topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and
nails of the feet. Br. Med. J., 10: 79-82.
Hayashi, K., Hayashi, T. and Kojima I., (1996). A natural sulphated polysacchide,
calcium spirulan,isolated from Spirulina platensis: In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of
an anti-Herpes simplex virus and anti-human immune deficiency virus activities.
AIDS Res.Hum. Retroviruses., 12: 1463-1471.
Hector, R.F. and Schalter, K., (1991). Positive interaction of nikkomycin and azoles
against Candida albicans In vitro & In vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36:
1284-1289.
xi
Hellio, C., Simon-Colin, C., Clare, A.S. and Deslandes, E., (2004). Isethionic acid
and floridoside isolated from the red algae, Grateloupia turuturu inhibit settlement of
Balanus Amphitrite cyprid larvae. Biofouling., 20(3): 139-145.
Hernandez-Garibay, E., Zertuche-Gonzalez, J.A. and Pacheco-Ruiz, I., (2011).
Isolation and chemical characterization of algal polysaccharide from the green
seaweed Ulva clathrata (Roth) C. Agardh. J.Appl. Phycol., 23:537-542.
Herrero, M., Simo, C., Ibanez, E. and Cifuentes, A., (2005). Capillary electrophorsis-
mass spectrometry Spirulina platensis obtained by pressurized liquid extraction.
Electrphoresis., 26:4215-4224.
Hirata, T., Tanaka, M., Ooike, M., Tsunomura, T. and Sakaguchi, M., (2000).
Antioxidant activities of phycocyanin prepared from Spirulina platensis. J. Appl.
Phycol., 12: 435-439.
Huang, Z., Guo, B. J., Wong, R.N.S. and Jiang, Y., (2007). Characterization and
antioxidant activity of selenium containing phycocyanin isolated from Spirulina
platensis. Food chem., 100: 1137-1143.
Ibtissam, C., Hassane, R., Martinez, L.J., Francisco, D.S.J., Antonio, G.V.J. and
Hassan, B.,(2009). Screening of antibacterial activity in marine green and brown
macroalgae from the coast of Morocco. Afr. J. Biotech., 8 (7): 1258-1262.
Ishida,K., Matsuda,H., Murakami,M. and Yamaguchi, k., (1997). Kawaguchipeptin B,
an antibacterial cyclic undecapeptide from the Cyanobacterium Microcystis
aeruginosa. J.Nat. Prod., 60(7): 724-726.
Issa, A.A., (1999). Antibiotic production by Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria angustissima
and Calothrix parietina. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 8:33-37.
Jaiswal, P., Singh, P. K., and Prasanna, R., (2008). Cyanobacterial bioactive
molecules an overview of their toxic properties. Canad. J. Microbiol.,54:701-717.
xii
Jaki, B., Heilmann, J., Linden, A., Volger, B. and Sticher, O., (2000). Novel extra
cellular diterpenoids with biological activity from the cyanobacterium Nostoc
commune. J. Nat. Prod., 63:339-343.
Jaki, B.B., Orjul, J.J. and Sticher, O.,(1999). A novel extracellular diterpenoid with
antibacterial activity from the cyanobacteria Nostoc commune. J. Nat.Prod., 62
(3):502-503.
Janssen, A.M., Scheffer, J.J., Ntezurubanza, L. and Baerheim- Svendsen, A. (1987).
Antimicrobial activity of essential oil: a literature review, Aspects of the test methods.
Planta Medica., 53: 395-398.
Jubie, S.and Dhanabal, S.P. (2012).Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry
Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Fatty acid Mixture of Spirulina platensis. J.
Pharm. Sci. & Res., 4(6):1836 – 1838.
Junko, K., (2006).Anti-infective quinine derivatives of recent patents. Recent Patents
on Anti-infective Drug Discovery., 1:113-125.
Juttner, F., Todorova, A.K., Walch, N., Von-Phillipsborn, W., (2001).
Nostocyclamides M: a cyanobacterial cyclic peptides with allelopatic activity from
Nostoc 31. Phytochem., 57(4): 613-619.
Karabay-Yavasoglu,N.U., Sukatar, A., Ozdemir, G. and Horzum, Z., (2007).
Antimicrobial activity of volatile components and various extracts of the red alga
Jania rubens. Phytother. Res., 21: 153-156.
Katherine, M.A., AL-Fatony, Z. and Sudrajat, H., (2010). Isolation and structure
elucidation of new alkaloid from the Indonesian Blue-green alga Arthospira platensis.
J. Iran. Chem. Res., 3:37-40.
Katiyar, S., Pfaller, M. and Edlind, T., (2006). Candida albicans and Candida
glabrata, clinical isolates exhibiting reduced echinocandin susceptibility. Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother., 50: 2892- 2894.
xiii
Kaushik, P. and Chauhan, A.,(2008). In vitroantibacterial activity of laboratory grown
culture of Spirulina platensis. Ind. J. Microbiol.,48: 348-352
Kelman,D., Kashman, Y., Rosenberg, E., Kushmaro, A. and Loya, Y., (2006).
Antimicrobial activity of Red Sea corals. Mar. Biol. 149: 357-363
Khairy, H.H. and El-Kassas, H.Y. (2010). Active substances from some blue green
algal species used as antimicrobial agents. Afr. J. Biotech., 9(9):2789-2800.
Khalid, M.N., Shameel, M., Ahmed , V. U., Shahzad, S. and Lghani, S. M.,(2010).
Studies on the bioactivity and Phycochemistry of Microcystis aeruginosa
(Cyanophyta) from Sindh. Pak. J.Botany., 42(4): 2635-2646.
Kolanjinathan, K., Ganesh, P.and Govindarajan, M.,(2009). Antibacterial activity of
ethanol extracts of seaweeds against fish bacterial pathogens. Eur. Rev. Med.
Pharmacol. Sci.,13(3): 173-177.
Kramer, N.E., Van Hijum, S.A., Knol, J., Kok, J. and Kuipers, O. P., (2006).
Transcriptome analysis reveals mechanisms by which Lactococcus lactis acquires
nisin resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50 (5): 1753-1761.
Kulandaivel, S., Prakash, R., Anitha, R. and Arunnagendran N.,(2007). Antibacterial
activity of Spirulina platensis and Oscillatoria sp. J. Plant and Appl. Microbiol., 1(1):
127-129.
Kumar, M.S. and Chauhan, U.K.,(1992). A study of antimicrobial activity of
Calotropis procera leaf extract. Geobios.,19: 135-137.
Kumar, P., Angadi, SB. and Vidyasagar, G.M.,(2006). Antimicrobial activity of blue-
green algae. Indian J. Pharma. Sci ., 68(5): 647-648.
Kumudha, A., Kumar, S.S., Thakur, M.S., Ravishankar, G.A. and Sarada, R., (2010).
Purification, identification and characterization of methycobalamine from Spirulina
platensis. J.Agri. Food. Chem., 58(18): 9925-9930.
xiv
Kunert, J., (1972). Keratin decomposition by dermatophytes: evidence of the
sulphitolysis of the protein. Experientia, 28: 1025-1026.
Kunin, C.M., (1983). Antibiotic resistance- A World health problem we can not
ignore. Ann. Inter. Med., 99: 859-60.
Kuritzkes, D.R., (2006). Report from the XV International HIV Drug Resistance
Workshop. AIDS Clin. Care., 18: 83-84.
Lane, A.L., Elizabeth, S.P., Mark, H.K., Anne, P.C., Kenneth, H., Craig, F.R.,
Frazblau, S.G., Rock, K.L., Pruclhomme, J., Aalbersberg, W. and Julia, K.,(2007).
Callophycoic acids and callophycols from the Fijian Red Algae Callophycus serratus.
J. Org. Chem., 72 (19):
Laube, S., (2004). Skin infections and ageing. Ageing Res. Rev., 3(1): 69-89.
Lewis, J.H., Zimmerman, H.J., Benton, G.D. and Ishak, K.G., (1984). Hepatic injury
associated with ketoconazole therapy: analysis of 33 cases. Gastroenterology, 86:
503-573.
Lima-Filho, J.V.M., Carvalho, A.F.F.U. and Freitas, S.M., (2002). Antibacterial
activity of extracts of six macroalgae from the Northeastern Brazilian Coast. Brazilian
J. Microbiol., 33: 311-313.
Linington, R.G., Gonzalez, J., Urena, L.D., Romera, L.I., Ortego-Barria, E. and
Gerwick, W.H., (2007). Venturamindes A and B; antimalarial constituents of the
panamania marine cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. J. Nat. Prod., 70(3): 397-400.
Liu,Y., Lizhi, X., Cheng, N., Lin, L. and Zhang, C., (2000). Inhibitory effect of
phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis on the growth of human leukemia k562 cells. J.
Appl. Phycol., 12: 125-130.
xv
Luesch, H., Yoshida, W.Y., Moore, R.E., Paul, V.J. and Mooberry, S.L.,(2000).
Isolation, structure determination, and biological activity of Lyngbyabellin A from the
marine cyanobacterium lyngbya majuscule. J. Nat. Prod., 63(5):611-5.
Lyman, C.A. and Walsh, T., (1992). Systemically administered antifungal agents. A
review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic applications. Drugs, 44: 9-35.
Mackenzie, D.W.R., Loeffler, W., Mantovani, A. and Fujikura, T., (1986). Guidelines
for the diagnosis,prevention and control of dermatophytoses in man and animals.
World Health Organization WHO/CDS/VPH/86, 67,Geneva, Switzerland.
MacKintosh C., Beattie K.A., Klumpp S., Cohen P. and Codd G.A., (1990).
Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein
phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants. FEBS Letters, 264:
187–192.
Macmillan, J.B., Ernst-Russel, M.A., De-Roop, J.S. and Molinski, T.,(2002).
Lobocyclamide A-C, lipopeptides from a cryptic cyanobacterial mat containing
Lyngbya confervoides. J. Org. Chem., 67(23): 8210-8215.
Mahajan, G. and Kamath, M., (1995). γ- Linolenic production from Spirulina
platensis. Appl. Microbiol. and Biotechnol., 43(3): 466-469.
Mala, R., Sarijini, M., Saravanababu, S. and Umadevi, G., (2009). Screening for
antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Spirulina platensis. J. cell and tissue Res.,
93(3): 1951-1955.
Manilal, A., Sujith, S., Selvin, J., Shakir, C. and Kiran, G.S., (2009).Antibacterial
activity of Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Born) from the Indian coast against human
pathogens. Phyton, 78: 161-166.
Manivannan, K., Karthikai, D.G., Anantharaman, P. and Balasubramanian, T.,
(2011). Antimicrobial potential of selected brown seaweeds from Vedalai coastal
waters, Gulf of Mannar. Asian Pacific J. Trop. Biomed., 114-120.
xvi
Mansour, M.P., Frampton, D.M.F., Nichols, P.D., Volkman, J.K. and Blackburn, S.I.,
(2005). Lipid and fatty acid yield of nine stationary microalgae Application and
unusual C24-C28 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Appl. Phycol., 17: 287-300.
Mao, W., Zang, W., Li, Yu. and Zhang, H., (2006). Sulphated polysaccharide from
marine algae Ulva conglobata and their anticoagulant activity. J.Appl. Phycol., 18:
9-14.
Marine literature database., 2011. (http://www.chem.canterbury.ac.nz/marinlit/marin
lit. html).
Martins, R.F., Ramos, M.F., Herfinda, L., Sousa, J.A., Skarven, K. and Vasconcelos,
V.T.,(2008).Antimicrobial and cytotoxic assessment of marine cyanobacteria
Synechocystis and Synechococcus. Mar. Drugs.,6: 1-11.
Mascio, C.T., Alder, J.D. and Silverman, J.A., (2007). Bactericidal action of
daptomycin against stationary phase and non dividing Staphylococcus aureus cells.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 51 (12): 4255-60.
Mathivanan, K., Ramamurthy, K. and Rajaram R.,(2010). Antmicrobial activity of
Oscillatoria priceps and Lyngbya majuscule against pathogenic microbes. Int. J.
Curr. Res., 97-101.
Medina-Jaritz, N.B., Perez-Solis, D.R., Ruiloba de Leon, F. and Olvera-Ramirez, R.,
(2011). Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and Methanolic extracts from Arthrospira
maxima. Formatex.,1267-1271.
Mentel, M., Spirek, M., Jorck-Ramberg, D. and Piskur, J., (2006). Transfer of genetic
material between pathogenic and food borne yeasts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72:
5122-5125.
Mian,P., Heilmann, J., Burgi, H.R. and Sticher, O.,(2003).Biological screening of
terrestrial and freshwater cyanobacteria for antimicrobial activity, brine shrimp
lethality, and cytotoxicity. Pharm Biol. 4:243–247.
xvii
Michael, E.K. and Pharm, D., (2001). Antifungal resistance among Candida species.
Pharmacoth., 21:124-132.
Mitrovic, S.M., Pflugmacher, S., James, K.J. and Furey, A., (2004). Anatoxin-a elicits
an increase in peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activity in aquatic plants.
Aquatic Toxicol., 68;185–192.
Mo, S., Kronic, A., Pegan, S.D., Franzblau, S.G. and Orjala, J., (2009). An
antimicrobial guideline-bearing sesterpene from the culture cyanobacteria
Scytonema sp., 72(11): 2043-2045.
Monto, A.S., Mc kimm- Breschkin, J.L., Macken, C., Hampson, A.W., Hay, A. and
Klimov, A., (2006). Detection of influenza viruses resistant to neuraminidase
inhibitors in global surveillance during the first 3 years of their use. Antimicrb. Agents
Chemother., 50: 2395-2402.
Moore, R.E., Cheuk, C., Yang, X-QG., Patterson, G.M.L., Bonjouklian, R., Smitka,
T.A., Mynderse, J.S., Foster, R.S., Jones, N.D., Swartzendruber, J.K. and Deeter,
J.B., (1987).Haplindoles.Antibacterial and antimycotic alkaloids from the cyanophyta
Hapalosiphon fontinalis. J. Org. Chem., 52: 1036-1043.
Mule, M.C.Z., Caire, G. Z., Cano, M. S. and Halperin, D. R.,(1991). Bioactive
compounds from Nostoc muscorum (cyanobacteria). Cytobios.,66: 169-172.
Mundt,S., Kreitlow,S. and Jansen,T., (2003).Fatty acids with antibacterial activity
from cyanobacteria Oscillatoria redekei HUB 051.Appl. Phycol., 15:263-267.
Munifah, I., Amini, S. and Sugiyono., (2009). Isolation and characterization of
hydrocarbon and lipid from marine algae Spirulina platensis. J. Mar. and Fisheries
Postharvest and Biotech., 4: 29–35.
Murugan, T., Manikantavelu,T. and Saranraj, P., (2012). Growth and bio-pigment
production of three microalgal species in organic and inorganic media and
xviii
determination of generation time: Acomparative study. Int. J. Pharma. and Biolo.
Archives., 3(1): 101-105.
Neuhof, T., Schmieder, P., Preussel, K., Dieckmann, R., Pham, H., Bartl, F., Von
Dohren, H., (2005). Hassallidin A, a glycosylated lipopeptide with antifungal activity
from the cyanobacterium Hassallia sp. J Nat Prod.,68(5):695-700.
Newman, D. J. and Cragg, G. M., (2007). Natural products as sources of New drugs
over the last 25 years. J. Nat. Prod.,70: 461-477.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M. and Snader, K. M., (2000). The influence of natural
products upon drug discovery. Nat. Prod. Rep., 17: 215-234.
Noaman,N.H., Fattah,A.,Khaleafa, M., Zaky, S.H.,(2004). Factors affecting
antimicrobial activity of Synechococcus leopoliensis. Microbiol. Res., 159: 395-402.
Nolte, F.S., Parkinson, T. and Falconer, D.J., (1997). Isolation and Characterization
of fluconazole and amphotericin B resistant Candida albicans from blood of two
patients with leukemia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41: 196-199.
Nosanchuk, J.D., (2006). Current status and future of antifungal therapy for systemic
mycoses. Recent Patents on Anti- infective Drug Discovery, 1: 75-84
Nucci, M. and Marr, K.A., (2005). Emerging fungal diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis., 41 (4):
521-526.
Oh, Y.M., Lee, S.B., Jin, H.D., Hong, K.Y. and Jin, H.J.,(2010). Isolation of algicidal
compounds from the red algae Corollina pilulifera against red tide microalgae. J.
Appl. Phycol. 22: 435-458.
Ohta, T., Sueoka, E., Iida, N., Komori, A., Suganuma, M., Nishiwaki, R., Tatematsu,
M., Kim, S.J., Carmichael, W.W. and Fujiki H., (1994). Nodularin, a potent inhibitor of
protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, is a new environmental carcinogen in male F344 rat
liver. Cancer Res., 54:6402–6406.
xix
Oki, T., Tenmy, O., Hirano, M., Tomastu, K. and Lamei, H., (1990). Pradimicin A, B
& C: New antifungal antibiotics II. In vitro & In vivo biological activities. J. Antibiot.,
43: 763-770.
Okigbo, R.N., Mbajiuka, C.S. and Njoku, C.O., (2005).Antimicrobial potentials of
(UDA) Xylopia aethopica and Occimum gratissimum L. on some pathogens of man.
Int. J. Mole. Medi. Adv. Sci., 1(4):392-397.
Oranday, M A., Verde, M. J., Martinez, J. and Waksman, N. H., (2004). Active
fractions from four species of marine algae. Int. J. Exp. Botany.,165-170.
Ozdemir, G., Karabay, N.U., Dalay, M. C. and Pazarbasi, B., (2004). Antibacterial
activity of volatile extracts of Spirulina platensis. Phytother.Res. 18(9):754-757.
Pankey, G.A. and Sabath, L.D., (2004). Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic ver.
bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial
infections. Clin. Infect. Dis., 38 (6): 864-870.
Papke, U.U., Gross, E.M. and Francke, W.,(1997). Isolation, identification and
determination of the absolute configuration of Fischerellin B. A new algicide from the
freshwater cyanobacteria Fischerella muscicota (Thuret). Tetrahedron Lett., 38: 379-
382.
Parisi, A.S., Younes, S., Reinehr, C.O. and Colla, L.M., (2009). Evaluation of
antibacterial activity of S. platensis . J. Basic and Appl. Pharmaceut. Sci., 30(9):
297-301.
Park H.D., Watanabe, M.F., Harada, K.I., Nagai, H., Suzuki, M., Watanabe, M. and
Hayashi, H., (1993). Hepatotoxin (micocystin) and neurotoxin (anatoxin-a)
contained in natural blooms and strains of cyanobacteria from Japanese waters.
Nat. Toxins., 1: 353–360.
xx
Patterson, G.M.L. and Carmeli, S.,(1991). Biological effects of tolytoxin (6-hydroxy-
7-O-methylscytophycin b),a potent bioactive metabolite from cyanobacteria. Arch.
Microbiol., 157: 406-410.
Patterson, G.M.L., Baker, K.K., Baldwin, C.L., Bolis, C.M., Caplan, F.R., Larsen,
L.K., Levine I.A., Moore, R.E., Nelson, C.S., Tschappat, K.D., Tuang, G.D., Boyd,
M.R., Cardellina, J.H., Collins, R.P., Gustafson, K.R., Snader, K.M., Weislow O.S.
and Lewin, R.A., (1993). Antiviral activity of cultured blue-green algae (Cyanophyta).
J. Phycol., 29: 125-130.
Patterson, G.M.L., Parker, D.L. and Bolis, C.M., (1994). Fungal cell wall
polysaccharide elicit an antifungal 2 metabolite (phytoalexin) in the Cyanobacterium
Scytonema ocellatona. J. Phycol.33: 54-60.
Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Knieg, N.R., (1993). Microbiology concepts and
applications. McGraw-Hill Inc New York, pp: 967.
Pieckova, E. and Roeijmans, H., (1999). Antibiotics secondary metabolites of
Dichotomomyces Cejpii.Mycopatholoia.,146: 121-126.
Plumridge, A., Stratford, M., Lowe, K.C. and Archer, D.B., (2008). The weak acid
preservative sorbic acid is decarboxylase, Pad A1, in the spoilage mold Aspergillus
niger. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74 (2): 550-552.
Ponikau, J.U., Sherris, D.A., Kita, H. and Kern, K.B., (2002). Intranasal antifungal
treatment in 51 patients with chronic rhinosinusitic. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 110:
862-866.
Potenski, C.J., Gandhi, M. and Matthews, K.R., (2003). Exposure of Salmonella
enteritidis to chlorine or food preservatives decreases susceptibility to antibiotics.
FEMS Microbiol Lett., 220 (2): 181-186.
Pradhan, J., Das, B.K., Sahu, S., Marhual, N M., Swain, A.K., Mishra, B.K. and
Eknath, A.E., (2012). Traditional antibacterial activity of freshwater microalga
Spirulina platensis to aquatic pathogens. Aqua. Res., 43(9):1287-1295.
xxi
Pratt, R., Daniel, T. C., Eier, J. B., Gunnison, J. B., Kumler, W. D., Oneto, J. F.,
Strait, L.A., Spoehr, H. A., Hardin, G. J., Milner, H. W., Smith, H. and Strain, H.
H.,(1944). Chlorellin. An antibacterial substance from Chrolella. Science. 99:351-
352.
Premlatha, M., Dhasarathan, P. and Theriappan, P.,(2011). Phytochemical
characterization and antimicrobial efficiency of sea weed samples, Ulva fasciata and
Chaetophora antennina. Int. J. Pharma and Biosci., 2 (1): 288-293.
Priyadharshini, S., Bragadeeswaran, S., Prabhu, K., Sophia, R. S., (2012).
Antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of seaweed extracts Ulva fasciata (Delile 1813)
from Mandapam, Southeast coast of India. Asian Pac. Trop. Med., S38-S39.
Rabadiya, B. and Patel, P., (2010).Spirulina:Potential clinical therapeutic application.
J. Pharm. Res.3(8): 1726-1732.
Ramadan, M.F., Selim, M., Asker, M. and Zeinab, K.L., (2008). Functional bioactive
compounds and biological activities of Spirulina platensis lipids. Czech. J. Food.
Sci.,26 (3): 211-2226.
Ramamurthy, V and Raveendran, S., (2009). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of
Spirulina platensis and Lyngbya majuscule. J. Ecobiol., 24 (1): 47 – 52.
Rania, M.A.A. and Taha, H.M., (2008). Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of
Cyanobacteria and Green Microalgae. Evaluation of Medium Components by
Placket-Burman Design for Antimicrobial Activity of Spirulina platensis. Global J.
Biotechnol. Biochem., 3(1): 22-31.
Ravel, A. and Carmel, S., (2010). Aeruginazole A, a novel thiazole –containing
cyclopeptides from the Nostoc cyanobacteria Microcystis sp. Org. Letter. 6(12):
3536-3539.
xxii
Rebora, A., Marples, R.R. and Kligman, A.M., (1973). Erosio interdigitalis
blastomycetica. Arch. Dermatol., 108:66-68.
Renukadevi, K.P., Saravana , J. and Angayarkanni., (2011).Antimicrobial and
antioxidant activity of chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Int. J. Pharma. and Res., 2(6):
1467-1472.
Rhee, K.Y. and Gardiner, D.F., (2004). Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic ver.
bactericidal activity in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin. Infect.
Dis., 39 (5): 755-56.
Rodriquez, M., Jaime, L., Santoyo, S., Cifuentes, G., Garcia, R., Senorans, F. and
Ibanez, E.,(2008). Pressurized liquid extraction of bioactive Compounds from
Phormidium sp. J. Agri. Food Chem., 56(10): 3517-3523.
Rojas, A.,Holguin, G., Glick, B.R. and Bashan, Y., (2001). Synergism between
Phylobacterium sp. (N2-fixer) and Bacillus licheniformis (P-solubilizer), both from a
semiarid mangrove rhizosphere. FEMS. Microbiol. Ecol. 35: 181-187.
Romano, G., Russo, G.L., Buttino, I., Ianora, A. and Miralto, A., (2003). A marine
diatom-derived aldehyde induces apoptosis in copepod and sea urchin embryos. J.
Exp. Biol., 206: 3487–3494.
Rosa Martha Perez-Gutierrez.,(2006). Isolation and identification of antibacterial
compounds from Oedogonium capillare leaves. BLACPMA., 5(1): 15-19.
Saeidnia, S., Gohari, A.R., Shahverdi, A.R., Permech P., Nasiri, M., Mollazadeh, K.
and Farahani, F.,(2009).Biologically activity of two red algae, Gracilaria salicornia
and Hypnea flagelliformis from Persian gulf. Pharma. Res., 1(6): 428-430.
Salvador, N., Gomez-Garreta, A., Lavelli, L. and Ribera, M.A.,(2007). Antimicrobial
activity of Iberian macroalgae. Sci. Mar., 71: 101-113.
xxiii
Sandsdalen, E., Haug ,T., Stensvag, K. and Olaf, B. S., (2003). The antibacterial
effect of a polyhydroxylated fucophlorethol from the marine brown alga, Fucus
vesiculosus. World J. Microbiol. and Biotech., 19(8): 777-782.
Santoyo, S., Herrero, M., Javier, F., Cifuentes, A., Ibanez ,E. and Jaime, L., (2006).
Functional characterization of pressurized liquid extracts of Spirulina platensis. Eur.
Food Res. Technol., 224: 75-81.
Sarada, D.V.L., Kumar, C.H. and Rengasamy, R., (2011). Purified C-phycocyanin
from Spirulina platensis (Nordstedt) Geitler: a novel and potent agent against drug
resistant bacteria. World J. Microbiol. Biotech., 27: 779-783.
Sasidharan, S., Darah, I. and Jain K., (2008). In Vivo and In Vitro toxicity study of
Gracilaria changii. Pharma. Biol., 46: 413–417.
Sastry, V.M.V.S and Rao, G.R.K.,(1994). Antibacterial substances from marine
algae: successive extraction using benzene, chloroform and methanol. Bot.
Mar.37:357–360.
Scalbert, A.,(1991). Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemi., 30: 3875-3883.
Schunk, M., Kumma, W.P., Miranda, I.B., Osman, M.E., Roewer, S. and Alano, A.,
(2006). High prevalence of drug- resistance mutations in Plasmodium faleiparum
and Plasmodium vivax in Southern Ethiopia. Malar. J., 5: 54.
Shaikh, W., Shameel, M., Hayee-Memon, A., Usmanghani, K., Bano, S. and
Ahmed, V.U., (1990). Isolation and characterization of chemical constituents of
Stoechospermum marginatum (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta) and their antimicrobial
activity. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(2):1-9
Shanab,S.M.M.,(2007). Bioactive Allelo-chemicals compounds from Oscillatoria
species (Egyptian isolates). Int. J. Agri. and Biol., 9(4): 617-621.
Shanmuga,P.K., Gnanamani, A., Radhakrishnan, N., Babu, M. (2002). Antimicrobial
activity of Datura alba. Indian Drugs, 39: 113-116.
xxiv
Shanmugapriya, R. and Ramanathan, T., (2011). Screening for antimicrobial activity
of crude extracts of Skeletonema costatum. J. Appl. Pharma. Sci., 1(7): 154-157.
Sheehan, D.J., Hitchcock, C.A. and Sibley, C.M., (1999). Current and emerging
azole antifungal agents. Clinical Microbiol. Rev., 12: 40- 79.
Silver, L.L. and Bostian, K.A., (1993). Discovery and development of new antibiotics:
the problem of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial Agent Chemother., 37: 377-383.
Sims, J.J., Donell, V., John, L. and George, H., (1975). Antimicrobial agents from
marine algae. Chemotherapy., 7(3): 320-321.
Singh, A.P. and Chaudhary., B.R., (2010). Preliminary phycochemical analysis and
In Vitro Antibacterial Screening of Pithophora oedogonia (Mont.) Wittrock- A
Freshwater green alga Forming Mats in the Water Bodies. J. Algal Biomass Utln., 1
(2): 33-41.
Singh, C.J. and Singh, B.G., (1997). Anti-mycotic effects of some antibiotics on the
growth of some dermatophytes and other keratin degrading fungi. Hindustan
Antibiot. Bull., 39: 61-63.
Singh, G. and Agarwal, S.C., (1998). Efficacy of odoriferous organic compounds on
the growth of keratinophilic fungi. Curr. Sci., 57(14): 807-808
.
Singh, I.P., Millian, K.E.,Gerwick, W.H., (1999). Tanikolide, a toxic and antifungal
lactons from the marine cyanobacteria. Lyngbya majuscuta. J.Nat. prod. 62(9):
1333-1335.
Singh, S.P., Shukla, H.S., Singh, R.S. and Tripathi, S.C. (1986). Antifungal
properties of essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L. Nat. Acad. Sci. Letters. 9(4):
97-99.
xxv
Singh, U.P., Singh, H.B. and Singh, R.B., (1980). The fungicidal effect of Neem
(Azadirachta indica) extracts on some soil born pathogens of gram (Cicer
arientinum). Mycologia.,72: 1077-1093.
Sivakumar, J. and Santhanan. P., (2011). Antipathogenic activity of Spirulina
platensis. Recent Res. in Sci. and Technol., 3(4): 158-161.
Sivonen, K. and Jones, G., (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins. In: Toxic Cyanobacteria in
Water. A Guide to their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management
(Eds I. Chorus & J. Bartram), 41–111. E. and F.N. Spoon. London.
Sivropoulov, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras,T. and Arsenakis, M. (1995). Antimicrobial
activity of mint essential oils. J.Agri. Food Chem., 43: 2384-2388.
Smith, T.L., Pearson, M.L. and Wilcox, K.R., (1999). Emergence of vancomycin
resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. New Engl. J. med., 340: 493-501.
Solomon, R.D. J., and Santhi, V. S., (2008). Purification of bioactive natural product
against human microbial pathogen from marine sea weed Dictyota acutiloba. World
J.Microbial and Biotech. 24(9): 1747-1752.
Souza, M.M., Prietto, L., Souza, A.C., Ribeiro, A.C. and Badiale-Furlong, E., (2011).
Assessment of the antifungal activity of Spirulina platensis phenolic extract against
Aspergillus flavus. Ciênc. Agrotec., 35 (6):1050-1058.
Sreenivasa, R.P. and Parekh, K.S., (1981). Antibacterial activity of Indian seaweed
extracts. In Botanica Marina., 24: 577–582.
Srivastava, A. and Shrivastava, J.N.,(1995). Efficacy of some antibiotics on the
growth of Chrysosporium and Microsporum species. Frontiers in plant
sciences.,691-693.
xxvi
Srivastava, N., Saurav, K., Mohanasrivasan,V., Kannabiran, K. and Singh, M.,
(2010). Antibacterial potential of macroalgae collected from the Madappan coast,
India. British J. Pharmacol. and Toxicol.,1(2): 72-76.
Stevans, D.A., Schwartz, H.J., Lee, J.Y., Moskovitz, B., Jerome, L. and Degrafiz,
T.A.E., (2000). A randomized trial of itraconazole in allergic bronchopulmonary
Aspergillosis. North Engl. J. Med., 11: 756- 762.
Stewart, I., Webb, P.M., Schluter,.PJ., Fleming, L.E., Burns, J.W., Gantar, M.,
Backer, L.C. and Shaw, G.R., (2006).Epidemiology of recreational exposure to
freshwater cyanobacteria--an international prospective cohort study. BMC Public
Health., 6:93.
Sudha, S.S., Karthic, R., Rengaramunjan, J. and Athulya., (2011) .Antimiicrobial
activity of Spirulina platensis and Aphanothece sp. on selected clinical bacterial
isolates and its antioxidant activity. South As. J. Biol. Sci.,1: 87-98.
Suhr, K.L.. and Neilson, P.V.,(2003). Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by
two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi. J.Appl.
Microbiol., 94:665-674.
Suresh, K.S., Christopher J. and Singh R.K., 2002. Antimicrobial activity of acetone
Extracts of Seaweeds against Human Pathogens. J. Sea Res. Utiln. 24: 111-115.
Syed, T.A. and Maibach, H.I., (2000). Butenafine hydrochloride: for the treatment of
interdigital Tinea pedis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 1: 467: 473.
Tan, L.T., Marquiz, B.L. and Gerwich, W.H., (2002). Lyngbouilloside,a novel
glycosidic macrolide from the marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya bouillanii. J.Nat. Prod.,
65(6): 925-928.
Tariq, V. N.,(1991). Antifungal activity in crude extracts of marine red algae. Mycol.
Res.,95(12): 1433-1440.
xxvii
Taskin E, Ozturk M and Kurt O., (2007). Antibacterial activity of some marine algae
from the Aegean sea (Turkey). Afr. J Biotech. 6: 2746- 2751.
Taton, A., Grubisic, S., Balthasart, P., Hodgson, D.A., Laybourn–Parry, J. and
Wilmotte, A. (2006). Biogeographical distribution and ecological ranges of benthic
cyanobacteria in East Antarctic lakes.FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 57(2): 272-289.
Tenover, F.C., (2006). Mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am. J.
Medicine., 9(6A): S3-10.
Teruya, T., Sasak, H., Kitamura, K., Nakayama, T., Suenaga, K., (2009).
Biselyngbyasida a macrolide glycoside from the marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya sp.
Org. Letter.,11(11): 2421-2424.
Thillairajeshkar, K., Duraipandiyan, V., Perumal, P. and Ignacimuthu, S., (2009).
Antimicrobial activity of T.erythraeum (Ehr) microalga from south east coast of Tamil
nadu, India. Int. J. Integra. Biol., 5(3): 167- 171.
Thomas, D., Marcel, J. and Juiji, T.,(2003). Clinosterol: A Terpenoid from the
Kenyan marine green microalga Halmida macroloba. Western Ind. Ocean J. Mar.
Sci., 2(2): 157-161.
Tiwari, S.N.(1986). A new technique for bioassay of natural plant product. Curr.
Sci.55(22): 1137-1139.
Trabelsi, L., Msakni, N., BEN, Q. H., Bacha, H. and Roudelsi, S., (2009). Partial
characterization of extracllular polysaccharides produced by Cyanobacterium
Arthospira platensis. Biotech. and Bioprocess Engg., 14: 27-31.
Tschesche, R.,(1971).Advances in chemistry of Antibiotics susbstance from higher
plant; pharmacognosy and phytochemistry proceeding of the 1st international
congress. Verlong, Berlin, Heidelbeg, New York ., 274 - 276.
xxviii
Tuney I, Çadirci BH, Ünal, D. and Sukatar A., 2006. Antimicrobial Activities of the
Extracts of Marine Algae from the Coast of Urla (Üzmir, Turkey) Turk. J. Biol. 30:
171-175
Ullmann, A.J., (2003). Review of the safety, tolerability and drug interactions of the
new antifungal agents caspofungin and voriconazole. Current Med. Res. Opin., 19
(4), 263-271.
Uma, R., Sivasubramanian, V. and Niranjali, D.S.,(2011). Preliminary
phycochemical analysis and in vitro antibacterial screening of green micro algae,
Desmococcus Olivaceous, Chlorococcum humicola and Chlorella vulgaris. J. Algal
Biomass Utln., 2 (3): 74– 81.
Uyisenga, J.P., Nzayino,P.,Seneza,R., Hishamunda,L., Uwantege, K., Gasana,N.
and Bajyana. E.S., (2010) . In Vitro Study of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of
Spirulina Platensis. Int. J. Ecol. and Develop., 16(10): 315-719.
Vairappan, S.C., (2003). Potent antibacterial activity of halogenated metabolites
from Malaysian red algae, Laurencia majuscula (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales). J.
Biomolecular Engg., 20 (4-6):255-259.
Vardi, A., Berman-Frank, I., Rozenberg, T., Hadas, O., Kaplan, A. and Levine, A.,
(1999). Programmed cell death of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense is
mediated by CO2 limitation and oxidative stress. Current Biol., 9:1061–1064.
Vardi, A., Schatz, D., Beeri, K., Motro, U., Sukenik, A., Levine, A. and Kaplan, A.,
(2002) .Dinoflagellate–Cyanobacterium communication may determine the
composition of phytoplankton assemblage in a mesotrophiclake. Current Biol.,
12:1767–1772.
Vijaya Baskara, G. Sethubathi and V., (2010). Antibacterial Activity of
Cyanobacterial Species from Adirampattinam Coast, Southeast Coast of Palk Bay.
Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci. 2(1): 24-26.
xxix
Vijayabhaskar. and Shiymala, V.,(2011). Antibacterial activity of Brown algae (S.
wightii and Turbinaria ornata) from the gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve. Advances
in Biol. Res., 5(2): 99-102.
Vincenzini, M., Sili, C., Philippis, R.D., Ena, A. and Materassi, R., (1990). Occurance
of Poly-hydroxybutyrate in Spirulina sp. J. Bacteriol., 2791-2792.
Volk, R.B. and Furkert, F., (2006). Antialgal, antibacterial and antifungal activity of
two metabolites produced and excreted by cyanobacteria during growth. Microbiol.
Res.161:180–186.
Von Wrıght, A., (1998): Characterization of the action of selected essential oil
components on gram-negative bacteria. J. Agricul. and Food Chemist., 46: 3590–
3595.
Williams, A.H., (1999). Multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of
various doses of liposome- encapsulated Nystatin in nonneutropenic patients with
candidemia. 39th Interscience Conference on antimicrobial agents and
chemotherapy, San francisco abstract no. 144.
Williams, P.G., Yoshida, W.E., Moore, R.E. and Paul, V.J. (2003). Tasipeptins A and
B: New cytotoxic desipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca sp. J. Nat.
Prod., 66: 620-624.
Wood, J.M. and Morellering, R.C., (2003). Microbial resistance: Bacteria and more.
Clin. Inf. Dis., 36: 52-53.
Xiao, J.C., Xie, L.F., Fang, S.L., Gao, M.Y., Zhu, Y. and Song, L.Y., (2006).
Symbiosis of Mycoplasma hominis in Trichomonas vaginalis may link metronidazole
resistance In vitro. Parasitol. Res., 100: 123-130.
Xue, C.H., Hu, Y.O., Saito, H., Zhang, Z.H., Li, Z.J., Cai, Y.P., Ou, C.R., Lin, H. and
Imbs, A.B., (2002). Molecular species composition of glycolipids from Spirulina
platensis. Food Chem., 77: 9-13.
xxx
Zakira, N.A., Ibrahim, D., Shaida, S.F. and Supardy, N.A.,(2011). Phytochemical
Composition and Antibacterial Potential of Hexane Extract from Malaysian Red
Algae, Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Borgesen. World Appl. Sci. J., 15 (4): 496-501,
2011.
Zhang, H., Hu, C., Jia, X., Xu, Y., Wu, C., Chen, L. and Wang, F., (2012).
Characteristics of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane biodegradation by a nitrogen fixing
Cyanobacterium, Anabaena azotica. J. Appl. Phyco., 24: 221-225.
Zheng, Yi., Chen, S., Lu.and Sheng, H.,(2001). Screening for antimicrobial and
antifungal activities in some marine algae from the Fujjan coast of China with three
different solvents. Chinese J. Oceanology and Limnol.,19(4) :327-331.
Zhe-yuan, NIE., Jin-lan, XIA, Lavert, J.M., (2002). Fractionation and characterization
of polysaccharides from Cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthospira) maxima in nitrogen-
limited batcsh culture. J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 9 (2): 1005-9784.